APPLYING LOCATION BASED SERVICE USING USSD on LOW-END PHONES (Mulikalocation)

APPLYING LOCATION BASED SERVICE USING USSD ON LOW-END PHONES (MulikaLocation)

ERIC CHARLES IKIBI THUMBI STUDENT ID: 635698

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SUMMER 2017

APPLYING LOCATION BASED SERVICE USING USSD ON LOW-END PHONES (MulikaLocation)

Eric Charles Ikibi Thumbi

A Project Proposal Submitted to the School of Science and Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Information Systems and Technology

UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

SUMMER 2017

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college, institution or university other than the United States International University in Nairobi for academic credit.

Signed: ______Date: ______

Eric Charles Ikibi Thumbi (ID No 635698)

This project has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor.

Signed: ______Date: ______

Mr. Philip Machoka

Signed: ______Date: ______

Dean, School of Science and Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this project may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage without prior written permission of the author.

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ABSTRACT

Location-Based Services (LBSs) are rapidly expanding in both number and variety. LBSs are services provided via mobile applications with the help of network connectivity and the ability to detect the location of the user. LBSs offer a wide range of services; navigation tools to help you reach your destination (e.g., MapQuest); local search to help you find nearby businesses or events (e.g., Yelp); friend finders and social networking (e.g. Loopt and Google Buzz); applications that allow you to check in at certain locations (e.g., foursquare); and applications that can link your location to other activities (e.g., Twitter and Facebook). Many users currently access LBS through mobile phones that are more technologically advanced.

However, a significant number of mobile phones in the world especially in developing countries are used without built in location sensor techniques and are unable to transfer their location information over the network. These phones are called Low-End Mobile Phones (LEMPs).

After survey of the available location based applications in the market, it seems that there is lack in terms of addressing the needs of locating mobile subscribers via the LEMPs. Recent technology mainly supports the high end mobile users. As a result, this research sought to explore the development of a service to locate mobile subscribers using LEMPs via USSD and SMS technology.

The main purpose of this study was to develop a USSD and SMS-based mobile solution that could track or locate mobile subscribers using the Low-End Mobile Phones & especially those running on 2G technology. The Research Questions that were satisfied for this study were;

i. Is location based service possible without using the internet? ii. Is location based service functional in low end phones? iii. Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones?

iv users not only implied that could not get the location of a subscriber from a low end phone but also the fact that internet was required to facilitate in the location of a subscriber. The study exposed that 83% of the respondents disagreed that internet connection was not necessary to get the location of a subscriber. Thus, the view that majority of the respondents implied that internet was required for location based service, in fact, no respondent agreed that internet was not required.

The second research objective aimed at establishing if location based service was functional in low end phones. Findings from the second research objective revealed that majority of the respondents disagreed that the implemented MulikaLocation solution to have location based service on low end phones required an installation of an external application. 77% of the respondents disagreed that there was need to install an external application in order to use the USSD implementation for location based service on low end phones. Moreover, the study further revealed that whether a subscriber was using a low end phone or a high end phone, there was no need to install an external application to enable results display in USSD. In addition to that, the study revealed that the procedure to use the USSD solution implementation (MulikaLocation) for low end phones was same as that of high end phones. Only 3% of the respondents implied that the procedure in low end phone to search the location of a subscriber was different from that of a high end phone.

The third research objective aimed at establishing the cost effectiveness of implementing location based service on low end phones. Findings of the third research objective revealed that with the implementation of the MulikaLocation, there was no need to purchase a high end phone. From the respondents, the study exposed that a total of 97% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed that there was no need to purchase a high end phone. Furthermore, the study revealed that 100% of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed that there was need to have an upgrade of the operating system on low end phones in order to enjoy MulikaLocation location based service.

Even though LEMPs cannot access all types of LBSs, it is possible to design LBS based on USSD text channel and SMS. In this research project, we designed LBS that could be accessible from LEMPs and 2G network. One of the requirement was to enable the LEMPs to communicate with the application server over the network. Since these phones have no

v internet capability, the communication could be built via the USSD text channel. The whitelisted database aptly formatted and the USSD query applied. The response in form of a Flash text is generated. Google API via the networks was used to fetch for location coordinates. The response gave a link SMS that could be accessed later when user got an internet connection.

A quantitative descriptive research design was used in this study, whereby the population consisted of 33 mobile operator employees out of which a sample size of 30 respondents was obtained and spread out across various divisions of the technology department. The researcher applied the probability method to select employees from the various divisions of the technology department. The elements selected from the population had interacted with low-end phones as well as high end phones particularly USSD service and were well qualified to respond to the research questions.

They were issued with questionnaires that captured their demographic characteristics as well as their experience and feedback on the MulikaLocation service based on the Research Questions above. From the responses majority of the users had a difficult time locating a subscriber without an internet connection. However, with the MulikaLocation, they were able to do so without internet. Many of the respondents also seemed to agree that MulikaLocation was easy to use since little training was needed to grasp the application. They also did not need to upgrade their phone operating systems to use MulikaLocation hence making a lot of economic sense for many of them.

It is also worthy to note, in some instances the respondents did not agree or disagree i.e. they took a neutral approach when answering. This could be attributed to lack of adequate knowledge of Location Based Systems and their technical operations.

In conclusion, the study has portrayed that value add services and even premium services could be achieved on the low end phones. The value add services could still give the same great experience as that enjoyed in high end phones

Intellectual Property Management is a multidimensional discipline that covers an extensive scope. In this study, only one department was interviewed and very few people. It is suggested

vi that multiple informants be interviewed. This would include the public sector and provide more validity for this research.

This study focused on Telecommunications firm in Kenya and cannot be generalized to other industries. Hence as a recommendation, researchers should conduct studies in other industries and compare their similarity and dissimilarity. By doing so, the data gathered can yield rich interdisciplinary results, thus enhancing the usefulness of the study.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I praise God for the gift of family, friends and provision without which I would not have made it this far in my academic pursuits. My sincere gratitude goes to my lecturers and supervisors for their guidance and patience throughout my studies. I am grateful to my wife, for her great support, patience and understanding while I undertook this study. Words are not enough to express the gratitude for you my parents, for their support and prayers. You have supported, motivated, encouraged and disciplined me throughout my life and academic journey.

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DEDICATION I want to dedicate this work to God for it is only through Him that the project was accomplished. A special tribute also goes to my wife and my children. They have given me continuous hope and encouraged me.

TABLE OF CONTENT STUDENT‘S DECLARATION ...... ii

ABSTRACT ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... viii

DEDICATION ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT ...... x

LIST OF TABLES ...... xiv

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xv

CHAPTER...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ...... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ...... 6

1.4 Research Questions ...... 6

1.5 Importance/Significance of the Study ...... 6

1.6 Scope of the Study...... 7

1.7 Definition of Terms ...... 8

1.8 Chapter Summary ...... 9

2.0 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 10

2.1 Introduction ...... 10

2.2 Mobile Adoption & Technology Shift ...... 10

2.2.1 Global Context ...... 10

2.2.2 Continental Context ...... 11

2.2.3 Regional Context ...... 11

2.2.4 Local Context ...... 11

2.3 Internet Connectivity ...... 11

2.4 Location Based Service ...... 13

2.4.1 Is Location Based Service Possible without using the Internet? ...... 13

2.4.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones? ...... 15

2.4.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones? 16

2.4.4 Evolution of the Internet ...... 17

2.4.5 Location Determination ...... 22

2.5 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS ...... 27

2.5.1 Short Messaging Services (SMS) ...... 27

2.5.2 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) ...... 29

2.6 Theoretical Model ...... 31

2.7 Chapter Summary ...... 31

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 32

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 32

3.1 Introduction ...... 32

3.2 Research Design ...... 32

3.3 Population and Sampling Design ...... 32

3.3.1 Population ...... 33

3.3.2 Sampling Design ...... 34

3.4 Data Collection Methods ...... 35

3.5 Research Procedures ...... 36

3.6 Data Analysis Methods ...... 37

3.7 Chapter Summary ...... 37

CHAPTER 4. IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN ...... 38

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN ...... 38

4.1 Introduction ...... 38

4.2 System Analysis ...... 38

4.3 System Design ...... 40

4.3.1 System Requirements ...... 40

4.3.2 Modeling ...... 40

4.3.3 GSM USSD Architecture ...... 42

4.3.4 USSD Request Flow ...... 43

4.3.5 Flowchart ...... 44

4.4 Proof of Concept ...... 45

4.5 Testing ...... 46

4.4.1 Testing Criteria ...... 46

4.6 Chapter Summary ...... 48

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND FINDINGS ...... 49

5.0 RESULTS AND FINDINGS ...... 49

5.1 Introduction ...... 49

5.2 General Information ...... 49

5.3 Is Location Based Service Possible without using the Internet? ...... 50

5.4 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones? ...... 51

5.5 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones ...... 53

5.6 Chapter Summary ...... 55

CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 55

6.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 55

6.1 Introduction ...... 55

6.2 Summary ...... 56

6.3 Discussion ...... 58

6.3.1 Location-Based Service without Internet...... 58

6.3.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones ...... 59

6.3.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones. 60

6.4 Conclusions ...... 61

6.4.1 Location-Based Service without Internet...... 61

6.4.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones ...... 62

6.4.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones. 62

6.5 Recommendations ...... 62

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6.5.1 Location-Based Service without Internet...... 62

6.5.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones ...... 63

6.5.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones...... 63

6.5.4 Recommendations for Further Studies ...... 63

References ...... 64

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 68

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ...... 68

SECTION B: EXPERIENCE OF USSD LOCATION BASED SERVICE ...... 68

SECTION C: GENERAL FEEDBACK ...... 69

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LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1 Classification of Mobile Phones Based on their Capacity to Access LBS ...... 14 Table 2. 2: 1G to 5G Mobile Generations Differences and Features ...... 21 Table 3. 1: Population Distribution ...... 33 Table 5.1: Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ...... 49 Table 5.2: Is Location Based Service Possible without Using the Internet ...... 50 Table 5.3: Is Location Based Service functional in Low End Phones ...... 52 Table 5.4: Cost Effectiveness to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phone ...... 54

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1: Estimates. Global Mobile Network Coverage as per Population Covered by a Mobile Network. Source: (ITU, ITU ICT Facts and Figures 2016,2016)……………………...5 Figure 1. 2 World Internet Penetration in as per March 2017 ...... 13 Figure 2.1 Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) ...... 30 Figure 2.2 Theoretical Model ….…………………...………………………………………...31 Figure 4.1 Sample of Call Detail Records…………………………………………………… 39 Figure 4.2 GSM USSD Architecture………………………………………………………….42 Figure 4.3 USSD Request Flow……………………………………………………………....43 Figure 4.4 Flowchart………...……………………………………………………………...... 44 Figure 4.5 Testing Criteria…....……………………………………………………………....44 Figure 4.6 Location Display...... ……………………………………………………………....44 Figure 4.7 Format Display..…...……………………………………………………………....44 Figure 4.8 USSD Display...…...……………………………………………………………....44 Figure 4.9 SMS Display...…...……………………………………………………………...... 44

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION

API - Application Programming Interface

CAK - Communications Authority of Kenya

CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

GPRS - General Packet Radio Service

GPS - Global Geo-Location System

GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications

GSMA - Global System Mobile Association

HEMP - High-End Mobile Phones

IP - Internet Protocol

ITU - International Telecommunication Union

LBS - Location Based Services

LEMP - Low-End Mobile Phones

LTE - Long Term Evolution

MSISDN - Mobile Station International Directory Number

SDG - Sustainable Development Goals

SIM - Subscriber Identity Module

SMS - Short Message Service

USSD - Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

WAP - Wireless Application Protocol

WAMP - Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter gives a brief background of the main concepts and problems informing this study such as ―specials‖ and location-based services for low-end mobile users. It further proceeds to state the research problem, outline the research objectives, list the research questions, define the scope, assumptions, significance, justification and the expected outcomes of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

The mobile phone revolution has made huge strides over the past few decades transforming the lives of millions of people for the better. Today, a majority of the population in urban and suburban areas of every country and a significant number in the rural areas carry a mobile phone, be it a basic feature phone or a smartphone. Mobile phones brought the possibility to have easy access to information for social and business purposes. This has spurred the development of specialized applications known as mobile applications for different kinds of industries. These services also include Location-based services (LBS)

Location Based Services (LBS) provide services to the mobile users by exploring the location depending on the geographical coordinates for their valuable needs. The mobile phones are equipped with new technologies and supported by the presence and development of broadband mobile data networks have created new opportunities for the processing of location based applications.

A good number of mobile location based applications have been developed. In the US, we have LBS applications like Sprint Family Locator, which helps one find family members from a mobile phone or any computer connected to the Web. This app requires GPS & Java- enabled device. (Sprint, 2017). Another app is iBeacon developed by Apple. IBeacon works with Location Services in iOS that alerts apps when one approaches or leaves a location. In addition to monitoring location, the app knows when one is close to an iBeacon, like a checkout counter in a retail store. To use iBeacon, one needs Bluetooth turned on and one of these devices with iOS 7 like iPhone 4s or later. (Apple Inc., 2017)

Glympse is also a mobile service that allows GPS-enabled mobile phone users to share their location via a web-based map for a pre-set period of time with anyone they choose (Glympse Inc., 2017).

Uber Technologies Inc. is an American worldwide online transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco, California. It develops, markets and operates the Uber mobile app that allows consumers with smartphones to submit a trip request. The software program then automatically sends to the Uber driver nearest to the consumer, alerting the driver to the location of the customer.

In London, aiming to improve public accessibility, Transport for London (TFL) installed a network of Bluetooth beacons throughout the London underground. While there are many apps for navigation above ground level, the Youth Forum of the Royal London Society for Blind People (RLSB) found that the same could not be said for the underground transportation system. The Bluetooth beacons transmit signals that can be picked up by smartphones and other mobile devices. (BBC Pym, Hugh, 2017)

India has also shown tremendous growth of location based apps like; Hoppr: a mobile device- agnostic location based service that allows users to avail deals and offers from merchants where they check into. Zomato: allows users to check out restaurant recommendations according to their location. NowFloats: LBS app that attempts to give the user the best information depending on his or her location and the time they are there. It also keeps the content fresh by auto-expiring content past its prime or popularity. LocalEver: provides ‗Radius Search‘ to search items within particular radius from particular location. Users can search items, Street and Area wise via Google Maps. It connects buyers and sellers in real time and also has an expansive B2B offering for corporates. DelightCircle: A location based shopping app that provides offers and new arrivals across 200+ brands and retailers. With incentives like earning free mobile recharge, movie tickets and gift cards for simply visiting the stores. LocalBeat: This GPS enabled app allows users to know what is going on around them in terms of news, deals and discounts, events and yellow pages.

Africa has not been left behind either in the development of LBS applications. Awesome South Africa is a location-based travel app that helps tourists find exactly what they are looking for including accommodation, flights, city attractions and more within a specified radius of their location. (Google Play, n.d.)

In Nigeria, Find-A-Med is a location based mobile application that allows users to find the closest health center. Additionally, the app also stores users‘ basic health information in case

of an emergency. Recently launched in Nigeria is Ajo a location-based discovery app, which utilizes an in-built GPS system to detect a user‘s location and allow them to find points of interest and services within their proximity. The Ajo app also includes a discover page that automatically identifies places around a user, as well as a recommendation page that displays editors‘ picks and user recommendations. Places include restaurants, tourist attractions, hotels, lounges and places of worship and users can personalize display results. (Jackson, 2017), (AjoAfrica, n.d.)

The Suba app was developed in Ghana and is a location-based group photo album app that allows for the creation of a group photo stream. Once the stream is created, individuals can add pictures and invite others to do so.

Locally in Kenya, Foursquare‘s African cousin is NikoHapa (―I am here‖ in Swahili), a social location app allowing users to discover new locations and connect up with friends. It also acts as a loyalty program by rewarding users who visit certain locations, retailers and restaurants spend money and share these locations with their friends. Users scan their phone‘s address book to automatically detect when friends have joined NikoHapa and connect with them seamlessly.

Olalashe a Maasai word for brother is a geo-tracking system that enables one to communicate their location in times of distress. This app runs on Android devices

1.2 Statement of the Problem

LBS are rapidly expanding in both number and variety. They offer a wide range of services: navigation tools to help you reach your destination (e.g. MapQuest); local search to help you find nearby businesses or events (e.g., Yelp); friend finders and social networking (e.g. Loopt and Google Buzz); applications that allow you to check in at certain locations (e.g., foursquare); and applications that can link your location to other activities (e.g., Twitter and Facebook). Many users currently access LBS through mobile phones that are more technologically advanced.

After survey of the available location based applications in the market, it seems that there is lack in terms of addressing the needs of locating mobile subscribers via the Low-End Mobile Phones (LEMPs). Technology mentioned above mainly supports the high end mobile users. As a result, in this research, there is opportunity to explore the development of location based services for mobile subscriber location via low-end phone using USSD and SMS.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ICT facts and Figures 2016 report, reveals that mobile phone coverage is now almost everywhere, with an estimated 95% of the global population – or some seven billion people – living in an area covered by a basic 2G mobile- cellular network. (ITU, ITU ICT Facts and Figures 2016, 2016)

Figure 1. 1: Estimates. Global Mobile Network Coverage as per Population Covered by a Mobile Network. Source: (ITU, ITU ICT Facts and Figures 2016, 2016)

2G, first introduced in 1992, is the second-generation of cellular telephone technology and the first to use digital encryption of conversations. 2G networks were the first to offer data services and SMS text messaging, but their data transfer rates are lower than those of their successors. Despite high speed mobile connections like 3G & 4G gaining ground, the Africa Market remains largely dominated by 2G packages (GSMA, 2016)

The above information affirms that even with the tremendous growth in use of mobile subscribers, smartphones and internet, there remains a sizeable percentage of users on low-end mobile devices.

1.3 Purpose of the Study The main objective of this study was to develop a USSD and SMS-based mobile solution that can track or locate mobile subscribers using the Low-End Mobile Phones & especially those running on 2G technology.

1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 Is location based service possible without using the internet?

1.4.2 Is location based service functional in low end phones?

1.4.3 Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones?

1.5 Importance/Significance of the Study

With majority of Kenyans owning the 2G enabled phones, in this research, the depicted technology which we shall call MulikaLocation will broaden the reach of more people for various services such as security reasons, educational reasons, promotional reasons etc.

Kenya has approximately 38 Million Mobile subscribers, with 90% of these running on 2G networks and phones (CAK, 2017). With these numbers, there is need to focus on location- based apps that target the so-called low-end mobile users.

As stated above, since 90% of mobile subscribers in Kenya have 2G phones which do not support internet services, MulikaLocation technology will be used anywhere without data coverage hence making it a welcome convenience for those not covered and still need to be located for ―special‖ services

Added benefits of MulikaLocation technology on 2G phones is the ease of use since there will be no need to download applications while using USSD.

2G phones are known for their long-lasting battery life; hence, this will be an added advantage to users with limited power supply as they will not have to keep charging their phones like high end phones.

There will be no specialized training needed to run this technology on the 2G phones since the options will be easy to follow and not many steps for users to comprehend as normally on the high-end phones. Fewer options for selection ensure that the MulikaLocation technology is simple to follow and grasp

MulikaLocation can be used in times of distress and the stakeholders charged with the relevant distress signals will be able to locate and respond accordingly.

In September 2015, the UN introduced the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to the world a 17-point plan to end poverty, reduce inequalities, promote peace, justice and strong institutions etc. Mobile connectivity and technology for all is essential in achieving the relevant SDGs given the power of mobile technology to accelerate growth and sustainable development.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study was to be done in Kenya with focus being on the mobile users with low-end phones running on the 2G technology. These phones behind this technology are locally referred to as ―Mulika Mwizi‖. Nairobi County will be used for the scope of the study.

Limitations: Concern for privacy issues by users, Double Sim subscriptions, Access to GSM network data.

1.7 Definition of Terms Location Based Services - Electronic service content that enable personalized services to the mobile cellular network subscribers based on their current geographical location.

2G – The second-generation of cellular telephone technology and the first to use digital encryption of conversations. 2G networks were the first to offer data services and SMS text messaging, but their data transfer rates are lower than those of their successors.

Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) - Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication technology that is used to send text between a mobile phone and an application program in the network. Applications that could as well include roaming or mobile chatting

Mobile Subscriber- A user whose handset has an active sim card and connected to a mobile operator.

GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication.

SMS - Short Message Service

Google Map API - Used by websites and applications to give location details for users.

1.8 Chapter Summary

With the increasing popularity of smartphones around the world, location-based services and the excess of applications that make use of them are now an inseparable part of our everyday lives. We use our mobiles and applications to search for specific destinations, retail stores, restaurants and even some that offer suggestions depending on our location. We use them to track our fitness, measure the distance we run, find friends in our nearby vicinity and so on. The possibilities of what we can do with these apps (and them with our location) are endless. However, as stated above, 90% of mobile subscribers in Kenya are on 2G phones i.e. low-end phones thus not using the smartphone technology. MulikaLocation technology would benefit the low-end phone mobile subscribers of whom are the majority in Kenya.

2.0 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction

The purpose of this research is to develop a mobile location-based service application that can track or locate mobile subscribers who use Low-End Mobile Phones i.e. 2G handheld phones via SMS or USSD. The significance and economic benefits of having LBS running on Low- End Mobile Phones will be determined through this study and through dissecting other works done on the same by other authors.

In this chapter, previous work done on LBS applications; globally, regionally and locally will be studied, including where we stand with connectivity and technology of these applications.

2.2 Mobile Adoption & Technology Shift 2.2.1 Global Context According to the GSMA Mobile Economy 2017, 65% of the world‘s population had a mobile subscription in 2016 – a total of 4.8 billion unique mobile subscribers. The total is set to reach 5 billion in mid-2017. By 2020, almost 860 million new subscribers will be added, taking the global penetration rate to 73%

Unique subscriber penetration rates vary significantly across regions. The average rate for developed markets of 84% is approaching saturation. In contrast, there remains upside for subscriber growth in developing markets compounded by volatile economic conditions, the lower income and purchasing power of the still unconnected populations, uneven distribution and quality of infrastructure, and social and political instability of different markets. (GSMA, 2017)

The generational shift to mobile broadband networks across the world continues to gain momentum, driven by improved coverage of higher speed networks, more attractively priced data tariffs and greater availability and affordability of smartphones. At the end of 2012, mobile broadband connections (3G and 4G technologies) accounted for a quarter of total connections (excluding M2M). It is projected that in 2020, 2G will still account for about 25% of global connections by technology (GSMA, 2017)

2.2.2 Continental Context Although Africa will exhibit the fastest subscriber growth rate of any region over the next five years, subscriber penetration will still be the lowest, at 54% in 2020. Significant barriers to the take-up of mobile services in the region remain like cost, countries in Africa have among the highest total cost of mobile ownership as a proportion of income, particularly for those at the bottom of the income pyramid. Also in terms of network coverage as of the first quarter of 2016, 3G and 4G networks covered 50% and 16% of the population across the region respectively, around 30 percentage points lowers than the global average for both technologies. As of 2017, 2G accounts for about 60% of the mobile technology in the continent. Finally, technical literacy rates in Africa (particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa) are considered among the lowest in the world, hindering use of mobile services. From the report, 2G accounts for. Smartphone adoption is steadily growing in Africa but still at a mere 35% compared to a 51% average growth globally (GSMA, 2016)

2.2.3 Regional Context In East Africa Community comprising Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda & Burundi, Mobile subscriber penetration stood at 46% in 2015 and projected to average at 58% in 2020. Smartphone adoption stood at 17% in 2015, projected to be at 54% in 2020. In terms of technology mix, 2G will still account for 46% of the Technology mix (GSMA, 2016)

2.2.4 Local Context 2.2.4.1 Kenya

According to the 2016/2017 CAK statistics report, the number of mobile subscriptions stood at 39.1 million towards the end of 2016 while Data/Internet subscriptions stand at 25.7 million subscriptions. (CAK, 2017)

2.3 Internet Connectivity

At the end of 2015, 4.1 billion people were not internet users (ITU-International Telecommunication Union, 2015). Without a step change to current trends, over 3 billion people will remain offline by 2020, nearly all in developing countries.

Most people now connect to the internet using mobile devices such as smartphones and internet-enabled feature phones, rather than desktop computers with fixed-line connections.

The GSMA‘s latest numbers suggest that there were 3.2 billion unique mobile internet subscribers in 2015, very close to the ITU‘s estimate for total internet users (GSMA, 2016). The predominance of mobile access is partly explained by the fact that mobile broadband networks are much more widely available than fixed broadband networks, which have limited coverage in developing countries where most of the world‘s unconnected population lives.

Over 90% of the world‘s unconnected people live in developing countries, primarily in South Asia (1.4 billion in 2014), East Asia and the Pacific (1.2 billion) and sub-Saharan Africa (800 million) (State of Connectivity 2015, A Report on Global Internet Access, 2015).

Despite the steadily increasing number of people connected over the past decade, current trends suggest at least 3 billion people will remain unconnected by 2020, nearly all of them in the developing world (ITU-International Telecommunication Union, 2015).

Basic 2G mobile networks are available to 96% of the world‘s population according to ITU country-level data. However, these 2G networks offer at best very basic connectivity, and cannot support most internet services. Mobile users do not always use the fastest technology in their area. It is common for 2G mobile networks to be used even in areas where 3G/4G services are available. In some cases, basic devices are not equipped to use 3G or 4G networks; or sometimes an overloaded 3G network forces users onto the 2G network to ease capacity problems.

At least 1.1 billion people currently lack access to grid electricity, and for a further 1 billion people, electricity networks are unreliable. For these people, the cost of charging devices (in particular smartphones with larger screens and broadband capabilities) is significant. This can act as a barrier to internet connectivity: a survey in Kenya indicated that 45% of non-mobile users cited a lack of access to electricity at home as one of the reasons for not owning a phone (InfoDev, 2012)

Many people who can read and write lack the digital skills or a sufficient understanding of the technology required to get online, which affects their confidence and likelihood of becoming connected. Majority of unconnected people who do not use a mobile phone have little or no experience with telecommunications, computers, or even electronic devices.

Figure 1. 2 World Internet Penetration in as per March 2017 (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2017)

The facts above show disparities between internet usage in developed countries vs developing countries. Despite growth in mobile internet coverage over the years, many people are not able to keep up due to various factors. They however cannot be left behind with the advent of new technologies that are coming up every now and then. It will be a while before everyone reaches a satisfactory level of internet connectivity so why not develop apps that can work with the technology that they currently have.

2.4 Location Based Service 2.4.1 Is Location Based Service Possible without using the Internet? There has been increasing popularity of Location Based Services (LBS) applications. One of the reasons behind this phenomenon is the ability of LBS to recognize the demand for services and to provide said services, based on one's location. Social networking, targeted advertisement, driver-assistant programs, and augmented-reality games are just a few examples where LBS have been successfully applied (Petcovici & Stroulia, 2016)

Despite its advantages, there are few examples of the use of location based services in Kenya. A few examples of recent services include Uber, a taxi service that allows people to locate and contact taxis close to them (Uber, 2016) and the m-locator service from Airtel Kenya that enables one to find a friend or family by sending their mobile number to the service (Airtel, 2014). The m-locator service has not received much attention from the market.

A study by Thiga, Siror and Githeko (M.M. Thiga, 2013) among microenterprises revealed that there was a very low level of awareness of Location-Based Mobile Advertising (LBMA) services and a preference for SMS and USSD based applications. Additionally, most of the respondents in that study owned either feature or basic phones with limited or no capability to run a majority of LBMA applications that require relatively advanced features in addition to the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for location determination (M.M. Thiga, 2013).

Successful location-based service (LBS) running on a mobile phone should not drain the phone's battery. Unfortunately, battery capacity is not increasing at the same pace as the development of new power-demanding features for mobile phones. However, building low- power-consuming LBSs is not easy. Such services heavily use many power-consuming features of mobile phones—for example, they use the screen to display maps, the radio to receive and send data, or a built-in GPS receiver for positioning. An LBS thus must be designed to minimize power consumption while using a phone's features, especially if the service runs continuously.

Research on the technical challenges of LBSs has mainly focused on how to improve positioning accuracy and coverage. Only a small amount of research has focused on minimizing power consumption. Here, we discuss when it is important to minimize LBS power consumption and how different mobile phone features consume power, surveying appropriate power conservation methods and presenting design considerations that should help LBS developers. (Kjaergaard, 2012)

Table 2. 1 Classification of Mobile Phones Based on their Capacity to Access LBS

Technology Smartphone Feature Phone LEMPs Satellite Based GPS Accelerometers & √ Compasses Wi-Fi √ √ Bluetooth √ √ Cellular Network √ √ √

Internet Capability √ √ 3rd Part app. Installation √ √ 2.4.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones? A smartphone, as CNET defines it, has a third-party operating system. This includes all the phones running Android, as well as those that run on the Windows Mobile and Symbian operating systems. BlackBerry and the iPhone are included in this, because those operating systems run on more than one device. Beyond that, smartphones are also defined by the ability to run third-party software, typically known as applications or "apps." These apps are often integral to the smartphone experience, and most people with smartphones end up getting at least a handful of third-party apps to make the device more useful.

Feature phones, on the other hand, are a midway point between smartphones and basic phones. They usually have a limited proprietary operating system, and not all feature phones support third-party software. If they do, they are usually run on Java or BREW and are often standalone items that do not integrate with other features of the phone. While e-mail is usually an included feature, you often have to pay extra for it, or you have to access your e-mail via the mobile browser. Push email is often nonexistent. You can get corporate e-mail on some feature phones, but the experience is usually far slower and not as smooth. Calendar syncing is often a problem, as is document editing. However, feature phones make up for that with a big focus on multimedia and texting, and almost all feature phones have GPS, full HTML browsers, and 3G speeds. A lot of feature phones also have popular social networking abilities now; Twitter and Facebook integration is especially popular. (CNET, 2010)

2.4.2.1 User Privacy

Location-based services have become ubiquitous, effectively penetrated all smart phones and GPS-enabled devices, providing tremendous value to customers. While LBSs have grown in popularity, they are not without flaws; specifically, the user of LBS must reveal his or her location data in order to take full advantage of the service, thereby potentially risking their own privacy and security (B. Niu, 2014)

LBSs are regarded as extremely beneficial. Nonetheless, the services present risks to the protection of users' privacy, as information relating to the user's location is provided by the

service providers. Sensitive private information related to the service recipients could be deduced by an attacker through information gathering about the location of users relating to their LBS queries.

The issue of privacy is prevalent in applications involving Smartphones that have GPS enabled technology. One of the advantages for Low-End Mobile Phones is their capability of maintaining a user‘s privacy and identity from potential hackers.

2.4.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones? Mobile phones having GPS and Wi-Fi chips are expensive, so a large number of non- Smartphones do not have these capabilities. Despite the gaining popularity of Location-aware mobile applications across the world, lack of Global Positioning System (GPS) and absence of Wi-Fi infrastructure prevent users with non-Smart phones (majority of population in developing countries) from using these applications s their phones do not have access to their current location. Existing GSM based approaches such as Cell ID-based works on non-Smart phones but they require access to a comprehensive database of Cell IDs. Such a database either does not exist or is very limited in developing countries. In their conference paper, Kuldeep et al, India (Kuldeep Yadav, 2012) proposed a GSM-based approach of using Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) messages to get current location on the phone that did not depend on a comprehensive database and ran on programmable low-end phones. They demonstrate the effectiveness of their baseline CBS approach on data collected in New Delhi, India across two different operators.

Proposed CBS based localization approach removes the necessity of war-driving or building a Cell ID database for GSM based localization. Evaluation using real-world traces show that proposed approach can provide reasonably good accuracy that is sufficient for many location- based services. Hence, CBS-based localization is a promising solution for non-smartphones and provides them with an opportunity to access location based services without any extra infrastructure. (Kuldeep Yadav, 2012)

2.4.4 Evolution of the Internet The first mobile phone system was established in Japan and the launch of first mobile system occurred in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. After these progress, the generations for mobile wireless communication starts. In this research work, we presented the detailed survey of different generations of mobile communication networks. The First Generation (1G) mobile phone networks uses analog signals to transmit the voice calls only between the two transmitters. Second Generation (2G) mobile network is the next stage in the development of wireless technology to overcome the limitations of 1G by primarily focusing on transmission of voice and data with digital signals. Third Generation (3G) was arrived because of low speed and incompatible technologies used on previous generations. The main features of 3G is that it allows higher data transmission rates and increased capacity for traditional voice call and high-speed data applications such as Global Roaming, internet, mobile, video conferencing, video calls and 3D gaming. 4G is known as beyond 3G, stands as an acronym for fourth generation communication system that describes the next step in wireless communication. 4G is known as MAGIC because the users can use the mobile multimedia at any time anywhere with global mobility support on integrated wireless solution and customized personal service at higher data rates than previous generations. Fifth Generation (5G) is a packet switched wireless mobile communication system with extensive area coverage and high through put. Hence, it is known as Real World Wireless or wireless World Wide Web (WWWW) (Singh, 2012)

2.4.4.1 1G Mobile Communication System

The 1st generation was pioneered for voice service in early 1980s, where almost all of them were analog systems using the frequency modulation technique for radio transmission, using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with channel capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band of 824-894 MHz, which was based on a technology known as Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) (Hossain, 2013) and its speed is up to 2.4 Kbps. There are few limitations in the 1G Mobile Communication. Firstly, it does not have data service to convert the voice into digital signals. Secondly, Global Roaming Service are not possible, low capacity, unreliable hand off, Poor Voice Quality because in 1G, the data can be carried by only one channel from

source (one caller) to destination (another). This means that the two callers are not able to hear each other simultaneously since the number of calls was limited. (Dr.Prinima, 2016)

2.4.4.2 2G Mobile Communication System

The 2nd generation commenced in later 1990s. The 2G mobile communication system is a digital system; this system is still used in different parts of the world. This generation is mainly used for voice transmission with digital signals and speeds of up to 64 kbps. It also offers additional services such as short message services, picture message services and Multi Media Message services (MMS). In this generation, two digital modulation schemes are used; one is time division multiple access (TDMA) and the second is code division multiple access (CDMA) with frequency band of 850-1900 MHz In 2G, GSM technology uses eight channels per carrier with a gross data rate of 22.8 kbps (a net rate of 13 kbps) in the full rate channel and a frame of 4.6 milliseconds (ms) duration. The family of this generation includes 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G (Hossain, 2013). There are few limitations in the 2G Mobile Communication. First strong digital signals are required to make the mobile phones work. Secondly, digital signals are weak if there is no proper network coverage in the specified area. Lastly, it is difficult to handle complex data such as video etc. (Dr.Prinima, 2016)

2.4.4.3 3G Mobile Communication System

The 3rd generation (3G) which was introduced in the year 2000 are services that combine high speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP)-based services. The 3G W-CDMA air interface standard is designed for always on packet-based wireless service, so that computer, entertainment devices and telephones may all share the same wireless network and be connected internet anytime, anywhere. The data rate supported by 3G networks depends also on the environment the call is being made in; 144 kbps in satellite and rural outdoor, 384 kbps in urban outdoor and 2Mbps in indoor and low range outdoor. The frequency band is 1.8 - 2.5 GHz (Hossain, 2013). The important feature of 3G technology is that it provides higher data transmission rates of up to 2 Mbps, over 5 MHz channel carrier width, depending on mobility/velocity, and high spectrum efficiency. Because of greater data rate and bandwidth,

3G mobile phones offers multimedia applications and mobile internet access [4]. 3G delivers more new features such as Web browsing, e-mail, TV streaming, video conferencing, paging, 11sec-1.5min time to download a 3min Mp3 song, fax and navigational maps.3G technology is more flexible because it sustains the 5 main radio technologies. These radio technologies functions beneath CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. The purpose of the 3G is to provide more coverage and evolution with lowest investment. There are few limitations in the 3G Mobile Communication. Firstly, it requires higher bandwidth. Secondly, cost for the 3G mobile phone is high. Thirdly, the size of the phone is large. Fourth, it is difficult to build the infrastructure for 3G (Dr.Prinima, 2016)

2.4.4.4 4G Mobile Communication System

The 4th generation (4G) of mobile communication system was introduced in the year 2010. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high- definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing. 4G is the IP- based mobile system that provides access through a collection of radio interfaces. It has the capability to provide speed of 100 Mbps – 1Gbps and has high QoS (Quality of service) and security. It also offers various kind of services anywhere and at any time as per user requirements [5]. 4G Wireless technology is combined together with the existing and the proposed wireless network technology (e.g. OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA) in order to avoid the faultless roaming from one technology to another. LTE (Long Term Evolution) and Wi-MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technologies are used for fourth generation. USB wireless modems were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming available during 2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011. 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is not available for the European market as of April 2012. There are few limitations in 4G. First, the usage of battery in 4G mobile phone is more. Secondly, implementation of hardware is difficult. Thirdly, complicated hardware is necessary and finally, exclusive network is compulsory to implement the following generation network. (Dr.Prinima, 2016)

2.4.4.5 5G Mobile Communication System

The 5th generation (5G) of wireless mobile communication system is the wireless internet network which is maintained by OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB, Network-LMDS and IPv6. The 5G is known as Real world wireless or www worldwide wireless web because it does not require limitations. Physical layer and data link layer defines the wireless technology in 5G. These two layers indicate that the 5G technology is like Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) and the virtual multi-wireless network are also maintained in the 5G technology mobile phones. To perform this, the network layer is sub divided into upper network layer for upper terminal and lower network layer for interface and where all the routing is based in IP addresses and that should be different for each IP network in worldwide. 5G Wireless Communication System is not deployed yet. The big challenge for the design and deployment of 5G wireless system can be faced easily as proposed features and architecture (mentioned below) that will increase system capacity and quality within the limited available frequency spectrum, whose frequency band and Data Bandwidth will be3-300GHz and 1Gbps & higher (as demand) successively. The remarkable issue, there do not have any limitation in 5G in respect to user demands in the next 200 years. The 5G also implies the whole wireless world interconnection (WISDOM—Wireless Innovative System for Dynamic Operating Mega communications concept), together with very high data rates of the Quality of Service (QoS) applications. The main disadvantage of the 5G technology is higher big rate. The big rate is controlled by using Open Control Protocol (OTP) (Singh, 2012).This OTP is supported by transport layer and session layer in 5G networks. The application layer is for quality of service management over different type of networks. Bidirectional bandwidths, less traffic, equally availability of network across the world, 25Mbps connectivity speed, data bandwidth higher than 1GB and low cost are the main features of 5G technology. (Dr.Prinima, 2016)

Table 2. 2: 1G to 5G Mobile Generations Differences and Features (Sciepub, n.d.)

2.4.4.6 Global Internet Evolution

Mobile Internet deployment has not fully caught up to mobile cellular deployment. While mobile-cellular population coverage is looking healthy, the relationship between this and 3G coverage suggests that operators are yet to deploy Mobile-Internet-capable networks as widely as those for mobile voice services. In particular, 3G population coverage in the Emerging Asia Pacific and Sub Saharan Africa remain at 14% and 42% respectively of the level of mobile- cellular networks. Similarly, globally 3G coverage is only 51% of mobile cellular coverage. While 3G coverage is growing and catching up to the cellular coverage levels, there is still a long way to go with network deployments before mobile Internet services are as accessible as those for mobile voice. (INTERNET SOCIETY, 2015)

New 3G network deployments have occurred in less developed regions, including in Algeria, Anguilla and St Lucia. Countries with new 4G deployments spread across the globe including the Bahamas, Bulgaria, Ireland, New Zealand and Peru. These upgraded mobile networks are clustered across certain regions. Already in 2012, 100% of Western European, North American, and developed Asia-Pacific countries have operators with active 3G networks. However, by 2014, all countries in Central, Eastern Europe, and emerging Asia-Pacific all contain at least one 3G network. More than 55% of countries in these regions also contain 4G networks, with this proportion reaching over 75% in Western European, North American, and developed Asia-Pacific countries. A lower proportion of Middle-Eastern and North African, sub-Saharan African and Latin American countries have rolled out 3G and 4G networks. 3G roll-outs however stand at over 90% and close to 50% of Middle-Eastern and North African and Latin American countries have rolled out 4G networks. (INTERNET SOCIETY, 2015)

2.4.5 Location Determination

There are four main types of location information consumed by LBS; (1) Physical location that is expressed in the form of coordinates, (2) Symbolic location that expresses location using natural language, (3) Absolute location that uses a shared grid reference system such as longitude and latitude and, (4) Relative location information that is based on the proximity to known reference points (Hightower, 2011)

Symbolic location information is obtained from the users of LBS while physical, absolute and relative location types are determined by use of location estimation algorithms (M.M. Thiga, 2013)

2.4.5.1 Potential Localization Techniques for LEMPS

Even though cellular positioning is the ideal method for the LEMP, some applications still require further approximation of the user location. Mobile operators can have the capability of improving their location services by adopting different positioning techniques.

Mobile operators deploy radio based technology to compute the users distance from the base station. In order to compute this distance there should be two ends. One is a fixed base station transceiver that is located at the center of each cell in a mobile network. The second one is a mobile device in which we are interested in measuring the location relative to the fixed one. The location computing process can be deployed at either the fixed end or mobile end.

Based on this there are different methods that can be used to improve the accuracy of the positioning of the user. Some need installation of equipment and upgrade of related software in the base station as well as in the mobile phone.

For the purposes of this research, we shall discuss network-based methods that do not require a mobile device upgrade to operate.

Cell-ID: In this method, the current cell identifier is used to locate the user and its accuracy depends on the radius of the cell. The radius is often smaller in urban areas and bigger in rural areas (Clarkson, 2004). It is the simplest and least accurate network based geo-location method (Smit, 2012)

Cell-ID and RxPowerLevels: This method is faster and more accurate. It involves the collection of information on the current cell and power received from it. This information is then passed on to a server in the mobile network that then calculates the position of the user based on the positions of the base stations and the power they are transmitting (Clarkson, 2004)

Angle of Arrival: This method, illustrated in Figure 3, requires the use of at least two base stations with directional antennae. The angle of arrival of signals from the mobile handset is

measured and used to calculate the user‘s position (Clarkson, 2004). Despite its potential for high accuracy, its feasibility is limited due to the requirement for expensive antenna arrays (Smit, 2012)

Time of Arrival: This method, calculates the position of the mobile device by triangulation using at least three base stations (Clarkson, 2004).

Observed Time Difference on Arrival (OTDOA): This method uses hyperbolic arcs from three or more base stations to estimate the location of a mobile device (Smit, 2012). This method works by measuring the time difference in the reception of a transmitted signal from at least three different base stations. This time difference is used to calculate the mobile device‘s relative distance from each of the base stations. This relative distance along with the known positions of the base stations is then used to determine the device‘s location (Clarkson, 2004) In these and other network-based geo-location methods; the computation of the mobile device position is done relative to the position of the base station. Base station or cell towers locations are known to the mobile service providers. They are stored in the form of coordinates in a central database hosted by the network provider (Smit, 2012). The process of determining and assigning these coordinates to base stations in the form of latitude-longitude pairs is referred to as geo-coding. (M.M. Thiga, 2013)

2.4.5.2 Brief Review of 2G Cellular Technology There were several 2G cellular systems, but the most important ones—as they were the starting points of two families of digital technologies. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-95, also known as CDMAOne. Both are fully digital and support voice and circuit-switched (CS) data at low rates (up to 14.4 Kbps) (1 Kbps bits per second). Their most important difference lies in the multiple access technique employed in the RAN: GSM uses Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)—kHz carriers with 8 time slots per frame—while IS-95 uses FDMA and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)—MHz carriers with multiple pseudo noise codes (Campos, 2017)

2.4.5.2.1 Mobile Positioning for Location Dependent Services in GSM Networks Global System for Mobile communications, popularly abbreviated as GSM, is a popular standard for mobile phones, used vastly across the world. According to the estimates made by the GSM Association, the promoter of GSM, 80% of the global market uses the GSM standard mobile phones. In GSM enabled mobile phones, the signaling and speech channels are digital and thus regarded as a Second Generation or 2G mobile phone system.

The GSM mobile phone tracking system, more often referred to as GSM localization, is a cell phone tracking system that uses the hyperbolic positioning process to determine the exact location of a GSM enabled cell phone, thus indirectly tracking its user. In hyperbolic positioning, a particular object is accurately located by computing the time difference in arrival of the signals that are emitted from the object to three or more receivers. There are three methods of GSM mobile phone tracking. Network based mobile phone tracking system, handset based mobile phone tracking system and hybrid mobile phone tracking system.

2.4.5.2.2 Network Based GSM Mobile Phone Tracking System

In network based mobile phone tracking, the service provider‘s network infrastructure is used to determine the exact location of the GSM enabled handset. The levels of accuracy in the network based techniques vary, with cell identification method being the least accurate and the triangulation method being the most accurate. Network based techniques can be implemented without intruding the private space of the person who is being tracked, which is its biggest advantage. This technique requires one to work closely with the service provider, as the process includes installation of various software and hardware in the network infrastructure. The cooperation needed from the service provider sometimes acts as the biggest challenge faced in this technique, which may require the help of legislation.

2.4.5.2.3 Handset Based GSM Mobile Phone Tracking System

In the handset based technique, the location of the GSM enabled handset is determined by cell identification, strength of the signals and latitudinal and longitudinal demarcation, if the handset is equipped with GPS. The calculations are sent to the location server for precise

information about the user‘s location. This technology requires the installation of a client software on the mobile phone, which acts as its biggest drawback, since it is difficult to install a software on a mobile phone without the user‘s consent. More importantly, the software has to be compatible with various operating systems. The technique works only on smart phones, which is again a major drawback in this cell phone tracking system.

2.4.5.2.4 Hybrid GSM Mobile Phone Tracking System

A combination of various techniques used in network-based and handset-based methods is used for phone tracking in the hybrid GSM mobile phone tracking method. For instance, Assisted GPS uses both GPS as well as network data to determine the exact location of the user. Though this method gives the most accurate information, its advantages are sometimes overshadowed by the limitations and challenges faced by network-based and handset-based techniques, which together form the hybrid method. (Dark Government, 2012)

2.5 COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

LEMPs have no internet capability, as a result are unable to establish communication between Third Party application servers. There has to be a way to build this communication. The best way is using the network‘s text channels. There are two types of text channels: Short Message Service (SMS) and Unstructured Supplementary Service data (USSD) (Azene, 2014)

2.5.1 Short Messaging Services (SMS)

SMS was first used commercially in 1992 by Vodafone in the UK to inform its clients about voice mail messages (Friedhelm Hillebrand, 2010). It is a basic service offered on GSM, GPRS and CDMA networks that allows mobile devices to exchange messages with a short amount of text limited to 160 characters. SMS utilizes a store and forward approach to transmit messages between mobile phones which allows messages to be stored briefly in case the recipient is not available (Katankar, 2010).

It comprises of three main components;

i. The Mobile station (MS) Component: This comprises of the terminal device or phone, the Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) card and the Mobile Equipment that contains the radio transceiver, display and digital signal processors. ii. The Base Station Subsystem Component: This comprises of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that has radio transmitters for communicating with the MS and the Base Station Controller (BSC) that receives radio signals from one or more BTS‘s. iii. The Mobile Network Component: This one comprises of (i) the Home Location Register (HLR) that is a database containing information about the registered users. A similar register for users from other networks is referred to as the Visitor Location Register (VLR), (ii) The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) that performs registration, authentication and user location updates among others, (iii) The SMS Center (SMSC) that manages the delivery and storage of messages, (iv) The Email Gateway that enables the interconnection of SMS and the internet.

SMS messages are transmitted over the common channel signaling system 7 (SS7) which is a global standard that defines the procedures and protocols for exchanging control information for call setup, routing and mobility management between wired and wireless telephone networks. Messages are originated by the Mobile Station (MS), received and forwarded by the base station subsystem to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). The MSC then forwards the message to the SMS center (SMSC). The SMSC with the assistance of the Home Location Register (HLR) and the Visitor Location Register (VLR) identifies the recipients MSC and forwards the messages to it. The recipient MSC then forwards the message to the user‘s mobile device or stores them in its SMSC in case the recipient is not available. The email gateway enables the Email-to-SMS function by connecting the SMSC to the internet (Katankar, 2010)

The general architecture of most SMS applications comprises of four main components; the mobile users, the SMSC service providers, the aggregator and the content providers. Mobile users originate and receive messages from each other, using short codes and from email.

Short codes are abbreviated numbers that are only valid within networks used to obtain information or participate in competitions. SMSC play the role of storing and forwarding messages. Message aggregators act as an interface between content providers and the SMSC‘s. They use SMPP to maintain connections with the SMSC and provide access to their servers by means of API‘s written in Java, PHP and Perl among others. Content providers provide value added content and applications for mobile users (Brown, 2007)

All GSM handsets can send and receive SMS‘s from any network in the same or different country. Its main limitation is the limited message size of 160 characters. Typical SMS applications can be classified as (1) Consumer applications that include person to person messaging, interactive information services (obtaining weather forecasts), entertainment services (downloading ringtones) and location based services (restaurant suggestions based on handset locations), (2) Corporate applications that include notification and alert services (product expiry and renewal dates, emergencies), contact, correspondence and appointment management and vehicle tracking, and (3) Mobile service provider applications that include SIM card updates (customer profiles and address book entries) and WAP push with URLs for

advertisements to be viewed on the user‘s mobile browsers (Brown, 2007). The simplicity and low cost of SMS has made it the most popular mobile messaging method with over 7 trillion messages being sent in 2010 (ITU, The World in 2010: ICT Facts and Figures, 2010)

2.5.2 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) is a GSM communication technology that is used to send messages between a mobile phone and a network based application server (Gupta, 2010). It is a device and SIM independent and highly cost-effective messaging service that is seven times faster than SMS. USSD is able to support interactive menu based applications that make simultaneous voice and data communications possible (Sanganagouda, 2011).

USSD is used for the development of mobile chatting, m-commerce, pre-paid balance inquiries, callback services, software upgrades and mobile banking services (Sanganagouda, 2011). These services are available as (i) ‗pull‘ based services such as news updates, weather, movie information, sports updates, currency updates, stock market reports, telephone directory and yellow pages, and (ii) ‗push‘ based services that include voting / polling and emergency information services. It is also used for advertising where businesses get listed on menu based USSD systems in order to promote their services.

The use of USSD presents a number of advantages; it is faster with average response times of 2 seconds, is supported by all GSM phones, is phone and SIM card independent, users do not need to type messages or remember short codes to access services, its menu based interaction makes it possible to offer self-care applications for VAS, helps network operators to increase ARPU and works well even when users are roaming. On the other hand, USSD keeps resources assigned for the duration of the transactions leading to increased traffic on the communication channels between the MSC‘s and HLR. In addition, messages sent are not stored on the handset for future reference (Sanganagouda, 2011)

Figure 2. 1 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (Services, 2014)

2.6 Theoretical Model

SIG: Is location based service possible without using the internet EOU: Is location based service functional in low end phones ECON: Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones SU: System Use

Figure 2. 2 Theoretical Model

2.7 Chapter Summary This chapter provides a more detailed description of literature in the study area. A detailed review has been effected by the researcher in regards to applying location based service using USSD on low end phones. Each research question has been analyzed in detail. The following chapter has outlined the research methodology, research design, data collection methods and even the analysis methods.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methods and methodology that was used in this study for the purposes of data collection, analysis and evaluation of the SMS and USSD to track or locate mobile subscribers using Low-End Mobile Phones in Nairobi, Kenya. In particular, this chapter discusses the type of research design; the sample size, data collection and analysis methods used. The chapter summary at the end, gives a brief review of the items covered in the chapter.

3.2 Research Design

A research design can be described as a plan that contains the outline for the gathering, computation, and examination of data. The aim of the research design is to help the one doing the research to acquire answers to the set research questions and also facilitate in the understanding of the properties related to a subject population (Cooper, 2014).The approach used in this study was descriptive research. (Saunders, 2009) describe descriptive research as a type of research whose main aim is to present a clearly defined representation of events, people, or circumstances. In this study, it also consisted the observation and analysis of variables, with the end result in mind being information gathering for variables within a sample population, by use of questionnaires as an information gathering technique.

A good understanding of the problem in research is a key element in conduction descriptive research and its design thereof. In this study, data will be collected using questionnaires which will be administered to the low-end mobile users participating in the study.

3.3 Population and Sampling Design

The relevance of a research study lies in the accuracy of its data. This accuracy is determined by selecting the right population and applying the ideal sample design.

3.3.1 Population

Population is an important factor to consider, during the process of sampling. A sample is to be derived from a complete set of cases. The full set of cases is what is referred to as the population (Saunders, 2009). A sample, therefore can be best described as a subsection of the population that has been used in the research (Gitlin, 2011). The population in this study comprised of mobile operator employees spanning various divisions within the technology department and with different levels of education. For purposes of the study, a sample was obtained from the population, as demonstrated in the table below

Table 3. 1: Population Distribution

Department Number Percentage % Division 1 2 4 % Division 2 3 6 % Division 3 12 40 % Division 4 12 40 % Division 5 4 10 % Total 33 100.0

3.3.2 Sampling Design

3.3.2.1 Sample Frame

A sample frame can be described as a list that constitutes the population. The idea of sampling is that by selecting some of the population elements, one is able to draw conclusions about an entire population. As a result, a sample frame becomes a representation of the elements of the target population (Cooper, 2014). For the purposes of this research, the sampling frame comprised of 30 employees belonging to a mobile operator.

3.3.2.2 Sampling Technique

Sampling provides a better alternative to conducting a census, in certain circumstances. This is especially if the researcher needs the results quickly, after collecting the data, if financial constraints hinder the researcher from studying the entire population, time constraints‘ and lastly, when it proves unfeasible to study a whole population (Saunders, 2009).

During the carrying out of this study, probability sampling technique was used, and in particular, stratified random sampling technique. This can be described as a process whereby the population is divided into two or more strata, and from each stratum, a random sample is obtained. This is most commonly used in survey-based studies (Saunders, 2009). The population was initially stratified into the various divisions within the departments and then simple random sampling was applied to select a sample from each stratum. Probability sampling techniques give each element equal chance.

3.3.2.3 Sample Size

A sample size can be described as the actual number of respondents who shall be representing the population (Cooper, 2014).The size of a sample and also the financial costs can have a huge impact on the kind of methods to be used for data collection, for conducting the entire research. It is something that needs proper attention, in order to make the research valid (Gitlin, 2011).The sample size can be obtained by the Yamane‘s formula (Israel, 2009), which is shown below; n=N/((1+N(e)2

Where n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the margin of error. At a confidence level of 95%, the margin of error would be 0.05 (5%), which results into the below computation: n=33/ (1+33(0.05)2 n=30.4

A sample size is rounded to the nearest whole figure, 30, was selected from the total population of 33 from the mobile operator employees. The proportion was as shown on the table below:

Table 3. 2: Population Distribution

Department Number Percentage % Sample Size Division 1 2 4 % 1 Division 2 3 6 % 2 Division 3 12 40 % 12 Division 4 12 40 % 12 Division 5 4 10 % 3 Total 33 100.0 30

3.4 Data Collection Methods

Primary data collection was used in this study to gather data. Through questionnaires, the primary data source was gathered from the respondents. Closed questionnaires were specifically used. This is one of the common methods used to collect data in a descriptive research. Focusing mostly on a closed-ended mode of questioning, this will give the researcher some advantage such as obtaining honest responses, short period of answering questions, and also the researcher can easily carry out a statistical analysis so as to describe the data collected (Gitlin, 2011).

The following points will be observed in ensuring that the designed questionnaire is not biased (Harper, 1991)

 Questions will be kept short and simple  Questions will be unambiguous  Questions will allow for ticking of preprinted answer as much as possible  Questions will be neither irrelevant nor too personal  Leading questions will not be asked  Questions will fall into a logical sequence The information for the various elements in the research model was collected using a number of guiding items like, Choice of Technology, Perceived Risk, Perceived Usefulness & Perceived Ease of Use.

The questions and scales used in these questionnaires were refined by an extensive literature survey of similar works that have measured attitude regarding adoption of mobile technologies. These questionnaires were administered by the researcher. (M.M. Thiga, 2013)

3.5 Research Procedures

A pilot study was effected to test the questionnaire relevance to the study and also access the accuracy of the questions. The aim was to help in ascertaining that the questions are understandable and straight forward in a manner that can be understood by the respondents. (Saunders, 2009) also notes that pilot testing enables the researcher to get to know the validity of the questions and also the reliability of the data to be collected. A total of 5 questions were given out to 5 peers in my workplace to evaluate the relevance of the questions to the study and thereafter amended accordingly as recommended by the 5 respondents.

The participants in the study would base their answers by use of the USSD code as depicted below;

 Staff who have both High End and Low-end Phones were used in the Study.  These were placed in the USSD whitelist for the study.  They had the service running on both their Low-end and High-end phones  Over a period of 1 month they were required to use the service as they went about their business

 They were issued questionnaires at the end of 1 months  At the end of 1 month the questionnaires were collected  Data from the questionnaires was summarized 3.6 Data Analysis Methods

Data capture, entry and summary was done using Excel 2016 spreadsheets. After collection and classification of the data from the questionnaires, data will be summarized into tables and bar graphs.

3.7 Chapter Summary

This chapter outlines the research methodology that focuses on research design, data collection and analysis methods to achieve the research objectives. The overall methodology utilizes a user needs survey to establish the factors influencing the level of awareness, utilization and potential for SMS and USSD location-based system

CHAPTER 4. IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION AND DESIGN 4.1 Introduction This section describes the system analysis, system requirements, design and finally system implementation. In addition, it also describes the system in narrative form using non-technical terms by providing a high-level system architecture diagram showing a subsystem breakout of the system. The high-level system architecture shows interfaces to other related systems.

4.2 System Analysis

In this study, we are describing how we are using USSD to interrogate the Call Detail Records. System analysis depicts call detail record attributes overview i.e. non-DBMS files corresponding to an event initiated to or from the GSM network.

Call Detail Record (non-DBMS file): - Is a file that portrays the attributes relating to the event that has been generated in the GSM network. An event could be a call, SMS, USSD, GPRS, application, rentals, deductions, discounts, payments, errors, modifications, exemptions, multimedia messaging service etc.

Call Detail Records differ based on the event, however, in this section we shall focus on the USSD call detail records generated by the GSM network which has a similar structure to a call or SMS call detail records mapping closely in attributes. Below is a sample of a Call Detail Record:

Figure 4. 1 Sample of Call Detail Record

Below some of the key attributes are recorded when a USSD event is initiated: -

 Originating number: -This denotes the calling number normally depicted as the A party.  Destination number: - This denotes the called number normally depicted as the B party.  Call_location: -This represent the geographically the location of the A party.  Call duration: - Portrays how long the call lasted in seconds.  Phone model: - Represents the phone brand.  First_name: -Registered call initiator first name  Last_name: - Registered call initiator Last name  Rating: -This is the call cost per event could be online or offline billing  Charge: - Cost of the call.  Line life time: -Number of days the line has been active.  Number of calls received in minute: - this represent the number of calls received by the call  Number of calls made in a minute: - this represent the number of calls made by the call

 Known status: -This represent the know status of the originating number which indicates  Tariff: - Charging mode i.e. prepaid, postpaid etc.

4.3 System Design 4.3.1 System Requirements

In this section, we need the following entities to facilitate our study.

. A GSM low-end phone. . SIM card . Access to GSM network call detail records . A database that can store a snippet of some attributes of Call Data Records. . A database that can store formatted call detail records. . Oracle 11g . WAMP software . Access to USSD gateway . Access to SMS gateway . Google API.

4.3.2 Modeling

This section describes how the system works. USSD messages are easy to form and simple to send. In our study, a user will start the USSD message with * followed by 3 digits then * followed by 2 digits, terminating the message with # i.e. the hash key. The message will be sent from the user‘s phone number i.e. MSISDN (mobile station international directory number) to the GSM network via the air interface to the Base Station Subsystem i.e. the access network. The message will be transmitted from the access network to Core network through intermediary nodes via various interfaces to the database holding the call detail records.

Procedure is then invoked to confirm eligibility of the MSISDN‘s access to the call detail records (whitelisting). If not, request is declined and user is availed a network error message.

If yes, some attributes of the call detail records are synchronized to the formatting database. The formatting database converts the snippet call detail records into a friendlier readable format rather than GSM unique codes. From the formatting database, USSD Response is availed to the mobile subscriber via the USSD gateway.

However, since response for the USSD is via flash text which cannot be saved, to add value to the user, I implemented Google API via the network which will fetch for location coordinates and provided a link to 2G users who can access the information whenever they get an internet connection. 3G and 4G users can directly view the location on their phones with internet connection.

In this study, USSD sessions are based on Pull USSD mode i.e. requests are mobile initiated.

4.3.3 GSM USSD Architecture

Figure 4. 2 GSM USSD Architecture

4.3.4 USSD Request Flow

USSD Whitelisted Database (CELL ID, LAC, Longitude, Lat. etc.)

Formatted DB USSD Response Flash Text

Google SMS with API Link Response

Figure 4.3 USSD Request Flow

4.3.5 Flowchart Start Start

in Insert USSD code

Msisdn required syntax is display

Insert search Msisdn

no Msisdn format ok?

yes

USSD response SMS response

End dd

Figure 4.4 Flowchart

4.4 Proof of Concept Is location based service possible without using the internet? In this study, we intend to achieve location based service (LBS) via USSD without using the internet. As a result, researcher intends on using a low end phone to achieve. This is achievable by relying on GSM network data. Thus accomplish location based service on 2G.

Is location based service functional in low end phones? The researcher intends to use USSD without submenus and other options. In addition, no need to develop an icon and multiple. Simply insert the USSD code on the default mobile screen.

Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones? Many location based services run on high end phones. The likes of 3G and 4G phones. 3G and 4G phones are costly, moreover, you need to purchase a 3G or 4G sim card to use on the high end phones and realize good speeds. However, in this study, researcher intends on accomplish location based service on 2G because GSM network data can be relayed on the 2G phone and displayed okay.

4.5 Testing 4.4.1 Testing Criteria MSISDN Result

USSD Code Availability

Menu displayed for location

White listing

International format

Response Flash

Response SMS

Figure 4.5 Testing Criteria

Working on USSD pull mode, we were to test the ability to retrieve subscriber location by using USSD on a low-end phone. The low-end phone would depict that there is no internet usage since its running on 2G GSM network platform. Furthermore, no need to install an external android application that requires internet to assist in the location retrieval.

USSD code: In this study, we were able to successfully insert the USSD code and availed a menu.

*177*77#

 Menu

Figure 4.6 Location Display

 Select choice to get location Menu portrays option to display the MSISDN location

Figure 4.7 Format Display

 Get location response via USSD In the study, test was successful as we successfully managed to get location details of the MSISDN via a low-end phone through USSD.

Figure 4.8 USSD Display

 Get location response via SMS In addition, we were able to receive location details via an SMS through google API. This adds value to the subscriber because though he/she has a low-end phone that is without internet, subscriber can later if need be access an internet connection maybe through a PC to view the google map.

Figure 4.9 SMS Display

4.6 Chapter Summary

This chapter outlines the design and implementation describing the system analysis, system requirements, design, implementation and testing. We described the analysis and the need for GSM network access for our implementation. Moreover, portrayed how we conducted our testing to depict location based details

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND FINDINGS

5.0 RESULTS AND FINDINGS 5.1 Introduction In this chapter, the results and findings of the study on the USSD and SMS location-based mobile service for LEMPs are presented. These findings are presented according to the research questions discussed throughout the document:

1. Is location based service possible without using the internet? 2. Is location based service functional in low end phones? 3. Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones? 5.2 General Information This section highlights the demographic characteristics of the 30 respondents for this study

Table 5. 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Item Category Frequency Percentage Comments

Age Below 19 years 2 6% Most of the respondents fell in the 20-29 years category 20-29 years 14 47%

30-39 years 11 37%

Over 40 years 3 10%

Gender Male 19 63% There were more men than

Female 11 37% women sampled

Education Class 8 1 7% Majority of respondents had a Level diploma and Degree education Form 4 2 13% level Diploma 12 33%

Degree 12 33%

Masters 3 13%

Thirty questionnaires were distributed internally and all returned by the respondents. All data constructs were measured on a five-item scale (1=strongly disagree 2=Disagree 3=Neutral 4=Agree 5= strongly agree). These were the results obtained from the questionnaire in regards to the RQs presented above.

5.3 Is Location Based Service Possible without using the Internet? The table below shows the total respondents‘ answers on their knowledge of USSD and LBS with regards to internet access. These were answered before the use of the MulikaLocation service which was the proposed solution for this study.

Table 5. 2 Is Location Based Service Possible without using the Internet

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree It is possible to use USSD application 2 24 2 2 0 that provides a subscriber‘s location (7%) (79%) (7%) (7%) (0%) without internet It is possible to get location of a 1 27 2 0 0 subscriber on a low-end phone using (3%) (90%) (7%) (0%) (0%) USSD? It is possible to get location of a 0 1 2 20 7 subscriber on a high-end phone (0%) (3%) (7%) (67%) (23%) Internet connection is not necessary to 4 25 1 0 0 get location of a subscriber (13%) (83%) (4%) (0%) (0%) Response on the high-end phone is 0 0 1 28 1 faster than a low-end phone (0%) 45%) (0%) (54%) (1%) Low-end phones respond similar to 9 20 1 0 0 high-end phones (30%) (67%) (3%) (0%) (0%)

The researcher sought to find out whether it is possible to use USSD application that provides a subscriber‘s location without the internet. 79% of the respondents disagreed while 7% strongly disagreed that it is possible to use USSD application that provides a subscriber‘s

location without the internet. 7% were neutral while another 7% agreed that it is possible to use USSD application that provides a subscriber‘s location without the internet. In this study, the researcher sought to find out if it was possible to get location of a subscriber on a low-end phone using USSD. Findings revealed that 3% and 90% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively whereas 7% of the respondents were neutral. Moreover, the researcher intended to find out if it was possible to get the location of a subscriber on a high-end phone. Findings revealed that 67% and 23% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed respectively whereas 3% of the respondents disagreed. Nonetheless, 7% of the respondents were neutral. The researcher sought to also find out if Internet connection was not necessary to get location of a subscriber. 13% and 83% of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed respectively. 4% of the respondents were neutral. In this study, the researcher sought to find out if the response on the high-end phone was similar to that of a low-end phone. 30% and 67% of the respondents strongly disagreed and agreed that the response on the high-end phone was similar to that of a low-end phone. The researcher sought to find out whether the response on the high-end phone was faster than that of a low-end phone.54% and 1% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed whereas 45% of the respondents disagreed that the response on the high-end phone was faster than that of a low-end phone.

5.4 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones? The respondents were required to give their feedback on their experience using MulikaLocation. The aim of this section was to find out if location based service is functional in MulikaLocation on LEMPs.

Table 5. 3 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree MulikaLocation requires training on 3 14 5 6 2 low-end phones (5%) (87%) (2%) (4%) (2%) MulikaLocation is easy to use 0 3 1 24 2 (0%) (10%) (3%) (80%) (7%) USSD response flash messages should 0 1 15 8 2

be stored on both high-end and low-end (0%) (3%) (50%) (40%) (7%) phones MulikaLocation requires installation of 3 23 2 2 0 an external application on both high- (9%) (77%) (7%) (7%) (0%) end and low-end phones Procedure to use MulikaLocation in 0 1 8 21 0 low-end phones is similar to that of (0%) (3%) (27%) (70%) (0%) high-end phones MulikaLocation SMS response feature 0 1 5 22 2 is appropriate to save the USSD (0%) (3%) (17%) (73%) (7%) response In MulikaLocation, there is need to set 2 25 1 0 0 the current time. (14%) (83%) (3%) (0%) (0%)

The researcher sought to find out whether MulikaLocation required training on low-end phones. 87% of the respondents disagreed while 5% strongly disagreed that MulikaLocation required training on low-end phones. 2% of the respondents were neutral whereas 4% and 2% agreed and strongly agreed respectively. In this study the researcher sought to find out if MulikaLocation was easy to use. 80% of the respondents agreed whereas 7% of the respondents strongly agreed. 10% and 3% of the respondents agreed and were neutral respectively. The researcher sought to find out if USSD response flash messages should be stored on both high-end and low-end phones.50% of the respondents were neutral where 40% and 7% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed respectively. However, 3% of the respondents disagreed. Moreover, the researcher sought to find out whether MulikaLocation required installation of an external application on both high-end and low-end phones.77% and 9% of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively.7% of the respondents agreed and another 7% were neutral. The researcher sought to find out if the procedure to use MulikaLocation in low-end phones was similar to that of high-end phones. 70% of the respondents agreed whereas 27% of the respondents were neutral. 3% of the respondents disagreed. The researcher sought to find out if MulikaLocation SMS response feature was appropriate to save the USSD response. 73% and 7% of the respondents agreed and strongly

agreed respectively that MulikaLocation SMS response feature was appropriate to save the USSD response. 17% of the respondents were neutral whereas 3% of the respondents disagreed. The researcher sought to find out whether in MulikaLocation there was need to set the current time. 83% and 14% of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed respectively. 3% of the respondents were neutral.

5.5 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones The aim of the following section of the questionnaire was to gather feedback on the economic value of MulikaLocation on the LEMPs.

Table 5. 4 Cost Effectiveness to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phone

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Disagree Agree In MulikaLocation, it is necessary to 14 15 1 0 0 purchase a high-end phone (47%) (50%) (0%) (0%) (0%) MulikaLocation needs an upgrade of 14 16 0 0 0 operating system in low-end phones (47%) (53%) (0%) (0%) (0%) Upgrade of the operating system in low 0 7 16 7 0 end phones may cause a change in (0%) (24%) (53%) (23%) (0%) functionality MulikaLocation requires change to a 10 17 2 1 0 3G or 4G enabled sim card to access (33%) (57%) (7%) (3%) (0%) the system To access MulikaLocation, it is 8 16 4 2 0 necessary to invest in Internet (27%) (53%) (13%) (7%) (0%) connection MulikaLocation requires more memory 5 13 7 4 1 space in a low-end phone (5%) (95%) (0%) (0%) (0%) MulikaLocation is not an external 0 1 4 17 8 application thus will not decrease the (0%) (3%) (13%) (57%) (27%)

phone battery autonomy There is need to invest more research in 0 1 3 20 6 low end phones (0%) (3%) (10%) (67%) (20%) MulikaLocation should be a free 0 0 0 6 24 service (0%) (0%) (0%) (20%) (80%)

The researcher sought to find out whether in MulikaLocation it was necessary to purchase a high end phone. 47% and 50% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively.3% of the respondents were neutral. In this study, the researcher sought to find out if MulikaLocation needed an upgrade of the operating system software in low end phones. 53% disagreed whereas 47% strongly disagreed respectively. The researcher sought to find out if an upgrade in the operating system in low end phones would cause a change in system functionality. 23% of the respondents agreed whereas 53% were neutral.24% of the respondents disagreed. In this study, the researcher sought to find out if MulikaLocation required change to a 3G or 4G enabled sim card to access the system. 33% and 57% of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed respectively. 7% of the respondents were neutral. 3% of the respondents agreed. The researcher sought to find out whether in MulikaLocation more memory space was required on a low end phone.95% of the respondents disagreed whereas 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed respectively. The researcher sought to find out if in MulikaLocation a user needed to invest in internet connection. 27% and 53% of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed respectively. 13% of the respondents were neutral. 7% of the respondents agreed. The researcher sought to establish that since MulikaLocation was not an external application, it would not decrease the phone battery autonomy. 57% and 27% of the respondents agreed and strongly agreed respectively. 13% of the respondents were neutral. 3% of the respondents agreed. The researcher sought to establish whether there was need to invest more research in low end phones.20% and 67% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed respectively. 10% of the respondents were neutral. 3% of the respondents disagreed. The researcher sought to establish if MulikaLocation should be a free service. 80% of the respondents strongly agreed whereas 20% agreed respectively. There were no neutral, strongly disagreeing or disagreeing respondents.

5.6 Chapter Summary

In this chapter, the researcher has provided the findings on MulikaLocation out of the response obtained from the respondents. The research entailed distribution of questionnaires to a sample size comprising of 30 employees in the technical department involving employees from various divisions within the department.

CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher has reviewed the findings of the study, which have been aligned in accordance with the research questions. The study population, sample size, research procedure and data collection method have also been discussed. The researcher has also stated the conclusions obtained from the findings of the research, which have been outlined based on

the Research Questions of the study, and in addition, make recommendations for the purposes of improvement.

6.2 Summary

iv. Is location based service possible without using the internet? v. Is location based service functional in low end phones? vi. Is it cost effective to implement location based service on low end phones?

The first research objective aimed at establishing if location based service was possible without using the internet. The findings regarding the first research study depicted that majority of the respondents, 90% declaring that it was not possible to locate the location of a subscriber on a low end phone using USSD. Findings further revealed that majority of the users not only implied that could not get the location of a subscriber from a low end phone but also the fact that internet was required to facilitate in the location of a subscriber. The study exposed that 83% of the respondents disagreed that internet connection was not necessary to get the location of a subscriber. Thus, the view that majority of the respondents implied that internet was required for location based service, in fact, no respondent agreed that internet was not required.

Only 3% of the respondents implied that the procedure in low end phone to search the location of a subscriber was different from that of a high end phone.

Even though LEMPs cannot access all types of LBSs, it is possible to design LBS based on USSD text channel and SMS. In this research project, the researcher designed LBS that could be accessible from LEMPs and 2G network. One of the requirement was to enable the LEMPs to communicate with the application server over the network. Since these phones have no internet capability, the communication could be built via the USSD text channel. The whitelisted database aptly formatted and the USSD query applied.

The response was in form of a Flash text is generated. Google API via the networks was used to fetch for location coordinates. The response gave a link SMS that if need be could be accessed later when the user got an internet connection.

location of a subscriber without using internet. Many of the respondents also seemed to agree that MulikaLocation was easy to use since little training was needed to grasp the application. They also did not need to upgrade their phone operating systems to use MulikaLocation hence making a lot of economic sense for many of them.

In some instances the respondents did not agree or disagree i.e. they took a neutral approach when answering.

6.3 Discussion

This section provides the results and findings of the study with regards to location based service. The study looked at the key issues observed amongst the participants who are employees of a local mobile operator. This is in relation to the basis whether location based service is possible without using the internet. Whether location based service is functional in low end phones. Phones. The cost effectiveness of implementing location based service on low end phones

6.3.1 Location-Based Service without Internet.

The study showed that majority of respondents disagree with the fact that it is possible to use a USSD application without using the internet. In fact, 79% of the respondents actually disagree whereas 7% of the respondents strongly disagree. In support of the response, a study by Thiga, Siror and Githeko (M.M. Thiga, 2013) among microenterprises revealed that there was a very low level of awareness of Location-Based Mobile Advertising (LBMA) services and a preference for SMS and USSD based applications. Additionally, most of the respondents in that study owned either feature or basic phones with limited or no capability to run a majority of LBMA applications that require relatively advanced features in addition to the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for location determination (M.M. Thiga, 2013).

90% of the respondents disagree that there it is possible to get the location of a subscriber using a low end phone. As stated in the above study by Thiga, there is little ability by subscribers in regards to location based services. This is because the respondents in his study as portrayed above had basic phones whereas LBMA requires higher feature phones that can have the capability to accommodate GPS.

The study reveals that majority of the respondents depict that low end phones do not respond the same way as high end phones. 67% of the respondents disagree that low end phones respond \the same way as the high end phones whereas 30% of the respondents strongly disagree that low end phones respond similar to high end phones. This is a total of 97% of the respondents who disagree that low end phones respond similar to high end phones. Perhaps it is the experience the high end phones give in comparison to low end phones. In addition to that, 54% of the respondents agreed that high end phones are faster than low end phones. Interestingly, 45% of the respondents disagree that high end phones are faster than low end phones.

6.3.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones

The study shows that only a total of 10% agree that MulikaLocation is not easy to use pitting them against 87% who agree and strongly agree that it is easy to use. MulikaLocation works by using USSD and more particularly USSD pull mode; from the respondents, the study shows that USSD usage by the respondents was simple to understand, comprehend and easy to send. Furthermore, USSD is easy to use because there is no need to go into any menus and options; you just directly enter the USSD code on the default mobile screen.

Furthermore, the study shows that 87% of the respondents agree that MulikaLocation does not need training on low end mobile phones. 2% of the respondents are neutral regarding whether MulikaLocation requires training. Thus, the study shows that majority of the respondents agree that MulikaLocation does not need any training. In addition to that, MulikaLocation uses USSD for Location-Based Service requiring no need to download an external application on your handset operating system platform. Moreover, low-end phones running on 2G cannot download the external application for Location-Based Service because of their limitations both in service and hardware.

77% of respondents disagree that there is need to install an external application with MulikaLocation. In addition, 9% strongly disagree that there is need to install an external application with MulikaLocation. The external applications require know how, firstly, the version to download. Secondly, the space required on the handset before the download.

Thirdly, performance of the mobile device. Fourthly, training on how to use the application including terms & conditions. However, with MulikaLocation from majority of the respondents stated above emphasizes that there is no need of training because MulikaLocation subscriber enters the USSD code direct on the default mobile screen.

Though there have been advances in technology and mobile devices. A mobile subscriber could be exposing him or herself without knowledge. This is because high end phones have features like GPS which reveal your location without your consent. In addition to that , While LBSs have grown in popularity, they are not without flaws; specifically, the user of LBS must reveal his or her location data in order to take full advantage of the service, thereby potentially risking their own privacy and security (B. Niu, 2014). The advancement in technology might come at a cost. Low end phones could be easier to use. For instance, high end phones have some features turned on by default; one drive, ICloud etc. Subscribers may always complain of data being consumed without their knowledge since such features are turned on. To support this,

6.3.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones.

The study portrays that 47% of the respondents strongly disagreed that it was necessary to purchase a high-end phone in order to use MulikaLocation. In addition to that, 50% disagreed that it was necessary to purchase a high end phone in order to use MulikaLocation. Thus, majority of the respondents agree that there is no need when using MulikaLocation to purchase a high end phone.

95% of the responds disagree that with MulikaLocation there is need for more memory. The study portrays that the respondents‘ interaction with MulikaLocation was okay and they felt performance was okay and no need to increase memory. MulikaLocation running on a low end phone would not require a lot of memory and hence the respondents‘ response. Furthermore, 5% of the responds strongly agree that there is no need to have more memory for MulikaLocation usage on low end phones. Respondents have probably interacted with applications that require a lot of memory to run, thus the outcome that MulikaLocation operates okay without system performance. From above it means that all respondents i.e.

100% of the responds agree that there is no need for more memory for using MulikaLocation. In addition to that, the externally download application may make the system performance of the mobile phone.

High end phones are more costly than low-end phones though they do give the benefit of having more features. High end phones running on the 4G network require the installation of the 4G sim card on the handset. This means a subscriber migrating from a 2G phone to a 4G phone will not only undertake the cost of purchasing a high-end handset but also incur the changing of the sim card to a 4G sim card. MulikaLocation as earlier stated does not need purchase of a high-end phone, in addition to that, it does not require an installation of an external application. Moreover, 27% and 53% of the respondents strongly disagree and disagree respectively that there is need to invest in any internet connection to enjoy MulikaLocation location based service. This study shows that MulikaLocation uses USSD and as a result readily available on any phone that is able to access GSM network. USSD service are available in the GSM network; 2G, 2.75G,3G, 4G, 5G even the experimental 6G. It is however good to note that USDD services are also available in other Mobile Standards other than GSM such as WCDMA.

6.4 Conclusions 6.4.1 Location-Based Service without Internet.

The study has portrayed that value add services and even premium services can be achieved on the low-end phones. The value add services can still give the same great experience as that enjoyed in high end phones. However, more awareness is required as portrayed in the study by Thiga, Siror and Githeko (M.M. Thiga, 2013) among microenterprises revealed that there was a very low level of awareness of Location-Based Mobile Advertising (LBMA) services and a preference for SMS and USSD based applications.

The study shows that MulikaLocation was able to run on a low end phone as depicted by the response of the 100% respondents that MulikaLocation does not need additional memory. Thus, Location based services can run okay on low end phones and since there has been increasing popularity of Location Based Services (LBS) applications. For instance Uber. Uber is available in high end phones but service should be trickled down to 2G users. Other Location based services should also be availed for 2G users.

6.4.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones The study has portrayed that service implementation on low-end phones is easy to comprehend as input is entered directly on the default handset screen without proceeding to menus or options with no or minimal training for inept users.

A lot of feature phones also have popular social networking abilities now; Twitter and Facebook integration is especially popular. (CNET, 2010). There is an ever increasing demand for services on mobile phones. As a result, the services should also be availed to 2G users and more research effected to have services on low end phones. Moreover, low end phones could offer the simplicity in use as depicted in MulikaLocation from the study.

There is an opportunity to invest in low end phones and avail services because 2G users are still many. Smartphone adoption is steadily growing in Africa but still at a mere 35% compared to a 51% average growth globally (GSMA, 2016). Thus 65% of the subscribers are non-smart phone users, subscribers are already accustomed to 2G phones and service implementation on 2G would offer comfort in ease of use.

6.4.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones.

The study has depicted that status quo remains with the implementation of service on low-end phones. No changes are required; no investing in internet connection, no handset changes, no software upgrades, no sim card changes.

In addition to that, it is projected that in 2020, 2G will still account for about 25% of global connections by technology (GSMA, 2017). Thus, 25% still good enough to invest in research of availing value added services on 2G. In support of this, in their conference paper, Kuldeep et al, India (Kuldeep Yadav, 2012) proposed a GSM-based approach of using Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) messages to get current location on the phone that did not depend on a comprehensive database and ran on programmable low-end phones.

6.5 Recommendations 6.5.1 Location-Based Service without Internet.

Location based services are typically availed on high end phones. This in turn locks out majority of the users who operate on 2G platform especially in Africa. Kenya for instance has approximately 38 Million Mobile subscribers with 90% of these running on 2G networks and

phones (CAK, 2017). Kenya has not yet reached an optimal level thirsting for smart phones and smart features, as a result, more creativity needs to be realized from the low end phones in regards to location based service without using internet.

6.5.2 Is Location Based Service Functional in Low End Phones Low end phones have the capacity to handle location based service. As shown in the study, low end phones have been able to track location of a subscriber. Though the phones are of less features and memory than high end phones, there is still room for the phones in 2G network to add value to the customer in regards to location based service. For instance, remote towns may probably have no internet or have relatively poor coverage, the low end phones can still avail location based services to the people who probably have the low end phones.

6.5.3 Is it Cost Effective to Implement Location Based Service on Low End Phones.

Kenya for instance has approximately 38 Million Mobile subscribers with 90% of these running on 2G networks and phones (CAK, 2017). This shows that there is a big market to avail the various needed services by its citizens. More marketing can be done in regards to 2G platform to realize more quid form the 90% of mobile subscriber in Kenya.

6.5.4 Recommendations for Further Studies Intellectual Property Management is a multidimensional discipline that covers an extensive scope. In this study, only one department was interviewed and very few people. It is suggested that multiple informants be interviewed. This would include the public sector and provide more validity for this research.

This study focused on Telecommunications firm in Kenya. This cannot be generalized to other industries. Researchers should conduct studies in other industries and compare their similarity and dissimilarity. By doing so, the data gathered can yield rich interdisciplinary results, thus enhancing the usefulness of the study.

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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Please complete the following questionnaire by indicating your response with a cross (X) or tick ().

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

1. What is your gender?  Male  Female 2. What is your age?  less than 19 years  20 - 29 years  30 - 39 years  Above 40 years

SECTION B: EXPERIENCE OF USSD LOCATION BASED SERVICE How would you characterize your organization with regards to the following statements on

IPv6 adoption?

Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Strongly

IS LOCATION BASED SERVICE POSSIBLE WITHOUT USING THE INTERNET

SIG1 It possible to use USSD application that provides a 1 2 3 4 5 subscriber‘s location without internet SIG2 It is possible to get location of a subscriber on a low- 1 2 3 4 5 end phone using USSD SIG3 It is possible to get location of a subscriber on a high- 1 2 3 4 5 end phone SIG4 Internet connection is not necessary to get location of 1 2 3 4 5 a subscriber SIG5 Response on the high-end phone is faster than a low- 1 2 3 4 5 end phone SIG6 Low-end phones respond similar to high-end phones 1 2 3 4 5

IS LOCATION BASED SERVICE FUNCTIONAL IN LOW END PHONES

EOU1 MulikaLocation requires training on low-end phones 1 2 3 4 5 EOU2 MulikaLocation is easy to use 1 2 3 4 5 EOU3 USSD response flash messages should be stored on 1 2 3 4 5 both high-end and low-end phones EOU4 It requires installation of an application on both high- 1 2 3 4 5 end and low-end phones

Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Strongly EOU5 Procedure to use MulikaLocation in low-end phones 1 2 3 4 5 is similar to that of high-end phones EOU6 MulikaLocation SMS response feature is appropriate 1 2 3 4 5 to save the USSD response

IS IT COST EFFECTIVE TO IMPLEMENT LOCATION BASED SERVICE ON LOW END PHONES

ECON1 In MulikaLocation, it is necessary to purchase a high- 1 2 3 4 5 end phone ECON2 MulikaLocation needs an upgrade of operating system 1 2 3 4 5 in low-end phones ECON3 Upgrade of the operating system in low end phones 1 2 3 4 5 may cause a change in functionality ECON4 MulikaLocation requires change to a 3G or4G 1 2 3 4 5 enabled simcard to access the system ECON5 To access MulikaLocation, it is necessary to invest in 1 2 3 4 5 Internet connection ECON6 MulikaLocation requires more memory space in a 1 2 3 4 5 low-end phone ECON7 MulikaLocation is not an application thus will not 1 2 3 4 5 decrease the phone battery autonomy ECON8 There is need to invest more research in low end 1 2 3 4 5 phones ECON9 MulikaLocation should be a free service 1 2 3 4 5

SECTION C: GENERAL FEEDBACK

THANK YOU