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Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 33 Volume 33 Supplement 1 December 2016 ISSN 1353-8020 S1 Parkinsonism & Related Disorders Vol. 33/S1 (2016) S1–S60 Parkinsonism & Related Disorders Official Journal of the International Association of Parkinsonism and Related Disorders Research for a better world Atlas shares research that can significantly impact people’s lives around the world. Read the award winning stories: ‘SuperAmma’ to the hand washing rescue The Lancet Global Health ‘Sustainable’ coffee: what does it mean for More than a Century of Apomorphine: local supply chains in Indonesia? The New Faces of an Old Therapy in World Development Parkinson’s Disease Making construction safety social Guest Editors: Automation in Construction Roongroj Bhidayasiri Teus van Laar www.elsevier.com/atlas K Ray Chaudhuri ELSEVIER Set of decoupage crafts made by Parkinson’s patients from Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease & Related Disorders in Thailand. PPRD_v33_iS1_COVER.inddRD_v33_iS1_COVER.indd 1 112/30/20162/30/2016 88:32:19:32:19 PPMM Supplement: More than a Century of Apomorphine: Th e New Faces of an Old Th erapy in Parkinson’s Disease Guest Editors: Roongroj Bhidayasiri, MD, FRCP, FRCPI Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Th ailand Teus van Laar, MD, PhD Parkinson Expertise Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Th e Netherlands K Ray Chaudhuri, DSc, FRCP, MD National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College and King’s College Hospital, London, UK Britannia Pharmaceuticals supported the publication of this supplement and sponsored editorial assistance provided by Dr Karen Wolstencroft and Dr Anita Chadha-Patel for some chapters. Th e content of the supplement is independent from the sponsor and is a sole responsibility of the authors. Volume 33 Supplement 1 Parkinsonism December 2016 & Related Disorders E DITORS- IN-CHIEF Ronald F. Pfeiffer Zbigniew K. Wszolek Department of Neurology Department of Neurology Oregon Health & Science University Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road Mail Code: OP323181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA 97239-3098, USA Phone: +1 904 953 7228 Phone: +1 503 494 7231 Fax: +1 904 953 0757 Fax: +1 503 494 9059 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] A SSOCIATE EDITORS Europe: Middle East and Africa: North and South America: Asia and Oceania: Vincenzo Bonifati Jonathan Carr Robert L. Rodnitzky Eng-King Tan Department of Clinical Genetics Head Division of Neurology Department of Neurology Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Tygerberg Hospital & University University of Iowa Hospital Singapore General Hospital Room EE-914 of Stellenbosch 200 Hawkins Drive National Neuroscience Institute Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Tygerberg 7505, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Outram road Rotterdam 3015 GE South Africa E-mail: Singapore 169608 The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Singapore E-mail: [email protected] Email:[email protected] M ANAGING EDITOR Sue Calne C.M. Editorial Office, 537 Bluff Place Kamloops, BC V2C 1S5, Canada E-mail: [email protected] E DITORIAL BOARD F. Alarcon (Ecuador) S. Factor (USA) M.F. Lew (USA) S. A. Schneider (Germany) R. Alcalay (USA) A. Fasano (Canada) S-Y. Lim (Malaysia) A. Schrag (UK) A. Antonini (Italy) S. Fujioka (Japan) T. Mestre (Canada) L.M. Shulman (USA) R. Bhidayasiri (Thailand) W. R. Galpern (USA) H. Mizusawa (Japan) J. Sławek (Poland) R.E. Burke (USA) D. Goldstein (USA) M. J. Nirenberg (USA) D. G. Standaert (USA) R Camicioli (Canada) A. Hassan (USA) R. Pickering (UK) A. J. Stoessl (Canada) W.P. Cheshire (USA) M. Heckman (USA) A. Puschmann (Sweden) C. Tanner (USA) M. Coelho (Portugal) T. Ikeuchi (Japan) J.F. Quinn (USA) D. Torres-Russotto (USA) M.F. Contarino (Netherlands) K. Jellinger (Austria) N. Quinn (UK) D.D. Truong (USA) A. D'Abreu (USA) P. Jenner (UK) A. Rajput (Canada) E. Uc (USA) S. K. Das (India) K.A. Josephs (USA) S. Reich (USA) A. Videnovic (USA) M. Della Coletta (Brazil) J. M. Kim (South Korea) I. Rektorova (Czech Republic) Y.R. Wu (Taiwan) A. Espay (USA) D. Koziorowski (Poland) O. Riess (Germany) R. Yadav (India) G. Fabbrini (Italy) E. C. Lai (USA) M Rudzinska (Poland) D. Zielonka (Poland) FOUNDING EDITOR Donald B. Calne OC-FRSC 1995-2008 Author inquiries: You can track your submitted article at http://www.elsevier.com/track-submission. You can track your accepted article at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle. You are also welcome to contact Customer Support via http://support.elsevier.com. Publication information: Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (ISSN 1353-8020). For 2016, volumes 22-33 are scheduled for publication. Subscription prices are available upon request from the Publisher or from the Customer Service Department nearest you or from this journal’s website (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/parkreldis). Further information is available on this journal and other Elsevier products through Elsevier’s website: (http//www.elsevier.com). Subscriptions are accepted on a prepaid basis only and are entered on a calendar year basis. Issues are sent by standard mail (surface within Europe, air delivery outside Europe). Priority rates are available upon request. Claims for missing issues should be made within six months of the date of dispatch. For a full and complete Guide to Authors please refer to http://www.elsevier.com/journal/parkreldis Printed by Henry Ling, The Dorset Press, Dorchester, UK Volume 33 Supplement 1 Parkinsonism December 2016 & Related Disorders CONTENTS Editorial Foreword A.J. Lees S1 Original Articles Unmet needs in Parkinson's disease: New horizons in a changing landscape K.R. Chaudhuri , R. Bhidayasiri and T. van Laar S2 Apomorphine and levodopa in Parkinson's disease: Two revolutionary drugs from the 1950's A. Djamshidian and W. Poewe S9 Apomorphine - pharmacological properties and clinical trials in Parkinson's disease P. Jenner and R. Katzenschlager S13 The need for non-oral therapy in Parkinson's disease; a potential role for apomorphine T. van Laar and R. Borgemeester S22 The efficacy of apomorphine – A non-motor perspective M. Rosa-Grilo , M.A. Qamar , A. Evans and K.R. Chaudhuri S28 Quantitative demonstration of the efficacy of night-time apomorphine infusion to treat nocturnal hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease using wearable sensors R. Bhidayasiri , J. Sringean , C. Anan , K. Boonpang , C. Thanawattano and K. Ray Chaudhuri S36 Practical management of adverse events related to apomorphine therapy R. Bhidayasiri , P.J. Garcia Ruiz and T. Henriksen S42 Understanding the role of the Parkinson's disease nurse specialist in the delivery of apomorphine therapy R. Bhidayasiri , K. Boonpang , O. Jitkritsadakul , S.M. Calne , T. Henriksen , S. Trump , S. Chaiwong , P. Susang , N. Boonrod , J. Sringean , T. van Laar , M. Drent and K.R. Chaudhuri S49 Apomorphine therapy in Parkinson's disease and future directions N. Titova and K.R. Chaudhuri S56 Amsterdam . Boston . London . New York . Oxford . Paris . Philadelphia . San Diego . St. Louis Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 33 (2016) S1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Parkinsonism and Related Disorders journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/parkreldis Editorial Foreword The fact that the drug is more than one hundred and fifty years Keywords: old (‘a mature product’ without patent) and can be manufactured Apomorphine L-Dopa cheaply has so far proved to be a regrettable if understandable Parkinson's disease disincentive to Pharma. What to me is much more surprising is that so little work has been done to develop more powerful orally Apomorphine has a long and chequered history in medical ther- active aporphines. apeutics. It was synthesised from opium (morphine) in the nine- Apomorphine is the prototype dopamine agonist and has been teenth century and first used to treat behavioural vices in extensively used by pharmacologists and neurochemists to study domesticated animals before entering clinical practice as an emetic, the dopamine pathways of the animal brain. It more closely resem- sedative and treatment for erectile impotence. Related aporphine bles L-DOPA than any of the currently available orally active dopa- alkaloids are found in many plants including the tubers of some wa- mine agonists such as ropinirole, pramipexole and rotigotine. It is ter lily species but there is no known natural source of also the only known dopaminergic agent that has pharmacological apomorphine. effects quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to L-DOPA. At The Greek suffix apo meaning away from or distant from, has low doses it stimulates the dopamine autoreceptor and may act not prevented apomorphine being associated with the narcotic as a ‘dopamine stabiliser’ making it of potential interest as a therapy properties of its parent compound. Despite substantial evidence for chorea, schizophrenia and stimulant and opioid dependence. to the contrary up until 2010 apomorphine was classed as a The Editors are to be congratulated in putting together a supple- Schedule 2 drug in California, defined by the United States ment that I hope will herald a new era of enlightenment in the Controlled Substances Act as a medicine with a high potential for therapeutics of Parkinson's disease. Continuous waking day admin- abuse that leads to severe psychological or physical dependence. istration of apomorphine by ambulatory mini-pump offers the pos- More than twenty-five years after it was reintroduced into the sibility of transforming the lives of thousands more patients with British Pharmacopoeia as an efficacious treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease by minimising some of the late complications Parkinson's disease it still remains unavailable to many patients of treatment such as off period immobility, dyskinesias and impulse especially in the Americas. It is hard to imagine a similar appalling control disorders. I hope that it will also stimulate a new ‘golden state of affairs occurring in other areas of medicine such as AIDS or age’ of aporphine research that will lead to potent long acting cancer.
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