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Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

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Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229076641 Rights, resources and rural development: community-based natural resource management in Southern Africa Book · January 2004 CITATIONS READS 120 1,426 1 author: Christo Fabricius World Wildlife Fund (Global) 108 PUBLICATIONS 2,105 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Sustainable Natural Resource Management View project CASEST - "Anthropogenic constraints to Tropical Savanna Social-ecological systems" View project All content following this page was uploaded by Christo Fabricius on 01 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page i Rights, Resources and Rural Development ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page ii ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page iii Rights, Resources and Rural Development Community-based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa EDITED BY CHRISTO FABRICIUS AND EDDIE KOCH WITH HECTOR MAGOME AND STEPHEN TURNER Sterling • Virginia, VA ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page iv First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2004 Copyright © Christo Fabricius and Eddie Koch 2004 All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-009-3 paperback 1-84407-010-7 hardback Typesetting by MapSet Ltd, Gateshead, UK Printed and bound in the UK by ??? Cover design by Danny Gillespie For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 (main) Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd and publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rights, resources & rural development : community based natural resource management in Southern Africa / edited by Christo Fabricius ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-009-3 (pbk.) — ISBN 1-84407-010-7 (hb) 1. Natural resources—Africa, Southern—Management. 2. Conservation of natural resources—Economic aspects—Africa, Southern. 3. Rural development— Environmental aspects—Africa, Southern. 4. Local government—Africa, Southern. I. Title: Rights, resources and rural development. II. Fabricius, Christo, 1956- HC900.Z65R54 2004 333.7'0968–dc22 2003014962 This book is printed on elemental-chlorine-free paper ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page v Contents List of figures, tables and boxes vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xi List of acronyms and abbreviations xii Introduction xv Christo Fabricius and Eddie Koch PART 1: SYNTHESIS 1 The fundamentals of community-based natural resource management 3 Christo Fabricius 2 Community-based natural resource management and rural livelihoods 44 Stephen Turner 3 Political economy, governance and community-based natural resource management 66 Eddie Koch 4 Putting out fires: Does the ‘C’ in CBNRM stand for community or centrifuge? 78 Eddie Koch 5 Reconciling biodiversity conservation with rural development: The Holy Grail of community-based natural resource management? 93 Hector Magome and Christo Fabricius PART 2: CASE STUDIES 6 Community-based natural resource management, traditional governance and spiritual ecology in southern Africa: The case of chiefs, diviners and spirit mediums 115 Penny Bernard and Sibongiseni Kumalo 7 The contribution of bees to livelihoods in southern Africa 127 Etienne Nel and Pete Illgner ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page vi vi Rights, Resources and Rural Development 8 Everyday resources are valuable enough for community-based natural resource management programme support: Evidence from South Africa 135 Sheona Shackleton and Charlie Shackleton 9 Community-based natural resource management in the Okavango Delta 147 Lesley Boggs 10 Local ecological knowledge and the Basarwa in the Okavango Delta: The case of Xaxaba, Ngamiland District 160 Masego Madzwamuse and Christo Fabricius 11 A land without fences: Range management in Lesotho 174 Stephen Turner 12 Beach village committees as a vehicle for community participation: Lake Malombe/Upper Shire River Participatory Programme 182 Mafaniso Hara 13 Key issues in Namibia’s communal conservancy movement 194 Colin Nott and Margaret Jacobsohn 14 The Torra Conservancy in Namibia 200 Colin Nott, Anna Davis and Bernard Roman 15 The Tchumo Tchato project in Mozambique: Community-based natural resource management in transition 210 Steve Johnson 16 The Richtersveld and Makuleke contractual parks in South Africa: Win–win for communities and conservation? 223 Hannah Reid and Stephen Turner 17 The Luangwa Integrated Rural Development Project, Zambia 235 Brian Child 18 Community wildlife management in Zimbabwe: The case of CAMPFIRE in the Zambezi Valley 248 Backson Sibanda 19 New configurations of power around Mafungautsi State Forest in Zimbabwe 259 Bevlyne Sithole Conclusions and recommendations: What we have learned from a decade of experimentation 271 Christo Fabricius, Eddie Koch, Stephen Turner, Hector Magome and Lawrence Sisitka Index 000 ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page vii List of figures, tables and boxes FIGURES 1.1 The environmental entitlements approach and its application to people–natural resource relationships 26 1.2 The participatory resource management continuum 31 8.1 Contribution of woodland products to rural livelihoods 137 10.1 The adaptive renewal cycle 161 12.1 Estimated total catch from Lake Malombe 183 12.2 Estimated catch from the Upper Shire River 184 17.1 The pre-1996 top-down structure of the community programme 242 17.2 Changes to the programme following the introduction of policy emphasizing fiscal devolution at village level in 1996 243 17.3 Illustration of the difference between first- and second-generation CBNRM and its impacts on the public–private nature of resources and community attitudes 244 19.1 Control of key positions in different committees of the RMCs by the kraalhead’s family in Mrembwe village 264 19.2 Positions held by the most influential person in Mrembwe village 265 20.1 A CBNRM systems model 273 TABLES 1.1 The characteristics of case-by-case management 20 1.2 A typology of participation 29 1.3 Intangible benefits from CBNRM 34 2.1 Annual, gross direct-use values (in South African rand) per household of timber use by rural households from various sites 51 2.2 Quantum and per household direct financial benefits from CBNRM 56 5.1 Conditions for effective CBNRM 102 5.2 Five incomplete arguments in the new protectionist paradigm 104 9.1 Direct financial benefits from the joint venture to Sankuyo, 1996–2000 153 10.1 Livelihood options in Xaxaba and Khwai 169 ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page viii viii Rights, Resources and Rural Development 14.1 Estimated game numbers for Kunene region and Torra Conservancy 202 14.2 Income and expenditure from commercial tourism and wildlife activities in Torra Conservancy 107 17.1 Principles embodied in LIRDP’s 1996 CBNRM proposal, stipulating conditions for the release of wildlife funds 238 17.2 The application of the CAMPFIRE principles of CBNRM to the Lupande project 245 BOXES 1.1 International agreements affecting people–natural resource relationships in southern Africa 13 1.2 CAMPFIRE principles of CBNRM 16 1.3 Rules for lasting common property institutions 17 1.4 Principles for improving the chances of success of CBNRM initiatives, and criteria for evaluating them 18 8.1 The story of everyday resources in an ordinary rural life 144 ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page ix List of contributors Penny Bernard is a lecturer in the Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. Lesley Boggs is an independent researcher and consultant, based in Botswana and Canada. Brian Child is coordinator of the Luangwa Integrated Development Programme (LIRDP) in Zambia. Anna Davis is an independent researcher in Namibia. Christo Fabricius is Head of the Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. Mafaniso Hara is a senior researcher in the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Pete Illgner is an environmental consultant with Coastal and Environmental Services in Grahamstown, South Africa. Margaret Jacobsohn is Director of Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation in Namibia. Steve Johnson is a researcher with IUCN–World Conservation Union in Botswana. Eddie Koch is a Director of Mafisa Research and Development. Sibongiseni Kumalo is a post-graduate student in the Department of Anthropology, Rhodes University. Masego Madzwamuse is country coordinator of IUCN–World Conservation Union in Botswana. Hector Magome is Director of the Conservation Services in South African National Parks. ES_RRRD_19/1 21/1/04 12:48 pm Page x x Rights, Resources and Rural Development Etienne Nel is Head of the Department of Geography, Rhodes University, South Africa. Colin Nott is a freelance consultant in Namibia. Hannah Reid is a Research Associate with the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in London. Bernard Roman is an independent researcher in Namibia. Charlie Shackleton is Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, South Africa. Sheona Shackleton is a Research Associate in the Department
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