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Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing This page is intentionally left blank Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing The Savvy Manager’s Guide Second Edition Douglas K. Barry with David Dick AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier Acquiring Editor: Andrea Dierna Editorial Project Manager: Benjamin Rearick Project Manager: Anitha Kittusamy Ramasamy Cover Designer: Alan Studholme Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, 02451, USA Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Figures and Illustrations: © 2013 Douglas K. Barry No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrange- ments with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and expe- rience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, or professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12398-357-2 For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com Printed in the United States of America 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Introduction xv Part I Overview of Web Services, Service-Oriented Architecture, and Cloud Computing 1 1 A Business Trip in the Not-Too-Distant Future 3 The Business Trip 3 Summary 8 2 Information Technology Used for the Business Trip 9 Keeping Track of Detailed Customer Data 10 Using Virtual Personal Assistants 10 Managing C. R.’s Business Trip 12 Augmenting C. R.’s Experiences 12 Commoditizing Services 12 Viewing All Services the Same Way 13 Summary 13 3 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures 15 Service-Oriented Architecture Overview 17 Services 17 Connections 18 The Architecture in SOA 18 Web Services Explained 19 History of Web Services Specification 19 Web Services Specifications 22 The Opportunity and Importance of Standardized Semantic Vocabularies 29 Service-Oriented Architecture Explained 29 Relationship of Web Services and SOA 30 Identification and Design of Services 30 Service-Oriented Architecture 31 Summary 33 v vi Contents 4 Cloud Computing 35 Blurring of Internal and External Services 37 Organizations of Any Size Can Use a Service-Oriented Architecture with Cloud Computing 38 The Cloud 39 Types of Clouds 41 Categories of Cloud Providers 42 Summary 44 Part II Technical Forces Driving the Adoption of Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing 45 5 Technical Forces Driving the Adoption of Web Services 47 Force Field Analysis Overview 48 Adopting Standard Data Element Definitions 50 Adopting a Standard Communications Protocol 51 Adopting Web Services 52 Summary 54 6 Technical Forces Driving the Adoption of SOA 55 Adopting Standard, Enterprise-Wide Software 56 Adopting an Object Request Broker 57 Adopting an Enterprise Data Warehouse 59 Adopting an Enterprise Service Bus 62 Message Routers 62 Adapters 63 Adopting a Service-Oriented Architecture 67 Summary 70 7 Technical Forces Driving the Adoption of Cloud Computing 71 Adopting Software as a Service (SaaS) 72 Adopting Platform as a Service (PaaS) 74 Adopting Service-Oriented Architecture with Cloud Computing 76 Summary 79 Contents vii Part III Managing Change Needed for Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing 81 8 Change Issues 83 Change 85 Technical Change Issues Diminishing 85 Resistance to Change 85 Forms of Resistance 88 Lack of Training/Understanding 89 Power of Internal “Expert” 89 Inertia—Why Change? 90 Feeling that Jobs May Be Threatened 90 Not Invented Here 91 Our Problems Are Special 91 Loss of Familiarity, Competence, and Control 91 Suggestions for Addressing Resistance to Change 92 Selecting the Right People 92 Use a Second Set of Eyes 93 Really Listen 93 Communicate at Many Levels 94 Seek Appropriate Avenues to Involve People 94 Get Resistance Out in the Open 94 Ask for Participation and Form Partnerships 95 Some Resistance Scenarios 95 But It’s So Complicated! 95 Guerilla Tactics 98 More Guerilla Tactics 100 The Elephant in the Room 101 Worksheet for Resistance Issues and Suggestions 102 Consolidated Analysis for Adopting an SOA with Cloud Computing 102 Summary 105 9 Tips for Managing Change Issues During Development 107 Design as Little as Possible 108 Buy a System or Use One or More Existing Services 108 Buy a Model or Adopt a Semantic Vocabulary 108 Write as Little Code as Possible 109 Reduce Project Scope 110 Use a Methodology 110 viii Contents Use a Second Set of Eyes 111 Use Small Teams 111 Summary 112 10 Managing Change with Incremental SOA Analysis 113 Tools 114 Force Field Analysis 114 Worksheet for Resistance Issues and Suggestions 114 Decomposition Matrix 115 Five Principles for the Incremental SOA Analysis 121 Incremental SOA Analysis 122 Business Process Analysis Lane 123 Candidate Project Analysis Lane 124 Deployment Selection Lane 125 Select a Project with the Best Chance of Success 125 Deployment Lane 125 Vocabulary Management Lane 126 Summary 127 Part IV Getting Started with Web Services, Service-Oriented Architectures, and Cloud Computing 129 11 Getting Started with Web Services 131 All Web Services Connections Look the Same 132 The Impact of Web Services 132 Use of Web Services will Likely Spur Innovation 133 Start by Experimenting with Web Services 133 Use an External Service 133 Develop an Internal Service 134 Exchange Data Between Existing Systems 135 Use an ESB 136 Staffing Issues 137 Likely Change Issues 137 Adapt Existing Systems to Use Web Services 138 Enterprise Database Warehouse 138 Connect Components to Web Services 140 Additional Systems 141 Staffing Issues 142 Likely Change Issues 142 Contents ix Vision of the Future 142 Summary 143 12 Getting Started with Service-Oriented Architectures 145 Establish a Service-Oriented Architecture 146 Design Considerations 146 Staffing Issues 148 Likely Change Issues 149 What If Things Are Not Going as Planned? 150 The Data Warehouse Was Growing Much Faster than Expected 150 The Response Time of the Services Provided by an Internal System Was Inadequate 151 Putting It All Together 157 Services and Service-Oriented Architectures 157 SOA Governance 161 Summary 162 13 Getting Started with Cloud Computing 163 Expand your Internal SOA to Include External Services 164 Staffing Issues 164 Likely Change Issues 164 Governance Considerations 165 Legal Issues 165 Business Issues 165 Technical Issues 165 Data Center Considerations 166 Availability Issues 166 Disaster Recovery Issues 167 Examples of Technical Issues Related to Availability 167 Failover Options for Messaging and Databases 167 Database Availability Options 168 Replication Options for Messaging and Databases 169 Cloud Brokers 170 Should You Be Your Own Cloud Provider? 170 Summary 170 14 Revisiting the Business Trip in the Not-Too-Distant Future 171 Services for C. R.’s Business Trip 171 The Future for C. R.’s Organization 174 Summary 175 x Contents Part V Reference Guide 177 15 Semantic Vocabularies 179 Common Semantic Vocabularies 180 Address XML 181 Computing Environment XML 181 Content Syndication XML 182 Customer Information XML 182 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) XML 183 Geospatial XML 183 Human XML 184 Localization XML 184 Math XML 184 Open Applications Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) 185 Open Office XML 185 Topic Maps XML 185 Trade XML 185 Translation XML 186 Universal Business Language (UBL) 186 Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF) 186 Specific Semantic Vocabularies 186 Accounting XML 187 Advertising XML 187 Astronomy XML 187 Building XML 187 Chemistry XML 188 Construction XML 188 Education XML 188 Finance XML 188 Food XML 189 Government XML 189 Healthcare XML 190 Human Resources (HR) XML 190 Instruments XML 190 Insurance XML 191 Legal XML 191 Manufacturing XML 192 News XML 192 Oil and Gas XML 193 Photo XML 193 Contents xi Physics XML 193 Publishing XML 193 Real Estate XML 194 Telecommunications XML 194 Travel XML 194 16 Terminology 195 Adapters 198 Agents 198 Analytics 198 Application Programming
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