Fuzzy Graph Modelling of Anonymous Networks
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IPFS and Friends: a Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-To-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch
1 IPFS and Friends: A Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-to-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch Abstract—Decentralized, distributed storage offers a way to types of files [1]. Napster and Gnutella marked the beginning reduce the impact of data silos as often fostered by centralized and were followed by many other P2P networks focusing on cloud storage. While the intentions of this trend are not new, the specialized application areas or novel network structures. For topic gained traction due to technological advancements, most notably blockchain networks. As a consequence, we observe that example, Freenet [2] realizes anonymous storage and retrieval. a new generation of peer-to-peer data networks emerges. In this Chord [3], CAN [4], and Pastry [5] provide protocols to survey paper, we therefore provide a technical overview of the maintain a structured overlay network topology. In particular, next generation data networks. We use select data networks to BitTorrent [6] received a lot of attention from both users and introduce general concepts and to emphasize new developments. the research community. BitTorrent introduced an incentive Specifically, we provide a deeper outline of the Interplanetary File System and a general overview of Swarm, the Hypercore Pro- mechanism to achieve Pareto efficiency, trying to improve tocol, SAFE, Storj, and Arweave. We identify common building network utilization achieving a higher level of robustness. We blocks and provide a qualitative comparison. From the overview, consider networks such as Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, BitTor- we derive future challenges and research goals concerning data rent, and many more as first generation P2P data networks, networks. -
Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2003 an Analysis of Gnunet And
Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2003 An Analysis of GNUnet and the Implications for Anonymous, Censorship-Resistant Networks Dennis Kügler Federal Office for Information Security, Germany [email protected] 1 Anonymous, Censorship-Resistant Networks • Anonymous Peer-to-Peer Networks – Gnutella • Searching is relatively anonymous • Downloading is not anonymous • Censorship-Resistant Networks – Eternity Service • Distributed storage medium • Attack resistant • Anonymous, Censorship-Resistant Networks – Freenet – GNUnet 2 GNUnet: Obfuscated, Distributed Filesystem Content Hash Key: [H(B),H(E (B))] • H(B) – Content encryption: H(B) – Unambiguous filename: H(E (B)) H(B) • Content replication – Caching while delivering – Based on unambiguous filename • Searchability – Keywords 3 GNUnet: Peer-to-Peer MIX Network • Initiating node – Downloads content • Supplying nodes – Store content unencrypted • Intermediary nodes – Forward and cache encrypted content – Plausible deniability due to encryption • Economic model – Based on credit Query A Priority=20 B – Charge for queries c =c -20 B B - – Pay for responses 4 GNUnet Encoding • DBlocks DBlock DBlock ... DBlock – 1KB of the content – Content hash encrypted • IBlocks IBlock ... IBlock – CHKs of 25 DBlocks – Organized as tree – Content hash encrypted IBlock • RBlock – Description of the content – CHK of the root IBlock RBlock – Keyword encrypted 5 The Attacker Model • Attacker – Controls malicious nodes that behave correctly – Prepares dictionary of interesting keywords – Observes queries and -
The Many Shades of Anonymity: Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content
Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media The Many Shades of Anonymity: Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content Denzil Correay, Leandro Araújo Silvaz, Mainack Mondaly, Fabrício Benevenutoz, Krishna P. Gummadiy y Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany z Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil Abstract While anonymous online forums have been in existence since the early days of the Internet, in the past, such forums Recently, there has been a significant increase in the popu- larity of anonymous social media sites like Whisper and Se- were often devoted to certain sensitive topics or issues. In cret. Unlike traditional social media sites like Facebook and addition, its user population was relatively small and limited Twitter, posts on anonymous social media sites are not as- to technically sophisticated users with specific concerns or sociated with well-defined user identities or profiles. In this requirements to be anonymous. On the other hand, anony- study, our goals are two-fold: (i) to understand the nature mous social media sites like Whisper1 and Secret2 provide a (sensitivity, types) of content posted on anonymous social generic and easy-to-use platform for lay users to post their media sites and (ii) to investigate the differences between thoughts in relative anonymity. Thus, the advent and rapidly content posted on anonymous and non-anonymous social me- growing adoption of these sites provide us with an oppor- dia sites like Twitter. To this end, we gather and analyze ex- tunity for the first time to investigate how large user popu- tensive content traces from Whisper (anonymous) and Twitter lations make use of an anonymous public platform to post (non-anonymous) social media sites. -
CS505: Distributed Systems
Cristina Nita-Rotaru CS505: Distributed Systems Lookup services. Chord. CAN. Pastry. Kademlia. Required Reading } I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, H. Balakrishnan, Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications, SIGCOMM 2001. } A Scalable Content-Addressable Network S.a Ratnasamy, P. Francis, M. Handley, R. Karp, S. Shenker, SIGCOMM 2001 } A. Rowstron and P. Druschel. "Pastry: Scalable, decentralized object location and routing for large-scale peer-to-peer systems". IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms (Middleware), 2001 } Kademlia: A Peer-to-peer Information System Based on the XOR Metric. P. Maymounkov and D. Mazieres, IPTPS '02 2 DHTs 1: Lookup services Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Systems } Applications that take advantage of resources (storage, cycles, content, human presence) available at the edges of the Internet. } Characteristics: } System consists of clients connected through Internet and acting as peers } System is designed to work in the presence of variable connectivity } Nodes at the edges of the network have significant autonomy; no centralized control } Nodes are symmetric in function 4 DHTs Benefits of P2P and Applications } High capacity: all clients provide resources (bandwidth, storage space, and computing power). The capacity of the system increases as more nodes become part of the system. } Increased reliability: achieved by replicating data over multiple peers, and by enabling peers to find the data without relying on a centralized index server. } Applications: -
Social Construction of Privacy: Reddit Case Study
Social Construction of Privacy: Reddit Case Study December 13, 2020 A Thesis Prospectus Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia ² Charlottesville, Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Bachelor of Science, School of Engineering Rajiv Sarvepalli 1 1 INTRODUCTION In the technological age of today, privacy becomes a more and more valuable commod- ity. With so many companies that live off the idea that information is money, it becomes increasingly concerning the amount of an individual’s information that is public. It is public in every sense of the word, not just to a group of people, but to the whole world. Consider the constant data scandals that plague our technological world. Whether it is Facebook, Google, or governments, someone is always getting caught selling, collecting, or losing data that many consider infringes on their privacy. Therefore, as stewards of these technologies, we must develop preemptive ways of protecting the privacy of the individual in an information-based world focused on the collective. The heterogeneous nature of society, especially with respect to privacy, makes the perspective vary greatly from person to person. This study shall focus on Reddit, an anonymous social media since individuals within anonymous social media communities tend to view anonymity as some form of privacy and therefore tend to care about in some manner about privacy. In order to understand the perspective and definitions of privacy, privacy needs to be analyzed in the context of a society. The conundrum of our information society is the constant complaints of lack of privacy, yet no privacy-invasive companies change their conduct. -
Practical Anonymous Networking?
gap – practical anonymous networking? Krista Bennett Christian Grothoff S3 lab and CERIAS, Department of Computer Sciences, Purdue University [email protected], [email protected] http://www.gnu.org/software/GNUnet/ Abstract. This paper describes how anonymity is achieved in gnunet, a framework for anonymous distributed and secure networking. The main focus of this work is gap, a simple protocol for anonymous transfer of data which can achieve better anonymity guarantees than many traditional indirection schemes and is additionally more efficient. gap is based on a new perspective on how to achieve anonymity. Based on this new perspective it is possible to relax the requirements stated in traditional indirection schemes, allowing individual nodes to balance anonymity with efficiency according to their specific needs. 1 Introduction In this paper, we present the anonymity aspect of gnunet, a framework for secure peer-to-peer networking. The gnunet framework provides peer discovery, link encryption and message-batching. At present, gnunet’s primary application is anonymous file-sharing. The anonymous file-sharing application uses a content encoding scheme that breaks files into 1k blocks as described in [1]. The 1k blocks are transmitted using gnunet’s anonymity protocol, gap. This paper describes gap and how it attempts to achieve privacy and scalability in an environment with malicious peers and actively participating adversaries. The gnunet core API offers node discovery, authentication and encryption services. All communication between nodes in the network is confidential; no host outside the network can observe the actual contents of the data that flows through the network. Even the type of the data cannot be observed, as all packets are padded to have identical size. -
Zeronet Presentation
ZeroNet Decentralized web platform using Bitcoin cryptography and BitTorrent network. ABOUT ZERONET Why? Current features We believe in open, free, and ◦ Real-time updated sites uncensored network and communication. ◦ Namecoin .bit domain support ◦ No hosting costs ◦ Multi-user sites Sites are served by visitors. ◦ Password less, Bitcoin's BIP32- ◦ Impossible to shut down based authorization It's nowhere because it's ◦ Built-in SQL server with P2P data everywhere. synchronization ◦ No single point of failure ◦ Tor network support Site remains online so long as at least 1 peer serving it. ◦ Works in any browser/OS ◦ Fast and works offline You can access the site even if your internet is unavailable. HOW DOES IT WORK? THE BASICS OF ASYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY When you create a new site you get two keys: Private key Public key 5JNiiGspzqt8sC8FM54FMr53U9XvLVh8Waz6YYDK69gG6hso9xu 16YsjZK9nweXyy3vNQQPKT8tfjCNjEX9JM ◦ Only you have it ◦ This is your site address ◦ Allows you to sign new content for ◦ Using this anyone can verify if the your site. file is created by the site owner. ◦ No central registry ◦ Every downloaded file is verified, It never leaves your computer. makes it safe from malicious code inserts or any modifications. ◦ Impossible to modify your site without it. MORE INFO ABOUT CRYPTOGRAPHY OF ZERONET ◦ ZeroNet uses the same elliptic curve based encryption as in your Bitcoin wallet. ◦ You can accept payments directly to your site address. ◦ Using the current fastest supercomputer, it would take around 1 billion years to "hack" a private key. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU VISIT A ZERONET SITE? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU VISIT A ZERONET SITE? (1/2) 1 Gathering visitors IP addresses: Please send some IP addresses for site 1EU1tbG9oC1A8jz2ouVwGZyQ5asrNsE4Vr OK, Here are some: 12.34.56.78:13433, 42.42.42.42:13411, .. -
CS 552 Peer 2 Peer Networking
CS 552 Peer 2 Peer Networking R. Martin Credit slides from B. Richardson, I. Stoica, M. Cuenca Peer to Peer • Outline • Overview • Systems: – Gnutella – Freenet – Chord – PlanetP Why Study P2P • Huge fraction of traffic on networks today – >=50%! • Exciting new applications • Next level of resource sharing – Vs. timesharing, client-server, P2P – E.g. Access 10’s-100’s of TB at low cost. P2P usage • CMU network (external to world), 2003 • 47% of all traffic was easily classifiable as P2P • 18% of traffic was HTTP • Other traffic: 35% – Believe ~28% is port- hopping P2P • Other sites have a similar distribution Big Picture • Gnutella – Focus is simple sharing – Using simple flooding • Bit torrent – Designed for high bandwidth • PlanetP – Focus on search and retrieval – Creates global index on each node via controlled, randomized flooding • Cord – Focus on building a distributed hash table (DHT) – Finger tables Other P2P systems • Freenet: – Focus privacy and anonymity – Builds internal routing tables • KaaZa • eDonkey • Napster – Success started the whole craze Key issues for P2P systems • Join/leave – How do nodes join/leave? Who is allowed? • Search and retrieval – How to find content? – How are metadata indexes built, stored, distributed? • Content Distribution – Where is content stored? How is it downloaded and retrieved? Search and Retrieval • Basic strategies: – Flooding the query – Flooding the index – Routing the query • Different tradeoffs depending on application – Robustness, scalability, legal issues Flooding the Query (Gnutella) N3 Lookup(“title”) N1 N2 N4 N5 Key=title N8 N6 Value=mp3 N7 Pros: highly robust. Cons: Huge network traffic Flooding the Index (PlanetP) Key1=title1 N3 N1 Key2=title2 N2 N4 N5 Lookup(“title4”) Key1=title3 N8 N6 Key2=title4 N7 Pros: Robust. -
Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content
The Many Shades of Anonymity: Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content Denzil Correa†, Leandro Araújo Silva‡, Mainack Mondal†, Fabrício Benevenuto‡, Krishna P. Gummadi† † Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany ‡ Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil Abstract While anonymous online forums have been in existence since the early days of the Internet, in the past, such forums Recently, there has been a significant increase in the popu- larity of anonymous social media sites like Whisper and Se- were often devoted to certain sensitive topics or issues. In cret. Unlike traditional social media sites like Facebook and addition, its user population was relatively small and limited Twitter, posts on anonymous social media sites are not as- to technically sophisticated users with specific concerns or sociated with well-defined user identities or profiles. In this requirements to be anonymous. On the other hand, anony- study, our goals are two-fold: (i) to understand the nature mous social media sites like Whisper1 and Secret2 provide a (sensitivity, types) of content posted on anonymous social generic and easy-to-use platform for lay users to post their media sites and (ii) to investigate the differences between thoughts in relative anonymity. Thus, the advent and rapidly content posted on anonymous and non-anonymous social me- growing adoption of these sites provide us with an oppor- dia sites like Twitter. To this end, we gather and analyze ex- tunity for the first time to investigate how large user popu- tensive content traces from Whisper (anonymous) and Twitter lations make use of an anonymous public platform to post (non-anonymous) social media sites. -
The Many Shades of Anonymity: Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content
The Many Shades of Anonymity: Characterizing Anonymous Social Media Content Denzil Correay, Leandro Araújo Silvaz, Mainack Mondaly, Fabrício Benevenutoz, Krishna P. Gummadiy y Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS), Germany z Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil Abstract While anonymous online forums have been in existence since the early days of the Internet, in the past, such forums Recently, there has been a significant increase in the popu- larity of anonymous social media sites like Whisper and Se- were often devoted to certain sensitive topics or issues. In cret. Unlike traditional social media sites like Facebook and addition, its user population was relatively small and limited Twitter, posts on anonymous social media sites are not as- to technically sophisticated users with specific concerns or sociated with well-defined user identities or profiles. In this requirements to be anonymous. On the other hand, anony- study, our goals are two-fold: (i) to understand the nature mous social media sites like Whisper1 and Secret2 provide a (sensitivity, types) of content posted on anonymous social generic and easy-to-use platform for lay users to post their media sites and (ii) to investigate the differences between thoughts in relative anonymity. Thus, the advent and rapidly content posted on anonymous and non-anonymous social me- growing adoption of these sites provide us with an oppor- dia sites like Twitter. To this end, we gather and analyze ex- tunity for the first time to investigate how large user popu- tensive content traces from Whisper (anonymous) and Twitter lations make use of an anonymous public platform to post (non-anonymous) social media sites. -
Unmasking the Teen Cyberbully: a First Amendment-Compliant Approach to Protecting Child Victims of Anonymous, School-Related Internet Harassment Benjamin A
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Akron Law Review Akron Law Journals November 2017 Unmasking the Teen Cyberbully: A First Amendment-Compliant Approach to Protecting Child Victims of Anonymous, School-Related Internet Harassment Benjamin A. Holden Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Holden, Benjamin A. (2017) "Unmasking the Teen Cyberbully: A First Amendment-Compliant Approach to Protecting Child Victims of Anonymous, School-Related Internet Harassment," Akron Law Review: Vol. 51 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol51/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Akron Law Journals at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Akron Law Review by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Holden: Unmasking the Teen Cyberbully UNMASKING THE TEEN CYBERBULLY: A FIRST AMENDMENT-COMPLIANT APPROACH TO PROTECTING CHILD VICTIMS OF ANONYMOUS, SCHOOL-RELATED INTERNET HARASSMENT By: Benjamin A. Holden* I. Introduction and Overview ............................................ 2 II. Minors and The First Amendment ................................. 9 A. The First Amendment and Minors Generally ....... 10 B. The First Amendment and The Student Speech Cases ..................................................................... 10 C. The First Amendment and The Child Protection Cases ..................................................................... 12 1. -
Title: P2P Networks for Content Sharing
Title: P2P Networks for Content Sharing Authors: Choon Hoong Ding, Sarana Nutanong, and Rajkumar Buyya Grid Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia (chd, sarana, raj)@cs.mu.oz.au ABSTRACT Peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies have been widely used for content sharing, popularly called “file-swapping” networks. This chapter gives a broad overview of content sharing P2P technologies. It starts with the fundamental concept of P2P computing followed by the analysis of network topologies used in peer-to-peer systems. Next, three milestone peer-to-peer technologies: Napster, Gnutella, and Fasttrack are explored in details, and they are finally concluded with the comparison table in the last section. 1. INTRODUCTION Peer-to-peer (P2P) content sharing has been an astonishingly successful P2P application on the Internet. P2P has gained tremendous public attention from Napster, the system supporting music sharing on the Web. It is a new emerging, interesting research technology and a promising product base. Intel P2P working group gave the definition of P2P as "The sharing of computer resources and services by direct exchange between systems". This thus gives P2P systems two main key characteristics: • Scalability: there is no algorithmic, or technical limitation of the size of the system, e.g. the complexity of the system should be somewhat constant regardless of number of nodes in the system. • Reliability: The malfunction on any given node will not effect the whole system (or maybe even any other nodes). File sharing network like Gnutella is a good example of scalability and reliability.