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Supplemental figure 1. LSECs suppress T cell cytokine production and proliferation via PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. (A) LSECs were stained by either isotype control antibodies or anti-CD146, anti-NK1.1, anti-DX5, anti-CD11b, anti-CD11c, and anti-F4/80 after magnetic microbead purification. The purity of the cell fractions was then measured by flow cytometry. (B) Unstimulated or anti-CD3 (1 μg/ml) and anti-CD28 (1 μg/ml) stimulated splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice were cultured with or without LSECs at a ratio of 1:2 (LSECs:splenocytes). T cell cytokine production and proliferation were measured after 48 h. Anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated splenocytes only were used as responder controls (RC). Unstimulated splenocytes alone were used as negative control (NC). Unstimulated splenocytes cocultured with LSECs were used as unstimulated control (UC). (C) LSECs were cocultured with polyclonal-stimulated splenocytes in contact or transwell (LSECs and splenocytes separated by a semipermeable membrane) 96-well plates. T cell cytokine production and proliferation were measured after 48 h. (D) LSECs were incubated with 10 μg/ml isotype control antibodies (iso Ab) or anti-PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1) for 1 h. Polyclonal stimulated splenocytes were cultured with antibodies treated LSECs. T cell cytokine production and proliferation were measured after 48 h. Data shown are the mean ± SD of one out of 3 representative experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Supplemental figure 2. TLR1/2 signaling does neither increase the costimulatory molecules expression nor the PD-L1 expression on LSECs. LSECs were stimulated in vitro by 10 μg/ml P3C(TLR1/2), 10 μg/ml poly(I:C)(TLR3), 10 μg/ml LPS(TLR4), or 50 ng/ml IFN-γ for either 24 h (A) or 6 h (B). (A) The changes of CD80, CD86, and PD-L1 1 expression on cells were then determined by flow cytometry. (B) The changes of CD80, CD86, and PD-L1 expression at the RNA level were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Results are representative of two independent experiments. (C) C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with PBS or 100 μg P3C. LSECs from those animals were obtained 24 h later. The expression of CD80, CD86, and PD-L1 was determined by flow cytometry. (D) C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with PBS or 100 μg P3C. Splenic DCs from those animals were obtained 24 h later. The expression of CD80 and CD86 was determined by flow cytometry. Supplemental figure 3. TLR1/2 stimulated LSECs do not inhibit activation induced CD8 T cell apoptosis. (A) Unstimulated or anti-CD3 (1 μg/ml) and anti-CD28 (1 μg/ml) stimulated splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice were cultured with or without LSECs at a ratio of 1:2 (LSECs:splenocytes). CD 8 T cell apoptosis and death were analyzed by using Annexin V and 7-AAD staining after 48 h. Anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated splenocytes only were used as responder controls (RC). Unstimulated splenocytes alone were used as negative control (NC). (B) P3C pretreated or untreated LSECs pulsed with 2 µg/ml FV peptide (FV GagL CTL epitope aa 85-93). Naïve FV-TCR TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells were cocultured with those LSECs or cultured alone (NC). As positive control (PC), the T cells were cocultured with bone marrow-derived FV peptide-pulsed DCs. CD 8 T cell apoptosis and death were analyzed by using Annexin V and 7-AAD staining after 72 h. Annexin V positive and 7-AAD negative cells are considered as early apoptosis cells and Annexin V and 7-AAD double positive cells are considered as end stage apoptosis and death cells. 2 Supplemental table 1. Gene expression difference analysis in P3C stimulated LSECs. In the table, the fold changes (log2 Ratio) of genes, which were significantly regulated in P3C stimulated LSECs (compared to untreated LSEC), are shown. Significantly regulated genes were selected using the following criteria: fold change>2 (Log2 Ratio≥ ±1), false discovery rate (FDR)<0.001. 3 A n.s. n.s. B * 60000 ** 150000 C 60000 150000 * ** 40000 100000 40000 100000 pg/ml pg/ml 20000 50000 20000 50000 IFN- IFN- Proliferation cpm Proliferation cpm 0 0 0 0 NC UC RC LSEC NC UC RC LSEC RC Contact Transwell RC Contact Transwell ¢CD3/¢CD28 - - + + ¢CD3/¢CD28 - - + + LSEC - + - + LSEC - + - + n.s. n.s. 5000 * 800 * * 5000 * 800 4000 4000 600 600 3000 3000 pg/ml pg/ml 400 400 2000 2000 IL-2 pg/ml IL-2 pg/ml TNF- 200 TNF- 200 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 NC UC RC LSEC NC UC RC LSEC RC Contact Transwell RC Contact Transwell ¢CD3/¢CD28 - - + + ¢CD3/¢CD28 - - + + LSEC - + - + LSEC - ++- n.s. n.s. D 50000 150000 ** ** 40000 100000 30000 pg/ml 20000 50000 IFN- 10000 Proliferation cpm Proliferation 0 0 RC Iso Ab PD-L1 RC Iso Ab PD-L1 n.s. n.s. ** 8000 1000 * 800 6000 600 pg/ml 4000 400 IL-2 pg/ml IL-2 2000 TNF- 200 0 0 RC Iso Ab PD-L1 RC Iso Ab PD-L1 Supplementary Table 1: Gene expression difference analysis in P3C stimulated LSECs. In the table, the fold changes (log2 Ratio) of genes,which were significantly regulated in P3C stimulated LSECs (compared to untreated LSEC) are shown. Significantly regulated genes were selected using the following criteria: fold change>2 (Log2 Ratioı ±1), false discovery rate (FDR)<0.001. Symbols Gene names log2 Ratio Acpp acid phosphatase, prostate, isoform CRA_b 9.44 Gm6578 39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial 9.40 Il1b interleukin-1 beta precursor 6.61 Pls1 plastin-1 5.86 Depdc1a DEP domain-containing protein 1A isoform 3 5.16 Taz tafazzin, isoform CRA_c 4.52 Chgb secretogranin-1 precursor 4.20 Nit1 nitrilase homolog 1 isoform 1 4.17 Ccl20 C-C motif chemokine 20 isoform 1 4.02 Fpr1 fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 3.81 Mmp13 collagenase 3 preproprotein 3.57 Rgs4 regulator of G-protein signaling 4 3.46 Il1a interleukin 1 alpha, isoform CRA_a 3.21 Nox4 NADPH oxidase 4 3.02 Ccl3 C-C motif chemokine 3 2.88 Kcnh1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1 isoform 2 2.83 Clec4a1 C-type lectin domain family 4, member a1 2.81 Cxcl5 C-X-C motif chemokine 5 precursor 2.78 Steap4 metalloreductase STEAP4 2.76 Il18r1 interleukin-18 receptor 1 isoform a 2.74 Cenpe centromere-associated protein E 2.69 Fpr2 formyl peptide receptor 2 2.69 Serf1 small EDRK-rich factor 1 2.64 Gm6377 novel protein 2.58 Cenph centromere protein H 2.58 Irg1 immune-responsive gene 1 2.58 Kif18a kinesin-like protein KIF18A 2.58 Cnr1 cannabinoid receptor 1 2.56 9930023K05Rik RIKEN cDNA 9930023K05, isoform CRA_c 2.56 Pilra paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha precursor 2.55 Nusap1 nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 isoform a 2.53 4930547N16Rik mCG16776, isoform CRA_b 2.52 Esco2 N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 2.48 Hjurp Holliday junction recognition protein 2.44 Ccl9 C-C motif chemokine 9 2.40 Cxcl2 C-X-C motif chemokine 2 precursor 2.38 Fam64a family with sequence similarity 64, member A 2.38 Prune2 protein prune homolog 2 2.34 Ccnb2 G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B2 2.32 Aspm abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein homolog 2.32 Prelid2 PRELI domain-containing protein 2 2.29 Sncaip synuclein, alpha interacting protein (synphilin), isoform CRA_b 2.28 Tmem71 transmembrane protein 71 2.28 Mmp9 matrix metalloproteinase-9 precursor 2.28 Kif15 kinesin-like protein KIF15 2.28 Ccl6 C-C motif chemokine 6 precursor 2.24 Cxcl3 C-X-C motif chemokine 3 precursor 2.20 1-Mar E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCH1 isoform 3 2.20 Il33 interleukin-33 precursor 2.20 Fam36a Protein FAM36A 2.20 Scd2 acyl-CoA desaturase 2 2.19 Snhg3 mCG118858 2.17 Kif20b kinesin-like protein KIF20B 2.16 Pkd2l2 polycystic kidney disease 2-like 2 protein 2.16 Psg22 mCG3735 2.16 Mis18bp1 expressed sequence C79407 2.15 Cldn2 claudin-2 2.15 8430408G22Rik protein DEPP 2.15 Hells lymphocyte-specific helicase 2.14 Casc5 protein CASC5 2.13 Myh15 myosin-15 2.12 Kctd12 BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD12 2.10 Csf3r granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor precursor 2.08 2810417H13Rik mCG131663, isoform CRA_b 2.06 Cybb cytochrome b-245 heavy chain 2.06 Clec1a C-type lectin domain family 1 member A 2.06 Ect2 mKIAA4037 protein 2.04 C330027C09Rik RIKEN cDNA C330027C09, isoform CRA_a 2.03 Sgol1 shugoshin-like 1 2.02 C030044B11Rik mCG1043891 2.01 Rassf4 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 4 2.00 St8sia4 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 4 2.00 Efha2 EF-hand domain-containing family member A2 1.99 Prr11 proline-rich protein 11 1.98 Fam83b Protein FAM83B 1.97 Clec4n C-type lectin domain family 6 member A isoform 1 1.97 Enpp2 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 isoform 1 1.97 Trp53i11 Trp53 inducible protein 11, isoform CRA_d 1.94 Prrg1 proline rich Gla (G-carboxyglutamic acid) 1 1.94 5830433M19Rik likely ortholog of H. sapiens chromosome 9 open reading frame 82 (C9orf82) 1.93 Cdca2 cell division cycle-associated protein 2 1.92 Cd14 monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 precursor 1.92 Col4a3 collagen alpha-3(IV) chain precursor 1.90 Gpr84 G-protein coupled receptor 84 1.90 Ccl4 C-C motif chemokine 4 1.89 Sorcs1 VPS10 domain-containing receptor SorCS1 1.89 Cenpf centromere protein F 1.89 Fam83d mCG15735 1.88 Bub1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (S. cerevisiae), isoform CRA_a 1.87 Kif14 kinesin-like protein KIF14 1.86 Fam132b Protein FAM132B 1.85 Muc1 mucin-1 1.85 Plch1 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase eta-1 isoform 2 1.85 Ccdc15 coiled-coil domain-containing protein 15 1.84 Ube2c ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C 1.84 Cxcr4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 1.82 Igfbp3 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 1.82 Clec7a C-type lectin domain family 7 member A 1.81 Lcp2 lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 1.80 Hmmr hyaluronan mediated motility receptor
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  • Chromosomal Assignment of the Genes for Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-1 and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 LILY C

    Chromosomal Assignment of the Genes for Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-1 and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 LILY C

    Am J Hum Genet 38:641-648, 1986 Chromosomal Assignment of the Genes for Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-1 and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 LILY C. Hsu,', AKIRA YOSHIDA,' AND T. MOHANDAS2 SUMMARY Chromosomal assignment of the genes for two major human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes, that is, cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) were determined. Genomic DNA, isolated from a panel of mouse- human and Chinese hamster-human hybrid cell lines, was digested by restriction endonucleases and subjected to Southern blot hybridiza- tion using cDNA probes for ALDH1 and for ALDH2. Based on the distribution pattern of ALDH1 and ALDH2 in cell hybrids, ALDHI was assigned to the long arm of human chromosome 9 and ALDH2 to chromosome 12. INTRODUCTION Two major and at least two minor aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes exist in human and other mammalian livers. One of the major isozymes, designated as ALDH 1, or E1, is of cytosolic origin, and another major isozyme, designated as ALDH2 or E2, is of mitochondrial origin. The two isozymes are different from each other with respect to their kinetic properties, sensitivity to disulfiram inactivation, and protein structure [1-5]. Remarkable racial differences be- tween Caucasians and Orientals have been found in these isozymes. Approxi- mately 50% of Orientals have a variant form of ALDH2 associated with dimin- ished activity, while virtually all Caucasians have the wild-type active ALDH2 Received July 10, 1985; revised September 23, 1985. This work was supported by grant AA05763 from the National Institutes of Health. ' Department of Biochemical Genetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010.
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

    A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus

    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
  • Association of an Interleukin 1B Gene Polymorphism (-511) With

    Association of an Interleukin 1B Gene Polymorphism (-511) With

    400 LETTER TO JMG Association of an interleukin 1B gene polymorphism (−511) with Parkinson’s disease in Finnish patients K M Mattila, J O Rinne, T Lehtimäki, M Röyttä, J-P Ahonen, M Hurme ............................................................................................................................. J Med Genet 2002;39:400–402 lzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative conditions Table 1 Genotype and allele frequencies of the IL1 characterised by the presence of abnormal accumula- gene cluster polymorphisms in AD, PD, and control A patients tion of proteins and loss of neurones in specific regions of the brain. The aetiology and pathogenesis of AD and PD still Controls remain largely unknown. Evidence has emerged that immune Polymorphism AD (n=92) PD (n=52) (n=73) mediated mechanisms may be important in the development − 12 IL1A ( 889) of these disorders, and cytokine interleukin 1 (IL1) is one of *1/*1 42 (0.46) 28 (0.54) 33 (0.45) the mediators suggested to be involved. *1/*2 39 (0.42) 20 (0.38) 29 (0.40) The IL1 family comprises three proteins, the proinflamma- *2/*2 11 (0.12) 4 (0.08) 11 (0.15) tory IL1α and IL1β and their inhibitor IL1 receptor antagonist *1 123 (0.67) 76 (0.73) 95 (0.65) *2 61 (0.32) 28 (0.27) 51 (0.35) (IL1Ra), which are encoded by the IL1A, IL1B, and IL1RN − genes respectively.3 Since IL1 may have a role in AD4–8 and in IL1B ( 511) 910 *1/*1 35 (0.38) 25 (0.48) 24 (0.32) PD, variation in the IL1A, IL1B, and IL1RN genes may be of *1/*2 47 (0.51) 25 (0.48) 30 (0.41) importance in the development of these disorders.