Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Luce Irigaray: Philosophy in the Feminine Reviews 111 reported by Loretta Loach and Gill­ historically and individually vari­ ian Rodgerson, about S-M and les­ able pleasures of sex and porn. But in bian erotica and porn. Nor does it do doing so they arguably fail ad­ justice to variation and change in the equately to address the obverse of social and historical determinants of erotic pleasure and desire - its mis­ attitudes to sex: to the anti­ eries and discontents. Certainly liberation backlash in 1970s these cannot be resolved through England, for instance, that doing away with porn. Nor is it any prompted Kenneth Clark's differ­ help, however, to reject antiporn entiation of art from porn, here docu­ feminism out of hand without engag­ mented by Lynda Nead; or to 1920s ing further with the complexities of outrage at Mae West's Broadway women's sexual unease that it both no-frills rendering of working-class crudely over-simplifies yet also im­ sex, with which Marybeth Hamilton portantly expresses. ends Sex Exposed. She and the book's other con­ Janet Sayers tributors rescue for feminism the Luce Irigaray: Philosophy that are not only detailed and care­ in the Feminine ful, but combine philosophical acu­ Margaret Whitford men with a keen eye for the ways in which Irigaray's work connects with Routledge: London 1991 contemporary tensions and debates that have become central to feminist ISBN0415 059681, £35.00hb theory and philosophy. ISBN 0 415 05969 0, £9.99 Pbk Whitford argues that a number of English-speaking writers have Given that some of the major misinterpreted Irigaray's work, writings of Luce Irigaray engage sometimes in contradictory ways. In closely with, and are steeped in a great deal of recent feminist knowledge of Western philosophical theory, the term 'essentialist' is one traditions, it is perhaps surprising, of the most pejorative that can be as Margaret Whitford points out, used of any feminist writer, and the that her English-speaking reader­ charge of 'essentialism' one that ship in particular has not recognized legitimates a fairly quick dismissal. her primarily as a philosopher. Her Irigaray has been accused of varying work is studied (and classified) as forms of 'essentialism': of a 'biologi­ psychoanalysis, literary theory or cal essentialism' that derives a view feminist theory, but rarely as philos­ of female nature from the suppo­ ophy. In this book, Whitford offers a sition of an unmediated morphology reading oflrigaray that sees her first of the female body, or of a 'psychic and foremost as a feminist philos­ essentialism' that misreads Lac­ opher; but a philosopher for whom anianism and takes the feminine to the boundaries between philosophy be a pre-given libido, prior to lan­ and other domains are not clearly guage. Irigaray has also been ac­ demarcated. Irigaray is engaged, cused of a sort of regressive Whitford argues, in 'that most philo­ Utopianism which offers an almost sophical of enterprises: philosophy romantic picture of a pre-Oedipal examining its own foundations and imaginary closeness between presuppositions' (p. 2). While not women; and of offering a picture of claiming to be offering a fully com­ 'the feminine' that amounts to a prehensive study of Irigaray's work, reactionary celebration of tra­ Whitford nevertheless offers read­ ditional gender ideologies. Some­ ings of a large range of her writings what in tension with this reading is Palgrave Macmillan Journals is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Feminist Review. ® www.jstor.org 112 Feminist Review that which sees lrigaray's critique of of the analysand. The analysand 'language' and of male rationality as may 'speak' that which is repressed consigning women forever either to in ways of which s/he is not aware, irrationality and incoherence, or to cannot articulate. So may the history the alienation of themselves in the of philosophy 'speak' the repressed male Symbolic. feminine; and just as the aim of Whitford takes issue very con­ psychoanalysis is not primarily to vincingly with all these interpre­ establish a new 'truth' but to change tations of Irigaray. lrigaray herself, the analysand, so, Whitford sug­ Whitford shows, has refused to offer gests, Irigaray is trying to make an a 'theory of woman'; (that, she has intervention in philosophy. said, is a task that can be left to men). Many feminist critics of philos­ She has also warned of the danger of ophy, as well as Irigaray, have 'blueprints' that suppose it possible noted the ways in which it has been to articulate any fully clear vision of difficult for women to locate them­ a different future for women. No selves within philosophy as speak­ form of thought can transcend the ing subjects, without at the same limitations and parameters of its time undergoing a profound self­ own origins. The problem for !riga­ alienation. The 'subject' of philos­ ray is not that of what sort of'Utopia ophy has been a male subject. It of stasis' we might devise, but of has also usually been, supposedly, a what strategies of subversion we can fully conscious and rational subject. adopt, how it might be possible to But the idea of the conscious, 'deconstruct' or expose that which is rational subject has of course itself 'hidden' in Western philosophy, how been the subject of critique, notably we might imagine new possibilities, within French philosophy, and per­ while at the same time (necessarily) haps most importantly in the work making use of that of which we are of Derrida, much of whose work has proposing a critique. This is a task been devoted to undermining the which, far from being unique to 'phallogocentrism' of the Western Irigaray, is one which no attempt to philosophical tradition. Yet what is think through the relation of women the position of women within the to philosophy can avoid. The strat­ Derridean deconstructive enter­ egy of 'mimesis', which Irigaray prise? Derrida himself has mobil­ sometimes uses in Speculum of the ized 'the feminine' as a response to Other Woman, needs to be read in the crisis of the subject; to under­ this light. mine 'phallogocentrism' it is necess­ Irigaray (who was herself ary to 'speak like a woman'. But to trained in psychoanalysis and is a 'speak like a woman' is not the practising analyst) uses the methods same as 'speaking as a woman'; and of psychoanalysis to try to dismantle some feminist critics of Derrida what she sees as the structures ofthe have suggested that his mobiliz­ Western unconscious, and the ways ation of the feminine may in fact be in which these have resonated in simply a colonization; one which, philosophy. In particular, she at­ moreover, has quite a long history. tempts to trace the fantasies which Derrida has been notoriously un­ she sees as having haunted male sympathetic to feminism, and his discourse; the destructive male im­ critique of 'phallogocentrism' has aginary which is based on a buried appeared to leave women in a act of matricide, and the fear of double bind. If they continue to women and of the body which follow 'speak like women', they appear to from this. lrigaray 'reads' the history be consigned to a position of mere of philosophy in a way which re­ 'enunciation', where a position as a sembles that in which a psycho­ woman cannot be spoken. If they analyst might 'read' the utterances attempt to appear as speaking Reviews 113 subjects themselves, they are ac­ philosophy; but we cannot eliminate cused of'speaking like men'. the question without eliminating at Much of Irigaray's work, Whit­ the same time the task of estab­ ford suggests, can be seen as ad­ lishing new forms of co-subjectivity dressing this dilemma. Subtending with men. the 'rational subject' of philosophy, Irigaray's work, Whitford sug­ but unrecognized, is a sexuate sub­ gests, is offered in order to create the ject, governed by unconscious de­ space for a dialogue between herself sires. And subtending philosophy it­ and her readers, and between the self is the 'male imaginary' in which readers themselves. 'Her work is women are merely lack or 'other'. In offered as an object, a discourse, for philosophy, we need a critique of the women to exchange among them­ idea of 'reason' that recognizes the selves, a sort of commodity, so that passional foundations of reason, and women themselves do not have to refuses to divorce reason from the function as the commodity, or as the motivations and desires which lie at sacrifice on which sociality is built. its foundation. And Irigaray asks Instructions for use of Irigaray what are the conditions for a 'female would include the message: Do not imaginary' that is not simply incor­ consume or devour. For symbolic porated back into the male imagin­ exchange only.' (p. 52) Much the ary as its 'other'? The morphology of same might, I think, be said about the female body to which she appeals Whitford's own book. There is a great in an attempt to construct the idea of deal in the book that I have not a 'female imaginary' should not be discussed in this review, and much of seen as a mere description of the Whitford's discussion of Irigaray is female body. Rather, it is an attempt textually detailed and, at times, to offer a new symbolic mediation of quite dense. But what I think it what a 'female imaginary' might be achieves overall, quite excellently, is like, and to counterpose this to the a new 'map' of much of Irigaray's symbolic mediations of the male work that readers will be able to use body and of male sexuality which both to enter for themselves the have often been a subtext of philo­ 'map' of Western philosophy that sophical theories.
Recommended publications
  • The Other Woman. Towards a Diffractive Rereading of the Oeuvres of Simone De Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray
    Faculty of Humanities Research Institute for History and Culture (OGC) RMA Gender and Ethnicity, 2011-2012 The Other Woman. Towards a diffractive rereading of the oeuvres of Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. Research master thesis, Gender and Ethnicity Written by Evelien Geerts, 3615170 Supervisor: dr. Iris van der Tuin (Utrecht University) Second reader: dr. Annemie Halsema (VU-University) Utrecht, 20/07/2012. Abstract. This thesis project –a project that has to be located in the domains of Continental philosophy, feminist theory, and gender studies– wishes to overcome the Oedipalized reception history, or the Oedipal feminist narratives that have been created and told about the oeuvres of feminist philosophers Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. I claim that this Oedipalized reception history –which will be thoroughly reviewed in this thesis– put the works of Beauvoir and Irigaray against one another in an oppositional and hierarchic manner, by first of all examining the wide-spread assumption that Irigaray should be seen as Beauvoir’s rebellious daughter, and by critically looking at the idea that Irigaray’s sexual (now relabeled as sexuate) difference philosophy then must be a flat-out refusal of Beauvoir’s humanist, existentialist feminism. My project hopes to shed light on this paralyzing constructed opposition, and wishes to move towards a different kind of feminist rereading and story-telling: namely, a diffractive and explicitly an-Oedipal way of telling of stories that would look for the lines of continuity between these two philosophies, without reducing them to another; without, to put it differently, falling back into the phallogocentric, reflective logic of sameness.
    [Show full text]
  • Reclaiming Luce Irigaray: Language and Space of the "Other"
    Linguistics and Literature Studies 6(5): 250-258, 2018 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060508 Reclaiming Luce Irigaray: Language and Space of the "Other" Zhang Pinggong The Faculty of English Language and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China Copyright©2018 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract French feminist Luce Irigaray takes up some and women’s meaning-making in language. She argues essential conceptions of post-structuralist thinkers as a that this difference is shaped by the female body and rests start-point, and advances arguments on the logical in women’s capacity for decentred, multiple sexuality and oppositions based on male and female dichotomy. women’s language. She contends that women’s identity According to Irigaray, this dichotomy is explicitly related can be autonomous and explorable only within a radically to language. In order to subvert discursive hegemony of separatist women’s movement. Some essential concepts of patriarchy, it is imperative for women to invent and utilize feminist theory advanced by Lucy Irigaray will shed light a language strikingly different from that of the male. This on the understanding and criticism of own feminist theory innovative language, also known as “parler femme” or and, more generally, of the French school of thought on space of the “other”, can be employed to construct gender politics. Focusing on Irigaray’s tenets about women’s subjectivity. Irigaray prioritizes language over sexuality and language, the author of this essay attempts to social conscious and ideologies, considering physical and discuss the essential themes of this “French side of the spiritual difference between women and men as divide”, indicating that although the theories of the French instrumental for women’s sovereignty and identity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Research Agenda for an Ecofeminist-Informed Ecological Economics
    sustainability Article Transcending the Learned Ignorance of Predatory Ontologies: A Research Agenda for an Ecofeminist-Informed Ecological Economics Sarah-Louise Ruder † and Sophia Rose Sanniti *,† School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † All authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 6 January 2019; Accepted: 6 March 2019; Published: 11 March 2019 Abstract: As a necessarily political act, the theorizing, debating and enacting of ecological economies offer pathways to radical socio-economic transformations that emphasize the ecological and prioritize justice. In response to a research agenda call for ecological economics, we propose and employ an ecofeminist frame to demonstrate how the logics of extractivist capitalism, which justify gender biased and anti-ecological power structures inherent in the growth paradigm, also directly inform the theoretical basis of ecological economics and its subsequent post-growth proposals. We offer pathways to reconcile these epistemological limitations through a synthesis of ecofeminist ethics and distributive justice imperatives, proposing leading questions to further the field. Keywords: ecological economics; ecofeminism; gender; capitalist-patriarchy; intersectionality; post-growth; transformational change; systems thinking; complexity As white-settlers in the Region of Waterloo, we acknowledge that we live and work on the traditional territory of the Attawandaron (Neutral), Anishnawbe, and Haudenosaunee peoples. The University of Waterloo is also situated on the Haldimand Tract: land promised to the Six Nations that includes ten kilometres on each side of the Grand River. We make this statement to act against the erasure of ongoing colonial legacies across Turtle Island and to acknowledge that we contribute to and benefit from the expulsion, assimilation, and genocide of Indigenous Peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Woolf, the Problem of Language, and Feminist Aesthetics
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 A Voice of One's Own: Virginia Woolf, the Problem of Language, and Feminist Aesthetics Lisa Karin Levine College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Levine, Lisa Karin, "A Voice of One's Own: Virginia Woolf, the Problem of Language, and Feminist Aesthetics" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625831. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-fz2e-0q20 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Voice of One's Own: Virginia Woolf, the Problem of Language, and Feminist Aesthetics A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Lisa Karin Levine 1993 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Lisa Karin Levine Approved, May 1993 Esther Lanigan, Chair Elsa Nettels Deborah Morse DEDICATION The author wishes to dedicate this text to Drs. Arlene and Joel Levine, without whose love and support none of this would be possible. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her appreciation to Professor Esther Lanigan for her many hours of reading and invaluable criticism of this text, and also to Professors Deborah Morse and Elsa Nettels for their time and instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Tucker, Ericka. “Feminist Political Theory,” in Michael Gibbons (Ed.) the Encyclopedia of Political Thought
    Tucker, Ericka. “Feminist Political Theory,” in Michael Gibbons (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Political Thought. New York: Wiley Blackwell, 2011: 1033- 1036 Feminist Political Theory Ericka Tucker Cal Poly Pomona University [email protected] 7269 Feminist Political Theory Born out of the struggles of the feminist movements of the 20th century, feminist political theory is characterized by its commitment to expanding the boundaries of the political. Feminism, as a political movement, works to fight inequality and the social, cultural, economic, and political subordination of women. The goal of feminist politics is to end the domination of women through critiquing and transforming institutions and theories that support women’s subordination. Feminist political theory is a field within both feminist theory and within political theory that takes a feminist approach to traditional questions within political philosophy, contemporary and historical. In this entry, I will explore the nature of feminist political theory by asking two questions: what is feminist about feminist political theory, and what is specifically political about feminist political theory. What is ‘feminist’ about feminist political theory? What surprises many who are unfamiliar with feminist political theory is that it’s not just about women or gender. There are no strict necessary and sufficient conditions for being ‘feminist’, due both to the nature of categories and to the myriad developments, orientations and approaches within feminism. Certainly, understanding and analyzing the political effects of gendered contexts is an important field of feminist political theory; however, feminist theory, and hence feminist political theory, is about more than gender. Feminist political theorists are found throughout the academy Tucker, Ericka.
    [Show full text]
  • Thinking Life with Luce Irigaray
    PART I THINKING LIFE WITH LUCE IRIGARAY © 2020 State University of New York Press, Albany © 2020 State University of New York Press, Albany Introduction Thinking Life with Luce Irigaray: Language, Origin, Art, Love GAIL M. SCHWAB In the first chapter ofBetween East and West: From Singularity to Community (2002), in a critique of what she considers Schopenhauer’s (mis)reading and (mis)representation of Indian philosophy and spirituality, Irigaray writes that “philosophy is a matter of death,” and she goes on to quote Schopenhauer: “Death is the real inspiring genius or Musagetes of philosophy, and for this reason Socrates defined philosophy asthanatou mélétè (preparation for death; Plato, Phaedo, 81a). Indeed, without death there would hardly have been any philosophizing” (Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation cited in Between East and West 23). Irigaray further notes: “A philosopher living and thinking life is a priori suspect in our philosophical culture” (ibid.). Nevertheless, she will forcefully declare in the introduction to Between East and West: “I love life, and I have searched for solutions in order to defend it, to cultivate it” (4), and ask: “How to go against the current? To stop the exploitation, in particular through a simple inventory, of the human and of his or her environment? How to return to where death has taken place because of the cessation of becoming, mistaking what we are? How to renew a cultivation of life, and recover our energy, the path of our growth?” (viii). Many thinkers and theorists are currently pursuing answers to these questions. 3 © 2020 State University of New York Press, Albany 4 Gail M.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Ill Body in Phallocentric Western Culture: a Critical Engagement with Luce Irigaray
    Rethinking the Ill Body in Phallocentric Western Culture: A Critical Engagement with Luce Irigaray Sarah Kahn Capstone Essay Capstone Advisor: Margaret Kamitsuka Department of Religion, Oberlin College April 15, 2015 This capstone critically engages with the work of prolific, contemporary continental philosopher Luce Irigaray on subjectivity and the body in order to challenge widely held notions of the ill body in phallocentric culture. Within my project, phallocentrism means the privileging of an erect, rational, individually autonomous body with defined boundaries. Using sociologist Ken Plummer's journal during his liver disease, I extend Irigaray's critique of phallocentrism to the experience of illness in Western culture. Ill bodies occupy a space analogous to that of female bodies within Irigaray's theory, because phallocentrism subordinates ill bodies to the normative phallic body that is functional, bounded, and under control. I read Plummer's text as an example of Irigaray’s "sensible transcendental": a non-religious transcendence grounded in the body's sensibility. I argue for the potential of a sensible transcendental in the mode of "speaking the sick body" to disrupt troublesome phallocentric bodily ideals, and further that the sensible transcendental may be an especially useful model for ill bodies because these bodies are in an immediate state of change. 2 I am indebted first and foremost to my advisor, Margaret Kamitsuka, who offered constant support, expert guidance, and needed perspective throughout. Thank you for taking me on as a late advisee without having once taught me, and for pointing me toward Irigaray. Thanks to Tatum for suffering many hours of obscure discussion on this topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Five: Irigarayan Ethics: a Global Ethic of Love
    VU Research Portal The Way of Love: Practicing an Irigarayan Ethic Crapo, R 2016 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Crapo, R. (2016). The Way of Love: Practicing an Irigarayan Ethic. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 242 Chapter Five: Irigarayan Ethics: A Global Ethic of Love 1. Introduction In this final chapter I propose that Irigaray’s texts offer a substantial theoretical framework that can aid us to think through creatively a span of ethical and socio-political issues. In chapter one I argued that the scope of Irigaray’s sexual difference is universal and as such, I contend in chapter two that her claim has implications for how we constitute psychosexual identities, particularly in relation to the realms of the imaginary and the symbolic.
    [Show full text]
  • Precarity and Elemental Difference: on Butler's Re-Writing of Irigarayan
    Precarity and Elemental Difference: On Butler’s Re-writing of Irigarayan Difference Emily Anne Parker Abstract It is widely accepted that Judith Butler’s work represents a fundamental departure from that of Luce Irigaray. However, in a 2001 essay, Butler suggests that Irigaray’s work plays a formative role in her own, and that the problematization of the biological and cultural distinction that Irigaray’s notion of sexual difference accomplishes must be rethought and multiplied rather than simply rejected. In this essay, I place the notion of precarity in the work of Butler alongside that of sexual difference in Irigaray, to show how together they seek to address violence to certain bodies through an approach that is at once ecological and political. I show that Butler’s concept of precarity has deep, largely unappreciated, roots in the work of Irigaray. Butler explores precarity as bodily multiplicity in ways that pluralize Irigaray’s own ethics and politics of difference. Butler is, in other words, rewriting sexual difference as precarity. Keywords difference, elemental, precarity, Anthropocene, the body 320 Introduction: Reading Butler and Irigaray in the Anthropocene Judith Butler has recently suggested that exhortations to “even the most pow- erless to take responsibility for their own lives without depending on anyone or anything else” constitute “a war on the idea of interdependency,”1 a futile effort to deny the collective and plural qualities of all material life. Illness, injury, and natural disaster are treated as accidental
    [Show full text]
  • A Feminist Aesthetics of Nature
    A Feminist Aesthetics of Nature Tegan Zimmerman University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Abstract This article examines the relatively unstudied field of the aesthetics of nature from a feminist perspective. Currently a feminist aesthetics of nature does not exist in scholarship, though I argue in our age of eco-crisis this is necessary. I explore what this feminist approach might entail by discussing three essential elements to the current masculinist study of nature: 1) the role of the subject or observer, 2) method of appreciation, and 3) appropriate object for appreciation. By focusing on the recent impasse in feminism, between essentialism and non-essentialism, this paper looks at how each side of the debate would approach these above three topics, and what future paths feminism might take in creating an adequate study of the aesthetics of nature. [Keywords: Feminist Aesthetics of Nature, Nature, Aesthetics, Feminism, Science, Art] “What I am interpreting and criticizing is precisely the fact that the philosophical subject, historically masculine, has reduced every other to a relation within himself – his nature, his universe, his complement, his projection, his inverse, his instrument […] within his own world, his own horizon – Luce Irigaray Democracy Begins Between Two [A transformative feminism] makes the connection between all systems of oppression explicit, including racism, classism, sexism, heterosexism, speciesism, and naturism; it would provide a central theoretical place for the diversity of women’s experiences even
    [Show full text]
  • Sara Puotinen Spring 2002 Directed Reading on Luce Irigaray And
    Sara Puotinen Spring 2002 Directed Reading on Luce Irigaray and Judith Butler I. Summary of Project ! In their work, Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray have both developed strategies of resistance that involve playful and ironic repetition. In this directed reading, I investigated the similarities and differences between these two strategies (Butler’s parody and Irigaray’s mimicry). To do this, I read primary and secondary sources on mimicry and parody, exploring how Irigaray and Butler define these terms and comparing and contrasting how these terms relate to each other. My list of sourc" es was partially planned before I began the project, but throughout the semester I continued to construct my reading list from new sources that I found in my research. ! I began the semester reading Irigaray’s Speculum of the Other Woman and This Sex Which Is Not One. Then I read a series of secondary sources on mimicry and the history of its reception by feminists within the United States. I also read several essays exploring Irigaray’s style of writing and its connections to her use of mimicry. In reading these works by and on Irigaray, my goal was to clarify what was meant by the term mimicry and how it was politically subversive. ! My reading of works on and by Butler were focused on clarifying what was meant by parody as well, but they also served another goal. I was interested in exploring the connections that Butler envisioned between her own work and that of Irigaray. An important part of this study was an interview with Butler in which she explored both the ways in which Irigaray influenced her work" and the ways in which her work differed from Irigaray’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Luce Irigaray Clustereditors Introduction
    Luce Irigaray Cluster— Editor’s Introduction LINDA MARTIN ALCOFF The Belgian philosopher Luce Irigaray has been one of the most prolific and provoca- tive of our original feminist thinkers over the last thirty-five years. Since the publica- tion of her first book, Speculum de l’autre femme, Irigaray’s work has heralded a radical departure from all orthodoxies in psychoanalysis, philosophy, and linguistics, the three fields in which she was trained. The publication of this book caused her to be expelled from the Ecole Freudienne founded by her teacher, Jacques Lacan, and risked her institutional career. Thus she has not been a dutiful daughter, and has provided a powerful inspiration as a truly creative and imaginative thinker. Within feminism Irigaray’s work has managed to become somehow both iconoclas- tic and hugely influential. The explorations of female specificity and binary difference in her work clashes with anti-essentialist and eliminativist tendencies toward gender and sex difference. Yet feminist theorists from many fields continue to spend a great deal of energy on her work, hotly contesting how to interpret her account of differ- ence as well as using her writings as a springboard for rethinking the relations between bodily morphology and language and for revising our concepts of freedom and community. Today interest in Irigaray’s work is resurging, as this found cluster of five papers reveals, each of which was submitted through our regular open issue process. These papers offer new insights into Irigaray’s work but also develop productive critical engagements that explore some of its most controversial aspects.
    [Show full text]