Dictionary of XML Technologies and the Semantic Web Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong Milan Paris Tokyo Vladimir Geroimenko Dictionary of XML Technologies and the Semantic Web
13 Vladimir Geroimenko, PhD, DSc School of Computing, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geroimenko, Vladimir, 1955- Dictionary of XML technologies and the semantic Web / Vladimir Geroimenko p. cm. – (Springer professional computing) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-85233-768-0 (alk paper) 1. XML (Document markup language)—Dictionaries. 2. Semantic Web—Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. QA76.76.H94G47 2003 006.7'4--dc22 2003061883
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
ISBN 1-85233-768-0 Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag is part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2004
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information con- tained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Typesetting: Ian Kingston Editorial Services, Nottingham, UK PrintedandboundatTheCromwellPress,Trowbridge,Wiltshire 34/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 10942680 Contents
Preface ...... vii
Advisory Board ...... xi
Terms of XML Technologies and the Semantic Web ...... 1
Appendices AMainWebResources...... 221 B Bibliography:Books ...... 223 CBibliography:JournalArticlesandConferenceProceedings ...... 235
v
Preface
The emerging Second-Generation Web is based entirely on XML and related technologies. It is intended to result in the creation of the Semantic Web, on which computers will be able to deal with the meaning (“semantics”) of Web data and hence to process them in a more effective and autono- mous way. This new version of the Web introduces a multitude of novel concepts, terms, and acronyms.
Purpose, Scope and Methods This dictionary is an effort to specify the terminological basis of emerging XML and Semantic Web technologies. The ultimate goal of this dictionary is even broader than just to define the meaning of new words – it aims to develop a proper understanding of these leading-edge technologies.To achieve this, comprehensible definitions of technical terms are supported by numerous diagrams and code snippets, clearly annotated and explained. The main areas covered in this dictionary are: (1) XML syntax and core technologies, such as Namespaces, Infoset and XML Schema; (2) all the major members of the XML family of technologies, such as XSLT, XPath and XLink; (3) numerous XML-based domain-specific languages, such as NewsML (News Markup Language); (4) the concept and architecture of the Semantic Web; (5) key Semantic Web technologies, such as RDF (Resource Description Framework), RDF Schema and OWL (Web Ontology Language); and (6) Web services, including WSDL (Web Services Description Lan- guage) and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). Some areas are not included in this edition of the dictionary, but they are planned to be covered in its next editions. These areas are: (1) software for editing and processing XML documents and data; (2) pro- gramming languages that can be used with XML, such as Java, Perl and ActionScript; (3) the historical aspect of the XML-related technologies; (4) the theoretical, philosophical and interdisciplinary founda- tions of the Semantic Web; (5) XML databases; and (6) XML-based multimedia in detail. A variety of sources have been used to produce this dictionary. The major ones include: (1) the latest specifications published by the W3C and other organizations; (2) authoritative books, research articles and conference proceedings; and (3) online information, especially the Web sites of domain- specific markup languages. The production of this dictionary was not only the process of “compiling” different sources; a unique research-based approach has been taken, which includes the use of a set of methods from the methodology of science, such as conceptual, logical and methodological analysis and synthesis.
vii Preface
The area covered in this dictionary is under extremely rapid development. This means that it is ratherunstableandfluid.Totrytoconceptualizeitinadictionaryisareallyhardtask.Ontheother hand,such conceptualization is apparently greatly needed for such a fast-moving area.The dictionary isintendedtoincludethetermsandconceptswhichseemtobethemoststableandwhichwouldbe unlikely to be changed in the very near future. The choice of such terms was not an easy job, and was based partly on logic and partly on intuition.Notice,however,that it is always a good idea to check for the latest specifications and news available on the Web sites listen in Appendix A and in appropriate entries.
Features and Organization of the Dictionary The dictionary includes over 1,800 terms and definitions from a newly emerging area and also 264 illustrations to promote an understanding of the latest technologies. Clear and accessible definitions andauniquewritingstylebridgethegapbetweendefinitionandexplanation.Extensivecross-refer- encing of terms and a CD-ROM containing a fully searchable version of the dictionary make it ease to read and navigate. The organization of the dictionary is intended to be clear and self-explanatory. Entries in the dic- tionary are of two types: 1. Main entries that contain full definitions.Their entry names are mostly in the format acronym (full name) and look like this: XML (Extensible Markup Language)
2. Synonymous cross-references, which contain See references to appropriate main entries and look like this:
Extensible Markup Language See XML. The dictionary uses the following types of references and cross-references:
G All capitalized words and acronyms in a sans serif font are references that point to appropriate main entries, for example: XML, UNABBREVIATED SYNTAX, XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE. G Many entries include references to online resources that offer additional or more detailed informa- tion about a topic, for example: “For more details, see http://www.w3.org/”. G See – A cross-reference that points to the main entry. G See also – A cross-reference that is used to point to one or more main entries that contain some additional or supplementary information about a topic. G Contrast – A cross-reference to another main entry that has a clearly apposite usage or meaning. G Compare – A cross-reference to another main entry that is worth comparing with the current entry.
CD-ROM The dictionary has an accompanying CD-ROM that contains a searchable version of the dictionary in PDF format. Clicking on any cross-references in the PDF file will take you straight to the referenced entry.TheAdobeReadercanbedownloadedfreeofchargefromtheAdobeWebsiteathttp:// www.adobe.com/.
viii Preface
Review Process Thechoiceoftermsand,inmanycases,thecontentoftheDictionaryhasbeencarefullycheckedbya distinguished board of experts to ensure that there are no glaring omissions. A list containing the names and short biographies of the members of the Technical Advisory Board can be found following this preface.
Acknowledgements Firstofall,IwouldliketothankthemembersoftheAdvisoryBoardforhelpingmetomakethedictio- narymuchbetter.IwouldalsoliketoexpressveryspecialthankstotheteamatSpringerLondonLtd, including Beverly Ford (Editorial Director) and Rebecca Mowat (Assistant Editor – Computing Science).
Trademarks Some of the words used in this dictionary are registered trademarks. There was no attempt made to determine and report their legal status. For further information about any product name, consult the manufacturer’s literature. Use of a word in this dictionary should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark.
Future Editions Although I have done my best to make this first edition of the dictionary as complete and error-free as possible, there is no doubt plenty of room for improvement. If you have an idea about a missing entry or find an error, please email me at [email protected].
ix
Advisory Board
Jens Allwood (Sweden) Kurt Cagle (USA) Professor at the Department of Linguistics and Author and President of Cagle Communications, Chairman of The Interdisciplinary Center SSKKII an XML-oriented training and consulting firm for Cognitive Science, Göteborg University, located in Kirkland, Washington, with clients Sweden. Guest professor at the Department of including Microsoft, Onyx Software, QMedia, Real Communication Studies, University of Texas at Networks and AT&T, among others. Published Austin. Site leader for 28 externally funded books (authored or co-authored) include Intro- research projects, including: Anthropological Lin- ducing Sparkle (Microsoft 2003, Pending), XSLT2 guistics, Director (HSFR); Better Terminal Use, Handbook (SAMS 2003, Pending), XQuery Kick Director (IBM); Text Comprehension, Co-director Start (SAMS 2003), SVG Programming (Apress (Valand); Semantics and Spoken Interaction, 2002), XQuery Early Adopter (2002, Wrox), Profes- Director (HSFR); A Pragmatic Language Under- sional XSLT (2002, Wrox), bestseller Beginning standing System, National Co-director (ESPRIT); XML (2001 and 2002, Wrox, 1st and 2nd editions), Trust as a resource in achieving rationality, Co- XML Bible (2000, Sybex), Visual Basic Gold: Data director (RJ); Databases for Communication and Access Programming (1999, Coriolis), Under- Cooperation, Co-director (AMFO); Intelligent standing XML (1998, Barron’s), Macromedia Instruments for Information, Co-director Director Bible (1997, IDG), and others. Wrote (NUTEK); Information Visualization and Explora- monthly columns on XML and web industry stan- tion Systems, Director (NUTEK). Head of the dards for Tech Republic (CNet, 2003), XML and research group ‘Semantics and spoken language’. Web Ser vices Magazine (Fawcette), Java Pro Author of 99 publications and coauthor of 55 pub- (Fawcette), Visual Basic Programmers Journal lications on semantics and pragmatics. Member of (Fawcette), and XML Journal (Sys-con). Technical editorial boards: of Journal of Pragmatics, 1976–; Editor and Author for the Macromedia Users Journal of Semantics, 1982–88; Linguistics, Journal. Papers accepted or presented at SVG 1976–85; Systems Research, 1984–; Language and Open, Vancouver (2003), XML Web Services, Context, 1986–; Pragmatics and Cognition, 1991–. Boston (2003), Knowledge Technologies Confer- Editor in Chief: Journal of Intercultural Communi- ence, Seattle (2002), Wrox XML,theNetherlands cation, 2000–. PhD (1976) from Göteborg Univer- (2002) and Las Vegas (2001), XML One,NewYork sity, Sweden. and San Jose (2001), XML Connections,New Orleans (2001) and Scottsdale, AZ (2001), Macromedia Users Conference (1995,1996, 1997,
xi Advisory Board
1998). Member of OASIS and the National Writers mover behind the OIL, DAML+OIL and OWL Web Union. ontology languages. Has published widely (see http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Publica- Chaomei Chen (USA) tions/). Founding member of the Semantic Web Associate Professor at the College of Information Science Foundation, member of the Joint EU/US Science and Technology, Drexel University, USA. Committee on Agent Markup Languages, the Founding director of the VIVID research centre at Description Logic Steering Committee and of the Brunel University, England. Author of Mapping editorial boards of JAIR, ETAI and the Journal of Scientific Frontiers (Springer, 2002) and Informa- Web Semantics. Programme chair of ISWC2002 and tion Visualisation and Virtual Environments the Semantic Web track of WWW2003. Coordinator (Springer, 1999). Co-editor of Visualizing the of the EU IST WonderWeb project and consultant Semantic Web (Springer, 2002) and Visual Inter- to the DARPA DAML program. faces to Digital Libraries (Springer, 2002). Editor- in-Chief of Information Visualization (Palgrave Tom Myers (USA) Macmillan 2002–). Previously worked at Brunel Chief Technical Officer, N-Topus Software. Previ- University (England) and Glasgow Caledonian ously worked in the Department of Computer and University (Scotland). PhD from the University of Information Science of Colgate University in Liverpool (1995). Hamilton,NewYork,andbeforethatattheUni- versity of Delaware in Newark, Delaware. Author Lars Marius Garshol (Norway) of Equations, Models and Programs: A Mathemat- Development manager at Ontopia, a leading topic ical Introduction to Computer Science (Prentice map software vendor. Co-editor of ISO 18048 Hall, 1988); coauthor of JavaScript Objects (Wrox, (Topic Map Query Language), ISO 13250-2 (Topic 1998), Professional Java XML Programming (Wrox, Maps – Data Model) and ISO 13250-3 (Topic Maps 2000) and XML Programming (APress, 2002), and –XMLSyntax).AuthorofDefinitive XML Applica- related contributed chapters. PhD in Computer tion Development (Prentice Hall). Creator of sev- Science from the University of Pennsylvania. eral Semantic Web-related technologies, and a number of XML-related open source tools. MSc Alexander Nakhimovsky (USA) from University of Oslo (1999). Associate Professor of Computer Science at Colgate University, USA; previously taught at Christopher Hindle (UK) SUNY Oswego and Cornell. Has been teaching Principal Lecturer in the School of Computing at computer science at Colgate since 1985. Co- the University of Plymouth. MA in Mathematics author, jointly with Tom Myers, of XML Program- and PhD in Theoretical Physics from Cambridge ming (Apress, 2002), Professional Java XML Pro- were followed by research at Princeton and the gramming (Wrox, 1999), and Javascript Objects ETH,Zurich.SubsequentlytaughtattheUK (Wrox, 1998). Author of journal and conference Defence ADP Training Centre and Royal Naval articles. MA in mathematics from Leningrad Uni- Engineering College before taking up his current versity (1972), PhD from Cornell (1979). position as Computer Network and Systems Architecture Group Leader. Heinz Schweppe (Germany) Professor of Computer Science at Free University Ian Horrocks (UK) Berlin, Database and Information Systems Group. Professor in the Department of Computer Science Previously head of the AI department of Siemens at the University of Manchester, UK. Designer and Corporate Technology, Munich. Worked with Uni- implementor of the FaCT DL reasoner, and a prime versities Bonn and Braunschweig. Member of the xii Advisory Board
editorial Board of Information Systems,member SystemsonTrends&Controversies.Editorial of the scientific advisory board of FKIE, Bonn. board member of In Thought & Practice: The Author of numerous scientific papers. PhD from Journal of KMPro.Authorandeditorofsixbooks. Technical University Berlin (1979). Published over 100 research papers. Co-chair and committee member for several workshops and Steffen Staab (Germany) conferences on or related to the Semantic Web. Senior Lecturer at the Institute for Applied Infor- MSE from the University of Pennsylvania (1994), matics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB) PhD from the University of Freiburg (1998), and of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. Co- habilitation (“Privatdozent”) from the University founded and consulting at Ontoprise GmbH (since of Karlsruhe (2002). 1999). Department editor of IEEE Intelligent
xiii
Terms of XML Technologies and the Semantic Web
A
Abbreviated syntax In XPATH, shortened SYNTAX Absolute location path In XPATH,aLOCATION PATH for a LOCATION STEP.SeeFigureA.1.Contrast that starts at the ROOT NODE of a NODE TREE.Anabso- UNABBREVIATED SYNTAX. lute location path expression begins with a for- wardslash(whichindicatestherootnode)andis Absolute expression See ABSOLUTE LOCATION PATH. followed by a RELATIVE LOCATION PATH.Anabsolute location path is a sequence of LOCATION STEPS,each separatedbyaforwardslash.Intheexample Abbreviated Unabbreviated showninFigureA.2theabsolutelocationpath syntax syntax selects all the “price” elements of all the “book” nothing child:: elements of the “catalog” element. Note that the “catalog” ELEMENT is the ROOT ELEMENT of the XML @ attribute:: DOCUMENT andshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeROOT // /descendant-or-self::node()/ NODE of the XPATH NODE TREE represented by the start forward slash. Contrast RELATIVE LOCATION PATH. . self::node()
.. parent::node() Action attribute See XFORMS MODEL.
Figure A.1 Some examples of abbreviated syntax. Active intermediary See SOAP INTERMEDIARY.
The start slash A slash that A slash that that indicates separates separates the root node steps steps
/location_step/location_step/... Basic syntax
Step 1 Step 2
Relative location path
/catalog/book/price Example Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Figure A.2 Absolute location path.
3 Actuate attribute
Actuate attribute In XLINK,anATTRIBUTE used to Aggregation & Logging of User Requests for specify when and how the LINK should be activated. assistance Extensible Markup Language See Its main ATTRIBUTE VALUES are: (1) onRequest –some ALUREXML. user’s action is required to activate the link, such as a mouse click (see Figure A.3); (2) onLoad –the AIML (Astronomical Instrument Markup Lan- link is activated automatically immediately on guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for loading the STARTING RESOURCE. describing and controlling astronomical instru- ments. AIML is a domain-specific implementation ADML (Architecture Description Markup Lan- of IML. More details about AIML can be obtained guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the inter- from http://pioneer.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/ change of architectural descriptions between a aiml/. variety of architectural design tools. More details about ADML are available at http:// All Different statement In OWL, a statement that www.opengroup.org/architecture/adml/ indicates all given INDIVIDUALS are different from adml_home.htm. each other. In the example shown in Figure A.4, “Mike”,“Chris”and“Dan”arestatedtobealldif- aecXML (Architecture, Engineering and Con- ferent individuals of the CLASS “Person”. See also struction XML) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for SAME AS STATEMENT; DIFFERENT FROM STATEMENT. representing information in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. all element In an XML SCHEMA, a special ELEMENT Details of aecXML can be found at http:// that is used as an INDICATOR that specifies by default www.iai-na.org/aecxml/mission.php. that the CHILD ELEMENTS of the declared element may appear in any order, and also that each child ele- Agent See INTELLIGENT AGENT. ment must occur once and only once. The QUALIFIED NAME of the “all”elementcanbeeither“xs:all” Agent-Oriented Rule Markup Language See or “xsd:all”, depending whether the XS NAMESPACE AORML. PREFIX or XSD NAMESPACE PREFIX is being used. See Figure A.5.
Figure A.4 Stating that individuals are all different.
4 ancestor axis
Element name
Alternative container In RDF,therdf:Alt AnatML (Anatomical Markup Language) An CONTAINER is a container that is a collection of XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing anatomy, RESOURCES or LITERALS that represent alternative especially for storing geometric information values, such as alternative language translations about the human musculoskeletal system. Details for the title of a book. See Figure A.6. Note that in of AnatML are available at http:// the rdf:li ELEMENT,the“li” LOCAL PART stands for “a www.physiome.org.nz/sites/physiome/ list item”. anatml/pages/.
Alternative element See ALTERNATIVE CONTAINER. Anatomical Markup Language See ANATML.
ALUReXML (Aggregation & Logging of User Ancestor In XPATH, an ancestor of the CONTEXT NODE, Requests for assistance Extensible Markup such as the PARENT of context node, the parent’s Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that parent, and so on. See also ANCESTOR AXIS. allows any Web-based “user assistance” product or system to log information on specific problems ancestor axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects the that customers have. For more details, see http:// PARENT of the CONTEXT NODE, the parent’s parent, and www.alurexml.org/alurexml.htm. so on. The ancestor axis always includes the
5 ancestor-or-self axis
The context node (the current node) Node Tree Nodes selected using the “ancestor” axis
Location step
ancestor::book_title Example Axis Node test Double colon Figure A.7 The “ancestor” axis.
Nodes selected Node using the Tree “ancestor-or-self” axis
The context node (the current node)
Location step
ancestor-or-self::book_title Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure A.8 The “ancestor-or-self” axis.
ROOT NODE, unless the context node is the root node. ancestor-or-self axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects SeeFigureA.7. the same NODES as the ANCESTOR AXIS andalsothe CONTEXT NODE itself. See Figure A.8.
Angle brackets Special signs used for delimiting a MARKUP TAG and differentiating it from the content
6 Application
Opening Closing ANY keyword In a DTD,akeywordusedinthe angle angle ELEMENT TYPE DECLARATION to specify that elements of bracket bracket this type may contain all kinds of MARKUP and XML DATA,inanymixture.
XML Schema comment
7 Application information
XML/XLink code
XLink “type” attribute for an extended link
XLink Arc characteristics Arc-type type element attribute for an arc
Graphical representation
Locator label="book" Extended Arc link Locator label="bio"
Figure A.12 An example of an XLink arc.
8 ATTLIST keyword
Archaeological Markup Language See Associating style sheets with XML documents ARCHAEOML. A W3C RECOMMENDATION that describes the mecha- nism of attaching of a STYLE SHEET to an XML ArchaeoML (Archaeological Markup Language) DOCUMENT using a special XML style sheet PROCESSING An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing INSTRUCTION.InanXML DOCUMENT,thisprocessing archaeological and geographical data as well as instruction usually follows the XML DECLARATION.The the epigraphic and linguistic features of ancient ATTRIBUTE VALUES of its ATTRIBUTES areusedtospecify texts. More details of ArchaeoML may be obtained whether the attaching style sheet is an XSL STYLE from http://www.oi.uchicago.edu/OI/PROJ/ SHEET or a CSS STYLE SHEET, as shown in Figure A.13. XSTAR/ArchaeoML.html. This RECOMMENDATION is available at http:// www.w3.org/TR/xml-stylesheet/. Architecture Description Markup Language See ADML. Astronomical Instrument Markup Language See AIML. Architecture, Engineering and Construction XML See AECXML. Atomic data type In an XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that is considered to be the type that cannot be Arc-type element In XLINK,theELEMENT of an XML subdivided into other data types. DOCUMENT that has a TYPE ATTRIBUTE with the “arc” ATTRIBUTE VALUE and therefore can be used to specify ATTLIST declaration (Attribute-list declaration) traversal rules among the link’s PARTICIPATING A DTD DECLARATION used for specifying the ATTRIBUTES RESOURCES. For more details, see ARC; TYPE ATTRIBUTE. of an ELEMENT. It defines: (1) The number of attrib- utes; (2) ATTRIBUTE NAMES;(3)attributetypes,suchas Article Extensible Markup Language See AXML. CDATA or ENTITY;(4)attributeDEFAULT VALUES,suchas “REQUIRED” or “IMPLIED”. See Figure A.14 for ASF(TheApacheSoftwareFoundation) Anot- an example. for-profit corporation that hosts OPEN SOURCE soft- ware projects, including the Apache XML project. ATTLIST keyword See ATTLIST DECLARATION; DTD For more details, see http://www.apache.org/. DECLARATION.
Associating an XSL style sheet: XML declaration XSL style sheet reference
Associating a CSS style sheet: XML declaration CSS style sheet reference
9 Attribute
DTD: Declaration of empty “Editor” element "ATTLIST" Element keyword name
Attribute Attribute Attribute name type default
XML document:
Figure A.14 An example of an ATTLIST declaration.
Attribute (name–value pair) ATTRIBUTE VALUE; ATTRIBUTE TYPE; ELEMENT; NAME–VALUE PAIR; START TAG.
attribute axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects the Attribute name Attribute value ATTRIBUTE NODES of the CONTEXT NODE.SeeFigure A.16. Quotation marks
10 Attribute name
The context node (the current node) Node Attribute nodes Tree Attribute nodes selected using the “attribute” axis
Location step
attribute::name Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure A.16 The “attribute” axis.
Element Attribute Attribute value name name data type
11 Attribute node
Namespace name
Local name Prefix
Attribute Normalized value information Properties item Specified Attribute type
References
Owner element
Figure A.18 The attribute information item and its properties.
Attribute Attribute (name–value pair) (name–value pair)
Attribute name Attribute value Attribute name Attribute value Figure A.19 An example of an attribute name. Figure A.20 An example of an attribute value.
marks and can contain any CHARACTER DATA, including WHITE SPACE. See Figure A.20. See also Attribute node One of the seven NODE TYPES of the ATTRIBUTE VALUE; NAME–VALUE PAIR; STRING LITERAL. XPATH DATA MODEL that represents an ATTRIBUTE.Note that in XPATH,anELEMENT NODE is the PARENT of an attributeGroup element In an XML SCHEMA,aspe- ATTRIBUTE NODE, but an attribute node is not the CHILD cial ELEMENT that is used as an INDICATOR that of its parent ELEMENT NODE. declares a named group of ATTRIBUTES,asshown in Figure A.21. Attribute specification A term that is sometimes used to refer to the individual listing for an attributeGroup indicator See INDICATOR. ATTRIBUTE in an ATTLIST DECLARATION. Attribute-list declaration See ATTLIST DECLARATION. Attribute value In XML, a value assigned to an ATTRIBUTE. An attribute value must be enclosed in either double (”“)orsingle(’‘)quotation
Group name
Figure A.21 The “attributeGroup” element.
12 AXML (Article Extensible Markup Language)
Authentication In XML messaging, a security Axis In XPATH,thefirstpartofaLOCATION STEP that term that refers to the possibility to sign a mes- specifies a NODE SET relative to the CONTEXT NODE.It sage in a special way, to ensure that the person defines the NODE TREE relationship between the con- you are communicating with is indeed that person text node and one or more NODES that are selected and that the message has not been change after by the location step as candidates for the next having been signed. See also XML SIGNATURE. context node. There are 13 different axes: (1) SELF AXIS;(2)CHILD AXIS;(3)DESCENDANT AXIS;(4) Authentication and Authorization Extensible DESCENDANT-OF-SELF AXIS;(5)PARENT AXIS;(6)ANCESTOR Markup Language See AUTHXML. AXIS;(7)ANCESTOR-OF-SELF AXIS;(8)FOLLOWING-SIBLING AXIS;(9)PRECEDING-SIBLING AXIS; (10) FOLLOWING AXIS; AuthXML (Authentication and Authorization (11) PRECEDING AXIS; (12) ATTRIBUTE AXIS; (13) NAMESPACE Extensible Markup Language) AuthXML is a AXIS. standard for encoding authentication and authori- zation information in transport-independent AXML (Article Extensible Markup Language) XML. (The “Auth” stands for both authentication An XML-based language for electronic markup of and authorization). More details of AuthXML may pages intended for hard copy. Details of AXML be obtained from http://www.rsasecurity.com/. can be found at http://xml.gsfc.nasa.gov/ article/. Avatar Markup Language See AML.
Axes The plural of AXIS.
13
B
B2B (Business to Business) E-commerce Balanced region See WELL-BALANCED REGION. between enterprises over the Internet. Banner Markup Language See BANNERML. B2C (Business to Consumer) E-commerce between an enterprise and an individual over the BannerML (Banner Markup Language) An XML- Internet. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for attaching additional text information to Internet banners. More details B2G (Business to Government) Theexchangeof about BannerML can be obtained from http:// products, services or information between busi- www.cogitum.com/BannerML/. nesses and government agencies over the Internet. base attribute The ATTRIBUTE of the XS:RESTRICTION Bag class In RDF SCHEMA,therdf:Bag CLASS is the ELEMENT that is used to specify the base DATA TYPE for class of BAG CONTAINERS.ItisaSUBCLASS of the a facet. For more details, see FACET. CONTAINER CLASS. Base URI See XML:BASE ATTRIBUTE; XML BASE Bag container In RDF,therdf:Bag CONTAINER is a SPECIFICATION. container that is an unordered collection of RESOURCES or LITERALS, as shown in Figure B.1. Note bcXML (Building-Construction Extensible that in the rdf:li ELEMENT,the“li” LOCAL PART Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE stands for a “list item”. for the building and construction industry. More information is available at http:// Bag element See BAG CONTAINER. www.econstruct.org/.
15 Bean Markup Language
Bean Markup Language See BML. Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language See BSML. Beginning tag See START TAG. BIOML (Biopolymer Markup Language) An XML- Berners-Lee, Tim The inventor of the WWW, BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the annotation of Director of the W3C, and originator of the idea of biopolymer sequence information. For more the SEMANTIC WEB. More information about Tim details, see the information at http:// Berners-Lee can be found at http:// www.bioml.com/BIOML/. www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/. Biopolymer Markup Language See BIOML. Bibliography Markup Language See BIBLIOML. biz A FILENAME EXTENSION that indicates that the file BiblioML (Bibliography Markup Language) An is a BIZTALK document (file format). For example, XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the interchange of “Catalog.biz”. bibliographic records. For more details, see the information at http://www.culture.fr/ BML (Bean Markup Language) An XML-based BiblioML/. component configuration language for describing JavaBeans. For more details, see http:// Binding component In the WSDL COMPONENT MODEL, www.alphaworks.ibm.com/formula/bml/. a component that describes a binding of a PORT TYPE COMPONENT to a particular protocol, such as Body One of three XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONSthat may SOAP. The XML representation of the binding com- consist of (1) the ROOT ELEMENT and NESTED ELEMENTS; ponent is the wsdl:binding ELEMENT. (2) CHARACTER DATA;(3)XML COMMENTS;(4)PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS;(5)WHITE SPACE.Abodyisthemainand Binding operation component In the WSDL also compulsory part of an XML DOCUMENT.See COMPONENT MODEL, a component that describes a Figure B.2. See also PROLOG; EPILOG. binding for a PORT TYPE OPERATION toamessage format. The XML representation of the port type Body element ArequiredSTRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of operation component is the wsdl:operation the SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE that contains the actual ELEMENT.
Prolog
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) Root element and nested elements (2) Character data Body (3) Comments (4) Processing instructions (5) White space
Epilog
Figure B.2 The body as a section of an XML document.
16 BPELWS
SOAP MESSAGE. In the example shown in Figure B.3, Box properties In CSS, the collection of proper- the SOAP message requests the price of brandy. ties and values that control the formatting of the margins, padding, height, width, and border Bolero Extensible Markup Language See aspects of any element. See CSS BOX MODEL. BOLEROXML. BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) BoleroXML (Bolero Extensible Markup Lan- See BPEL4WS. guage) A set of XML-based cross-industry lan- guages that are intended for the secure and auto- BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Lan- mated exchange of information between all guage for Web Services) An XML-BASED MARKUP parties in a trade chain. More details about LANGUAGE for describing business processes BoleroXML can be obtained from http:// including multiple WEB SERVICES and for standard- www.bolero.net/boleroxml/. izing message exchange internally and between partners. It has superseded XLANG and WSFL. Boolean data type In an XML SCHEMA,aBUILT-IN BPEL4WS is also sometimes identified as BPELWS PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE that is used to specify a true or or BPEL. For more details, see the information at false value,asshowninFigureB.4.Thisdata http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/ type is also used in other XML technologies, such webservices/library/ws-bpel/. as XPATH. BPELWS See BPEL4WS. Box model See CSS BOX MODEL.
Attribute Attribute value name data type Declaring an attribute
Using the attribute
Attribute Attribute name value Figure B.4 An attribute with a value of the Boolean data type.
17 BPML (Business Process Modeling Language)
BPML (Business Process Modeling Language) all authors, such as “xs:string”or“xs:boolean” An XML-based METALANGUAGE for modeling busi- (see BOOLEAN DATA TYPE). ness processes. It provides an abstract domain- neutral model and XML grammar for expressing Built-in derived data type In an XML SCHEMA,a genetic processes and supporting entities. More DATA TYPE available to all authors, defined by details of BPML may be obtained from http:// restricting existing data types. See also BUILT-IN DATA www.bpmi.org/bpml.esp. TYPE; DERIVED DATA TYPE.
Browser See WEB BROWSER. Built-in internal general entities In XML, five predefined ENTITIES used to represent SPECIAL BSML (Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Lan- SYMBOLS. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that describes gene sequences or annotations. Details Built-in primitive data type In an XML SCHEMA,a of BSML are available at http:// DATA TYPE availabletoallauthorsthatcannotbe www.labbook.com/products/xmlbsml.asp. defined using other data types, such as string or date. See also BUILT-IN DATA TYPE; PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE. BTP (Business Transaction Protocol) An XML- based protocol for managing complex B2B transac- Business to Business See B2B. tions over the Internet. Details of BTP can be found at http://www.oasis-open.org/commit- Business to Consumer See B2C. tees/business-transactions/documents/ specification/2002-06- Business to Government See B2G. 03.BTP_cttee_spec_1.0.pdf. Business Process Execution Language for Web Building-Construction Extensible Markup Services See BPEL4WS. Language See BCXML. Business Process Modeling Language See BPML. Built-in data type In an XML SCHEMA,atermthatis sometimes used to refer to a DATA TYPE available to Business Transaction Protocol See BTP.
18 C
Call Control Extensible Markup Language See
Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 See CSS2. CCXML (Call Control Extensible Markup Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that provides Cascading Style Sheets Level 3 See CSS3. telephony call control support for VOICEXML and some more traditional dialog systems. Although Case Based Markup Language See CBML. CCXML is intended to be integrated with VoiceXML, the two languages are separate and Case-insensitive A term that indicates that no neither is required an implementation of the distinction is to be made between uppercase and other. More information about CCXML is avail- lowercaseletters,suchas“G”and“g”.UnlikeXML, able at http://www.w3.org/TR/ccxml/. HTML syntax is case-insensitive. For example, the TAGS , ,and are identical. CDA (Clinical Document Architecture) An XML- Contrast CASE-SENSITIVE. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging clinical docu- ments such as discharge summaries and progress Case-sensitive A term that indicates that the dis- notes. CDA was initially known as the Patient tinction between uppercase and lowercase letters Record Architecture (PRA). More details are avail- (such as “Q” and “q”) must be maintained. Unlike able at http://www.hl7.org/Library/stan- HTML, XML SYNTAX is case-sensitive. For example, dards_non1.htm.
19 CDATA
CDATA See CDATA SECTION. especially useful for including: (1) examples of XML MARKUP code; (2) code in JavaScript and other CDATA section A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML scripting languages; and (3) internal CSS. DOCUMENT for including blocks of text that contain TheexampleXMLcode,showninFigureC.1, many special characters that would otherwise be includes not only an entry of a book catalogue but interpreted as MARKUP. CDATA sections begin with also a CDATA section that contains a template for the string (),asshowninFigureC.1.TheuseofCDATA CDATA section is displayed in Internet Explorer sections allows developers to avoid replacing each as regular text. Note that all the advantages of of a large number of SPECIAL SYMBOLS with their cor- XML are lost, because the XML parser has not responding ENTITY REFERENCE.CDATAsectionsare checked the text but has just displayed it “as is”. At the same time, including a catalogue template may be very helpful for a catalogue developer.
CellML (Cell Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for storing and exchanging com- puter-based biological models. It includes infor- mation about model structure, mathematics (which describes the underlying biological pro- cesses using MATHML)andRDF metadata (which allows scientists to search for specific models or their components). See http://www.cellml.org/ for more details.
CFML (ColdFusion Markup Language) An XML- based server-side markup language used by Macromedia’s application server ColdFusion. Details of CFML can be found at http:// www.macromedia.com/v1/cfdocs/cfml_lan- guage_reference/contents.htm.
Channel Definition Format See CDF.
Figure C.1 The code and browser views of a CDATA section.
20 Child
Character An atomic unit of text, which can be a respectively) and a semicolon as the closing letter, number, punctuation mark, symbol, white delimiter.SeeFigureC.3. space etc. Character Set Names See IANA CHARACTER SET NAMES. Character data An XML STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT that refers to PLAIN TEXT other than MARKUP contained in Character string In programming, a sequence of an XML DOCUMENT. In other words, character data are characters interpreted by the computer as text the text content of an ELEMENT or ATTRIBUTE.Notall rather that numbers. elements necessarily contain character data. Char- acter data are not processed by an XML PARSER and CharMapML (Character Mapping Markup Lan- may therefore contain any character sequence, guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the inter- with the exception of SPECIAL SYMBOLS that must be change of mapping data for character encoding. escaped using corresponding ENTITY REFERENCES. More details are available at http:// Compare CDATA SECTION. www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr22/.
Character information item One of the 11 types Chemical Markup Language See CHEMML; CML. of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION SET.Likeallof them,itisanabstractdescriptionofaSTRUCTURAL ChemML (Chemical Markup Languages) An CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT. This description is XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing high-level intended for use in other XML-related specifica- chemical objects like atoms and links. More tions, which need to conform to the information details about ChemML are available at http:// set. There is a character information item in the www.ot-software.com/second/chemml.html. information set for each character in the docu- ment’s CHARACTER DATA or within a CDATA SECTION.This Chess Game Markup Language See CHESSGML. information item has three properties, as shown in Figure C.2. For more details, see http:// ChessGML (Chess Game Markup Language) An www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that is intended for the exchange and publication of any kind of chess Character Mapping Markup Language See data. More information is available at http:// CHARMAPML. www.saremba.de/chessgml/.
Character reference In XML, a special numeric Child An ELEMENT,aNODE or another STRUCTURAL ENTITY for representing single displayable charac- CONSTRUCT of a HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE that is a ters or symbols that are beyond the first 127 char- sub-element, a sub-node or another sub-construct acters of UNICODE. A character reference can use a of an element, node etc. from an immediate decimal or hexadecimal number and special char- higher level of the hierarchy. The concept of a acters as the opening DELIMITER (&# and &#x child is based on the PARENT–CHILD METAPHOR.See
Character code
Character Element content Properties information whitespace item Parent
Figure C.2 The character information item and its properties.
21 child axis
Decimal Hexadecimal numeric numeric
$ $ Basic syntax
Semicolon Semicolon Ampersand and Ampersand, pound sign pound sign and lowercase “x”
Browser view
Figure C.3 The syntax and an example of the character reference.
Parent The context (current) node Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Node Nodes selected tree using the “child” axis
22 Class name
Child element An ELEMENT that is nested (con- 2.ASTRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of RDF SCHEMA. Classes tained) within another element. See CHILD; are groups that RESOURCES may be divided into. HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE; NESTING ELEMENTS. Classes are themselves resources that may be identified using a URI and described using an RDF Child node See CHILD. PROPERTY. A class can have members (known as “instances” of the class) that can be declared Children See CHILD. using the TYPE PROPERTY. 3. A structural construct of OWL.OWLextends Choice element In an XML SCHEMA, a special RDF SCHEMA withnewclassesthatmakeitpossible ELEMENT that is used as an INDICATOR that specifies to express ONTOLOGIES inamuchmoresophisticated that either one CHILD ELEMENT or another may occur way. Figure C.7 shows a CLASS of dogs defined as a in XML DOCUMENTS.TheQUALIFIED NAME of the “choice” SUBCLASS of the SUPERCLASS of pets in both RDF element can be either “xs:choice” or “xsd:choice”, schema and OWL. depending whether the XS NAMESPACE PREFIX or XSD NAMESPACE PREFIX isbeingused.SeeFigureC.6. Class class In RDF SCHEMA,theCLASS of RESOURCES that are RDF SCHEMA CLASSES. In other words, the choice indicator See INDICATOR. rdfs:Class classistheclassofallclasses.Note that this class is an INSTANCE of itself. Chord Markup Language See CHORDML. OWL has its own “class” class. The owl:Class classisaSUBCLASS of the rdfs:Class class, as ChordML (Chord Markup Language) An XML- showninFigureC.8.NotethatOWLhasa BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for representing chords, SUPERCLASS of all OWL classes named “owl:Thing” lyrics, repetition and information about music. that is also the class of all INDIVIDUALS. See also THING More details of ChordML may be obtained from CLASS. http://www.cifranet.org/xml/ChordML.html. Class definition An informal term for an Class 1. The fundamental concept of any object- owl:Class ELEMENT. See CLASS. oriented programming languages used in several XML-based languages, such as RDF SCHEMA and OWL. Class instance See INSTANCE; CLASS. Generally, it is a prototype that describes the properties and behavior of all the objects (also Class name An informal term for the rdf:ID knownas“instances”)thatareorcanbecreated ATTRIBUTE VALUE of an owl:Class ELEMENT. See also from it. CLASS.
Element name
23 Clinical Document Architecture
XML element Class name name Defining
XML element Class name name Defining
rdfs:Class color property: (1) by RGB (an acronym for Red–Green–Blue) hexadecimal value (for example, navy is #000080); (2) by RGB decimal value (for owl:Class example, red is RGB(255,0,0)); (3) by RGB per- Figure C.8 The relationship between the “RDFS class” centage value (for example, blue is class and the “OWL class” class. RGB(0%,0%,100%));(4)bynameusingthefol- lowing 16 named colors: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, yellow. Clinical Document Architecture See CDA. Comics Markup Language See COMICSML. Close tag See END TAG. ComicsML (Comics Markup Language) An XML- Closing angle bracket See ANGLE BRACKETS. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing digital comics. More information about ComicsML is available at Closing tag See END TAG. http://www.jmac.org/projects/comics_ml/.
CML (Chemical Markup Language) An XML-BASED Comment A special part of computer code that is MARKUP LANGUAGE that describes chemistry formulas typically ignored by the computer and is intended and data. Details of CML can be found at http:// to explain the code to human readers in order to www.xml-cml.org/. improve its readability, maintenance and debug- ging. See also CSS COMMENT; DTD COMMENT; XML ColdFusion Markup Language See CFML. COMMENT.
Color property In CSS,oneoftheTEXT PROPERTIES. There are four ways of specifying the value of the
24 Constraining facet
Comment Content information Properties item Parent
Figure C.9 The comment information item and its properties.
The
Comment information item One of the 11 types Complex type In an XML SCHEMA,anELEMENT is a of INFORMATION ITEMS in the INFORMATION SET.Justlike complex type if it can contain other elements and/ the others, it is an abstract description of a or ATTRIBUTES. There are four basic kinds of com- STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT.This plex type element: (1) elements that contain only description is intended for use in other XML- other elements; (2) elements that contain only related specifications, which need to conform to CHARACTER DATA; (3) elements that contain both the information set. There is one comment infor- other elements and text; (4) EMPTY ELEMENTS.Acom- mation item in the information set for each XML plex type can be defined in an XML SCHEMA using COMMENT in the document’s CHARACTER DATA or within COMPLEX TYPE DEFINITION. Contrast SIMPLE TYPE. a CDATA SECTION. This information item has two properties, as shown in Figure C.9. For more Complex type definition An XML SCHEMA details, see http://www.w3.org/TR/xml- COMPONENT that is a definition of an ELEMENT of a infoset/. COMPLEX TYPE using a special XML schema element called “complexType”. Its QUALIFIED NAME can be Comment node One of seven NODE TYPES of XPATH either “xs:complexType” or “xsd:complexType”, DATA MODEL that represents an XML COMMENT. depending whether the XS NAMESPACE PREFIX or XSD NAMESPACE PREFIX is being used. Figure C.11 shows Comment property In RDF SCHEMA,therdfs:com- the complex type definition of the “Editor” ele- ment PROPERTY that is used to provide a human- ment, which specifies that the element can contain readable description of a RESOURCE,asshownin two other elements. Contrast SIMPLE TYPE DEFINITION. Figure C.10. Complex type element See COMPLEX TYPE. Commerce XML See CXML. complexType element A special ELEMENT of the Common Warehouse Metamodel See CWM. XML SCHEMA language that is used in COMPLEX TYPE DEFINITIONS for defining COMPLEX TYPES.Formore Communication protocol Asetofrulesand information, see COMPLEX TYPE DEFINITION. standards that regulates data transmission between computers. Complex type indicator See INDICATOR.
Complex element A term that is sometimes used Component model See WSDL COMPONENT MODEL. to refer to an ELEMENT of a COMPLEX TYPE. Constraining facet See FACET.
25 Construction rule
Element name
Construction rule A term that is sometimes used Context node In XPATH,thenodetheXSLT PROCESSOR to refer to a TEMPLATE. is currently working on. Also known as the “cur- rent node”. The context node defines the starting Container In RDF,acollectionofRESOURCES.There point for evaluation of a LOCATION PATH. are three different types of container: (1) BAG CONTAINER;(2)SEQUENCE CONTAINER;(3)ALTERNATIVE Contributor element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of CONTAINER. the DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
26 CSS box model
temporal durations characteristics of the RESOURCE. data; (5) CSS do not provide mechanisms for Note that “dc”istheNAMESPACE PREFIX of the DUBLIN transforming one XML document into another, or CORE NAMESPACE. into other popular formats. The current imple- mentations of the CSS technology include CSS1, CPExchange (Customer Profile Exchange) An CSS2 and CSS3.MoredetailsofCSSmaybeobtained XML-based standard for the privacy-enabled from http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/. See also exchange of customer profile information among CSS STYLE; CSS STYLE SHEET. enterprise applications and partners. More details about CPExchange can be obtained from http:// CSS1 (Cascading Style Sheets Level 1) A W3C www.cpexchange.org/. RECOMMENDATION that defines the first, elementary, level of CSS as a simple technology that allows the CPL (Call Processing Language) An XML-BASED author to define how the content of certain MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and controlling ELEMENTS of an XML DOCUMENT should be formatted Internet telephony services. More details about and displayed, including typeface, font size and CPL can be obtained from http:// color, margins and spacing. This technology was www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf- originally used for styling HTML documents and iptel-cpl-06.txt. does not use XML SYNTAX.ThisRECOMMENDATION is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS1/. CR (Candidate Recommendation) See W3C See also CSS; CSS2; CSS3. CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION. CSS2 (Cascading Style Sheets Level 2) A W3C Creator element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the RECOMMENDATION that defines the second, more DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
27 CSS comment
Border
Margin
Padding
Element’s Element’s content height
Element’s width Figure C.12 The CSS box model.
Forward slash Asterisk and and asterisk forward slash
/* Comments go here and can span multiple lines */
Comments Figure C.13 CSS comment syntax. in an invisible box surrounded by padding, bor- information, see http://www.w3.org/TR/css- ders and margins, as shown in Figure C.12. mobile/.
CSS comment A COMMENT that can be inserted CSS rule See CSS STYLE. into a CSS STYLE SHEET using the syntax shown in Figure C.13. CSS comments: (1) begin with (/*) CSS selector See SELECTOR. and end with (*/); (2) can appear anywhere within CSS code but not inside a CSS STYLE SHEET CSS style A CSS style (also sometimes called a REFERENCE;(3)canspanmultiplelines;(4)cannot CSS rule) is the main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of a CSS be NESTED. STYLE SHEET. It defines how the content of an XML DOCUMENT will be presented in a Web browser in CSS declaration A term sometimes used to refer terms of font size, color, placement and other to CSS STYLE SHEET REFERENCE. details. A CSS style consists of two parts, as shown in Figure C.14: (1) the selector is the part before CSS Mobile Profile A W3C SPECIFICATION that defines theleftbrace.Itspecifiesthenameofoneormore asubsetofCSS2 intended for use with mobile XML ELEMENTS that the style should be applied to; (2) devicessuchaswirelessphones.Formore the declaration is one of many structural con- structs within the braces made up of
28 CTML (Controlled Trade Markup Language)
Selector Declaration /* CSS comment: A sample style sheet */
Title elementName{property:value;} Basic { syntax font-size: 14pt; font-weight:bold; CSS display: block; style 1 Curly braces Colon Semicolon color:blue; }
Two selectors Editor { CSS font-weight:bold; style 2 display: block; Title, Author } Curly { braces font-size: 14pt; Example Pages, Price Four font-weight:bold; { CSS declarations display: block; display: none; style 3 color:blue; } Curly } braces Figure C.15 An example of a CSS style sheet. Semicolon
Figure C.14 The anatomy of a CSS style. layout (background, borders, margins). See Figure C.15. See also GROUPING SELECTORS; HIDING ELEMENTS. property–value pairs. A CSS declaration defines how the chosen element should be displayed. CSS style sheet reference A special PROCESSING A property is one of many available display INSTRUCTION inserted into an XML DOCUMENT in order properties of the selected XML elements, and each to attach a CSS STYLE SHEET to this document. It propertycantakeanappropriatevalue.Ifmore includes two attributes: (1) the type attribute that that one declaration is used, each property–value specifies the MIME type of the style sheet; (2) the pair must end with a semicolon. See also GROUPING href attribute that defines the name of a CSS file SELECTORS; HIDING ELEMENTS. to attach. See Figure C.16. See also ASSOCIATING STYLE SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS; CSS STYLE SHEET. CSS style sheet A CSS style sheet is a list made up of several CSS STYLES that defines how XML data CSS text properties See TEXT PROPERTIES. will be formatted and displayed, including text appearance (formatting, size, color) and page CTML (Controlled Trade Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing an
XML declaration The name of CSS file CSS reference
Reserved The "type" The "href" word attribute attribute Figure C.16 An example of a CSS file reference in an XML document.
29 Current node
international collection of business documents CWM (Common Warehouse Metamodel) An (such as trade applications or delivery verification XML-based metadata standard that describes certificates) by means of the extension and expan- metadata interchange among data warehousing, sion of an existing XML vocabulary. More infor- business intelligence, knowledge management and mation about CTML is available at http:// portal technologies. Details of CWM can be found www.oasis-open.org/committees/controlled- at http://www.omg.org/cwm/. trade/documents/vocabulary/ CTML_Vocabulary.pdf. cXML (Commerce XML) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging business transaction Current node See CONTEXT NODE. informationincommonformatsovertheInternet. More information about cXML is available at Custom XML vocabulary See VOCABULARY. http://www.cxml.org/.
Customer Profile Exchange See CPEXCHANGE.
30 D
daliML (Data Link for Intermediaries Markup DAML-S (DAML-based Web Service Ontology) Language) An XML-based protocol for the An ONTOLOGY and semantic MARKUP for describing exchange of withholding and payment informa- WEB SERVICES that is based on DAML and is built on tion. For more details, see the information at top of DAML+OIL.Itisintendedtosupporttoolsand http://www.dali1441.com/dali/ INTELLIGENT AGENT technology to enable automation dalihome.nsf/daliML?openframeset. of services on the SEMANTIC WEB. More details about DAML-S can be obtained from http:// DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language) Alan- www.daml.org/services/. guage for expressing ONTOLOGIES that extends RDF. The latest version of DAML incorporates OIL and is DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects called DAML+OIL.DAML+OILformsthebasisofOWL Agency) The central research and development andareexpectedtobesupersededbyit.Detailsof organization for the Department of Defense, USA. DAML can be found at http://www.daml.org/. DARPA is developing DAML.DetailsofDARPAare available at http://www.darpa.mil/. DAML-based Web Service Ontology See DAML-S. DARPA Agent Markup Language See DAML. DAML+OIL (DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology Inference Layer) Asemanticmarkup DARPA Agent Markup Language + Ontology language for Web RESOURCES that extends RDF and Inference Layer See DAML+OIL. RDF SCHEMA with richer modeling primitives. It was built from the original DAML ontology language, Data Definition Markup Language See DDML. DAML-ONT, with the inclusion of many components of OIL. Currently DAML+OIL is being superseded Data interoperability See INTEROPERABILITY. by OWL. Details of DAML+OIL are available at http://www.daml.org/language/ and http:// Data Link for Intermediaries Markup Language www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference/. See DALIML.
DAML-ONT (DAML Ontology) The original DAML Data model A fundamental concept of the devel- ontology language that was replaced by DAML+OIL. opment of information systems (especially com- For more details, see the information at http:// puter databases) utilized by many members of the www.daml.org/2000/10/daml-ont.html. XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES,suchasXML, RDF or WSDL. Generally,adatamodelisanabstractstructure DAML Ontology See DAML-ONT. that specifies types of its STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS and
31 Data type
also types of relationships between them. The asshowninFigureD.1.Contrast OBJECT PROPERTY. data model of an XML DOCUMENT can have a variety See also LITERAL CLASS; OWL VOCABULARY. of (slightly) different representations, such as an INFORMATION SET, XML SCHEMA, DTD, XPATH, XML DOM, SAX Datatypes for DTDs See DT4DTD. etc. The data model of a particular class of XML DOCUMENT (also known as DOCUMENT TYPE)isformally Date data type In an XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that is defined in an XML SCHEMA or a DTD and consists of used for specifying a value that is a date,as shown the allowable ELEMENT NAMES and ATTRIBUTE NAMES and in Figure D.2. optional structural and occurrence constrains. Date element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the DUBLIN Data type In programming, a definition of the CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
Basicmodel
datatypeProperty Resource Value
Example yearValue PublicationYear Number
XML element Property name name The
32 Default namespace
Year Day Basic CCYY-MM-DD pattern Century Month
Element Date name data type Element declaration in
The “type” attribute
Date Element appearance
33 Default value
Element name Declaration of the default
34 Derived type
Element declaration in XML schema:
Element Element Element name data type default content
Element
Element default content (value)
Attribute declaration in XML schema:
Attribute Attribute Attribute name data type default value
Attribute default value
Figure D.4 Default values of elements and attributes.
The place of the definitions component in the WSDL component model
Definitions component
WSDL Type system components components
An example of the XML representation of a definitions component
35 Derived type
XML declaration The value of the “name” attribute Start
Element Delimiter content Delimiter
Element and
Element
Delimiter Delimiter Delimiter Delimiter
Start and
Start tag End tag
Delimiters
Attribute
Attribute value
Delimiters
Special
Special symbol
Delimiter Delimiter
Empty element Figure D.7 Different types of delimiters.
36 Directed labeled graph
Dialogue Moves Markup Language See DMML.
The context node OWL (the current node) Different From statement In , a statement Node that indicates that an INDIVIDUAL is different from tree Nodes selected other individuals. In the example shown in Figure using the D.10, a person known as “George W. Bush” is “descendant” axis stated to be different from “George Bush”. See also ALL DIFFERENT STATEMENT; SAME AS STATEMENT; OWL VOCABULARY. Location step DIG35 See DIG35 METADATA SPECIFICATION. descendant::book_title Example DIG35 Metadata Specification An XML-based Axis Node test metadata standard for the imaging industry devel- Double oped by the Digital Imaging Group (DIG). It colon describes additional information about images to Figure D.8 The “descendant” axis. make them rich, completely self-contained sources of information. More details is available at http:/ /www.i3a.org/i_dig35.html.
Descendant In XPATH,aCHILD of the CONTEXT NODE,or Digital Signature See XML SIGNATURE. achildofachild,andsoon.See also DESCENDANT AXIS. Directed labeled graph See RDF DATA MODEL. descendant axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects the CHILDREN of the CONTEXT NODE, the children of chil- The context node (the current node) dren (i.e. “grandchildren” of the context node), and so on. The descendant axis never contains ATTRIBUTE NODES or NAMESPACE NODES.SeeFigureD.8.
XPATH AXIS descendant-or-self axis In ,an that Nodes selected selects the same NODES as the DESCENDANT AXIS and Node using the tree also the CONTEXT NODE itself. See Figure D.9. “descendant-or- self” axis
Description In RDF,acollectionofSTATEMENTS about a RESOURCE. See also RDF:DESCRIPTION ELEMENT.
Description element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of Location step the DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
37 Directory Services Markup Language
Individual 1
The “different
Directory Services Markup Language See DSML. Discovery of Web Services See DISCO.
Directory XML See DIRXML. Disjoint classes In OWL,aCLASS is said to be dis- joint with another class if the two classes have no DirXML (Directory XML) XML-based directory common INSTANCES. In the example shown in Figure interchange software for keeping different directo- D.11,the“Dog”classisdefinedasaSUBCLASS of the ries synchronized. DirXML enables the universal “Pet” class that is disjoint with the “Cat” class flow of information across the different systems and the “Rabbit” class. The owl:disjointWith andapplicationswithinanenterpriseandpartner ELEMENT is a means of defining disjoint classes. See systems. More information is available at http:// also OWL VOCABULARY. www.novell.com/products/edirectory/dirxml/. Display property In CSS, a property for speci- DISCO (Discovery of Web Services) An XML-BASED fying how and whether the content of an XML MARKUP LANGUAGE for publishing and discovering WEB ELEMENT will be displayed in the browser window. SERVICES, developed by Microsoft. Using DISCO, the The most common values of the Display property information about Web services can be embedded are: (1) display:block; – the element data will in web documents and then recovered by an be displayed like a new paragraph, that is with a INTELLIGENT AGENT. More information can be found at line break placed before and after it; (2) dis- http://uddi.microsoft.com/. play:inline; – the element data will be
Pet
Cat Dog
Rabbit
XML element Class name name Superclass name
38 DOCTYPE declaration (Document Type Declaration)
displayed directly after the preceding element, multimodal dialog systems. For more details, see with no line breaks. This is the default value of the http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~radev/publi- Display property; (3) display:none; – the speci- cation/aisb.ps. fied XML element will not be displayed at all. DocBook (Documentation Book) An XML/ DLF (Defense Logistics Format) An XML-BASED SGML-based markup language for describing MARKUP LANGUAGE for the interchange of defense books and papers about computer hardware and logistics forms. More details about DLF are avail- software. More information is available at http:/ able at http://www.milpac.com/specs/. /www.oasis-open.org/committees/docbook/.
DLG (Directed labeled graph) See RDF DATA MODEL. DOCTYPE declaration (Document Type Decla- ration) A special PROCESSING INSTRUCTION embedded DLML (Description Logic Markup Language) within the PROLOG of an XML DOCUMENT in order to An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for encoding descrip- associate an EXTERNAL DTD with the document. Note tion logic expressions. Details of DLML can be that the term “Document Type Declaration” is found at http://co4.inrialpes.fr/xml/dlml/. always abbreviated to DOCTYPE, not to its proper acronym, to avoid confusion with DTD (Document DML (Dynamic Markup Language) An XML-BASED Type Definition). The DOCTYPE declaration is MARKUP LANGUAGE for object based graphics con- used to attach a DTD to an XML file. struction and the development of user interfaces. A DOCTYPE declaration can be constructed in More information about DML is available at two different ways, as shown in Figure D.12: (1) http://www.rocklyte.com/dml/. using the SYSTEM keyword in order to explicitly define the Internet location of the DTD; or (2) DMML (Dialogue Moves Markup Language) An using the PUBLIC keyword to indicate that the XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for interacting with DTD is a publicly available (usually corporate)
The “DOCTYPE” The “SYSTEM” keyword keyword Using the “SYSTEM” keyword
The URL of the DTD file
Root element’s (document element’s) name
The “DOCTYPE” The “PUBLIC” keyword keyword Primary (PUBLIC) location keyword
Secondary (SYSTEM) location Figure D.12 Writing a DOCTYPE declaration using “SYSTEM” and “PUBLIC” keywords.
39 Document
standard. In both cases, the name of the ROOT Document information item One of the 11 types ELEMENT (alsocalledtheDOCUMENT ELEMENT)mustbe of INFORMATION ITEM.Likeallofthem,itisan specified and this associates a DTD with all chil- abstract description of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an dren of this element (i.e. with the entire XML XML DOCUMENT. This description is intended for use DOCUMENT). Note that the DOCTYPE declaration in other XML-related specifications, which need can also contain an INTERNAL DTD within itself (i.e. to conform to the INFORMATION SET.Thereisoneand as part of the XML document). only one document information item in the infor- mation set and all other information items are Document A structured unit of recorded infor- accessible from its property. The document infor- mation (in electronic form or hard copy) that is mation item has nine properties, as shown in managed as a discrete item in information Figure D.13. For more details, see http:// systems. www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/.
Document Content Description See DCD. Document instance An individual XML DOCUMENT in relation to the DOCUMENT TYPE to which it belongs, Document Definition Markup Language See and which is specified in a particular SCHEMA.Also DDML. knownasan“instancedocument”.
Document element An official term for the ROOT Document Object Model See DOM. ELEMENT. Document order In XPATH,asetofrulesthat Document entity Atermusedtorefertothe define the occurrence ordering of NODE in an XML DOCUMENT ROOT. DOCUMENT. Some of these rules are: (1) the ROOT NODE is the first node; (2) ELEMENT NODES occur before Document fragment See FRAGMENT. their CHILDREN;(3)theATTRIBUTE NODES and NAMESPACE NODES of an ELEMENT occur before the children of Document fragment body See FRAGMENT BODY. the element; (4) the namespace nodes occur before the attribute nodes.
Children
Document element Notations
Unparsed entities
Document Base URI information Properties item Character encoding scheme
Standalone
Version
All declarations processed
Figure D.13 The document information item and its properties.
40 documentation element
System identifier
Document type Public identifier declaration Properties information item Children Parent
Figure D.14 The document type declaration information item and its properties.
Document parts See XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS. Document type AgroupofXML DOCUMENTS that share a common XML VOCABULARY defined in a Document root The top-level node in the SCHEMA or DTD. abstract XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE(also known as the document entity) that contains three XML DOCUMENT Document Type Declaration See DOCTYPE SECTIONS:(1)anoptionalPROLOG;(2)BODY,which DECLARATION. contains the ROOT ELEMENT (also known as the docu- ment element); and (3) an optional EPILOG.The Document Type Declaration information item document root should not be confused with the One of the 11 types of INFORMATION ITEM in the ROOT ELEMENT (also known as the document ele- INFORMATION SET.Likeallofthem,itisanabstract ment). The document root is the starting point for description of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML an XML PARSER. Since it has no name, it cannot be DOCUMENT. This description is intended for use in referenced. See Figure X.17 at the XML DOCUMENT other XML-related specifications, which need to STRUCTURE entry. conform to the information set. If the XML docu- ment contains a DTD,thereisasingledocument Document Schema Definition Languages See type declaration information item in the informa- DSDL. tion set. This information item has four proper- ties, as shown in Figure D.14. For more details, see Document structure See XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE; http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. HIERARCHICAL TREE; XML DOCUMENT; XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS. Document Type Definition See DTD. Document Structure Description See DSD. Documentation Book See DOCBOOK. Document Style Semantics and Specification Language See DSSSL. documentation element A special ELEMENT of the XML SCHEMA language used for inserting COMMENTS Document tree See XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE. into an XML schema. This element must be a CHILD ELEMENT of the ANNOTATION ELEMENT,asshownin Figure D.15.
41 DOM (Document Object Model)
DOM (Document Object Model) Aprogram- DSDL (Document Schema Definition Lan- minginterfacethatallowsprogramsandscriptsto guages) An XML-based framework that allows dynamically assess and manipulate the content multiple validation tasks and technologies to be and structure of HTML, XML and other documents. applied to an XML document to achieve more More details about DOM can be found at http:// complete validation results. More details about www.w3.org/DOM/. See also XML DOM. DSDL are available at http://www.dsdl.org/.
DOM API See API; DOM; XML DOM. DSig See XML DIGITAL SIGNATURE
Domain Aparticularareaofactivityorinterest, DSML (Directory Services Markup Language) especially one that a particular company, organi- An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for expressing com- zation or person deals with. XML allows anyone to puter network directory queries and updates in a create custom XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES for common format shared by different directory sys- describing their specific domain, such as the Holy tems. See http://www.dsml.org/ for more Scriptures or beer production. details.
Domain property In RDF SCHEMA,therdfs:domain DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specifi- PROPERTY is a property that is used to state that any cation Language) A standard for the processing RESOURCE that has a given property is an INSTANCE of of SGML documents, especially for their visual one or more CLASSES. In the example shown in presentation and also transformation. More infor- Figure D.16, the domain of the “age” property is mation about DSSSL is available at http:// the “dog” class. www.jclark.com/dsssl/.
DOM tree See DOM; XML DOM. DT4DTD (Datatypes for DTDs) One of the early SCHEMA language proposals that led to the current Dot NET Framework See .NET FRAMEWORK. XML SCHEMA language. See http://www.w3.org/TR/ dt4dtd/ for more information. See also DDML; SOX; DSD (Document Structure Description) A XML-DATA. SCHEMA language for XML that may be seen as a less complex alternative to XML SCHEMA.Itiswritten dtd The FILENAME EXTENSION of a DTD (Document in XML SYNTAX and has some further features that Type Definition) file; for example “Catalog.dtd”. are not available in XML schema. More details about DSD can be obtained from http:// DTD (Document Type Definition) In XML or SGML, www.brics.dk/DSD/. See also RELAX; RELAX NG; a set of declarations that describe the components SCHEMATRON; TREX. andstructureofaclassofdocuments(DOCUMENT TYPE) or a specific document. A DTD for XML Property allows authors to declare the ELEMENTS and name ATTRIBUTES of an XML DOCUMENT andalsotodefine
42 Dublin Core Metadata Standard
Opening angle bracket, exclamation mark, and Two hyphens and two hyphens DTD comment text closing angle bracket
Figure D.17 The basic syntax for DTD comments.
XML document that complies with its associated DTD is called a VALID XML DOCUMENT. Opening Closing delimiter delimiter DTDs are also used for describing common XML VOCABULARIES in order to enable their sharing between many companies and organizations. The DTD for XML is specified in Sections 3 and 4 of Reserved Any number XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION the ,whichisavailableat word of parameters http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml. See also SCHEMA; Figure D.18 The syntax of a DTD declaration. XML SCHEMA.
DTD comment ADTDdocumentcanbecom- broad range of purposes and business models. mented using the syntax shown in Figure D.17. A Dublin Core is primarily intended for use with DTD comment: (1) cannot contain a double RDF. The DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET is a stan- hyphen (--); (2) cannot be placed inside another dard set of 15 ELEMENTS for cross-domain descrip- DTD comment (i.e. cannot be NESTED). tion of generalized Web RESOURCE. Notethattheinitiativetakesitsnamefroma DTD declaration The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of workshop on metadata semantics that took place a DTD. A DTD declaration is a statement used to in 1995 in Dublin, Ohio, USA. More details are specify ELEMENT NAMES, ELEMENT CONTENT, ELEMENT available at http://dublincore.org/. ATTRIBUTES, and other structural constructs of a particular type of XML DOCUMENT.Thebasicsyntax Dublin Core Metadata Element Set Astandard of a DTD declaration is shown in Figure D.18. set of 15 ELEMENTS for cross-domain description of Four basic keywords: (1) the “ELEMENT” key- generalized Web RESOURCES as well as any other word used in the ELEMENT TYPE DECLARATION for documents and resources: (1) TITLE ELEMENT;(2) declaring ELEMENTS; (2) the “ATTLIST” keyword CREATOR ELEMENT;(3)SUBJECT ELEMENT;(4)DESCRIPTION used in the ATTLIST DECLARATION for declaring ELEMENT;(5)PUBLISHER ELEMENT;(6)CONTRIBUTOR ELEMENT; ATTRIBUTES; (3) the “ENTITY” keyword used for (7) DATE ELEMENT;(8)TYPE ELEMENT;(9)FORMAT ELEMENT; declaring ENTITIES; and (4) the “NOTATION” key- (10) IDENTIFIER ELEMENT; (11) SOURCE ELEMENT; (12) word used to declare external NON-TEXT DATA. LANGUAGE ELEMENT; (13) RELATION ELEMENT; (14) COVERAGE ELEMENT; (15) RIGHTS ELEMENT.AlsoknownasDCMES DTD-less XML document The term “DTD-less” is and DCES (Dublin Core Element Set). For more sometimes used to refer to an XML DOCUMENT that is information, see http://www.dublincore.org/ used without a DTD or SCHEMA. A DTD-less docu- documents/dces/. ment must be a WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. Dublin Core Metadata Initiative See DUBLIN CORE. Dublin Core (The Dublin Core Metadata Initia- tive) An open forum engaged in developing Dublin Core Metadata Standard Atermthatis interoperable online METADATA standards and spe- sometimes used to refer to the DUBLIN CORE METADATA cialized metadata vocabularies that support a ELEMENT SET. See also DUBLIN CORE.
43 Dublin Core namespace
Namespace NAMESPACE Namespace Dublin Core namespace The of the prefix name DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.TheNAMESPACE DECLARATION of this namespace is shown in Figure xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core#" D.19. Note that the NAMESPACE PREFIX is “dc”. See also DUBLIN CORE . Globally unique URI DML Dynamic Markup Language See . Figure D.19 The declaring of the Dublin Core namespace.
44 E
Earth Science Markup Language See ESML. Ecological Metadata Language See EML.
EBNF (Extended Backus–Naur Form) Aformal e-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) Aterm notation used to define XML 1.0 in a precise and that refers to buying and selling on the Internet. concise manner. See also XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. Oftenthistermisusedinterchangeablywiththe term E-BUSINESS. e-Business (Electronic Business) Atermusedto refer to conducting business on the Internet that eCX (Electronic Catalog XML) An XML-BASED includes not only buying and selling (i.e. E- MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging product informa- COMMERCE), but also collaborating with other busi- tion and catalog structure between different cat- ness partners and servicing customers. However, alog systems. More details about eCX can be the terms “e-Business” and “e-Commerce” are obtained from http://www.ecx-xml.org/. often used interchangeably. Edge Side Includes See ESI. ebXML (Electronic Business XML) Astandard framework and a set of specifications that are EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) Astandard intended to facilitate open and global business for exchanging business data between two compa- transactions using XML. It enables enterprises of nies via the Internet or telephone lines. The tradi- any size and in any geographical location to con- tional EDI uses complicated and expensive data duct business with each other through the formats and networks. XML complements EDI exchange of XML-based messages. More details of because it can be used to exchange business-to- ebXML may be obtained from http:// business information in a more effective and inex- www.ebxml.org/. pensive manner. An XML DOCUMENT can be easily transformedintoEDIusinganXSLT STYLE SHEET and ECML (Electronic Commerce Modeling Lan- an XSLT PROCESSOR,asshowninFigureE.1. guage) An XML-based specification for describing and exchanging payment transaction EFS (Electronic Form System) An XML-BASED information for both electronic wallets and B2B MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing electronic forms paymenttypes,suchascreditcard,electronic and surveys. More information is available at check, mobile phone and PDA payments. More http://www.electronicform.org/efs.html. details of ECML may be obtained from http:// rfc3505.x42.com/.
45 e-GIF (electronic-Government Interoperability Framework)
Start tag End tag
XML
Content
XSLT XSLT Element name stylesheet processor
EDI Angle brackets Forward slash Figure E.2 The anatomy of a non-empty XML element. Figure E.1 Transforming XML into EDI.
Electronic Commerce Modeling Language See e-GIF (electronic-Government Interoperability ECML. Framework) An XML-based framework that sets out the UK e-government’s technical standards for Electronic Data Interchange See EDI. achieving interoperability and information sys- tems coherence across the public sector. Details of Electronic Form System See EFS. e-GIF are available at http:// www.govtalk.gov.uk/schemasstandards/ Electronic government See E-GOVERNMENT. egif.asp. Element The main building block of an XML e-Government A term that refers to the delivery DOCUMENT. A typical non-empty element is com- of local government service through electronic posed of the START TAG (alsocalledtheopeningtag, means, especially over the Internet. open tag, beginning tag, or starting-tag), the END TAG (alsocalledtheclosingtag,closetagorending e-Government Interoperability Framework See tag) and the ELEMENT CONTENT, enclosed within this E-GIF. pair of tags, as shown in Figure E.2. Each element can be identified by ELEMENT NAME (sometimes also Election Markup Language See EML. called its GENERIC IDENTIFIER)andmayhaveoneor more ATTRIBUTES. See also EMPTY ELEMENT. Electronic Business See E-BUSINESS. Element attribute Atermusedtorefertoan Electronic Business XML See EBXML. ATTRIBUTE of an ELEMENT.
Electronic Catalog XML See ECX. Element content Anydataplacedbetweenthe START TAG and the END TAG of an ELEMENT.Elementcon- Electronic Commerce See E-COMMERCE. tent may include (1) other elements; (2) CHARACTER DATA;(3)CHARACTER REFERENCES;(4)ENTITY REFERENCES; (5) XML COMMENTS;(6)PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS;(7)
46 Element name
The content of the CONSTRUCT XML DOCUMENT “Name” element of an . This description is intended for use in other XML-related specifica-
The name of the XML schema The “name” The “type” element attribute attribute The “xs:element” element of the
The “minOccurs” The “maxOccurs” attribute attribute
Element Element Prefix Keyword name Keyword data type The declaration of the name and
Keyword Keyword
Figure E.4 An example of an element declaration.
47 Element node
Namespace name
Local name
Prefix
Children
Element Attributes information Properties item Namespace attributes
In-scope namespaces
Base URI
Parent
Figure E.5 The element information item and its properties.
Element name Element name Element node One of the seven NODE TYPES of the XPATH DATA MODEL. An element note represents an
48 Empty element
The “ELEMENT” keyword Parameter Basic syntax with the “content_category” parameter
Element name Keyword
Any content No content Examples
The “ELEMENT” keyword Parameter Basic syntax with the “content_model” parameter
Parameter
Text-only content Element-only content Mixed content Examples
Figure E.7 Two different forms of the element type declaration. schema defines an element not as one single empty-element tag, in which the START TAG and END instance, but as a class of elements that can have TAG arecombinedintoasingletagandtheforward many instances. slash is placed just before the (>) sign at the end ofthetag,asshowninFigureE.8.(2)Type2uses Embedded metadata AtypeofMETADATA that is a start tag immediately followed by an end tag. stored and maintained within the object it The difference between these two equally legal describes. Contrast STANDALONE METADATA. types of empty element is as follows: Type 1 is a “proper” empty element that will never have any EML (Ecological Metadata Language) An XML- element content. In the case of Type 2, it is BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the ecology discipline. Details of EML are available at http:// Opening angle Forward slash and bracket closing angle bracket knb.ecoinformatics.org/software/eml/.
49 Empty element declaration
Empty element declaration in XMLschema: Element name Attribute
Empty element appearance in XML document:
Element Attribute Empty element tag name closing delimiter Figure E.9 Empty element declaration.
supposed that the element is empty at the Encryption The process of encoding data to pre- moment, but later some content might be entered vent unauthorized access, especially during between its tags. The use of the empty element transmission. syntax allows developers to distinguish between elements that they do not need to worry about End tag A TAG that is used as a DELIMITER to show because they are empty by definition and ele- the end of an ELEMENT and the ELEMENT CONTENT.It ments that may require content data to be entered. consists of a forward slash followed by an ELEMENT NAME,enclosedwithinANGLE BRACKETS,asshownin Empty element declaration In an XML SCHEMA,an Figure E.11. In XML, each START TAG (except the ELEMENT DECLARATION used to declare an EMPTY ELEMENT. EMPTY-ELEMENT TAG)musthaveamatchingendtag This is a normal element declaration of the that has the same element name. The end tag is COMPLEX TYPE with one or more (or none) ATTRIBUTES. also called the closing tag, close tag or ending tag. Since an ELEMENT declared in this way may not have Contrast START TAG. any ELEMENT CONTENT, the element is an empty ele- ment. See Figure E.9. Ending resource See TRAVERSAL.
Empty-element tag See EMPTY ELEMENT. Ending tag See END TAG.
Encoding attribute An optional property of an Enterprise XML A term that sometimes refers to XML DECLARATION that specifies the character- the implementation of XML in enterprise applica- encoding method. The default encoding value tions such as e-commerce, data warehousing, (that XML processors use if this attribute is databases, and data retrieval. For more details see, omitted) is the UTF-8 character set. Some other for example, http://www.elsevier-interna- possible values are shown in Figure E.10. See also tional.com/catalogue/ IANA CHARACTER SET NAMES; STANDALONE ATTRIBUTE; VERSION title.cfm?ISBN=012663355X. ATTRIBUTE; XML DOCUMENT. Entity A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT, an SGML document or a DTD. Generally, it is a
50 Entity reference
XML declaration
Version Encoding Standalone attribute attribute attribute
VALUE DESCRIPTION UTF-8 Compressed Unicode (the XML default) UTF-16 Compressed UCS (Universal Character System) (provides some support for non-English characters) ISO-8859-1 Latin-1: Western European languages ISO-8859-2 Latin-2: Eastern European languages ISO-8859-3 Latin-3: Southern European languages ISO-8859-4 Latin-4: Northern European languages ISO-8859-5 Cyrillic: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian etc. ISO-8859-6 Arabic ISO-8859-7 Greek ISO-8859-8 Hebrew ISO-2022-JP Japanese
Figure E.10 The encoding attribute and some of its possible values.
Start tag End tag characters (called entity content). In XML and DTDs, entities provide a mechanism that enables
51 enumeration facet
Entities
General Parameter entities entities
Internal External Internal External general general parameter parameter entities entities entities entities
External External parsed unparsed entities entities
Entities used in XML documents Entities used only within DTDs Figure E.12 Types of entity used in DTDs.
declared ENTITY on this document. Entity refer- “Summer”, and “Autumn” for the “Season” ences can be used for (1) inserting STRING LITERALS attribute. Fore more details, see FACET. of any size into ELEMENT CONTENT or (2) ATTRIBUTE VALUES; and (3) offering easy to remember alterna- env:Body element See BODY. tives to CHARACTER REFERENCES.InXML,allentities must be declared in a DTD or XML SCHEMA before env:Envelope element See ENVELOPE. being used, with the exception of five built-in entity references for representing SPECIAL SYMBOLS. env:Fault element See FAULT ELEMENT. Note that an entity reference is used in much the same way as a macro. See Figure E.13. env:Header element See HEADER. enumeration facet In an XML SCHEMA,aFACET that Envelope ArequiredSTRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of restricts a simple data type by assigning a set of the SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE that is the ROOT ELEMENT acceptable values, such as “Winter”, “Spring”, of a SOAP document.Itisusedtoidentifythe
Entity reference
Basic &name; syntax
Ampersand Semicolon
Entity name Replacement symbol
© © Examples &SVL; Springer-Verlag London
Entity reference Replacement text Figure E.13 Entity reference.
52 Equation of State Markup Language
Namespace
XML DOCUMENT as a SOAP MESSAGE andtodeclarethe Epilog One of three XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONSthat may NAMESPACE of SOAP. All other ELEMENTS of a soap consist of (1) XML COMMENTS;(2)PROCESSING message are CHILDREN of the “Envelope” element. INSTRUCTIONS;and(3)WHITE SPACE. A epilog is an SeeFigureE.14. optional part of an XML DOCUMENT. See Figure E.15. See also PROLOG; BODY. Envelope element See ENVELOPE. EPP (Extensible Provisioning Protocol) An eosML (Equation of State Markup Language) XML-based protocol that allows multiple service An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing fluid providers to perform object provisioning opera- system properties using compositional equation tionsusingasharedcentralobjectrepository. of state (EOS) models. More details are available Details of EPP are available at http:// at http://www.posc.org/ebiz/eosML/. www.verisign.com/developer/xml/epp.html.
Equation of State Markup Language See EOSML.
Prolog
Body
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) Comments (2) Processing instructions Epilog (3) White space
Figure E.15 The epilog as a section of an XML document.
53 Equivalent class
Name of Class 1 Name of Class 2
Equivalent class In OWL,aCLASS is said to be Event-based parsing A data-centric method of equivalent to another class if the two classes have parsing XML DOCUMENTS that is employed in EVENT- the same INSTANCES. In the example shown in Figure DRIVEN PARSERS. E.16, the “Car” class in defined to be the equiva- lent class to the “Automobile” class using the Event-driven parser An XML PARSER that processes owl:equivalentClass ELEMENT. See also OWL XML data sequentially, handling components one VOCABULARY. at a time. It uses an event-based method of parsing in which an event is fired whenever an XML ELEMENT ESI (Edge Side Includes) An XML-BASED MARKUP is encountered. This method is not memory-inten- LANGUAGE for defining Web page components for siveandisthususefulforprocessinglargedocu- dynamic assembly and delivery of Web applica- ments. SAX is the best-known example of an API for tions at the edge of the Internet. More details event-driven parsers. Note that an event-driven about ESI are available at http://www.edge- parser can be either a VALIDATING PARSER or a NON- delivery.org/. VALIDATING PARSER. Contrast TREE-BASED PARSER.
ESML (Earth Science Markup Language) An Exchangeable Faceted Metadata Language See XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging informa- XFML. tion within the Earth science community. See http://esml.itsc.uah.edu/ for more details. Exchangeable Routing Language See XRL.
Event-based parser See EVENT-DRIVEN PARSER. Expanded name In XPATH,thenameofaNODE that is modeled as a pair consisting of a local part and a (possibly null) namespace URI, as shown in
Qualified (prefixed) name Namespace of element name (a URI)
Element with
Local part Namespace of element name prefix
http://www.springer.de/spc/:book Expanded name of the element Namespace Local part name (a URI) of element name Figure E.17 An example of an expanded name.
54 Extensible Communications Protocol
Figure E.17. Note that instead of using the “extended” ATTRIBUTE VALUE and therefore can be NAMESPACE PREFIX, an expanded name uses the used as a PARENT ELEMENT for other elements that NAMESPACE NAME (i.e. namespace URI). Also called specifies an EXTENDED LINK. For more details, see “expanded-name”. EXTENDED LINK; TYPE ATTRIBUTE.
Expanded-name See EXPANDED NAME. Extensibility A term that refers to the ability of XML to provide SYNTAX for creating XML-BASED MARKUP Exploration and Mining Markup Language See LANGUAGES instead of defining the actual tags. It XMML. is intended to stress that fact that anyone can “extend” XML by creating their own languages, Expression The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of XPATH. specifically tailored for their businesses, TherearetwotypesofXPathexpression:(1) domains, and purposes. Note that there is some ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION;(2)RELATIVE EXPRESSION.Anexpres- contradiction in the use of this term. Since the sioncanreturnoneoffourDATA TYPES: NODE SET, XML SYNTAX, as defined in the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION, STRING,Booleanornumber.Themostimportant can be extended or changed only by the W3C,XML kind of expression is the LOCATION PATH that returns is, strictly speaking, a METALANGUAGE for creating a NODE SET. and describing extensible XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES. Extended link In XLINK,atypeofLINK that pro- vides full XLink functionality, such as INBOUND Extensible See EXTENSIBILITY. ARCS and THIRD-PARTY ARCS. It also can have an arbitrary number of PARTICIPATING RESOURCES in any Extensible 3D See X3D. combination of REMOTE RESOURCES and LOCAL RESOURCES.AnyELEMENT of an XML DOCUMENT can be Extensible Access Control Markup Language used as a container element for an extended link See XACML. after adding the “xlink:type” ATTRIBUTE with the ATTRIBUTE VALUE “extended”. In the example shown in Extensible Address Language See XAL. Figure E.18, an extended link is an ARC between two RESOURCES specified by their LOCATORS.Thisarc Extensible Business Reporting Language See connects a particular book to the biography of its XBRL. author. Contrast SIMPLE LINK. Extensible Communications Protocol A Extended-type element In XLINK,theELEMENT of COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL that is based on XML and an XML DOCUMENT that has a TYPE ATTRIBUTE with the uses its SYNTAX. See SOAP; XML-RPC; XMP.
Element Attribute Attribute name name value
55 Extensible Customer Information Language
Extensible Customer Information Language Extensible Style Sheet Language See XSL. See XCIL. Extensible Style Sheet Language Family See Extensible Customer Relationships Language XSL. See XCRL. Extensible Style Sheet Language Extensible Data Format See XDF. Transformations See XSLT.
Extensible Forms Description Language See XFDL. Extensible Telephony Markup Language See XTML. Extensible Graphics Library See XGL. Extensible Virtual Reality Modeling Language Extensible Graph Markup and Modeling See X-VRML. Language See XGMML. Extension See FILENAME EXTENSION. Extensible Hypertext Markup Language See XHTML. External DTD A DTD orasubsetofaDTDthatis located in a separate file with the “dtd” FILENAME Extensible Inter-Nodes Constraint Markup EXTENSION andisassociatedwithanXML DOCUMENT Language See XINCAML. using a DOCTYPE DECLARATION.AnexternalDTDand an INTERNAL DTD can supplement each other. Note Extensible Linking Language See XLL. that the internal DTD has priority over the external DTD, meaning that its declarations will Extensible Markup Language See XML. override similar declarations of the external DTD. Also called “external subset”. Contrast INTERNAL DTD. Extensible Markup Language 1.1 See XML 1.1. External entity An ENTITY definedinanexternal Extensible Media Commerce Language See file. External entities can contain text, binary data XMCL. or CHARACTER DATA. Contrast INTERNAL ENTITY.
Extensible Metadata Platform See XMP. External general entity An ENTITY defined in a separate external document (i.e. outside of the XML Extensible Name and Address Language See DOCUMENT’s DTD)andusedinthebodyofanXML XNAL. document.
Extensible Name Language See XNL. External parameter entity An ENTITY defined in an external file and used exclusively within a DTD. Extensible Name Service See XNS. External subset One of two subsets into which a Extensible Provisioning Protocol See EPP. DTD may be divided. See EXTERNAL DTD.
Extensible Rights Markup Language See XRML. extref attribute In XFI,theATTRIBUTE of the FCS ELEMENT that specifies a URI reference to the Extensible Scientific Interchange Language external subset in a FRAGMENT CONTEXT SPECIFICATION. See XSIL.
56 F
f:fcs element See FCS ELEMENT. restricted. All elements that specify facets are CHILDREN of the xs:restriction element. The f:fragbody element See FRAGMENT CONTEXT example also shows how the four enumeration SPECIFICATION. facets specified in the XML schema provide pos- sible choices for the ELEMENT CONTENT of the Season Facet In an XML SCHEMA,arestrictiononaDATA TYPE element when using an IDE such as XMLSpy. that is used to control acceptable values for ELEMENTS and ATTRIBUTES.Therearetwotypesof Fallback element In XINCLUDE,theELEMENT that facet: (1) fundamental facets that cannot be provides a mechanism for recovering if RESOURCES omitted; (2) constraining facets that set optional are missing. This element must be a CHILD of the limits on the allowed values. Some of the most INCLUDE ELEMENT. useful facets: ENUMERATION FACET; LENGTH FACET; MAXLENGTH FACET; MINLENGTH FACET; PATTERN FACET. Fault element An optional STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of AsshowninFigureF.1,thebase attribute of a the SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE that provides informa- special xs:restriction element is used to tion about errors that occurred while processing specify the base data type that is going to be
Element name
The “base” attribute
Entering element content in XMLSpy
Figure F.1 The use of facets in an XML Schema and an IDE.
57 fcs
FCS document An acronym that is sometimes Financial Products Markup Language See FPML. used to refer to a FRAGMENT CONTEXT SPECIFICATION DOCUMENT. Financial Services Markup Language See FSML. fcs element In XFI,theROOT ELEMENT of a FRAGMENT FinXML (Financial Extensible Markup Lan- CONTEXT SPECIFICATION DOCUMENT.Itincludesthe guage) An XML-based framework for supporting NAMESPACE DECLARATION of the XFI NAMESPACE and some a single universal standard for the integration and other ATTRIBUTES. exchange of digital information in capital mar- kets. More details about FinXML can be obtained FieldML An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for speci- from http://www.finxml.org/. fying spatially and/or temporally varying quanti- ties in biological models in a form that is both First-Generation Web The current version of the computer and human readable. More details are Web, based on HTML,whichisgraduallyevolving available at http://www.physiome.org.nz/ into the Second-Generation Web, known as the sites/physiome/fieldml/pages/. SEMANTIC WEB. On the HTML-based Web, only humans were able to understand the content of File extension See FILENAME EXTENSION. Webdocumentsandtodealwiththem.Computers playedapassiveandinadequateroleinthispro- Filename extension In filenames, the group of cess. They had no real access to the content of a letters after the dot (period) in a filename that presentation because they were not able to under- indicates the type (or format) of the file. For stand the meaning of information on HTML Web example, if the filename is “Catalog.xml”, the pages. extension is “.xml”. Operating systems use file- name extensions to choose which application to fixed attribute In an XML SCHEMA,theATTRIBUTE of launch when a user clicks on a file. See Figure F.3. an ELEMENT DECLARATION or ATTRIBUTE DECLARATION that is
58 Fixed value
EXTENSION DOCUMENT TYPE EXAMPLES .biz BizTalk document Catalog.biz
.cml CML (Chemical Markup Language) Catalog.cml document .dcd DCD (Document Content Catalog.dcd Description)
.dtd DTD (Document Type Definition) Catalog.dtd .ent External entity Catalog.ent .fo XSL-FO document Catalog.fo .htm HTML document Catalog.htm .html Catalog.html .math MathML document Catalog.math .rdf RDF document Catalog.rdf .smil SMIL document Catalog.smil .svg SVG document Catalog.svg .vml VoiceXML document Catalog.vml .vxml Catalog.vxml .wml WML document Catalog.wml .xdr XDR (XML-Data Reduced) Schema Catalog.xdr .xhtml XHTML document Catalog.xhtml .xml XML document Catalog.xml .xsd XML Schema document Catalog.xsd .xsl XSL stylesheet Catalog.xsl .xslt XSLT document Catalog.xslt
Figure F.3 Main types of XML-related documents and their filename extensions. used for specifying the FIXED VALUE of the ELEMENT or 2.InanXML SCHEMA,thetext-onlyELEMENT CONTENT ATTRIBUTE. For more details, see FIXED VALUE. that is automatically assigned to the ELEMENT in an XML DOCUMENT in such a way that no other textual Fixed content See FIXED VALUE. content can be specified. A document with any other ELEMENT CONTENT will not be a VALID XML Fixed element content See FIXED VALUE. DOCUMENT.SeeFigureF.4. 3.InaDTD, the attribute value that is defined Fixed value 1.InanXML SCHEMA,theATTRIBUTE VALUE using the ATTLIST DECLARATION.InanXMLdocument that is automatically assigned to the ATTRIBUTE in an based on the DTD, this predefined value will be XML DOCUMENT in such a way that no other value can the only legal value for the attribute. A document be specified. A document with any other attribute with any other attribute value will not be a VALID value will not be a VALID XML DOCUMENT.SeeFigure XML DOCUMENT. F.4.
59 FIXML (Financial Information Exchange Markup Language)
Element declaration in XML schema:
Element Element Element fixed name data type content (value)
Element fixed content (value)
Attribute declaration in XML schema:
Attribute Attribute Attribute name data type fixed value
Attribute fixed value
Figure F.4 Fixed values of elements and attributes.
FIXML (Financial Information Exchange FO (Formatting Objects) See XSL-FO. Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the Financial Information Exchange (FIX) Pro- fo:layout-master-set element See XSL-FO. tocol that is intended for embedding FIXML mes- sages within traditional FIX headers and trailers fo:root element See XSL-FO. to minimize the impact on existing implementa- tions. More details are available at http:// fo:sequence-specification element See XSL-FO. www.fixprotocol.org/. following axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects all Flavor of XML See XML FLAVOR. NODES that are after the CONTEXT NODE.SeeFigureF.5. fo A FILENAME EXTENSION that indicates that the file is following-sibling axis In XPATH,anAXIS that an XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects) document. For selects sibling NODES of the CONTEXT NODE that are example, “Catalog.fo”. after the context node. See Figure F.6.
60 for-each element
The context node (the current node) Node tree Nodes selected using the “following” axis
Location step
following::book_title Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure F.5 The “following” axis.
The context node (the current node) Node Nodes selected tree using the “following-sibling” axis
Location step
following-sibling::book_title Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure F.6 The “following-sibling” axis.
Font properties In CSS, the collection of proper- implementation of XSL. More details about FOP ties and values that control the fonts used to dis- can be obtained from http://xml.apache.org/ play an XML DOCUMENT. fop/.
FOP (Formatting Objects Processor) Apache’s for-each element An ELEMENT of an XSLT STYLE SHEET print formatter driven by XSL-FO.FOPisoutput that is used in a TEMPLATE to select every XML ELEMENT format independent. It is an open-source Java of a specified NODE SET. In the example shown in
61 Format element
Element The “select” name attribute
Three
Figure F.7 An example of an XSLT “for-each” element.
Figure F.7, the xsl:for-each element selects each elements. Note that both form controls have a “Item” element of the “Catalog” element (i.e. the “caption” element as their CHILD ELEMENT. first “Item” element, the second “Item” element, andsoon). Forwarding intermediary See SOAP INTERMEDIARY.
Format element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the FpML (Financial Products Markup Language) DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
Form controls Special ELEMENTS of the XFORMS lan- fragbodyref attribute See FRAGMENT CONTEXT guage that are used to create and control the USER SPECIFICATION. INTERFACE of XForms. Figure F.8 shows two XForms controls defined using the “input” and “submit” Fragment In XFI,partofanXML DOCUMENT (called the FRAGMENT BODY)togetherwithsomeextra
The “submit”
Figure F.8 Samples of XForms controls.
62 Fragment Interchange namespace
Element name XFI namespace declaration
Element name Fragment interchange namespace declaration
The “fsc”
63 FSML (Financial Services Markup Language)
dateOfBirth Person Date
XML element Property name name
Figure F.11 An example of an OWL functional property.
FSML (Financial Services Markup Language) value is unique. In the example shown in Figure An SGML-based markup language for inter- F.11,the“dateOfBirth”propertyisdefinedtobe changing financial documents over the Internet. functional. This means that a person has only one More details of FSML may be obtained from date of birth. A functional property can be http://www.echeck.org/library/ref/fsml15- defined using the owl:FunctionalProperty brief.html. ELEMENT. See also OWL VOCABULARY.
Functional property In OWL, a property that has Fundamental facet See FACET. no more that one value for each individual, i.e. its
64 G
gbXML (Green Building XML) An XML-BASED GeniML (Genealogical Information Markup MARKUP LANGUAGE that describes building informa- Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for tion stored in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) dig- recording and exchanging genealogical data. See ital models, in order to make it available for http://www.geniml.org/ for more details. designing resource efficient and environmentally responsible buildings. Details of gbXML can be Geography Markup Language See GML. found at http://www.gbxml.org/. Geometry Description Markup Language See GDML (Geometry Description Markup Lan- GDML. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for defining geometric data. More information about GDML is Geophysical Markup Language See available at http://gdml.web.cern.ch/gdml/. GEOPHYSICALML.
GEML (Gene Expression Markup Language) An GeophysicalML (Geophysical Markup Lan- XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging gene guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for expression data between different systems exchanging geophysical data. More details of including web-based genome databases. Details of GeophysicalML may be obtained from http:// GEML can be found at http://www.geml.org/. www.posc.org/ebiz/Geophysics/.
Genealogical Information Markup Language GI (Generic identifier) Another term for ELEMENT See GENIML. NAME that emphasizes that each element is of a type, identified by name. Gene Expression Markup Language See GEML. Global attribute See GLOBAL DECLARATION. General entity An ENTITY for the use in the body of an XML DOCUMENT. Contrast PARAMETER ENTITY. See Global declaration An ELEMENT DECLARATION or also ENTITY REFERENCE; INTERNAL GENERAL ENTITY; SPECIAL ATTRIBUTE DECLARATION that appears at the top level of SYMBOLS. an XML SCHEMA as CHILDREN of the SCHEMA ELEMENT. ELEMENTS and ATTRIBUTES declared in this way are Generalized Markup Language See GML. called “Global elements” and “Global attributes” respectively. All global element declaration, with Generic identifier See GI. the exception of the declaration of the ROOT ELEMENT, must explicitly be referenced to allow
65 Global element
them to appear in an XML DOCUMENT. Contrast LOCAL GPSML (Global Positioning System/Location DECLARATION. Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE forsharingGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)loca- Global element See GLOBAL DECLARATION. tion information. More details are available at http://www.chaeron.com/gps.html. See also Global Positioning System Exchange Format GPX. See GPX. GPX (Global Positioning System Exchange Global Positioning System/Location Markup Format) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the Language See GPSML. interchange of GPS (Global Positioning System) data such as waypoints, routes, and tracks. For Global Uniform Interoperable Data Exchange more details, see http://www.topografix.com/ See GUIDE. gpx.asp. See also GPSML.
Global XML Web Services Architecture See GXA. Graph data model See RDF DATA MODEL.
Glossary Extensible Markup Language See Graph Exchange Language See GXL. GLOSSXML. Graphical User Interface See GUI. GlossXML (Glossary Extensible Markup Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for Graph syntax See RDF DATA MODEL. describing and interchanging dictionaries of words and phrases. Details of GlossXML can be Greater-than sign See ANGLE BRACKETS. found at http://www.creativyst.com/Prod/ Glossary/Doc/XMLOut.htm. Green Building XML See GBXML.
GML (Generalized Markup Language) The pre- group element In an XML SCHEMA, a special ELEMENT cursor of SGML. that is used as an INDICATOR that declares a named group of elements. ELEMENT DECLARATIONS of the GML (Geography Markup Language) An XML- groupmemberscannotbeplaceddirectlywithin BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the transport and storage the “group” element tags. First, an ALL ELEMENT,a of geographic information. Details of GML are CHOICE ELEMENT or a SEQUENCE ELEMENT must be available at http://www.opengis.net/gml/01- declared. The QUALIFIED NAME of the “group” element 029/GML2.html. canbeeither“xs:group”or“xsd:group”,
Group name
66 gXML (Guideline XML)
first_name, last_name, id_number Three grouped selectors { color: red; Shared property } Figure G.2 Grouping selectors. depending whether the XS NAMESPACE PREFIX or XSD Guideline XML See GXML. NAMESPACE PREFIX isbeingused.SeeFigureG.1. GXA (Global XML Web Services Architecture) group indicator See INDICATOR. Microsoft’s open architecture for enhancing the current XML WEB SERVICES standards, which addresses Grouping selectors In CSS,atechniqueusedto the issues of security, reliability and multi-party display several XML ELEMENTS identically by agreement. Details of GXA can be found at http:/ assigning the same declarations to a group of /msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/dngxa/ ELEMENT NAMES (SELECTORS) separated by a comma. In html/gloxmlws500.asp. theexampleshowninFigureG.2,thecontentof all the three elements (first_name, last_name, GXL (Graph Exchange Language) An XML-BASED id_number)willbedisplayedasredinaWEB MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging graphs that enable BROWSER. INTEROPERABILITY between different graph-based tools. More details about GXL may be obtained GUI (Graphical User Interface) In computing, an from http://www.gupro.de/GXL/. interface that employs visual metaphors and uses icons, symbols, dialog boxes, windows and other gXML (Guideline XML) An XML-BASED MARKUP screen objects to represent programs, files, com- LANGUAGE for exchanging E-COMMERCE guidelines. mandsetc.Itallowstheusertointeractwiththe Guidelines (also known as EDI Transaction Sets computer in an intuitive way, usually with a and Schemas) are used to define business docu- mouse. mentssuchaspurchaseorders,invoicesandcat- alog requests. More information is available at GUIDE (Global Uniform Interoperable Data http://www.edifecs.com/ Exchange) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for b2b_resources_guideline.jsp. describing business information interchanges between a set of endpoints. For more details, see the information at http://www.bizcodes.org/ GUIDE/.
67
H
Header An optional STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of the Hiding elements In CSS,amethodofpreventing SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE that contains application- specified XML ELEMENTS from being displayed using specific information about the SOAP MESSAGE,such the DISPLAY PROPERTY with the value “none”, as as directives or contextual information. See Figure showninFigureH.2.ThisfeatureofCSScanbe H.1. See also SOAP INTERMEDIARY. very useful for creating an XML-based Web site thathastodisplaydissimilarcontenttodifferent Header element See HEADER. users. By default, each element of an XML DOCUMENT is displayed by a Web browser. If no STYLE SHEET is Helper component See XML SCHEMA COMPONENT. attached, the browser uses its own default style sheet to show the content of all the elements in a HEML (Historical Event Markup and Linking) document. An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing histor- ical events. More details about HEML can be Hierarchical tree See HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE. obtained from http://www.heml.org/. Hierarchical tree structure An abstract struc- ture in the form of a hierarchical element tree that
OrderCode, InStock Names of XML elements to hide { display: none; The CSS “Display” property } with the “none” value Figure H.2 Example CSS code used for hiding XML elements.
69 Hierarchical way of thinking
Parent Root element Hierarchical element Level 1
Hierarchical Children Element Element ... Element Level 2
Grand- Hierarchical Element Element Element children ... Level 3
Figure H.3 Hierarchical tree. has one and only one top-level element called the Language). For example, “Catalog.htm” or ROOT ELEMENT that is the PARENT of all other elements “Catalog.html”. in the tree. PARENT–CHILD is the only direct element- to-element relationship. The hierarchical tree HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) An structure is the underlying structure of all XML SGML-based markup language for describing DOCUMENTS and their constructs. See Figure H.3. See HYPERTEXT documents (WEB PAGES and WEB SITES)on also NODE TREE; XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS; XML DOCUMENT the FIRST-GENERATION WEB.HTMLhasplayedacentral STRUCTURE; XML DOM; XPATH DATA MODEL. role in the enormous success of the WWW,butit has had several limitations. It deals only with the Hierarchical way of thinking Atermthatis ways of presenting Web pages (defining their spa- sometimesusedtorefertoanewwayofthinking tial layout and styling fonts and paragraphs) and about the structure of XML-based Web docu- also has a predefined set of tags that is unable to ments that will totally dominate on the SECOND- satisfy the particular needs of the millions of e- GENERATION WEB.SinceeveryXML DOCUMENT is orga- businesses in marking up the content of their Web nized as a HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE, the proper documents in a meaningful way. understanding and effective use of XML requires Note that although XML will form the basis of the a novel non-linear way of thinking. It is based on SECOND-GENERATION WEB, it is not a replacement for a number of metaphorical concepts, such as “tree- HTML. They are designed for different purposes: like structure”, “one and only one ROOT ELEMENT”, XML for describing data, HTML for displaying “PARENT–CHILD relationship”, “PROPERLY NESTED data. XML cannot push HTML aside because it ELEMENTS”andothers.See also HIERARCHICAL TREE needsHTMLasameansofpresentingthedatait STRUCTURE; PARENT–CHILD; XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS; XML describes. At the same time, XML forces HTML to DOCUMENT STRUCTURE; XML DOM. change itself. A new generation of HTML called XHTML began its life as a reformulation of the latest Historical Event Markup and Linking See HEML. version of HTML, namely HTML 4.0, in XML. This means that HTML will be replaced by XHTML, not HR-XML (Human Resources XML) Consortium by XML. The latter two languages will comple- A non-profit, vendor-neutral organization for the mentoneanotherverywellinthefutureWeb. development and promotion of standardized XML XMLwillbeusedtostructureanddescribethe vocabularies for human resources. See http:// Web data, while XHTML pages will be used to www.hr-xml.org/ for more details. display it. Figure H.4 shows the difference in marking up htm/html FILENAME EXTENSIONS identifying a Web the same text “John Smith” using HTML and XML. page written in HTML (Hypertext Markup TheHTMLcodeindicatesthatthistextshouldbe displayed in a WEB BROWSER as bold and red. The
70 HyTime (Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language)
John Smith HTML code
XML code describes the meaning of the words another section of the same document or a dif- “John” and “Smith” and requires some additional ferent document, as well as to automatically CSS or XSLT files to define how to display this text. download other files such as sounds and video More details about HTML are available at http:// clips. A word or phrase that contains a hyperlink www.w3.org/MarkUp/. is usually in blue and underlined. See also HTTP; XLINK. HTML-based Web See FIRST-GENERATION WEB. Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Aprotocol Language See HYTIME. for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia infor- mation systems. It is the main protocol used to Hypertext A method of organizing computer- transmitandreceivealldataovertheWorldWide based information in which readers can choose Web. HTTP is a set of instructions for communi- their own paths through the document, usually by cations between a web server and a client (WEB clicking on a HYPERLINK.AtypicalWEB PAGE is the BROWSER). Every web address begins with http://. best-known example of a hypertext document. More information about HTTP is available at The WWW is a global hypertext system. See also http://www.w3.org/Protocols/Specs.html. See HTTP. also URL. Hypertext Markup Language See HTML. Human Markup Language See HUMANML. Hypertext Transfer Protocol See HTTP. Human Resources XML Consortium See HR-XML CONSORTIUM. HyTime (Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language) An SGML-based ISO/IEC standard HumanML (Human Markup Language) An XML- (ISO/IEC 10744) for marking up hypertext and BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing uniquely multimedia. XML is not based on HyTime, but uses human characteristics including physical, cultural, someofitsconceptsforthedesignofXML social, psychological and intentional features. See VOCABULARIES and DATA MODELS.HyTimeisoneofthe http://www.humanmarkup.org/ for more details. NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. More details of HyTime may be Hyperlink In a WEB PAGE or other HYPERTEXT docu- obtained from http://www.iso.ch/cate/ ment, an embedded cross-reference in the form of d29303.html and http://www.hytime.org/. highlighted text or images that (when clicked with themouse)allowsthecomputertodisplay
71
I
i18n (internationalization) An acronym for IDE (Integrated Development Environment) “internationalization” that consists of the first An advanced software package for creating spe- letter (“i”) and the last letter (“n”) of the word cialist applications that usually consists of several “internationalization” and also of the number of specialized parts, including those that enable a letters located between “i” and “n”, namely “18”. visual design of an application or its GUI.XMLSpy See INTERNATIONALIZATION; L10N. is a well-known example of an IDE for XML.
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Identifier element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the An organization that is responsible for the reg- DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
73 IETF Language Tags
Figure I.1 An example of an “include” element.
IETF Language Tags An RFC (RFC 3066) that with the RUSSIAN DOLL APPROACH. Contrast PROPERLY specifies the syntax of tags for describing textual NESTED ELEMENTS. See also HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE; data that can be used to represent human lan- NESTING ELEMENTS; OVERLAPPING ELEMENTS. guages. The RFC 3066 format is used for creating valid LANGUAGE CODES (ISO 639) used as ATTRIBUTE Inbound arc In XLINK,anARC that has a REMOTE VALUES of the XML:LANG ATTRIBUTE.Thisisoneofthe STARTING RESOURCE and a LOCAL ENDING RESOURCE. Com- NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. pare OUTBOUND ARC; THIRD-PARTY ARC. More details are available at http:// www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3066.txt/. Inbound link In XLINK,aLINK that is based on an INBOUND ARC. IFX (Interactive Financial Exchange) An XML- based messaging protocol and a scalable frame- Include element In XINCLUDE,theELEMENT whose work for the exchange of financial data that sup- “href” ATTRIBUTE specifies the location of a RESOURCE ports existing and emerging financial services. toinclude,asshowninFigureI.1. Details of IFX can be found at http:// www.ifxforum.org/. Indenting nested elements A development practice that consists in the indentation of NESTED Ill-formed document An ill-formed document is ELEMENTS by putting extra WHITE SPACE around them. not a WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. It makes an XML DOCUMENT easily readable for humans. Note that for computers it does not IML (Instrument Markup Language) An XML- matter at all, because an XML PARSER ignores white BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that can be used for space included in the ELEMENT CONTENT.Thetwo describinganykindofinstrumentthatcanbe pieces of XML code shown in Figure I.2 are iden- controlled by a computer. For more details, see tical for a computer, but the code written in line is http://pioneer.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/iml/. less understandable for a human reader than the indented one (especially if a document contains Improperly nested elements ELEMENTS that are thousands of ELEMENTS). NESTED with overlapping, and not in accordance
74 Information resource
Document information item Element Document element property Attribute Processing instruction
One of the element Unexpanded information items entity reference that is the value of the Document Character Information element property items Comment
Document Type The root of Declaration the element Unparsed entity tree Notation Namespace
Figure I.3 Information items of the information set of a well-formed XML document.
Indicator In an XML SCHEMA, a special ELEMENT or Information and Content Exchange Protocol ATTRIBUTE used to specify how elements of the See ICE. COMPLEX TYPE aretobeusedinXML DOCUMENTS.There are seven indicators that can be divided into three Information item An abstract description of groups. Group 1, order indicators, specify how some part (or STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT)ofanXML elements should occur: (1) the “all” indicator, DOCUMENT.AnINFORMATION SET can consist of up to 11 which uses the XS:ALL ELEMENT; (2) the “choice” indi- types of information item: (1) the DOCUMENT cator, which uses the XS:CHOICE ELEMENT;(3)the INFORMATION ITEM;(2)ELEMENT INFORMATION ITEMS;(3) “sequence” indicator, which uses the XS:SEQUENCE ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION ITEMS;(4)PROCESSING INSTRUCTION ELEMENT. Group 2, occurrence indicators, specify INFORMATION ITEMS;(5)UNEXPANDED ENTITY REFERENCE how often an element may occur: (4) the INFORMATION ITEMS;(6)CHARACTER INFORMATION ITEMS;(7) “minOccurs” indicator, which uses the MINOCCURS COMMENT INFORMATION ITEMS;(8)theDOCUMENT TYPE ATTRIBUTE; (5) the “maxOccurs” indicator, which DECLARATION INFORMATION ITEM;(9)UNPARSED ENTITY uses the MAXOCCURS ATTRIBUTE. Group 3, group indica- INFORMATION ITEMS; (10) NOTATION INFORMATION ITEMS; (11) tors, are used to specify related sets of elements: NAMESPACE INFORMATION ITEMS. See Figure I.3. (6) the “group” (element group) indicator, which Although the Information Set is described as a uses the GROUP ELEMENT; (7) the “attributeGroup” HIERARCHICAL TREE, other types of interface are pos- indicator, which uses the ATTRIBUTEGROUP ELEMENT. sible, such as event-based or query-based. Each information item has a set of associated proper- Individual In OWL,anINSTANCE of a CLASS.For ties. Details of information items are available at example, an individual named Mike can be http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. describedasaninstanceoftheclass“Person”.See also THING CLASS. Information resource See RESOURCE.
75 Information Set
Information Set The Information Set (also associated properties. The concepts “Information known as the XML Information Set, XML Infoset, Set”, “Information item”, and “property” are sim- or Infoset) is an abstract DATA MODEL for XML.The ilar to the well-known and more generic concepts main idea of the Information Set is to provide a “HIERARCHICAL TREE”, “NODE”, and “property”. How- set of consistent definitions for STRUCTURAL ever, the new terms are intended to avoid confu- CONSTRUCTS of a WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT that can be sion with other specific DATA MODELS.TheW3C used in other XML-related specifications in order RECOMMENDATION “XML Information Set” is available to avoid terminological and conceptual confu- at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. sions. An XML DOCUMENT has an Information Set if it is WELL-FORMED andalsoconformstotheNAMESPACE Information Technology Markup Language See specification. Note that the document does not ITML. need to be VALID to have an Information Set. Figure I.4 shows that the Information Set specification is Infoset See INFORMATION SET. based on the XML and namespace syntax and is intended to be used as a basis for other Inheriting and overriding properties In CSS,two specifications. complementary methods for assigning styles to The Information Set of an XML DOCUMENT consists specified child or individual ELEMENTS.IfanXML of 11 INFORMATION ITEMS. Each item has a set of ELEMENT has any CHILD ELEMENTS, all of them will inherit many of the parent’s properties, such as font size and color. If an XML element has to have some individual display options, its inherited Other properties should be overridden by explicitly XML XSLT XML-related specifying their new values. See Figure I.5. Schema specifications Initial SOAP sender See SOAP INTERMEDIARY.
Inline DTD A term sometimes used to refer to a INTERNAL DTD.
“XML Input element See FORM CONTROLS. Information Set” Instance RDF SCHEMA CLASS W3C In an ,amemberofa .An Recommendation instance can be declared using the TYPE PROPERTY.
Instance data An XFORMS SECTION that is a skeleton XML DOCUMENT thatgetsupdatedastheuserfillsout the XFORM. In the example shown in Figure I.6, the “instance” element is used to define that the XML “Namespaces DOCUMENT “XML 1.0” containing the submitted data will in XML” W3C includes the “payment” ELEMENT that has three CHILD W3C Recommendation ELEMENTS Recommendation .
Instance document See DOCUMENT INSTANCE. Figure I.4 Relationships of the “XML Information Set” to other specifications. Instance element See INSTANCE DATA.
76 Instance element
XML document
CSS style sheet Customer {font-size: 12pt;} Property inherited by all the children LastName {font-size: 20pt;} Property that overrides the inherited property
Browser view
Figure I.5 An example of inheriting and overriding parent’s properties.
XForm code
Submitted data
77 Instrument Markup Language
Instrument Markup Language See IML. Internal entity An ENTITY that is defined within a DTD. Contrast EXTERNAL ENTITY. See also ENTITY Integrated Development Environment See IDE. REFERENCE; INTERNAL GENERAL ENTITY; SPECIAL SYMBOLS.
Intelligent agent A software tool that carries out Internal general entity An ENTITY defined within a task on behalf of a user or computer, typically a DTD andusedinthebodyofanXML DOCUMENT in relatively autonomously. A well-known example is order to provide shortcuts for replacement text, as finding the best price for an item by scouring the showninFigureI.8.InXML,therearefivebuilt-in Web. Also known as a “software agent”, “Web internal general entities used to represent SPECIAL agent”, “Web bot” (“bot” is short for “robot”) and SYMBOLS. Contrast EXTERNAL GENERAL ENTITY. See also “Internet robot”. ENTITY REFERENCE.
Interaction Techniques Markup Language See Internal subset One of two subsets into which a INTML. DTD may be divided. See INTERNAL DTD.
Interactive Financial Exchange See IFX. International Development Markup Language See IDML. Intermediary See SOAP INTERMEDIARY. International Engineering Consortium See IEC. Internal DTD A DTD orasubsetofaDTDthatis embedded within the DOCTYPE DECLARATION of an XML International Organization for Standardization DOCUMENT, as shown in Figure I.7. Square brackets See ISO. are used as the opening and closing DELIMITERS of the internal DTD declarations. An internal DTD International Standard Book Number See ISBN. and an EXTERNAL DTD can supplement each other. Note that the internal DTD has priority over the Internationalization The process of designing external DTD that means that its declarations will and developing software products for use with override similar declarations of the external DTD. different languages and cultures. A commonly Also called “internal subset”. Contrast EXTERNAL DTD. used acronym of the word “internationalization” is “i18n” (see I18N). For more information about
Root element’s name Keyword Keyword
Internal 2nd DTD declaration
78 Inverse functional property
Keyword Replacement text
The file “MyDTD.dtd”
Entity name
XML declaration DOCTYPE The file “MyXML.xml”
Entity reference
Browser view
Figure I.8 The use of the internal general entity. the W3C Internationalization activity, see http:/ techniques, application-specific behavior and VR /www.w3.org/International/. See also objects. For more details, see the information at LOCALIZATION. http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Epfiguero/ InTml/. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority See IANA. intref attribute The ATTRIBUTE of the FCS ELEMENT Internet Engineering Task Force See IETF. that specifies a URI reference to the internal subset in a FRAGMENT CONTEXT SPECIFICATION. Internet robot See INTELLIGENT AGENT. Invalid document An XML DOCUMENT that does not Interoperability The ability of different types of follow the rules defined in its SCHEMA (such as an computers, applications, operating systems, and XML SCHEMA or a DTD)andthereforeisnotaVALID XML networks to exchange information in a useful and DOCUMENT. meaningful way without prior communication. Inverse functional property In OWL, a property InTML (Interaction Techniques Markup Lan- whose INVERSE PROPERTY is a FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY,i.e. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for has a unique value. In the example shown in describing virtual reality applications, in partic- Figure I.9, the “hasBirthPlace” property is defined ular input and output devices, interaction to be an inverse functional property that is the
79 Inverse property
Person 1
isBirthPlaceOf ... Location isBirthPlaceOf
Person N
hasBirthPlace Location Person 1
XML element Property name name The “Inverse
Figure I.9 The OWL “inverse functional” property. inverse of the property “isBirthPlaceOf”. in Figure I.10, the “hasChild” property is defined This means that although a location can be to be the inverse of the property “hasParent”. If the birthplace of many people, a person has Mike hasChild Chris, it can be inferred that Chris only one birthplace. A inverse functional hasParent Mike. A inverse property can be defined property can be defined using the using the owl:inverseOf ELEMENT. See also OWL owl:InverseFunctionalProperty ELEMENT. See VOCABULARY. also OWL VOCABULARY. ISBN (International Standard Book Number) Inverse property In OWL, a property that is the An individual number assigned to every pub- inverse of another property. In the example shown lished book.
hasChild Mike Chris
hasParent Chris Mike
XML element Property name name Property name The
Figure I.10 The OWL “inverse” property.
80 ITML (Information Technology Markup Language)
isDefinedBy property In an RDF SCHEMA,the ISO 639 Language Codes See LANGUAGE CODES. rdfs:isDefinedBy PROPERTY is a property that is used to indicate a RESOURCE defining the SUBJECT ISO/IEC 10646 See UCS. RESOURCE. ISO/IEC 10744 Standard See HYTIME. ISO (International Organization for Standard- ization) A non-governmental worldwide federa- ITML (Information Technology Markup Lan- tion of national standards institutes from over 140 guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE and an countries,onefromeachcountry,whichisdevel- HTTP-based protocol for the integration of part- oping international standards for businesses, gov- ners and business processes in the Application ernments and society. Note that “ISO” is actually Service Provider (ASP) and ASP aggregation notanacronymbutaword,whichmeans“equal” market. Details of ITML can be found http:// (derived from the Greek “isos”). More details of www.itml.org/. ISO may be obtained from http://www.iso.ch/.
ISO 3166 Country Codes See COUNTRY CODES.
81
J
Java Markup Language See JAVAML. Job Definition Format See JDF.
JavaML (Java Markup Language) An XML-BASED Job Survey Markup Language See JSML. MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing Java source code. For more details, see http://www.unizh.ch/ JSML (Java Speech API Markup Language) An home/mazzo/reports/www9conf/342/342.html. XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for annotating text input to speech synthesizers that provides a speech syn- Java Speech API Markup Language See JSML. thesizer with detailed information on how to speak text. More details are available at http:// JDF (Job Definition Format) An XML-BASED MARKUP java.sun.com/products/java-media/speech/ LANGUAGE for describing and exchanging informa- forDevelopers/JSML/. tion about a printing job. It serves to bridge the communication gap between production services JSML (Job Survey Markup Language) An XML- and Management Information Systems (MIS). BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing a job survey. Details of JDF can be found at http:// More information about JSML is available at www.cip4.org/. http://www.codap.com/ job_survey_jobsur.htm.
83
K
KBML (Koala Bean Markup Language) AJava Koala Bean Markup Language See KBML. library that enables the serialization of JavaBeans in XML. More details are available at http:// koala.ilog.fr/kbml/. See also BML.
85
L
L10n (Localization) An acronym for LOCALIZATION lcweb.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ that consists of the first letter (“L”) and the last langcodes.html. letter (“n”) of the word “localization” and also of a number that shows how many letters are located Language element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the between “L” and “n”, namely “10”. See I18N. DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
Language Codes An ISO standard (ISO 639) for length facet In an XML SCHEMA,aFACET that the representation of names of human languages restricts the length of a SIMPLE TYPE,suchasthe that can be used as ATTRIBUTE VALUES of the XML:LANG number of characters or the number of items in a ATTRIBUTE,suchas“en”forEnglishand“en-US”for list. American English. These tags use the IETF LANGUAGE TAG syntax. Language Codes are one of the NON- Less-than sign See ANGLE BRACKETS. NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. More details are available at http:// Link In XLINK, an explicit relationship between two or more RESOURCES or portions of resources. There
87 Link database
Namespace Local SIMPLE LINK two types of link in XLink: (1) ;(2) prefix part EXTENDED LINK. See also MULTIDIRECTIONAL LINK; TRAVERSAL. Book:Title Link database See LINKBASE. Person:Title Sport:Title Qualified names Property:Title Linkbase An XLINK document that contains a col- lection of INBOUND LINKS or/and THIRD-PARTY LINKS. Colon
Linking element In XLINK,atermthatissome- Figure L.1 Examples of local parts of qualified names. timesusedtorefertoanXML ELEMENT that asserts the existence and describes the characteristics of a LINK. a colon. In examples shown in Figure L.1, the word “Title” is the local part of four different List data type In XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that is a QUALIFIED NAMES. See also NAMESPACE; OVERRIDING list of ATOMIC DATA TYPE values. NAMESPACES; PREFIXED NAMESPACE.
Literal In programming, a constant. Contrast Local resource In XLINK,anXML ELEMENT that partic- VARIABLE. ipates in a LINK as the own content of the LINKING ELEMENT. Contrast REMOTE RESOURCE. Literal class In an RDF SCHEMA,theCLASS of literal values such as STRINGS or integers. The rdfs:Lit- Local starting resource In XLINK,aLOCAL RESOURCE eral classisanINSTANCE of the CLASS CLASS and a from with TRAVERSAL begins. SUBCLASS of the RESOURCE CLASS. Localizability Thedegreetowhichasoftware Literal string In programming, a sequence of product can be localized. See also LOCALIZATION; L12Y; characters that is a constant. See also LITERAL; L10N. STRING; STRING LITERAL. Localization Modifying or adapting a software LMML (Learning Material Markup Language product to fit the requirements of a particular for- Framework) AsetofXML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES eign language and culture. This process may for various educational fields. More details about includetranslatingtheuserinterface,documenta- LMML are available at http://www.lmml.de/. tion and packaging, changing dialog box geome- tries, and the like. The word “localization” is often Local declaration An ELEMENT DECLARATION or abbreviated as L10N. See also INTERNATIONALIZATION. ATTRIBUTE DECLARATION thatappearsatalevelthatis lower than the top level of an XML SCHEMA. Contrast Location path In XPATH, the most important type GLOBAL DECLARATION. of path EXPRESSIONS that returns a NODE SET rather than one of the other DATA TYPES (i.e. STRING,Boolean Local ending resource In XLINK,aLOCAL RESOURCE or number). A location path consists of one or that is the destination of TRAVERSAL. more LOCATION STEPS.Basically,alocationpath selects a set of NODES relative to the CONTEXT NODE Local name See LOCAL PART. (also known as “the current node”). There are two kinds of location path: (1) ABSOLUTE LOCATION PATH Local part The second part of a QUALIFIED NAME and (2) RELATIVE LOCATION PATH. Note that the syntax separatedfromthefirstpart(aNAMESPACE PREFIX)by of location path expressions is very similar to a
88 LogML (Log Markup Language)
Slashes that separate steps axis selects a node set relative to the current node (alsocalledtheCONTEXT NODE) that contains candi- /catalog/catalog_item/item_price datesforthenextcurrentnode;(2)thenodetest filters the candidate NODES based on a NODE TYPE or Location Location Location step 1 step 2 step 3 node name; (3) predicates are intended to provide further mechanisms for refining and filtering the Figure L.2 An example of an location path. NODE SET selected by the first two parts. A LOCATION PATH can consist of one or more loca- tion steps. Each step in turn selects a node set rel- computer file system. In the example shown in ative to a current node. In the example shown in Figure L.2, the location path selects all the Figure L.3, the location step selects the first “item_price” elements of all the “catalog_item” “book” ELEMENT that is a CHILD of the current node. elements of the “catalog” element. For more details, see LOCATION STEP. Locator In XLINK,anELEMENT that has the TYPE ATTRIBUTE with the “locator” ATTRIBUTE VALUE and is Location path expression See LOCATION PATH. used for identifying a REMOTE RESOURCE that is a PARTICIPATING RESOURCE in the LINK.FigureL.4shows Location step In XPATH,aSTRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of a two locators that specify REMOTE RESOURCES (a book LOCATION PATH. It consists of three parts: (1) an AXIS; and the biography of its author) to be connected (2) a NODE TEST; (3) zero or more PREDICATES.Theaxis by an ARC of an EXTENDED LINK. See also LOCATOR-TYPE and the node test are separated by double colon; ELEMENT. eachpredicatemustbeplacedinsquarebrackets. Alocationstepworksinthefollowingway:(1)the Locator-type element In XLINK,theELEMENT of an XML DOCUMENT that has a TYPE ATTRIBUTE with the “locator” ATTRIBUTE VALUE and therefore can be used Axis Node test Predicates to address the REMOTE RESOURCES participating in the LINK. For more details, see LOCATOR; TYPE ATTRIBUTE. axis_name::node_test[predicate] Basic syntax Log Graphics Markup Language See Double Square brackets LOGGRAPHICSML colon .
Axis Node test Predicate Log Markup Language See LOGML.
child::book[position()=1] LogGraphicsML (Log Graphics Markup Lan- Example guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for defining Double Square brackets graphic presentations of well log data (related to colon drilling etc). For more details, see the information at http://www.posc.org/ebiz/LogGraphicsML/ Step 1 Step 2 v1.0/. location_step/location_step/... Location path as a sequence LogML (Log Markup Language) An XML-BASED location steps A slash that A slash that MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing log reports of Web separates separates http:// steps steps servers. Details of LogML can be found at www.cs.rpi.edu/~puninj/LOGML/. Figure L.3 The anatomy of the location step.
89 LogML (Log Markup Language)
Element
Locator label="book" Arc
Locator label="bio"
Figure L.4 An example of XLink locators.
90 M
Machine and Human Readability One of the Market Data Definition Language See MDDL. main features of XML.XMLdocumentsareeasily readable by both machines and humans. Com- Markup 1.AmethodofconveyingMETADATA using puters can easily “read” XML since it is a PLAIN TEXT special symbols. Handwritten markup was used format and almost all software and devices are long before the computer era by writers and copy able to process text. Individuals can open an XML editors marking up the text of a book or journal DOCUMENT using any text editor or word processor article with special copy-editing symbols in order and understand it even without any previous to indicate how to typeset the text. Markup is also knowledgeofXMLsinceXMLisSELF-DESCRIBING sometimes called text encoding. DATA. For example, it is not difficult to “read” the 2. A sequence of characters or other symbols XML code, shown in Figure M.1, as a meaningful (such as TAGS) inserted at certain places in a text statement: “The price of a car is $29,995”. document to define how the document should be displayedorprinted,aswellastoshowexplicitly MAGE-ML (Microarray Gene Expression its logical structure and the meaning of the docu- Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE ment data. for describing and communicating information 3.InanXML DOCUMENT, any text other than about microarray based experiments, including CHARACTER DATA, including START TAGS, END TAGS, EMPTY- microarray designs, gene expression data, and ELEMENT TAGS, XML COMMENTS, PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS, data analysis results. Details of MAGE-ML can be DTDS, ENTITY REFERENCES, CHARACTER REFERENCES,andCDATA found at http://www.mged.org/Workgroups/ SECTION delimiters. See also MARKUP LANGUAGE; MAGE/introduction.html. PRESENTATIONAL MARKUP; STRUCTURAL MARKUP.
Main element A term that is sometimes used to Markup language A type of computer language refer to the ROOT ELEMENT. which is designed either to define how documents should be displayed (for example, HTML, which uses Marine Trading Markup Language See MTML. PRESENTATIONAL MARKUP), or to show explicitly their logical structure and the meaning of the docu- ment data (for example, XML, which uses STRUCTURAL
91 Markup metalanguage
details are available at http://www.w3.org/ Materials Property Data Markup Language See MarkUp/ and http://www.w3.org/XML/. MATML.
Markup metalanguage A MARKUP LANGUAGE used math The FILENAME EXTENSION of MathML (Mathe- for creating and describing other markup lan- matical Markup Language) documents. For guages. Markup metalanguages include XML and example, “Catalog.math”. SGML. See also METALANGUAGE. Mathematical Markup Language See MATHML. Markup tag See MARKUP; TAG. MathML (Mathematical Markup Language) An Match attribute In XSLT,theATTRIBUTE of the XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing mathe- TEMPLATE element that is used to associate the tem- matical notation and for capturing both its struc- platewithanXML ELEMENT.TheATTRIBUTE VALUE of the ture and content. Details of MathML are available “match” attribute is an XPATH LOCATION PATH.Figure at http://www.w3.org/Math/. M.2 shows two examples of the XSLT “match” attribute. In Example 1, the “match” attribute is MatML (Materials Property Data Markup Lan- used to match the ROOT NODE of the XPATH NODE TREE. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the Note that the ROOT NODE represents not the ROOT exchange of information about material and its ELEMENT but the DOCUMENT ROOT.InExample2,the properties (for example, aluminum alloy data). “match” attribute value specifies the “Book” More details about MatML are available at http:/ ELEMENTS,whichareCHILD ELEMENTS of the “Catalog” /www.matml.org/. element. Note that the “Catalog” element is the root element of the XML DOCUMENT andshouldnot maxLength facet In an XML SCHEMA,aFACET that be confused with the root node (i.e. with the restricts the maximal number of units of length of DOCUMENT ROOT) represented by the start forward a SIMPLE TYPE, such as the number of characters or slash.Theattributevalueofthematchattributeis the number of items in a list. also known as “a pattern”. maxOccurs attribute In an XML SCHEMA, a special MATE (Multilevel Annotation, Tools Engi- ATTRIBUTE that is used as an INDICATOR that specifies neering) Markup Framework An XML-BASED the maximum number of times the declared MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing spoken language ELEMENT canoccur.IntheexampleshowninFigure dialogues. More information is available at http:// M.3, the “CatalogItem” element can occur in an mate.nis.sdu.dk/information/d12/.
The “match” attribute Example 1
Figure M.2 Examples of XSLT “match” attributes.
92 Message Markup Language
Element Element name data type Declaration of the “CatalogItem”
The “minOccurs” The “maxOccurs” attribute attribute Figure M.3 An example of an “maxOccurs” attribute.
XML DOCUMENT a maximum of 1000 times. See also
Meaning Meaning MCF (Meta Content Framework Using XML) An of data and Data of data metadata XML-baseddatamodelforrepresentingawide (metadata) range of information (metadata) about content. Details of MCF are available at http://
93 MessageML (Message Markup Language)
The place of the message component in the WSDL component model
WSDL components
Message Port type Binding Service component component component component
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
An example of the XML representation of a message component The name Element name of the message (keyword) (user-defined) Start tag
MessageML (Message Markup Language) An information about a WEB RESOURCE. Metadata is a XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for sending and pro- fundamental STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of the SEMANTIC cessing messages based on the meaning of their WEB.Itsdevelopmentisbasicallyaprocessof content. See http://www.messageml.org/ for adding new and more advanced levels of metadata more details. to the existing ones. Several technologies are used to implement this development, such as XML, RDF, Meta- A word prefix derived from a Greek word OWL, DUBLIN CORE and TOPIC MAPS. that denotes something of a higher or more fun- XML provides developers with basic-level facili- damental nature. Examples from computing ties for adding metadata to XML DATA.InXML,for include: metafile (a file consisting of other files); example, the word “Wood” can be described as a METALANGUAGE (a language used to build other lan- person’s last name by adding the appropriate guages) and METADATA (datausedtodescribeother metadata tags, as shown in Figure M.6. Even such data). XML and SGML are metalanguages. simple metadata MARKUP can help a program (for instance, a search engine) to understand the Meta Content Framework Using XML See MCF. meaning of the word in question and to distin- guish a person’s last name from timber, firewood Metadata There are several similar definitions of or forest. metadata: (1) data about data; (2) information RDF enables a higher level of metadata. In the about information; (3) the MEANING or semantics of example shown in Figure M.6, RDF and Dublin data; (4) a RESOURCE that provides information Core syntax are used to represent an RDF STATEMENT about another resource; (5) descriptive that can be read as “John Wood is the creator of
94 METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard)
Metadata
Metalanguage A language (such as XML or SGML) METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission for creating or describing other languages. XML is Standard) An XML-based metadata framework a metalanguage that allows the creation of for encoding descriptive, administrative and markup languages for arbitrary specialized structural metadata for digital library objects. A domains and purposes. Note that although it is METS document has four structural components: quitecommontousethephrase“adocument written in XML”, it is, strictly speaking, impos- Element The “name” The “content” sibletowriteevenonesingledocumentinXML name attribute attribute because XML is not a language. It has no tags for describing any specific content and therefore can be used only as a language-definition tool. It means that one has first to develop a specialized Attribute Attribute value value XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE (for example, “MyML”) Figure M.7 An example of a META tag.
95 MFDX (Multi-Family Data Exchange)
descriptive metadata, administrative metadata, ELEMENT canoccur.InexampleshowninFigure file inventory, and structural map. For more M.8, the “CatalogItem” element can occur in an details, see the information at http:// XML DOCUMENT a minimum of 100 times. If no www.loc.gov/standards/mets/. minOccurs attribute is specified an element by default can occur a minimum of once. See also MFDX (Multi-Family Data Exchange) An XML- MAXOCCURS ATTRIBUTE. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the exchange of apart- ment data. More details about MFDX may be minOccurs indicator See INDICATOR. obtained from http://www.mfdx.com/. Mixed content In a DTD,aCONTENT MODEL for an Microarray Gene Expression Markup Language ELEMENT that combines both elements and CHARACTER See MAGE-ML. DATA.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) MML (Music Markup Language) An XML-BASED A protocol and file format for sending a variety of MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing music objects and multimedia data through electronic mail. The par- events. More details about MML are available at ticular format of the data is identified by an http://www.musicmarkup.info/. assigned “MIME type”. Five MIME types for XML are specified in RFC 3023 (“XML Media Types”): Mobile SVG Profiles Subsets of SVG designed for (1) text/xml;(2)application/xml;(3)text/ use on cell phones (SVG Tiny) and PDAS (SVG xml-external-parsed-entity;(4)applica- Basic). For more information about these, see tion/xml-external-parsed-entity;(5)appli- http://www.w3.org/TR/SVGMobile/. cation/xml-dtd. XML Media Types is one of the NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 Model element See XFORMS MODEL. RECOMMENDATION. More information is available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt. MPML (Multimodal Presentation Markup Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that is minLength facet In an XML SCHEMA,aFACET that intended for the description of multimodal pre- restricts the minimal number of units of length of sentation using character agents. Details of MPML a SIMPLE TYPE, such as the number of characters or can be found at http://www.miv.t.u- the number of items in a list. tokyo.ac.jp/MPML/en/. minOccurs attribute In an XML SCHEMA, a special MRML (Multimedia Retrieval Markup Lan- ATTRIBUTE that is used as an INDICATOR that specifies guage) An XML-based communication protocol the minimum number of times the declared that provides standardized access to multimedia
Element Element name data type Declaration of the “CatalogItem”
The “minOccurs” The “maxOccurs” attribute attribute Figure M.8 An example of the “minOccurs” attribute.
96 MusicXML (Music Extensible Markup Language)
retrieval software. More details about MRML are Multimedia Retrieval Markup Language See available at http://www.mrml.net/specifica- MRML. tion/. Multimodal Presentation Markup Language MTML (Marine Trading Markup Language) An See MPML. XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for electronic exchange of purchasing information in the marine industry. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension See MIME. More information about MTML is available at http://www.meca.org.uk/stan- Music Extensible Markup Language See dards.asp?standardsID=6. MUSICXML.
Multidirectional link In XLINK,aLINK that has two Music Markup Language See MML. ARCS that specify the same pair of RESOURCES but switch places as starting and ending resources. MusicXML (Music Extensible Markup Lan- See also TRAVERSAL. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that is designed for representing sheet music and music Multi-Family Data Exchange See MFDX. notation. For more details, see the information at http://www.musicxml.org/xml.html.
97
N
NACS XML Data Interchange See NAXML. by a NAMESPACE NAME.AlthoughaURL is usually used for defining a namespace name, it is not intended Named data type In an XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE to point to a DTD, XML SCHEMA or any other actual that has a name and therefore can be reused in the file. Generally, a namespace is not an Internet XML schema. Contrast ANONYMOUS DATA TYPE. location where physical resources (such as a DTD or an XML schema) reside. This is just a method Named namespace See PREFIXED NAMESPACE. of creating globally unique names intended to avoid collisions between ELEMENT NAMES that use the Named type See NAMED DATA TYPE. same words, phrase or symbol but with different meanings. In the example shown in Figure N.1, Namespace An abstract space that is a concep- the word “Title” is used once as the title of a tual collection of related unique names identified person(“SirArthurConanDoyle”)andagainas
XML document
Namespace prefix xmlns:books="www.any.com/b" Namespace xmlns:people="www.any.com/p" declarations
Namespace Namespace “Books” “People”
<...Title...> <...Title...>
Figure N.1 An example of the use of XML namespaces.
99 namespace axis
The context node (the current node) Node Namespace nodes tree Nodes selected using the “namespace” axis
Location step
namespace::name Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure N.2 The “namespace” axis. thetitleofoneofhisbooks.Thenamecollisionis namespace axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects the avoided by assigning these two meanings of the NAMESPACE NODES of the CONTEXT NODE.SeeFigureN.2. word “Title” to two different namespaces (“People” and “Books” respectively). As a result, Namespace declaration A method of declaring a this word is being used not as a complete element NAMESPACE using the reserved XMLNS ATTRIBUTE,asshown namebutjustasaLOCAL PART of the two QUALIFIED in Figure N.3. There are two types of namespace NAMES “books: Title” and “people: Title”. For more declaration: (1) the declaration of a PREFIXED details, see http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml- NAMESPACE, which uses the “xmlns” keyword and a names/. See also DEFAULT NAMESPACE; NAMESPACE NAMESPACE PREFIX as the ATTRIBUTE NAME of the XMLNS DECLARATION; NAMESPACE PREFIX; PREFIXED NAMESPACE; attribute; and (2) the declaration of an UNPREFIXED UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE. NAMESPACE (also known as DEFAULT NAMESPACE), which
Reserved Namespace Namespace word prefix name
xmlns:book="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0" Prefixed namespace
Globally unique URI
xmlns="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0"
Unprefixed Reserved Namespace (default) word only name namespace (no namespace prefix) Figure N.3 The anatomy of a namespace declaration.
100 Namespaces in XML
Prefix Namespace Properties information item Namespace name
Figure N.4 The “namespace” information item and its properties. usesthesingle“xmlns”keywordandno or any other actual file at all. In fact, it is better to namespaceprefixastheattributenameofthe use a URL of a “location”that does not exist and XMLNS attribute. thereforewillnoteverbechanged.SeeFigureN.5. See also NAMESPACE DECLARATION; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE. Namespace Identifier See NID. Namespace node One of seven NODE TYPE of an Namespace information item One of the 11 XPATH DATA MODEL that represents a NAMESPACE. types of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION SET.Like all of them, it is an abstract description of a Namespace prefix A special shortcut that can be STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT.This declared for a NAMESPACE in order to make it a description is intended for use in other XML- PREFIXED NAMESPACE. The prefix can then be used as related specifications, which need to conform to part of a QUALIFIED NAME to indicate that a specific the information set. There is one namespace individual ELEMENT belongs to the namespace. A information item in the information set for each prefix may not begin with the character string NAMESPACE DECLARATION in the XML document. This “xml” (in any combination of upper and lower information item has two properties, as shown in cases). Notice that the prefix is an integral part of Figure N.4. For more details, see http:// the qualified name of an element and therefore www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. must be used in both the START TAG and the END TAG. SeeFigureN.6.See also DEFAULT NAMESPACE; NAMESPACE Namespace name ThenameofaNAMESPACE in the DECLARATION; NAMESPACE NAME; OVERRIDING NAMESPACES; form of a URI (i.e. a URL or URN) that is (1) unique; UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE. (2) persistent (in other words, permanent); and (3) consistent (if numerous namespaces are cre- Namespace scope The part of an XML DOCUMENT to ated). It is common practice, to use URLs (i.e. Web which a specific NAMESPACE is applied. An UNPREFIXED addresses) for defining namespace names because NAMESPACE declared for the ROOT ELEMENT or any other the use a domain name (the address of a specific specific ELEMENT is applied by default to all the doc- Web site) can ensure that the names are unique. ument’selementsortoalltheelementscontained Notice that a URL used for defining a namespace in the specified element. A DEFAULT NAMESPACE can be name is not intended to point to a DTD, XML SCHEMA overridden by specifying a PREFIXED NAMESPACE and then using a QUALIFIED NAME for an individual ele- Domain name Namespace ment. See also NAMESPACE DECLARATION; OVERRIDING Protocol (Website address) description NAMESPACES; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE.
http://www.AnyWebSite.com/ns/people/2.0 Namespace Specific String See NSS.
Namespace Version Namespaces in XML The title of the W3C “directory” number RECOMMENDATION that specifies the syntax and use of (optional) (optional) NAMESPACES.ThisRECOMMENDATION is available at Figure N.5 An example of a namespace name http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/. in the form of a URL.
101 Name–value pair
Reserved Namespace Namespace word prefix name Namespace xmlns:book="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0" declaration
Colon
Namespace Local prefix part
book:Title Qualified name
Colon Figure N.6 The use of a namespace prefix in a namespace declaration and a qualified name.
Name–value pair NAXML (NACS XML Data Interchange) Asetof XML-baseddataformatsforsupportinge-busi-
NCName (Non-Colonized Name) A VALID XML NAME Name–value pair Atermusedtorefertoan that does not include a colon (:) in it. Since the ATTRIBUTE in order to put emphasis on its STRUCTURAL colon is reserved for connecting a NAMESPACE PREFIX CONSTRUCTS.AnyATTRIBUTE is actually a name–value to a LOCAL PART,bothofthesepartsofaQUALIFIED pair that is made up of an ATTRIBUTE NAME,anequals NAME must be NCNames. sign and an ATTRIBUTE VALUE,asshowninFigureN.7. Nested AtermusedtorefertoELEMENTS or other Nano Markup Language See NANOML. structural constructs of a document that are enclosed one within another. XML ELEMENTS must be NanoML (Nano Markup Language) An XML-BASED nested properly, without overlapping; CSS COMMENTS MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and interchanging and XML COMMENTS cannot be nested. See also NESTING data about designs of different devices and sys- ELEMENTS; OVERLAPPING ELEMENTS; RUSSIAN DOLL APPROACH. tems based on nanotechnology. The term “nanotechnology” refers to the manipulation of Nested elements See NESTED; NESTING ELEMENTS. atoms and molecules to create atomically precise devices. Details of NanoML can be found at Nesting AtermusedtodescribehowXMLele- http://www.nanotitan.com/. ments are contained within other elements. See NESTING ELEMENTS. Natural Language Semantics Markup Language See NLSML. Nesting elements One of general principles underlying the structure of an XML DOCUMENT.The Navigation Markup Language See NVML. XML elements must be entirely enclosed within
102 Node tree
News Industry Text Format See NITF. Node set In XPATH, an unordered collection of NODES (without duplicates) selected by a LOCATION News Markup Language See NEWSML. PATH. See also NODE TREE.
NewsML (News Markup Language) An XML-BASED Node test In XPATH,thesecondpartoftheLOCATION MARKUP LANGUAGE for representing and managing STEP.ItfilterstheNODES selected by the AXIS (which news throughout its life cycle (including creation, is the first part of a LOCATION STEP)onthebasisof interchange and delivery). See http:// their NODE TYPES or node name EXPANDED NAMES.In www.newsml.org/ for more details. theexampleshowninFigureN.9,thenodetest selects all “book” ELEMENTS that are children of the NID (Namespace Identifier) The second part of CONTEXT NODE. a URN. Node tree In XPATH,aNODE SET represented in the NITF (News Industry Text Format) An XML-BASED form of an abstract HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE,as MARKUP LANGUAGE that is intended for the delivery of showninFigureN.10.Thenodetreehasoneand news content in a variety of ways, including print, only one ROOT NODE. See also XPATH DATA MODEL. wireless devices and the Web. More information is available at http://www.nitf.org/.
103 Node type
Axis Node test Predicates Node value In XPATH,avalueassignedtoan ELEMENT NODE or ATTRIBUTE NODE.Thevalueofan Basic axis_name::node_test[predicate] ELEMENT NODE TEXT NODE syntax is the concatenation of all DESCENDANTS with the exception of ATTRIBUTE VALUES, Double colon asshowninFigureN.11.
Axis Node test Predicate Nodeset See NODE SET. Example child::book[position()=1] Non-Colonized Name See NCNAME.
Figure N.9 Node test. Non-linear way of thinking See HIERARCHICAL WAY OF THINKING. Root node Non-normative References References to other standards and specifications in the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION thatareeitherusedtospecify some ATTRIBUTE VALUES in XML, or related to the design of XML. The major Non-normative Refer- ences include: (1) UTF-8;(2)UTF-16;(3)URI;(4)URL; (5) URN;(6)MIME types for XML; (7) SGML;(8)Web SGML; (9) LANGUAGE CODES; (10) COUNTRY CODES; (11) HYTIME. More details are available at http:// www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/. Contrast NORMATIVE Figure N.10 An example of a node tree. REFERENCES.
Non-text data In XML DOCUMENTS,anydatathatare not in a PLAIN TEXT format, such as images, sound Node type A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of the XPATH DATA and other binary data. An XML document cannot MODEL. There are seven types of NODE:(1)ROOT embed these data within the text and therefore NODES;(2)ELEMENT NODES;(3)TEXT NODES;(5)ATTRIBUTE uses references to external files that contain non- NODES;(6)NAMESPACE NODES;(7)PROCESSING INSTRUCTION text data. NODES;(7)COMMENT NODES.
The value of the “ISBN” attribute node
104 NVML (Navigation Markup Language)
Name System identifier Notation information Public identifier Properties item Declaration base URI
Figure N.12 The notation information item and its properties.
Non-validating parser An XML PARSER that does them,itisanabstractdescriptionofaSTRUCTURAL not check an XML document against any DTD or CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT. This description is XML SCHEMA. It checks only whether the document is intended for use in other XML-related specifica- well formed. See also VALIDATING PARSER; VALID XML tions, which need to conform to the information DOCUMENT; WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. set. There is one notation information item in the information set for each notation declared in the Non-well-formed XML document An XML DTD. This information item has four properties, as DOCUMENT that is not a WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. showninFigureN.12.Formoredetails,see http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. Non-XML syntax Any SYNTAX other than XML SYNTAX used by a member of the XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES, NOTATION keyword A keyword used in a DTD such as CSS, XPATH, XPOINTER and XQUERY. See also NON- DECLARATION to declare external NON-TEXT DATA. XML-BASED LANGUAGES. Note See W3C NOTE. Non-XML-based languages The members of the XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES that do not use the XML Nothing class In OWL, a predefined empty CLASS. SYNTAX,suchasCSS, XPATH, XPOINTER and XQUERY. See See also THING CLASS. also NON-XML SYNTAX. NSS (Namespace Specific String) The third part Normative References References to non-W3C of a URN. standards and specifications in the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION that are crucial for understanding NVML (Navigation Markup Language) An XML- both the RECOMMENDATION and its implementation. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing navigation The Normative References include: (1) UCS (2) information for a variety of mobile devices, such UNICODE;(5)IETF LANGUAGE TAGS;(6)IANA CHARACTER SET as smart phones, PDAs (Personal Digital Assis- NAMES. For more details, see http://www.w3.org/ tants) equipped with GPS (Global Positioning TR/REC-xml/. Contrast NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES. System), and car navigation systems. More details are available at http://www.w3.org/TR/NVML/. Notation information item One of the 11 types of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION SET.Likeallof
105
O
OAGIS (Open Applications Group Integration Object Management Group See OMG. Specification) A set of XML-based Business Object Documents (BODs) and integration sce- Object property AtypeofOWL property that is narios for horizontal industry provided by the used to relate a RESOURCE to another resource. An Open Application Group, Inc (OAGI). OAGI is a object property can be defined using the non-profit consortium that focuses on best prac- owl:ObjectProperty ELEMENT,asshowninFigure tices and process-based XML content for e-busi- O.1. Contrast DATATYPE PROPERTY. See also OWL ness and application integration. For more details, VOCABULARY. see http://www.openapplications.org/. Object resource In RDF and RDF SCHEMA,aRESOURCE OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of that describes another resource (called a SUBJECT Structured Information Standards) Anon- RESOURCE)usingaPROPERTY (which specifies the rela- profit, international consortium that is devoted to tionship between these two resources). In the accelerating the adoption of product-independent example shown in Figure O.2, the object resource formats based upon public standards, including is the wood.com/~john WEB SITE, which identifies a XML, SGML and HTML. OASIS is intended to encourage person (probably called “John”) who is the creator interoperability between vertical and horizontal of the index.html WEB PAGE. Note that in the name industries that use XML. It hosts the XML INDUSTRY of the dc:Creator property (which is used to PORTAL (http://www.xml.org/) that is a reposi- specify the relationship between the resources), tory for an increasing number of XML SPECIFICATIONS, the “dc”prefixistheDUBLIN CORE NAMESPACE prefix. A SCHEMAS and VOCABULARIES.MoredetailsofOASIS subject resource, an object resource and a prop- may be obtained from http://www.oasis- erty make up a TRIPLE. open.org/. Occurrence indicator See INDICATOR. OBI (Open Buying on the Internet) An XML- based standard for business-to-business pur- OCS (Open Content Syndication) An XML-BASED chasing on the Internet, focused especially on MARKUP LANGUAGE that enables channel listings to be high-volume, low-cost-per-item transactions. It is constructed for use by portal Web sites and other provided by the OBI Consortium – a non-profit applications. It allows public channels of a Web organization dedicated to developing standards site to be easily shared with portals from other for business-to-business Internet commerce. For organizations. More details about OCS are avail- more details, see http://www.openbuy.org/. able at http://internetalchemy.org/ocs/.
107 ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language)
Basicmodel
objectProperty Resource Resource
Example hasChild Person Person
XML element Property name name
The
Basic Subject Property Object data resource resource model
dc:Creator .../index.html wood.com/ Example ~john
Figure O.2 The object resource.
ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language) An XML- OFX (Open Financial Exchange) An XML-based BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for rights management specification for exchanging financial data expressions related to digital assets, including between institutions, business and consumers via permissions, constraints, obligations, conditions, the Internet. More information is available at and offers and agreements with rights holders. http://www.ofx.net/. More details are available at http://www.w3.org/ TR/odrl/ and http://odrl.net/. OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) A standard for specifying and exchanging ONTOLOGIES.OILiscompat- odrXML (Online Dispute Resolution XML) An ible with RDF SCHEMAS and presents a layered approach XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the interchange of to an ontology language with the formal semantics ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) cases between and reasoning services provided by description ODR systems. For more details, see http:// logics. OIL has been merged with DAML to form econfidence.jrc.it/default/ DAML+OIL. More information about OIL is available page.gx?_app.page=entity.html&_app.action at http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/. =entity&_entity.object=EC_FORUM0000000000 00118C&_entity.name=odr001-2001-09- OMG (Object Management Group) An open 07.html. membership, not-for-profit consortium that is intended to create a component-based software
108 Open Scriptural Information Standard
marketplace by accelerating the introduction of owl:priorVersion element, which contains infor- standardized object software. It produces and mation about the previous version of an ontology; maintains computer industry specifications for (3) the rdfs:label element, which is used to pro- several object-oriented systems and languages. vide a human-readable version of the name of an See http://www.omg.org/ for more details. ontology (see also LABEL PROPERTY). See also OWL VOCABULARY. Online Dispute Resolution XML See ODRXML. Ontology header See ONTOLOGY ELEMENT. Ontology 1. An explicit representation of the MEANING of terms in a VOCABULARY, and their interre- Ontology Inference Layer See OIL. lationships. In an ontology definition language (such as OWL or RDF), an ontology is the collection Ontology Interchange Language See OIL. of STATEMENTS or other semantic definitions for a DOMAIN. Ontologies are one of the STRUCTURAL Open Applications Group Integration CONSTRUCTS of the SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE.Several Specification See OAGIS. SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES can be used for building ontologies with different levels of expressiveness. Open Buying on the Internet See OBI. Note that originally the term “ontology” was used in philosophy to refer to the study of the kinds of Open Content Syndication See OCS. entities in the world and how they are related. 2.AnONTOLOGY DOCUMENT. For examples of Open Digital Rights Language See ODRL. ontologies, see the DAML Ontology Library at http://www.daml.org/ontologies/. Open Financial Exchange See OFX.
Ontology document AWebdocumentthatcon- Opening angle bracket See ANGLE BRACKETS. tains an ontology, such as an OWL ONTOLOGY. See also OWL DOCUMENT; OWL VOCABULARY. Opening tag See START TAG.
Ontology element An XML ELEMENT of the Web OpenMath An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for Ontology Language (OWL)thatisintendedtocon- describing and communicating mathematical tain METADATA for an OWL DOCUMENT,andthatisused objects with their semantics. OpenMath deals as the “ontology header”. It is actually used to with the meaning (or content) of mathematical indicate that a document is an ONTOLOGY DOCUMENT. objects, while MATHML mostly focuses on their pre- Figure O.3 shows some CHILDREN of the sentation. For more details, see the information at owl:Ontology ELEMENT:(1)therdfs:comment ele- http://www.openmath.org/. ment,whichcanbeusedtoannotateanONTOLOGY (see also COMMENT PROPERTY); (2) the Open Scriptural Information Standard See OSIS.
Start tag
109 Open Software Description Format
Open Software Description Format See OSD. OSS (Open source software) Software whose source code is freely distributed. Open source software See OSS. Outbound arc In XLINK,anARC that has a LOCAL Open standard See OSS. STARTING RESOURCE and a REMOTE ENDING RESOURCE.Note that LINKS of this type are similar to HTML links. Open tag See START TAG. Compare INBOUND ARC; THIRD-PARTY ARC.
OPML (Outline Processor Markup Language) Outbound link In XLINK,aLINK that is based on an An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that allows exchange OUTBOUND ARC. of outline-structured information between appli- cations running on different operating systems Outline Processor Markup Language See OPML. and environments. More details of OPML may be obtained from http://www.opml.org/. Overlapping elements In XML and XHTML,ele- ments that are not NESTED correctly and do not Optional attribute In an XML SCHEMA,anATTRIBUTE follow the RUSSIAN DOLL APPROACH. XML and XHTML that is explicitly specified as optional using the documents that contain one or more overlapping optional value of the USE ATTRIBUTE.Notethatby elements are not WELL FORMED.NotethatinHTML defaultallattributesareoptional.SeeFigureO.4. overlapping is allowed, as shown in Figure O.5. See also PROHIBITED ATTRIBUTE; REQUIRED ATTRIBUTE. See also NESTING ELEMENTS.
Order indicator See INDICATOR. Overriding namespaces A method of assigning a NAMESPACE, other than the DEFAULT NAMESPACE,toa Organization for the Advancement of Struc- specified ELEMENT.Toachievethis,aPREFIXED tured Information Standards See OASIS. NAMESPACE hastobedeclaredandthenaQUALIFIED NAME for an individual element should be used, as OSD (Open Software Description Format) An showninFigureO.6.See also NAMESPACE; NAMESPACE XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing software DECLARATION; NAMESPACE NAME; UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE. packages and their interdependencies for hetero- geneous clients. More details about OSD can be Overriding properties See INHERITING AND obtained from http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE- OVERRIDING PROPERTIES. OSD.html/. OWL (Web Ontology Language) An XML-BASED OSIS (Open Scriptural Information Standard) MARKUP LANGUAGE for defining and instantiating Web An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing the ONTOLOGIES to enable machine-processable SEMANTICS. text of the Bible. Details of OSIS can be found at Itcanbeusedtoexplicitlyrepresentthemeaning http://www.bibletechnologies.net/. of terms in a VOCABULARY and the relationships of
Attribute Attribute value The “optional” name data type value
The “use” attribute Figure O.4 The XML Schema declaration of an optional attribute.
110 owl:AllDifferent element
Legal XML code
John Wood Code legal in HTML and XHTML
Code legal in HTML but illegal John Wood in XHTML Figure O.5 Overlapping elements.
Declaration of
Semantic Web technologies those terms. OWL is divided into three increas- ingly expressive OWL SUBLANGUAGES:(1)OWLLite; (2) OWL DL; and (3) OWL Full. OWL relationships to other XML technologies OWL are shown in Figure O.7. OWL is a revision of the DAML+OIL Web ontology language. It is based on XML, RDF and RDF SCHEMAS but goes beyond these DAML+OIL languages by providing more facilities for expressing the semantics of Web data. OWL DAML OIL extendsRDFSchemaswitharicherOWL VOCABULARY that provides advanced inferencing capabilities. RDF Schema At present, OWL is one of the main SEMANTIC WEB RDF TECHNOLOGIES. More details of OWL, including OWL- XML Schema W3C SPECIFICATIONS related are available at http:// XML Namespaces www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/. See also ONTOLOGY XML ELEMENT; OWL DOCUMENT; OWL NAMESPACE; OWL URI VOCABULARY. Fundamental XML technologies owl:AllDifferent element See ALL DIFFERENT Figure O.7 The genesis of OWL and its relationships to STATEMENT . other XML technologies.
111 owl:DatatypeProperty element
owl:DatatypeProperty element See DATATYPE owl:SymmetricProperty element See SYMMETRIC PROPERTY. PROPERTY. owl:differentFrom element See DIFFERENT FROM owl:Thing class See THING CLASS. STATEMENT. owl:TransitiveProperty element See TRANSITIVE owl:disjointWith element See DISJOINT CLASSES. PROPERTY. owl:equivalentClass element See EQUIVALENT OWL All Different statement See ALL DIFFERENT CLASS. STATEMENT. owl:FunctionalProperty element See FUNCTIONAL OWL class class See CLASS CLASS. PROPERTY. OWL Datatype Property See DATATYPE PROPERTY. owl:InverseFunctionalProperty element See INVERSE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY. OWL Different From statement See DIFFERENT FROM STATEMENT. owl:inverseOf element See INVERSE PROPERTY. OWL disjoint classes See DISJOINT CLASSES. owl:Nothing class See NOTHING CLASS. OWL DL (Web Ontology Language Description owl:ObjectProperty element See OBJECT PROPERTY. Logics) An OWL SUBLANGUAGE. owl:Ontology element See ONTOLOGY ELEMENT. OWL document An XML DOCUMENT written in OWL that describes an OWL ONTOLOGY.AnOWLdocument owl:priorVersion element See ONTOLOGY ELEMENT. has the structure shown in Figure O.8. Like any XML document, it begins with an optional XML owl:sameAs element See SAME AS STATEMENT. DECLARATION.AnRDF ELEMENT serves as the
XML declaration
112 OWL sublanguage
ROOT ELEMENT of every OWL document. The first CHILD DECLARATION.TheNAMESPACE PREFIX is “owl”bycon- of the RDF element is a special ONTOLOGY ELEMENT vention. The OWL namespace declaration is an that indicates that the document is an ONTOLOGY ATTRIBUTE of the RDF ELEMENT that is the ROOT ELEMENT DOCUMENT. See also OWL NAMESPACE; OWL VOCABULARY. of every OWL DOCUMENT.TheATTRIBUTE NAME is “xmlns:owl”. Other namespaces, used in an OWL OWL Equivalent Class See EQUIVALENT CLASS. ONTOLOGY, can also be declared within the START TAG of the RDF element, primary RDF NAMESPACE, RDF OWL Full (Web Ontology Language Full) An SCHEMA NAMESPACE and DEFAULT NAMESPACE.SeeFigure OWL SUBLANGUAGE. O.9. See also OWL VOCABULARY.
OWL Functional Property See FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY. OWL Nothing class See NOTHING CLASS.
OWL Individual See INDIVIDUAL. OWL Object Property See OBJECT PROPERTY.
OWL Inverse Functional Property See INVERSE OWL ontology An ONTOLOGY expressed in OWL.It FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY. includes a description of classes, properties and their instances and interrelationships. See also OWL Inverse Property See INVERSE PROPERTY. ONTOLOGY DOCUMENT; OWL DOCUMENT; OWL VOCABULARY.
OWL Lite (Web Ontology Language Light) An OWL ontology header See ONTOLOGY ELEMENT. OWL SUBLANGUAGE. OWL sublanguage Oneofthethreeincreasingly OWL namespace The NAMESPACE of the OWL lan- expressive languages into which OWL is divided: guage that is declared using a NAMESPACE (1) “OWL Lite”, which supports only simple
The start tag of the “rdf:RDF” element (the root element of every OWL document)
Default
OWL
OWL Full OWL OWL DL
OWL Lite OWL Lite OWL DL OWL Full
Figure O.10 Three sublanguages of OWL and their relationships.
113 OWL sublanguage
Class
rdfs:subClassOf
rdfs:Property RDF Schema elements rdfs:subPropertyOf
rdfs:domain
rdfs:range
owl:equvalentClass
owl:equvalentProperty Equality and Inequality owl:sameAs
owl:differentFrom
owl:allDifferent
owl:inverseOf
owl:TransitiveProperty OWL Property owl:SymmetricProperty Lite Characteristics owl:FuntionalProperty
owl:InverseFuntionalProperty
owl:allValuesFrom Property Type Restrictions owl:someValuesFrom
owl:minCardinality Cardinality owl:maxCardinality Restrictions owl:cardinality
Class owl:intersectionOf Intersections
RDF Data Types
Ontology owl:Ontology Header
Figure O.11 The OWL Lite vocabulary.
114 OWL vocabulary
constraintsand,becauseofthis,allowsusersto OWL version A term that is sometimes used to build basic ONTOLOGIES quickly and easily; (2) refer to an OWL SUBLANGUAGE. “OWL DL”, which includes all OWL constructs, though with several restrictions, and allows users OWL vocabulary The XML-based VOCABULARY of to create more advanced ontologies (“DL” stands OWL that extends an RDF SCHEMA and hence enables for “Description Logics”); and (3) “OWL Full”, developers to build much more sophisticated which has maximum expressiveness for building ONTOLOGIES for the Web. The OWL vocabulary is a Web ontologies, but is rather complicated. Figure set of XML ELEMENTS. A hierarchical tree representa- O.10 shows the relationships between these three tion of the OWL LITE vocabularyisshowninFigure sublanguages of OWL. See also OWL VOCABULARY. O.11. See also ALL DIFFERENT STATEMENT; CLASS; CLASS CLASS; DIFFERENT FROM STATEMENT; DOMAIN PROPERTY; OWL Symmetric Property See SYMMETRIC PROPERTY. EQUIVALENT CLASS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY; INVERSE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY; INVERSE PROPERTY; ONTOLOGY OWL Thing class See THING CLASS. ELEMENT; RANGE PROPERTY; SAME AS STATEMENT; SYMMETRIC PROPERTY; TRANSITIVE PROPERTY. OWL Transitive Property See TRANSITIVE PROPERTY.
115
P
P&C XML (Property & Casualty Extensible Parent An ELEMENT,aNODE or another STRUCTURAL Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE CONSTRUCT of a HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE that for exchanging data between producers, insurers, includes one or more sub-elements, sub-nodes, or rating bureaus, service providers etc. More infor- other sub-constructs (called CHILDREN). The concept mation is available at http://www.acord.org/ of parent is based on the PARENT–CHILD METAPHOR.See Standards/propertyxml.aspx. Figure P.1.
P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences) An parent axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects the PARENT XML/RDF-baseddataformatandaprotocolthat of the CONTEXT NODE.SeeFigureP.2. enables WEB SITES to express their privacy practices inastandardwaythatcanberetrievedautomati- Parent–child See PARENT–CHILD METAPHOR. cally.ItprovidesastandardXMLdataformat (known as a “P3P policy”) for a Web site to Parent–child metaphor A metaphor that is often encode its data collection practices in machine- used to express vertical relationships in a readableform.DetailsofP3Pcanbefoundat HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE of ELEMENTS, NODES and the http://www.w3.org/TR/P3P/.
P3P policy See P3P. The context node (the ENTITY Parameter entity An that is exclusively Node current node) DTD tree used within a . Parameter entities are always The node PARSED ENTITIES. Contrast GENERAL ENTITY. selected using the “parent” Parent axis
Child Child Child Location step
parent::name()
117 Parent element
implementations of an XML PARSER as (1) EVENT-DRIVEN Parent PARSER TREE-BASED PARSER Child or (2) . Parent Child Part component In the WSDL COMPONENT MODEL,a component that describes a portion of a partic- ular message that a WEB SERVICE sends and receives. Figure P.3 An illustration of the The part component is a subcomponent of the parent–child metaphor. MESSAGE COMPONENT. The XML representation of the part component is the wsdl:part ELEMENT that is a like. Note that, like most other metaphorical CHILD of the wsdl:message element. See Figure P.4. expressions, this metaphor does not imply a per- fect analogy between a genealogical tree and a Participating resource In XLINK,anyRESOURCE that hierarchical tree structure of an XML DOCUMENT or a is part of a LINK.AlthoughallRESOURCES can poten- DATA MODEL. For example, every human being has tiallybepartofalink,aresourcebecomesapar- two parents, but every CHILD in a hierarchical tree ticipating resource only when a LOCATOR is used to structure has one and only one PARENT.SeeFigure includeitaspartofalink. P. 3 . Path expression See EXPRESSION. Parent element An ELEMENT that has one or more elements nested within it. Elements nested within Pattern A term that is often used to refer to the a parent element are called CHILD ELEMENTS. See ATTRIBUTE VALUE of the MATCH ATTRIBUTE. NESTING ELEMENTS. pattern facet In an XML SCHEMA,aFACET that parentref attribute See FRAGMENT CONTEXT restricts a SIMPLE TYPE in terms of matching the pat- SPECIFICATION. ternofaregularexpression,suchasazipcodeor telephone area code. Parliamentary Language Markup Language See PARLML. PCDATA (Parsed character data) 1.InanXML DOCUMENT, CHARACTER DATA that are intended to be ParlML (Parliamentary Language Markup Lan- parsed by an XML PARSER.Theymayalsoinclude guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for CHARACTER REFERENCES that will be expanded by a describing parliamentary texts and information. VALIDATING PARSER. More information about ParlML is available at 2. Generally, any part of an XML document that http://www.europarl.eu.int/docman/ParlML/. will be parsed by an XML parser. Any TAGS inside thepartwillbetreatedasMARKUP,incontrast,for Parsed character data See PCDATA. example, to the text of a CDATA SECTION,whichwill not be parsed by a parser. Parsed entity An ENTITY that is analyzed by an XML PARSER. Contrast UNPARSED ENTITY. See also INTERNAL PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) A handheld GENERAL ENTITY. computing device with a small screen used to track personal data such as calendars, contacts Parser See XML PARSER. and email.
Parser implementation Atermthatissome- PDML (Product Data Markup Language) An timesusedtorefertooneoftwopossible XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for support the
118 PGML (Precision Graphics Markup Language)
The place of the part component in the WSDL component model
WSDL components
Message Port type Binding Service component component component component
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
An example of the XML representation of a part component
The
Personal external DTD A term sometimes used PGML (Precision Graphics Markup Language) to refer to an EXTERNAL DTD that is associated with An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing 2D an XML DOCUMENT using a DOCTYPE DECLARATION with the scalable graphics that is suitable for both preci- SYSTEM keyword. This term is intended to sion graphics created by graphics artists and emphasize that this DTD is not a standardized, simple vector graphics produced by casual users.
119 Physical Markup Language
Details of PGML are available at http:// PMXML (Project Management XML Schema) www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-PGML. An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing project data (such as project status and resource assign- Physical Markup Language See PML. ments) and for exchanging information between project management tools. More details are avail- PI An acronym for PROCESSING INSTRUCTION. able at http://www.pacificedge.com/xml/.
PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection) PNML (Petri Net Markup Language) An XML- AsystemforassociatingMETADATA (PICS “labels”) based standardized interchange format for Petri with Web content that provides a mechanism that nets. (Petri nets are formal graphical notations for enables independent groups to develop metadata modeling complex systems). Details of PNML can vocabularies without naming conflict. Originally, be found at http://www.informatik.hu- PICS was designed to help parents and teachers berlin.de/top/pnml/. control what children access on the Internet, but nowitisalsousedasaplatformonwhichother Point Of Interest Exchange Language See POIX. rating services and filtering software can be built. More details about PICS are available at http:// POIX (Point Of Interest Exchange Language) www.w3.org/PICS/. An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and exchanging location-related information over the Plain text Adocumentformatthatcontains Internet. It can be used by location-related service nothing but text. This means that it includes no providersandmobiledeviceandalsoserversoft- invisible formatting information such as font size ware developers. More information is available at or bold style. All XML DOCUMENTS are in plain text http://www.w3.org/TR/poix/. format and can be opened and edited using a simple text editor, such as Microsoft Notepad. Portable Site Information See PSI.
Plain text format See PLAIN TEXT. Port component In the WSDL COMPONENT MODEL,a component that describes a target address at Platform for Internet Content Selection See which a given service is available. A collection of PICS. portsisaservice(see SERVICE COMPONENT). The XML representation of the port component is the Platform for Privacy Preferences See P3P. wsdl:port ELEMENT,asshowninFigureP.5.
PML (Physical Markup Language) An XML-BASED Port type component In the WSDL COMPONENT MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing complex physical MODEL, a component that describes a set of mes- objects, as well as industrial and commercial pro- sages that a WEB SERVICE sends and receives. The cesses. Details of PML can be found at http:// XML representation of the message component is web.mit.edu/mecheng/pml/. the wsdl:port ELEMENT that is used to group relatedinputandoutputmessagesintoopera- PMML (Predictive Model Markup Language) tions. Essentially, a port type is a set of opera- An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing statis- tions.SeeFigureP.6. tical and data mining models. More details of PMML may be obtained from http:// Port type operation component In the WSDL www.dmg.org/. COMPONENT MODEL, a component that describes an operation that a given PORT TYPE COMPONENT
120 Port type operation component
The place of the port component in the WSDL component model
WSDL components
Message Port type Binding Service component component component component
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
An example of the XML representation of a port component The the start tag of the “service” element
The the end tag of the “service” element Figure P.5 The WSDL port component.
The place of the port type component in the WSDL component model WSDL components
Message Port type Binding Service component component component component
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
An example of the XML representation of a port type component The name Element name of the port type (keyword) (user-defined)
121 PPML (Personalized Print Markup Language)
The context node (the current node) Node Nodes selected tree using the “preceding” axis
Location step
preceding::book_title Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure P.7 The “preceding” axis. supports.Anoperationisasetofinputand Precision Graphics Markup Language See PGML. output messages. The XML representation of the port type operation component is the wsdl:oper- Predefined internal entity See PREDEFINED INTERNAL ation ELEMENT that is used to group related input ENTITY. and output messages. For more details, see PORT TYPE COMPONENT and Figure P.6. Predefined XML entity One of the five XML ENTITYIES that are used for an alternative represen- PPML (Personalized Print Markup Language) tation of five corresponding SPECIAL SYMBOLS in an An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing per- XML DOCUMENT. They are also sometimes called “pre- sonalized print applications with reusable content. defined internal entities”. See SPECIAL SYMBOLS for See http://www.ppml.info/ for more details. more details.
PR (Proposed Recommendations) See W3C Predicate In XPATH, the third (optional) part of a PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION. LOCATION STEP that is used to refine or filter the NODE SET selected by the first two parts (the AXIS and the Pragmatics In linguistics, the study of how NODE TEST). A predicate is enclosed within a pair of words and phrases in a language are chosen and square brackets (“[ ]”). In the example shown in used with special meanings in particular situa- Figure P.9, the predicate is used to select the first tions. Compare SEMANTICS; SYNTAX. “book” ELEMENT that is a CHILD of the current node. preceding axis In XPATH,anAXIS that selects all Predictive Model Markup Language See PMML. NODES that are before the CONTEXT NODE.SeeFigure P. 7 . Prefix See NAMESPACE PREFIX. preceding-sibling axis In XPATH,anAXIS that Prefixed name A term sometimes used to refer selects sibling NODES of the CONTEXT NODE that are to a QUALIFIED NAME. before the context node. See Figure P.8.
122 Presentational markup
The context node (the current node) Node Nodes selected tree using the “preceding-sibling” axis
Location step
preceding-sibling::book_title Example
Axis Node test Double colon Figure P.8 The “preceding-sibling” axis.
Axis Node test Predicates Prefixed namespace A NAMESPACE that is declared using a NAMESPACE PREFIX.Thisallowsapplyingthis axis_name::node_test[predicate] Basic namespace to any individual elements within the syntax NAMESPACE SCOPE. See Figure P.10. Contrast UNPREFIXED Double Square brackets NAMESPACE. See also NAMESPACE DECLARATION; NAMESPACE colon NAME; OVERRIDING NAMESPACES; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE. Axis Node test Predicate Presentational markup A term that sometimes child::book[position()=1] refers to MARKUP that defines the visual formatting Example ofthetextsuchasfontsizeorcolor.HTML is a well Square brackets known example of presentational markup. See Figure P.11. Contrast STRUCTURAL MARKUP. Figure P.9 The predicate.
Reserved Namespace Namespace word prefix name Prefixed namespace xmlns:book="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0"
xmlns="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0"
Reserved Namespace Unprefixed word only name namespace (no namespace prefix) Figure P.10 A comparison of a prefixed namespace with an unprefixed namespace.
123 Primary component
Start tag Text End tag descriptions. For instance, the DC:DATE ELEMENT is extended by several elements with the “prism” John Wood NAMESPACE,suchasprism:publicationTime or prism:releaseTime. For more details, see the Text color Font size information at http://www.prismstandard.org/. Figure P.11 An example of presentational markup with HTML. Processing instruction (PI) A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT that allows the docu- Primary component See XML SCHEMA COMPONENT. ment to contain instructions for applications. A processing instruction uses a special TAG that Primitive data type In an XML SCHEMA,aBUILT-IN begins with the () DATA TYPE that cannot be defined using other DATA delimiter, and has no END TAG.Processinginstruc- TYPES. tions can be placed in any location in an XML document. They are mostly used for declaring the Primitive type See PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE. XML version in the XML DECLARATION and for ASSOCIATING STYLE SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS. Generally, Printing Industry Markup Language See however,theycanbeusedtoidentifyanapplica- PRINTML. tion to which the instruction needs to be directed. In the basic syntax of processing instructions PrintML (Printing Industry Markup Language) showninFigureP.12.Thecompulsory“target” An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the use in the portion is to include a VALID XML NAME that identifies graphic art industry. More details are available at the application to which instruction are being http://printml.org/. passed, while the optional “instruction” portion can include the commands to be sent to the appli- Prior version See ONTOLOGY ELEMENT. cation. In an XML SCHEMA, information for applica- tions (known as “application information”) can be PRISM (Publishing Requirements for Industry inserted using an APPINFO ELEMENT and used Standard Metadata) AsetofMETADATA vocabu- similarly to a processing instruction. laries for the automation of publishing produc- tion processes and content exchange. In Processing instruction information item One particular, PRISM augments the DUBLIN CORE of the 11 types of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION METADATA ELEMENT SET to allow more detailed SET.Likeallofthem,itisanabstractdescription
Delimiter Delimiter
Basic PI syntax
XML declaration
CSS reference
Target portion Instruction portion Figure P.12 The anatomy and main types of the processing instruction.
124 Property
Target
Processing Content instruction Base URI Properties information item Notation
Parent
Figure P.13 The processing instruction information item and its properties. of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT.This DOCUMENT; otherwise that document will not be a description is intended for use in other XML- VALID XML DOCUMENT. See Figure P.14. See also OPTIONAL related specifications, which need to conform to ATTRIBUTE; REQUIRED ATTRIBUTE. the information set. There is one processing instruction information item in the INFORMATION SET Project Management XML Schema See PMXML. for each PROCESSING INSTRUCTION in the document. The Processing instruction information item has Prolog 1.OneofthreeXMLDOCUMENTSECTIONSthat five properties, as shown in Figure P.13. For more may consist of (1) an XML DECLARATION;(2)PROCESSING details, see http://www.w3.org/TR/xml- INSTRUCTIONS; (3) a Document Type Declaration infoset/. (DTD); (4) XML COMMENTS;and(5)WHITE SPACE.A prolog is an optional part of an XML DOCUMENT.See Processing instruction node One of seven NODE Figure P.15. See also BODY; EPILOG. TYPES of XPATH DATA MODEL that represents a PROCESSING 2. (Short for Programming in Logic). A high- INSTRUCTION. level programming language that uses logical operations for artificial intelligence, especially for Processor See XML PROCESSOR. expert systems and natural language processing applications. Process Specification Language See PSL. Properly nested elements ELEMENTS that are Product Data Markup Language See PDML. NESTED without overlapping, in accordance with the RUSSIAN DOLL APPROACH –oneofthemainconcepts Product Definition Exchange See PDX. underlying the HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE of XML DOCUMENTS. Contrast IMPROPERLY NESTED ELEMENTS. See Prohibited attribute In an XML SCHEMA,an also NESTING ELEMENTS; OVERLAPPING ELEMENTS. ATTRIBUTE that is specified as forbidden using the prohibited value of the USE ATTRIBUTE.This Property In RDF,thepartofaSTATEMENT that speci- attribute must not be presented in an XML fies the relationship between a RESOURCE and a
The “use” attribute
Attribute Attribute value The “prohibited” name data type value Figure P.14 The XML Schema declaration of a prohibited attribute.
125 Property & Casualty Extensible Markup Language
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) XML declaration Prolog (2) Processing instructions (3) Document Type Declaration (4) Comments (5) White space
Body
Epilog
Figure P.15 The prolog as a section of an XML document. value. For example, properties of a book are: Property & Casualty Extensible Markup author,title,publisher,publicationdate,page Language See P&C XML. count and length. An RDF SCHEMA uses a more generic concept of property as a relationship Property class In an RDF SCHEMA,theCLASS of RDF between SUBJECT RESOURCES and OBJECT RESOURCES.In PROPERTIES.Therdf:Property classisanINSTANCE of theexampleshowninFigureP.16,thedc:Creator the CLASS CLASS. In the example shown in Figure property specifies the relationship between the P.17, the “age” PROPERTY of the “dog” class is index.html WEB PAGE and a person who is probably defined. called “John” and who is identified via his per- sonal WEB SITE. Note that the “dc”prefixisthe Property–value pair See CSS STYLE. DUBLIN CORE NAMESPACE prefix. A subject resource, an object resource and a property make up a TRIPLE. Proposed recommendation See W3C PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION.
Basic Property Subject Object data resource resource model
dc:Creator wood.com/ .../index.html Example ~john
Figure P.16 The RDF property.
Property name
The
Protein Extensible Markup Language See about PSL is available at http://ats.nist.gov/ PROXIML. psl/.
Protocol A method, language or formal set of PUBLIC keyword See DOCTYPE DECLARATION. rulesandconventionsthatallowscomputersto communicatetoeachotherovertheInternetina Published subject A mechanism for creating URIS well-defined way. See also HTTP. identifying resources or subjects that are not elec- tronic. For more information, see http:// PROXIML (Protein Extensible Markup Lan- www.ontopia.net/tmp/pubsubj-gentle- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for intro.htm. describing and exchanging protein-related data. For more details, see http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/ Publisher element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the ~douglas/proximl/. DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
127
Q
qbXML (QuickBooks Extensible Markup Lan- Colon guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that enables data integration between QuickBooks and third- namespace_prefix:local_part Basic syntax partyprograms.(QuickBooksispopularsmall business accounting software). Details of qbXML Title Unqualified name can be found at http://developer.intuit.com/ library/quickbooks/qbxml_overview.pdf. Namespace Local prefix part QML (Quest Markup Language) An XML-BASED Book:Title MARKUP LANGUAGE for defining interactive text-based Person:Title adventures that can include images, sound, Sport:Title Qualified names random events etc. Details of QML are available at Property:Title http://questml.com/. Colon QName An abbreviation for QUALIFIED NAME. Figure Q.1 The syntax and examples of the qualified name. Qualified name A qualified name (also known as QName) is an ELEMENT NAME or an ATTRIBUTE NAME that consists of two parts separated by a colon: (1) the unique and therefore different element names. NAMESPACE PREFIX and (2) the LOCAL PART.Theuseof Contrast UNQUALIFIED NAME. See also NAMESPACE qualified names prevents name collisions while DECLARATION; NAMESPACE NAME; OVERRIDING NAMESPACES; combining XML DOCUMENTS that contain ELEMENTS PREFIXED NAMESPACE; UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE. withthesameelementnamesthathavedifferent meanings. Qualified names may have the same Quest Markup Language See QML. LOCAL PARTS, but the use of a namespace prefix makes them unique. In the example shown in QuickBooks Extensible Markup Language See Figure Q.1, the word “Title” is used as a local part QBXML. ofseveralqualifiednamesbutallofthemare
129
R
Range property In RDF SCHEMA,therdfs:range DOCUMENTS.Atpresent,RDFissaidtobeoneofthe PROPERTY is a property that is used to state that the main SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES. More information values of a property are INSTANCES of one or more about RDF and also W3C SPECIFICATIONS related to CLASSES. In the example shown in Figure R.1, the RDF are available at http://www.w3.org/RDF/. rangeofthe“age”propertyofthe“dog”classis specified as an integer. rdf:about attribute An ATTRIBUTE of the RDF:DESCRIPTION ELEMENT that identifies the subject of RDDL (Resource Directory Description Lan- the STATEMENT. guage) An extension of XHTML BASIC with a new element named “rddl:resource” that serves as an rdf:Alt class See ALT CLASS. XLink to the referenced resource. See http:// www.rddl.org/ for more details. rdf:Alt element See ALTERNATIVE CONTAINER. rdf The FILENAME EXTENSION of RDF documents. For rdf:Bag class See BAG CLASS. example, “Catalog.rdf”. rdf:Bag element See BAG CONTAINER. RDF (Resource Description Framework) An XML- BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing RESOURCES on rdf:Description element In RDF,anELEMENT that is the Web using METADATA. RDF provides a generic used to represent STATEMENTS.Acollectionofstate- metadata architecture. It includes: (1) RDF DATA ments about a RESOURCE forms a “description”. See MODEL;(2)RDF SYNTAX;(3)RDF SCHEMA.RDF-based Figure R.2. structural, machine-understandable metadata provide additional meaning to the content of XML rdf:Property class See PROPERTY CLASS.
Thevalue of the Property “rdf:resource” name attribute The
131 rdf:RDF element
Element name Resource
The
Property Prefix Local part Value Figure R.2 An example of the “rdf:Description” element.
DATA MODEL RDF Property arc Graph RDF data model A underlying and, Subject node Object node syntax in particular, any RDF STATEMENT.TheRDFdata model is graph-based and therefore independent of any specific serialization syntax. It uses so- Statement called “graph syntax”: directed labeled graphs that consist of nodes and labeled directed arcs Property RDF Resource Value that link pairs of nodes.See Figure R.3.An oval data RESOURCE model represents a , an arrow represents a PROPERTY,andaboxrepresentsaliteralvalue.An Subject Predicate Object RDF statement represented using this formal semanticsissometimescalledaTRIPLE or an RDF Triple graph. For more information about the RDF data Figure R.3 The RDF data model. model, see http://www.w3.org/RDF/.SeealsoRDF SYNTAX.
RDF ELEMENT rdf:RDF element See . RDF description See DESCRIPTION. rdf:Seq class See SEQ CLASS. RDF element The ROOT ELEMENT of every RDF or RDF SCHEMA document. The ELEMENT NAME is comprised of rdf:Seq element See SEQUENCE CONTAINER. the NAMESPACE PREFIX “rdf” and the LOCAL PART “RDF”. The rdf:RDF element can also have one or more rdf:value property See VALUE PROPERTY. attributes, such as an RDF NAMESPACE declaration and an RDF SCHEMA NAMESPACE declaration. See Figure RDF container See CONTAINER. R.4.
XML declaration RDF namespace declaration
132 RDF Site Summary
Namespace Namespace prefix name
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
URI Figure R.5 Declaring the RDF namespace.
RDF graph See RDF DATA MODEL. rdfs:XMLLiteral See XMLLITERAL CLASS.
RDF metadata model See RDF DATA MODEL. RDFS (RDF Schema) See RDF SCHEMA.
RDF namespace The NAMESPACE of the RDF lan- RDF-S (RDF Schema) See RDF SCHEMA. guage that is declared using a NAMESPACE DECLARATION, shown in Figure R.5. Note that the RDF Schema Also known as RDF Vocabulary NAMESPACE PREFIX is “rdf”byconvention. Description Language (an official name) or RDFS (an acronym). Part of RDF that is an extension of RDF property See PROPERTY. RDF that provides mechanisms for describing CLASSES of related RESOURCES and their PROPERTIES in a RDF root element See RDF ELEMENT. form that is machine-processable. In other words, an RDF Schema provides an XML VOCABULARY to rdfs:Class class See CLASS CLASS. express classes and their relationships (SUPERCLASS–SUBCLASS),andalsotodefineproperties rdfs:comment property See COMMENT PROPERTY. and associate them with classes. RDF Schema documents are written in RDF rdfs:Container class See CONTAINER CLASS. using the XML SYNTAX. This means that every RDF Schema document is also a VALID XML DOCUMENT and rdfs:domain property See DOMAIN PROPERTY. an RDF document. It starts with an XML DECLARATION followed by an RDF ELEMENT as a ROOT ELEMENT.Figure rdfs:isDefinedBy property See ISDEFINEDBY R.6 shows a simple RDF Schema document that PROPERTY. defines the class of dogs (as a subclass of the class of pets) and also defines its “age” property. For rdfs:label property See LABEL PROPERTY. more information about RDF Schemas, visit http://www.w3.org/RDF/. rdfs:Literal See LITERAL CLASS. RDF Schema class See CLASS. rdfs:range property See RANGE PROPERTY. RDF Schema namespace The NAMESPACE of the RDF rdfs:Resource class See RESOURCE CLASS. SCHEMA language that is declared using a NAMESPACE DECLARATION, shown in Figure R.7. Note that the rdfs:seeAlso property See SEEALSO PROPERTY. NAMESPACE PREFIX is “rdfs”byconvention. rdfs:subClassOf property See SUBCLASSOF PROPERTY. RDF Schema root element See RDF ELEMENT. rdfs:type property See TYPE PROPERTY. RDF Site Summary See RSS.
133 RDFS namespace
XML declaration
RDF
Namespace Namespace RDF syntax A normative syntax for serialization prefix name of the RDF DATA MODEL that is based on XML.ThisDATA MODEL is graph-based and can therefore be serial- xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" ized using other syntaxes, but the XML SYNTAX is the only syntax recommended by W3C. This means that URI an RDF document or RDF SCHEMA should be a VALID Figure R.7 Declaring the RDF Schema namespace. XML DOCUMENT.SeeFigureR.8.RDFsyntaxis defined at http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf- RDFS namespace See RDF SCHEMA NAMESPACE. syntax/.
RDF statement See STATEMENT. RDF triple See TRIPLE.
John Wood RDF dc:creator data http://www.any.by model
dc:title Sample website
Figure R.8 An example of XML-based RDF syntax and its underlying data model.
134 RELAX NG (Regular Language Description for XML – New Generation)
RDF vCard Document See VCARD RDF/XML There is A slash that A slash that SPECIFICATION no start slash separates separates . here steps steps Basic syntax RDF vCard Specification See VCARD RDF/XML location_step/location_step/... SPECIFICATION.
Step 1 Step 2 RDF Vocabulary Description Language The RDF SCHEMA official name of . catalog/book/price Example Readability See MACHINE AND HUMAN READABILITY. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Real Estate Extensible Markup Language See Figure R.9 Relative location path. REXML. a book or images in a document. Note that “dc”is Real resource See RESOURCE. the NAMESPACE PREFIX of the DUBLIN CORE NAMESPACE.
Really Simple Syndication See RSS. Relative expression See RELATIVE LOCATION PATH.
REC (Recommendation) See W3C RECOMMENDATION. Relative location path In XPATH,aLOCATION PATH that does not start at the ROOT NODE of a NODE TREE Recipe Markup Language See RECIPEML. and therefore its syntax does not begin with a for- wardslash(whichwouldindicatetherootnode). RecipeML (Recipe Markup Language) An XML- A relative location path is a sequence of LOCATION BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing recipes. STEPS, each separated by a forward slash. In the Details of RecipeML are available at http:// exampleshowninFigureR.9,theabsoluteloca- www.formatdata.com/recipeml/. tion path selects all the “price” elements of all the “book” elements of all the “catalog” elements that Recommendation See W3C RECOMMENDATION. are children of the CONTEXT NODE. Contrast ABSOLUTE LOCATION PATH. See also ABBREVIATED SYNTAX. Recommendation track technical reports See W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORTS. RELAX (Regular Language Description for XML) A SCHEMA language for XML that may be Regular Language Description for XML See seen as a less complex alternative to an XML SCHEMA. RELAX. It is written in XML SYNTAX and based on regular expressions. RELAX has been merged with TREX to Regular Language Description for XML – New create RELAX NG. More information about RELAX is Generation See RELAX NG. available at http://www.xml.gr.jp/relax/. See also DSD; SCHEMATRON. Relational-Functional Markup Language See RFML. RELAX NG (Regular Language Description for XML – New Generation) AsimpleSCHEMA lan- Relation element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the guage for XML that is the unification of TREX and DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
135 Remote ending resource
complex complementary alternative to an XML SCHEMA thatisnotintendedtoreplacetheW3C XML SCHEMA. RELAX NG is a specification by OASIS, available at http://www.oasis-open.org/com- mittees/relax-ng/. See also DSD; SCHEMATRON.
Remote ending resource In XLINK,aREMOTE RESOURCE from with TRAVERSAL begins.
Remote resource In XLINK,aRESOURCE or its por- tion that is specified in a LINK using a URI reference. Contrast LOCAL RESOURCE.
Remote starting resource In XLINK,aREMOTE RESOURCE that is the destination of TRAVERSAL.
Rendering XML documents Presenting an XML DOCUMENT in a visual, aural, multimedia or other form. An XML document contains only data and METADATA and nothing else that would specify how Figure R.10 An XML document rendered thedatashouldberendered.Thisprincipleof with Internet Explorer. constructing XML documents is known as SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT.Technically,anXML and colors the MARKUP;(2)itpresentsPARENT and document can be rendered in any desired form by CHILD ELEMENTS similar to a hierarchical file system, using XSL for styling it or for transforming it into where the child elements can be hidden and another presentation format, such as SMIL, SVG, shown just by clicking on a plus (+) or minus (–) VOICEXML, WML, X3D or XHTML. sign. A simple but very limited way of presenting XML as an HTML document is provided by CSS, Repeating elements See REUSING REPEATING ELEMENTS. which uses NON-XML SYNTAX.IfnoSTYLE SHEET is asso- ciated with an XML document, a WEB BROWSER usu- Request for Comments See RFC. ally renders the document using its default STYLE SHEET, as in the example shown in Figure R.10. For Required attribute In an XML SCHEMA,anATTRIBUTE thesourcecodeofthisdocument,seeXML that is specified as mandatory using the required DOCUMENT. Note that the browser displays the docu- value of the USE ATTRIBUTE.Thisattributemustbe ment in a very basic form. It differs from the PLAIN presented in an XML DOCUMENT;otherwisethatdocu- TEXT source code only in two aspects: (1) it formats ment will not be a VALID XML DOCUMENT.Notethatby
Attribute Attribute value The “required” name data type value
The “use” attribute Figure R.11 The XML Schema declaration of a required attribute.
136 RFC 3066 (Request for Comment 3066)
RETML (Real Estate Transaction Markup Lan- RFC 3066 (Request for Comment 3066) See IETF guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for LANGUAGE TAGS. exchanging real estate transaction information.
137 RFML (Relational-Functional Markup Language)
XML declaration
RFML (Relational-Functional Markup Lan- in the XML DOCUMENT, as shown in Figure R.13. A guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for RELFUN- VALID XML DOCUMENT has exactly one root element. style declarative programming and knowledge Only PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS (including the XML representation. RELFUN (the Relational-Func- DECLARATION)andCOMMENTS may precede the START TAG tional Language) is a logic programming lan- oftherootelement.Notethattheofficialtermfor guage. More details about RFML are available at “root element” is “DOCUMENT ELEMENT”. See also http://www.relfun.org/rfml/. DOCUMENT ROOT.
Rich Site Summary See RSS. Root node One of seven NODE TYPES of the XPATH DATA MODEL. A root node is the root of the NODE TREE Rights element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the and does not occur except as the root of the tree. DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
RIXML (Research Information Exchange RosettaNet A non-profit consortium dedicated Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE to creating, implementing and promoting open e- for the investment banking market that is business standards that form a common e-busi- intended to facilitate the deployment of and ness language. More information is available at searching for market research information. Details http://www.rosettanet.org/. of RIXML can be found at http:// www.rixml.org/. RPC (Remote Procedure Calls) See XML-RPC.
RoboML (Robotic Markup Language) An XML- RPC over XML See XML-RPC. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for standardized representa- tion and interchange of robotics-related data. RSS (RDF Site Summary) Also known as “Rich More details about RoboML are available at Site Summary” and “Really Simple Syndication”. http://www.roboml.org/. An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE used for describing and distributing news and other Web content. Robotic Markup Language See ROBOML. Special directories of RSS files make this content available to Web users who can access it using a Root A term used to refer to either the ROOT normal WEB BROWSER or a special program that can ELEMENT or the DOCUMENT ROOT. The use of this term read RSS-distributed content. More details of RSS can sometimes be confusing. are available at http://groups.yahoo.com/ group/rss-dev/files/namespace.html. Root element Atermcommonlyusedtoreferto the ELEMENT that contains all of the other elements Rule Markup Language See RULEML.
138 Russian doll approach
RuleML (Rule Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that makes possible Web-based rule storage, interchange, retrieval and applica- tion. It can be used for many purposes, including specifying queries and inferences in Web ONTOLOGIES,aswellasmappingsbetweenthem. Details of RuleML are available at http:// www.dfki.uni-kl.de/ruleml/.
Russian doll approach A term that is sometimes used to refer to the principle of NESTING ELEMENTS. XML elements must be enclosed one within another without overlapping, like hollow Russian
139
S
SALT (Speech Application Language Tags) An about SAML is available at http://www.oasis- XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that enables multimodal open.org/committees/security/. and telephony-enabled access to information, applications, and Web services from PCs, tele- SAX (Simple API for XML) An industry-standard phones, tablet PCs, and wireless personal digital API for the EVENT-DRIVEN PARSING of XML DOCUMENTS. assistants (PDAs). More details about SALT are More details of SAX may be obtained from http:// available at http://www.saltforum.org/. www.saxproject.org/. Compare DOM. sameAs element See SAME AS STATEMENT. SBM (Semantic Business Model) An open effort to develop OWL-based semantic models of both Same As statement In OWL, a statement that indi- businesses in general and vertical industries in cates that two INSTANCES are the same. It allows the particular. See http://www.semanticworld.org/ author to describe or define a number of different for more details. names that refer to the same INDIVIDUAL.Inthe example shown in Figure S.1, a person known as SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) An “MarilynMonroe”isstatedtobethesameindi- XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for representing and vidual as “Norma Jean Mortenson”. See also ALL exchanging biochemical network models. More DIFFERENT STATEMENT; DIFFERENT FROM STATEMENT; OWL details about SBML can be obtained from http:// VOCABULARY. www.cds.caltech.edu/erato/sbml/.
SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) Scalable Vector Graphics See SVG. An XML-based framework for exchanging authen- tication and authorization information between Scene graph ThelogicalstructureofanX3D or systems within an organization or between orga- VRML file that represents the relationships of nizations in a transaction. More information objects especially as they are seen in the resulting
Individual 1
141 Schema
Virtual schema element The ROOT ELEMENT of every XML Person SCHEMA.TheELEMENT NAME is comprised of a NAMESPACE PREFIX (other xs or xsd)andtheLOCAL PART Head Arm Leg Torso (schema). Note that both element names (xs:schema and xsd:schema) are legal. The ele- Hand Foot ment can also have one or more attributes, as showninFigureS.3.See also XML SCHEMA DOCUMENT. Fingers Toes
Figure S.2 An example of a simple scene graph. Schema for Object-Oriented XML See SOX.
Schema of Schemas A term that is sometimes visible scene. Scene graphs are often used to orga- used to refer to the URI of the W3C XML SCHEMA that is nize and manage 3D scenes. A scene graph is a used in the SCHEMA ELEMENT of every specific XML HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE known as a NODE TREE.This SCHEMA as the NAMESPACE NAME fortheW3CXML similarity with the structural organization of an schema NAMESPACE DECLARATION.TheNAMESPACE PREFIX XML DOCUMENT is beneficial for X3D, which is the for the Schema of Schemas can be either “xs” or latest version of VRML written in XML. See “xsd”.SeeFigureS.4. Figure S.2. Schematron AstructuralSCHEMA language for Schema A generic term for a document (either XML that is based on matching combinations of external or embedded) that describes the XPATH EXPRESSIONS.ItusesstandardXSL syntax, and VOCABULARY and structural organization of an XML- may be seen as a useful supplement to an XML BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE. The best-known examples of SCHEMA. Schematron is also suitable for annotating schemas are DTDS and XML SCHEMAS. XML documents by automatically generating external MARKUP,suchasRDFS, XLINKS,andTOPIC MAPS. Schema component See XML SCHEMA COMPONENT. For more details, see http://www.ascc.net/xml/
The XML
Element name XML schema namespace declaration
142 Self-describing data
Element name of the “schema” Namespace element prefix URI of the Schema of Schemas
SDML (Signed Document Markup Language) CSS style An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that defines a generic Figure S.5 The CSS selector. method for digitally signing a document (a Web page, an email message or any other text-based document),asectionofadocument,ormultiple The context (current) node documents. For more details, see http:// www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-SDML/. Node tree The node specified using the “self” axis Secondary component See XML SCHEMA COMPONENT. (the same node)
Second-Generation Web Atermthatissome- Location step timesusedtorefertotheSEMANTIC WEB as an exten- FIRST-GENERATION WEB sion of the existing . self::node() Example SAML Security Assertion Markup Language See . Axis Node test Double seeAlso property In RDF SCHEMA,the colon rdfs:seeAlso PROPERTY is a property that is used to indicate a RESOURCE that can provide additional Figure S.6 The “self” axis. information about the SUBJECT RESOURCE. See also CSS STYLE SHEET; GROUPING SELECTORS; HIDING Select attribute In XSLT,anATTRIBUTE of a VALUE-OF ELEMENTS. ELEMENT, FOR-EACH ELEMENT etc. used to select speci- fied NODES of an XML DOCUMENT. self axis In XPATH,anAXIS that specifies that the CONTEXT NODE itself is to be selected as the next con- Selector The part of a CSS STYLE that is located text node. See Figure S.6. before the opening brace. It specifies one or more XML ELEMENTS towhichtheCSSstyleshouldbe Self-describing data Atermusedtoreferto applied by referencing their names. See Figure S.5. ability of a MARKUP LANGUAGE not only to represent
143 Self-describing language
Metadata that describe FIRST-GENERATION WEB the meaning of data . The concept of the Semantic Web was produced by Tim BERNERS-LEE, who has also coined the term. The main idea of the
144 Semantic Web architecture
Domain-specific Web ontologies RDF and RDF Schema documents Domain-specific XML Schemas Semantic Web content Domain-specific vocabularies
Domain-specific XML documents Digital Signatures URIs
Trust
Proof
Logic OWL and other ontology languages RDF Schema Semantic Web RDF technologies
XML Schema and vocabularies Signature & Encryption XML-based GUI: XHTML, SVG, X3D, SMIL etc. Non-XML GUI: HTML, Flash, Java applets etc. XML (Metalanguage), Namespaces, Infoset URI Unicode
Logic (“Computers that make inferences”)
Ontologies (“Models of the world”) Semantic Web conceptual basis
Metadata (“The Web of meaning”)
URI (“Everything has a URI”)
Figure S.8 Architectural structures of the Semantic Web. futureandwhatkindofnewtechnologiesshould SVG; UNICODE; URI; X3D; XHTML; XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES. be implemented. See also INFORMATION SET; NAMESPACE; For more information, see http://www.w3.org/ OWL; RDF; RDF SCHEMA; SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES; SMIL; 2001/sw/.
145 Semantic Web language
Semantic Web language See SEMANTIC WEB Seq class In an RDF SCHEMA,therdf:Seq CLASS is TECHNOLOGIES. the class of SEQUENCE CONTAINERS.ItisaSUBCLASS of the CONTAINER CLASS. Semantic Web technologies Agroupoftechnol- ogies that are specially intended for developing Seq element See SEQUENCE CONTAINER. the SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE and other essential features of the emerging Second-Generation Web. Sequence container In RDF,therdf:Seq Most of these technologies are XML-BASED MARKUP Sequence container is a CONTAINER that is an LANGUAGES developed by the W3C andalsomembers ordered collection of RESOURCES or LITERALS,as of the XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES. These technologies showninFigureS.9.Notethatintherdf:li are based on several fundamental concepts of the ELEMENT,the“li” LOCAL PART means “a list item”. SEMANTIC WEB,suchasURI, METADATA, ONTOLOGIES and logic. At present, the major Semantic Web technol- sequence element In an XML SCHEMA, a special ogies include XML, RDF, RDF SCHEMA, DAML+OIL, OWL, ELEMENT that is used as an INDICATOR that specifies TOPIC MAPS, and some other XML-based languages. that the declared CHILD ELEMENTS must appear in an In the future, new and more powerful technolo- XML DOCUMENT in a particular order. The QUALIFIED gies are expected to be developed. For the latest NAME ofthe“sequence”elementcanbeeither information about Semantic Web technologies, see “xs:sequence” or “xsd:sequence”, depending on http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/. whether the XS NAMESPACE PREFIX or XSD NAMESPACE PREFIX isbeingused.SeeFigureS.10. Separation of data from presentation See SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT. sequence indicator See INDICATOR.
Separation of form from content One of the Server See WEB SERVER. general principles underlying XML, in accordance with which the content of an XML DOCUMENT is sepa- Service component In the WSDL COMPONENT MODEL, rated from its presentation rules. As a result, the a component that describes the set of port types same content or any of its fragments can be pre- (see PORT TYPE COMPONENT)thataserviceprovides sented in many different forms on a variety of and the ports (see PORT COMPONENT) that they are devices, such as computers, mobile phones, PDAS or provided over. The XML representation of the ser- printers. vice component is the wsdl:service ELEMENT ,as showninFigureS.11.Essentially,aserviceisa Separation of semantics and presentation See collection of ports. SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT. Service Provisioning Markup Language See Seq (Sequence) See SEQUENCE CONTAINER. SPML.
146 SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
Element name
The place of the service component in the WSDL component model
WSDL components
Message Port type Binding Service component component component component
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
An example of the XML representation of a service component The name Element name of the service (keyword) (user-defined)
SGF (Structured Graph Format) An XML-BASED Research. Later, it was adopted as the ISO MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing the structure of a 8879:1986 standard named “Information Pro- Websiteusingstructuredgraphs.Moredetailsare cessing – Text and Office Systems – Standard Gen- available at http://decweb.ethz.ch/WWW7/1850/ eralized Markup Language (SGML)”. HTML is an com1850.htm. SGML-based MARKUP LANGUAGE.XMLisa METALANGUAGE that is a subset of SGML. See Figure SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Lan- S.12. SGML is one of the NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of guage) A METALANGUAGE for marking the structure the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. More information about of an arbitrary set of data. GML (Generalized SGML is available at http://www.w3.org/ Markup Language) was invented in 1969 by Ed MarkUp/SGML/. Mosher, Ray Lorie and Charles F. Goldfarb of IBM
147 SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions)
SGML XML Metalanguages
Languages HTML XHTML
Figure S.12 Relationships between SGML, XML, HTML and XHTML.
SHOE (Simple HTML Ontology Extensions) An SIF (Schools Interoperability Framework) An HTML-based language for embedding METADATA industry initiative to develop an XML-BASED LANGUAGE and simple ONTOLOGIES into WEB PAGES.SHOEhas that enables effective integration of K-12 instruc- been superseded by DAML+OIL and OWL,whicharein tional and administrative software applications. part based on SHOE. Details of SHOE are avail- This language is provided in form of the SIF able at http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/ Implementation Specification. More details of SIF plus/SHOE/. may be obtained from http://www.sifinfo.org/.
Show attribute In XLINK,anATTRIBUTE used to Signature See XML SIGNATURE. specify the desired presentation of the ENDING RESOURCE on TRAVERSAL from the STARTING RESOURCE.Its Signed Document Markup Language See SDML. main ATTRIBUTE VALUES are: (1) “new” – the ending resource is to be loaded in a new window, frame, Simple API for XML See SAX. pane, or similar (see Figure S.13); (2) “replace” – theendingresourceshouldbeloadedinthesame Simple element A term that is sometimes used window,frame,paneetc.inwiththestarting to refer to an ELEMENT that is a SIMPLE TYPE. Contrast resource was loaded; (3) “embed” – the ending COMPLEX ELEMENT. See also ELEMENT DECLARATION; SIMPLE resource will be embedded in the source docu- TYPE DEFINITION. ment in place of the LINK representation. Simple HTML Ontology Extensions See SHOE. SIDES (Staffing Industry Data Exchange Stan- dards) A set of XML-based standards (languages) Simple link In XLINK,atypeofLINK that is an for exchanging data between staffing customers, OUTBOUND LINK with exactly two PARTICIPATING staffing suppliers, and other stakeholders in the RESOURCES. Simple links provide shorthand syntax staffing supply chain. Details of SIDES can be for a common kind of link to which all HTML links found at http://www.hr-xml.org/sides/. belong. To use an XML ELEMENT as a container for a
148 SML (Spacecraft Markup Language)
The qualified name of The name of the “simpleType” the declared element element
End tag of “smil” element
Figure S.16 An example SMIL file and its view in the RealOne Player.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) An SOAP Body See BODY. XML-based COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL for exchanging XML-encoded information (known as SOAP SOAP Envelope See ENVELOPE. MESSAGES) in a decentralized distributed environ- ment and especially for accessing a WEB SERVICE. SOAP Fault element See FAULT ELEMENT. Details of SOAP can be found at http:// www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/. See also SOAP INTERMEDIARY; SOAP forwarding intermediary See SOAP SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE. INTERMEDIARY.
SOAP active intermediary See SOAP INTERMEDIARY. SOAP Header See HEADER.
150 SOX (Schema for Object-Oriented XML)
SOAP SOAP SOAP Initial Ultimate message message message SOAP Forwarding Active SOAP sender intermediary intermediary receiver
SOAP message path Figure S.17 The use of SOAP intermediaries.
SOAP intermediary A SOAP processing NODE on a SOAP message path See SOAP INTERMEDIARY. SOAP MESSAGE path from an initial SOAP sender to an ultimate SOAP receiver. Essentially, SOAP SOAP message structure The construction of a intermediaries are intended to provide value- SOAP MESSAGE that includes four parts: (1) a added services by changing the HEADER of a SOAP required ENVELOPE;(2)anoptionalHEADER;(3)a message. There are two types of SOAP interme- required BODY ELEMENT; and (4) an optional FAULT diary: (1) forwarding intermediaries, which are ELEMENT. See Figure S.19. used just to forward a SOAP message to another SOAP node; and (2) active intermediaries, which SOAP namespace See ENVELOPE. include some additional information into the header before forwarding the SOAP message to SOAP receiver See SOAP MESSAGE. another SOAP node. See Figure S.17. SOAP root element See ENVELOPE. SOAP message An XML DOCUMENT that is written using SOAP syntax. The use of the ENVELOPE ele- SOAP sender See SOAP MESSAGE. ment as the ROOT ELEMENT identifies the XML docu- ment as a SOAP message. Basically, a SOAP Software agent See INTELLIGENT AGENT. message is one-way transmission between a SOAP sender and a SOAP receiver. More complex inter- sort element An ELEMENT of an XSLT STYLE SHEET that action pattern can include request/response or is used in a TEMPLATE to sort the output. In the multiple message exchange, as shown in Figure example shown in Figure S.20, the xsl:sort ele- S.18. Moreover, the transmission of a SOAP mes- ment sorts the ELEMENT CONTENT of the “Title” sage can involve the participation of not only a elements. SOAP sender and a SOAP receiver but also of other SOAP nodes known as SOAP INTERMEDIARIES. See Source document See TRANSFORMATION. also SOAP MESSAGE STRUCTURE. Source element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET SOAP Basic .The
151 Spacecraft Markup Language
SOAP Envelope
SOAP Header
SOAP Body
Fault Element
XML declaration
attribute
SOX are available at http://www.w3.org/TR/ Special symbols In XML, five characters that have NOTE-SOX/. See also DDML; DT4DTD; XML-DATA. special meaning in XML MARKUP because they are used as DELIMITERS for markup and text strings. To Spacecraft Markup Language See SML. avoidthesituationinwhichanXML PARSER could confuseadisplayabletextcharacter(suchas<) Special attributes See XML RESERVED ATTRIBUTES. withanidenticalmarkupsymbol(thatis,<),XML provides a default mechanism for the alternative Special markup characters See SPECIAL SYMBOLS. representation of special symbols. Each of the special symbols has its corresponding ENTITY Special-purpose markup A term sometimes REFERENCE,whichcanreplaceit.SeeFigureS.21.In used to refer to additional STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of theexampleshowninthisfigure,XMLcodecon- an XML DOCUMENT,suchas(1)PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS; tains all the five special symbols that are displayed (2) COMMENTS;and(3)CDATA SECTIONS.
152 SportsML (Sports Markup Language)
SPECIAL SYMBOLS ENTITY REFERENCES < (Left angle bracket, or < Less-than sign)
> (Right angle bracket, or > Greater-than sign)
& (Ampersand) & ' (Apostrophe, or Single ' quotation mark)
" (Quotation mark, or Double " quotation mark)
Example: XML code and its browser view
Figure S.21 Special symbols and corresponding entity references. in a WEB BROWSER as regular text characters and not SPML (Service Provisioning Markup Language) as XML markup. An XML-based framework and markup language that is intended to automate, centralize, and Specification In Web technologies, a document manage the process of provisioning user access to thatisadetailedofficialdescriptionofaWeb corporate systems and data. More details about standard or other normative or non-normative SPML can be obtained from http://www.oasis- rules and guidelines. The term “specification” is open.org/committees/provision/. used to refer to both a W3C RECOMMENDATION and a W3C TECHNICAL REPORT of a lower level of maturity, Sports Markup Language See SPORTSML. such as a W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION or a W3C PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION. SportsML (Sports Markup Language) An XML- based language for the interchange of sports data Speech Application Language Tags See SALT. such as scores, schedules and statistics. More information about SportsML is available at Speech Synthesis Markup Language See SSML. http://www.sportsml.com/.
153 SSML (Speech Synthesis Markup Language)
XML declaration
Version Encoding Standalone attribute attribute attribute Figure S.22 The “standalone” attribute of the XML declaration.
SSML (Speech Synthesis Markup Language) Element An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that provides a stan- Start tag content End tag dardized annotation for instructing speech syn- thesizers on how to convert written language
Staffing Industry Data Exchange Standards See SIDES. the STAR Group. For more details, see the infor- Standalone attribute An optional property of mation at http://www.starstandard.org/. an XML DECLARATION that indicates whether an XML DOCUMENT depends on other XML files (such as a Starting resource See TRAVERSAL. DTD or a SCHEMA)inordertobeVALID.The standalone attribute must take either a “yes” or Starting tag See START TAG. “no” value. The default value is “yes”, which means that the XML document does not depend Start tag A TAG that is used as a DELIMITER to show on any other XML documents. See Figure S.22. See the beginning of an ELEMENT and the ELEMENT CONTENT. also ENCODING ATTRIBUTE; VERSION ATTRIBUTE. It consists of an ELEMENT NAME followed by none or more ATTRIBUTES,enclosedwithinANGLE BRACKETS,as Standalone metadata AtypeofMETADATA that is showninFigureS.23.InXML,eachstarttag stored and maintained independently of the (except the EMPTY-ELEMENT TAG)musthavea object it describes. Contrast EMBEDDED METADATA. matching END TAG with the same element name. The start tag is also called the opening tag, open tag, Standard for the Exchange of Product Model beginning tag or starting-tag. Contrast END TAG. Data Markup Language See STEPML. Statement The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of RDF Standard Generalized Markup Language See that is intended to specify the PROPERTIES and values SGML. of Web RESOURCES. An RDF statement consists of a subject (what the statement is about), a predicate Standards for Technology in Automotive Retail (property or characteristic of the subject), and an See STAR. object (part that identifies the value of the prop- erty). This three-part construct is also called a STAR (Standards for Technology in Automotive TRIPLE. A collection of statements about a resource Retail) A set of XML-based standards (languages) forms a DESCRIPTION that is represented through a for the retail automotive industry developed by RDF:DESCRIPTION ELEMENT. The statement, shown in
154 Structural construct
Statement
Property Basic Resource Value graph model
Subject Predicate Object
Triple
Creator www.fun.by John Wood An example in graph syntax
Statement
Figure S.24 The anatomy and an example of the RDF statement.
Figure S.24, can be read as “John Wood is the cre- String See CHARACTER STRING. ator of the www.fun.by Web site”. String data type In XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that is STEPML (Standard for the Exchange of Product used for specifying a value that is a CHARACTER Model Data Markup Language) AsetofXML- STRING. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES for product data based on the content models from the STEP (STandard for String literal In programming, a constant that the Exchange of Product Model Data) standard. consists of a sequence of characters. In XML,string See http://www.stepml.org/ for more details. literals are used for ATTRIBUTE VALUES, INTERNAL ENTITIES and EXTERNAL ENTITIES. All string literals must be in STPML (Straight Through Processing Markup single (’) or double (”) quotes, with the closing Language) An XML message specification that DELIMITER matching the opening delimiter. See also enables straight-through processing for the finan- LITERAL; LITERAL STRING; CHARACTER STRING. cial securities trading industry by supporting most industry standards for data exchange. More Structural construct A generic term used to information about STPML is available at http:// refer to a building block of an XML DOCUMENT,aDATA www.stpml.org/. MODEL,aNODE TREE or other HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURES. For example, the main structural con- Straight Through Processing Markup structs of an XML document include: (1) ELEMENTS; Language See STPML. (2) ATTRIBUTES;(3)ATTRIBUTE VALUES. Additional
155 Structural markup
shop_manager
Figure S.25 An example of structural markup with XML. structural constructs (also sometimes called XMLorHTMLdocumentwillbepresentedina SPECIAL-PURPOSE MARKUP)include:(1)PROCESSING WEB BROWSER in terms of font size, color, placement INSTRUCTIONS;(2)COMMENTS;(3)CDATA SECTIONS.Ingen- and other details. eral, INFORMATION ITEMS can be considered as struc- tural constructs of an XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE. Style sheet A generic term that can refer to Note that the term “structural construct” is, in either a CSS STYLE SHEET or an XSLT STYLE SHEET.Inboth principle, synonymous to “element”, “compo- cases, a style sheet is a formatting document used nent”, “part” and the like, but its use is sometimes to define the appearance of an XML DOCUMENT or preferable since many of the other terms have other types of documents. A style sheet is speci- special meanings in XML-related technologies (as, fied at the beginning of a document as either an for example “element”). embedded style sheet or an external (linked) style sheet. See also ASSOCIATING STYLE SHEETS WITH XML Structural markup A term that sometimes refers DOCUMENTS; RENDERING XML DOCUMENTS. to MARKUP that makes explicit certain structural and semantic features of text, such as logical divi- Stylesheet See STYLE SHEET. sions or meanings (METADATA). XML and SGML are examples of structural markup languages. See Style sheet declaration Atermthatissome- Figure S.25. Contrast PRESENTATIONAL MARKUP. timesusedtorefertotheuseofanXSLT ROOT ELEMENT that declares an XML DOCUMENT to be an XSLT Structured Graph Format See SGF. STYLE SHEET.
Structured value In RDF, a complex property Style sheet element One of the two synonymous valuethatispartofaSTATEMENT,asshowninFigure ELEMENTS that can be used as the ROOT ELEMENT of an S.26. XSLT STYLE SHEET.ItsATTRIBUTES areusedtodeclarethe XSLT namespace and to specify the version of the Style A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of a CSS STYLE SHEET that XSLT language. See Figure S.27. Compare is used to define how a particular fragment of an TRANSFORM ELEMENT.
Statement
dc:Creator xyz.html
dc:Title Name Email
XYZ Website Chris Wood [email protected]
Structured value Figure S.26 An example of a structured value.
156 Subject resource
The that all the INSTANCES of one CLASS are instances of “subclass–superclass” another. See also SUBCLASS. relationship An example
Subelement A term sometimes used to refer to a CHILD ELEMENT Superclass Pet of an .
Subject element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET Subclass Dog .The
Basic Property Object Subject data resource resource model
dc:Creator wood.com/ .../index.html Example ~john
Figure S.29 The subject resource.
157 Submit element
price object: (1) vector graphic shapes; (2) bit-mapped rdfs:subPropertyOf images; and (3) text. Six predefined vector shapes include: (1) rectangle
OWL svg The FILENAME EXTENSION of SVG files. For example, Symmetric property In , a property that “Catalog.svg”. describes the following relationships between two RESOURCES: “If resource A has a property P linking SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) An XML-BASED it to resource B, then resource B also has a prop- MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing two-dimensional erty P linking it to resource A”. For example, “if graphics. It supports three types of graphic John is a friend of Chris, Chris is a friend of John”. A symmetric property can be defined using ELEMENT The the owl:SymmetricProperty ,asshownin “superclass–subclass” Figure S.33. See also OWL VOCABULARY. relationship An example Synchronization Markup Language See SYNCML.
Superclass Pet Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language See SMIL.
Subclass Dog SyncML (Synchronization Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for synchronizing all types of devices and applications over any network. Figure S.31 An illustration of the “superclass” concept More information about SyncML is available at in an RDF Schema. http://www.openmobilealliance.org/syncml/.
158 SyncML (Synchronization Markup Language)
XML declaration The “svg” start tag
Figure S.32 A simple SVG file and its view in a browser.
Basicmodel
Property P Resource A Resource B Property P
Example
aFriendOf John Chris aFriendOf
XML element Property name name The “Symmetric
Figure S.33 The OWL symmetric property.
159 Syntax
Syntax 1.Inlinguistics,therulesabouthow Synthetic Infoset (Synthetic Information Set) words are arranged and connected to form sen- AtypeofINFORMATION SET that does not result from tences and phrases. Also, the study of these rules. parsing an XML DOCUMENT but is constructed by Compare PRAGMATICS; SEMANTICS. other means, such as the use of DOM or transfor- 2. In computing, the rules governing construc- mations of existing information sets. More details tion of a programming or MARKUP LANGUAGE. are available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xml- infoset/. Syntax highlighting AfeatureofanXML EDITOR. The program recognizes the syntax of XML and SYSTEM keyword See DOCTYPE DECLARATION. applies color coding accordingly, in order to make it easier to identify TAGS and separate them from Systems Biology Markup Language See SBML. the content.
160 T
Tag The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of a MARKUP Angle brackets LANGUAGE,suchasXML, HTML and SGML.Asimpletag Basic tag STRING
Tag name See TAG. One single tag Empty element SGML
TalkML (Talk Markup Language) An experi- Target The main part of a PROCESSING INSTRUCTION mental XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for voice that specifies the application to which the pro- browsers that describes spoken dialogs, in partic- cessing instruction is directed. See also ASSOCIATING ular prompts, speech grammars and production STYLE SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS; XML DECLARATION. rules for acting on responses. It is intended to test out ideas for using context-free grammars for Technical Report See W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. more flexible voice interaction dialogs. See http://www.w3.org/Voice/TalkML/ for more TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) An international details. research effort intended to produce an XML/
161 Telecommunications Interchange Markup
SGML-based standard for encoding and inter- Text entity An ENTITY that associates CHARACTER DATA change of literary and linguistic texts in elec- with an entity name. tronic form. See http://www.tei-c.org/ for more details. Text node One of seven NODE TYPES of XPATH DATA MODEL that represents CHARACTER DATA. Telecommunications Interchange Markup See TIM. Text properties In CSS, text properties are the collection of properties and values that control Template The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XSLT textual features of ELEMENT CONTENT.Themost STYLE SHEET.Thexsl:template ELEMENT contains common text properties and values include: (1) rules to apply when a specified NODE is matched. the font-family property, which can specify a The MATCH ATTRIBUTE of the element is used to asso- family-name (a font family name, like Arial or ciate the template with an element. The XSLT style Courier), a generic-family (fivepossiblevalues: sheet, shown in Figure T.2, consists of two tem- serif, sans-serif, cursive, fantasy, plates. Note that the ATTRIBUTE VALUE of the MATCH monospace) or both. (2) the font-style property ATTRIBUTE is an XPATH LOCATION PATH.Template1 that can take one of the three values: normal, matches the ROOT NODE of the XPATH NODE TREE.Note italic and oblique.(3)Thefont-weight prop- that the root node represents not the ROOT ELEMENT erty, which possible values include four relative but the DOCUMENT ROOT. Template 2 matches the values (normal, lighter, bold, bolder) and nine “Item” elements, which are CHILD ELEMENTS of the range values (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, “Catalog” element. The “Catalog” element is the 800, 900). (4) the COLOR PROPERTY. root element of the XML DOCUMENT andshouldnot be confused with the root node (i.e. with the doc- Theological Markup Language See THML. ument root) represented by the starting forward slash. A template is also sometimes called “a tem- Thing class ApredefinedOWL classthatisthe plate rule” or “a construction rule”. CLASS of all INDIVIDUALS and hence a SUPERCLASS of all OWL classes. Every individual in OWL is a Template rule A term that is sometimes used to member of the “owl:Thing” class. In the example refer to a TEMPLATE. showninFigureT.3anindividual“Teddy”is defined as an instance of the “Thing” class and Text encoding See MARKUP. also of the “Dog” class. It can be read as: “Teddy is a Thing. Specifically, it is a Dog Thing”. See also Text Encoding Initiative See TEI. OWL VOCABULARY.
162 Topic maps
The “Thing” class as a superclass of all OWL classes telecommunications and other technical docu- OWL “Thing” Class ments. More details about TIM can be obtained from http://www.atis.org/atis/tcif/ipi/ dl_tim.htm. ... Title element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the DUBLIN CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET ... .The
Title-type element In XLINK,theELEMENT of an XML Dog DOCUMENT that has a TYPE ATTRIBUTE with the “title” ATTRIBUTE VALUE and therefore can be used to provide a human-readable label for the LINK.
TM AnacronymusedtoreferbothtoTOPIC MAPS as atechnologyandtoaspecifictopicmap. Teddy
XML element Name of TMCL (Topic Map Constraint Language) A name individual formal language for defining schemas and con- straints for TOPIC MAPS. It is intended to perform the
163 Top-level element
Source Result XML document XML document
XSLT transformation
XML source tree XML resulttree Figure T.4 The XSLT processing model. userstobuildasemanticnetworkaboveinforma- Transaction Authority Markup Language See tion RESOURCES, and thus to dramatically enhance XAML. navigation in very complex data sets. A topic map is based on the following fundamental concepts: Transformation In XSLT, the process of applying (1) topics, (2) associations and (3) occurrences. TEMPLATE rules specified in an XSLT STYLE SHEET to a Similar to an entry in an encyclopedia, a topic can source XML DOCUMENT. Note that the XSLT pro- represent any subject and therefore almost every- cessing model describes the transformation pro- thing in a topic map is a topic. Topics are con- cess as transforming the NODE TREE of the source nected by associations, and point to resources document (called “an XML source tree”) into the through occurrences. An association expresses a node tree of the result document (called “an XML relationship between several topics. A topic can be result tree”), as shown in Figure T.4. linked to one or more occurrences – information resources that are somehow related to this topic. Transformation template See TEMPLATE. For example, “the Web” and “the Internet” are topics that have an association “is part of” and Transform element One of the two synonymous several occurrences (places where they are men- ELEMENTS that can be used as the ROOT ELEMENT of an tioned, including not only text but also images) in XSLT STYLE SHEET.ItsATTRIBUTES areusedtodeclarethe this dictionary. Topic maps may be used to model XSLT NAMESPACE andtospecifytheversionofthe RDF and vice versa. XSL language. See Figure T.5. Compare STYLE SHEET ELEMENT. Top-level element See ROOT ELEMENT. Transitive property In OWL, a property that TR (Technical Report) See W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. describes the type of relationships between three or more RESOURCES, as shown in Figure T.6. For
XML declaration
164 Tree-based parser
Basicmodel Property P Property P Resource A Resource B Resource C
It can be inferred that:
Property P Resource A Resource C
Example isAnAncestorOf isAnAncestorOf John Chris Mike
It can be inferred that:
isAnAncestorOf John Mike
XML element Property name name The “Transitive
Figure T.6 The OWL “transitive” property. example, if “isAnAncestorOf”isdefinedtobea exchange data for transportation and logistics. transitive property, from the statement “John is an Details of TranXML can be found at http:// ancestor of Chris, Chris is an ancestor of Mike” it www.tranxml.org/. can be inferred that “John is an ancestor of Mike”. A transitive property can be defined using the Traversal In XLINK, using or following a LINK for owl:TransitiveProperty ELEMENT. See also OWL any purpose. Traversal always involves a pair of VOCABULARY. RESOURCES: the starting resource and the ending resource. Note that in this context the term Transportation Extensible Markup Language “resources” can refer not only to whole resources See TXML. butalsotoresourceportions.
TranXML (XML for Transportation-Related Tree-based parser An XML PARSER that processes Transactions) An XML-based messaging system XML DOCUMENTS in such a way that the entire docu- that allows carrier and shipper legacy systems to ment structure is represented in the computer
165 Tree-based parsing
DOM tree
XML Input Tree-based Output document parser
Figure T.7 Tree-based parser. memory as an XML DOM tree, and is available all at valid ranges for responses. The meaning of the once. This method is useful for assessing, manipu- word “triple-s” comes from a KISSS (Keep It lating and transforming XML documents, but is Simple Standard Stupid) approach to the design memory-intensive and requires major computing of Triple-s. For more details, see the information power for processing large documents. See Figure at http://www.triple-s.org/. T.7.Notethatatree-basedparsercanbeeithera VALIDATING PARSER or a NON-VALIDATING PARSER. Contrast Triple-s Survey Interchange Standard See EVENT-DRIVEN PARSER. TRIPLE-S.
Tree-based parsing A document-centric method Turing Machine Markup Language See TMML. of parsing XML DOCUMENTS that is employed in TREE- BASED PARSERS. tXML (Transportation Extensible Markup Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that enables Tree Regular Expressions for XML See TREX. standard application integration among all mem- bers of a logistics chain as well as intra-enterprise TREX (Tree Regular Expressions for XML) A requirements between legacy and new systems. SCHEMA language for XML that may be seen as a For more details, see http://www.logis- less complex alternative to an XML SCHEMA.Itis tics.com/products/architecture/tXML.asp. written in XML SYNTAX. TREX has been merged with RELAX to create RELAX NG.DetailsofTREXcanbe Type attribute In XLINK,anATTRIBUTE that is used to found at http://www.thaiopensource.com/ specify the use of the ELEMENT in terms of the XLINK trex/. See also DSD; SCHEMATRON. language functionality. The main possible ATTRIBUTE VALUES of the xlink:type attribute are: (1) Triple A STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of the RDF DATA MODEL. “simple” – defines a SIMPLE LINK;(2)“extended”– It consists of three parts: (1) a subject (a RESOURCE); defines an EXTENDED LINK;(3)“locator”(see LOCATOR); (2) a predicate (a resource); and (3) an object (a (4) “resources” (see RESOURCE-TYPE ELEMENT); (5) “arc” resource or a LITERAL). Together they form a (see ARC; ARC-TYPE ELEMENT); (6) “title” (see TITLE-TYPE STATEMENT. There are number of ways to represent ELEMENT).SeeFigureT.9. triples, such as lists, directed labeled graphs or XMLsyntax.Thetriple,showninFigureT.8,can Type definition See TYPE DEFINITION COMPONENT. be read as “John Wood is the creator of www.fun.by”. Type definition component A generic term for a primary SCHEMA COMPONENT that is either a SIMPLE TYPE Triple-s (Triple-s Survey Interchange Standard) DEFINITION or a COMPLEX TYPE DEFINITION.Alsoknownas An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing survey “Type definition”. metadata such as question and response texts, or
166 Type-valid
Predicate The “subject– Subject Object object–predicate” triple
Property Basic Resource Value The “resource– model property–value” triple Statement
Creator www.fun.by John Wood Representation 1
subject: www.fun.by predicate: Creator Representation 2 Example object: John Wood
Statements (www.fun.by, Creator, John Wood) Representation 3
creator(www.fun.by, John Wood) Representation 4
Figure T.8 Different representations of RDF triples.
Type attribute that Element specifies an extended name link
Type element One of the 15 ELEMENTS of the DUBLIN Type system components In the WSDL COMPONENT CORE METADATA ELEMENT SET.The
167
U
UBL (Universal Business Language) An XML- their event-driven actions. Details of UIML are BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that defines libraries of busi- available at http://www.uiml.org/. ness documents (such as purchase orders and invoices) exchanged in E-COMMERCE.Formore ULF (Universal Learning Format) AsetofXML- details, see http://www.oasis-open.org/com- based formats for describing and exchanging var- mittees/ubl/. ious types of e-learning data, such as education catalogsandonlinecoursecontent.DetailsofULF UCS (Universal Character Set) Acharacter can be found at http://www.saba.com/stan- encoding standard defined in ISO/IEC 10646 or (the dards/ulf/. latest version) ISO/IEC 10646-1. More details about UCS can be obtained from http://www.iso.ch/. Ultimate SOAP receiver See SOAP INTERMEDIARY.
UCS Transformation Format See UTF-16. UML (Unified Modeling Language) An object- oriented language that is intended for specifying, UDDI (Universal Description, Discover and developing, and documenting software, business Integration) AglobaldirectoryofXMLWEB models, and other complex systems. The main SERVICES, in which businesses offering Web services modeling concepts include object classes, associa- are registered and can be searched for. UDDI is a tions and interfaces. UML can be effectively used platform-independent framework that uses (1) for modeling XML, RDF and RDFS data. existing Internet standards, such as XML, HTTP and DNS; (2) WSDL to describe interfaces to Web ser- UML Exchange Format See UXF. vices; and (3) SOAP as a COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL. UDDImakesitpossibletodiscovertherightWeb Unabbreviated syntax In XPATH,fullSYNTAX for a service from the millions currently available LOCATION STEP in the form shown in Figure U.1. Con- online. It can be compared to the white, yellow trast ABBREVIATED SYNTAX. and green pages in a telephone directory. More http:// information about UDDI is available at Axis Node test Predicates www.uddi.org/. axis_name::node_test[predicate] UIML (User Interface Markup Language) An XML language that describes user interface ele- Double Square brackets mentssuchasbuttons,menus,listsandothercon- colon trols. It also defines the design of controls and Figure U.1 Unabbreviated syntax for a location step.
169 Unexpanded entity reference information item
Name
System identifier
Unexpanded Public identifier entity reference Properties information item Declaration base URI
Parent
Figure U.2 The unexpanded entity reference information item and its properties.
Unexpanded entity reference information item Uniform Resource Name See URN. One of the 11 types of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION SET.Likeallofthem,itisanabstract Union data type In an XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that description of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML is a union of different ATOMIC DATA TYPES and LIST DATA DOCUMENT. This description is intended for use in TYPES. other XML-related specifications, which need to conform to the information set. The unexpanded Universal Business Language See UBL. entity reference information item is a placeholder that can be used by a NON-VALIDATING PARSER to indi- Universal Character Set See UCS. cate that it does not read and expand EXTERNAL ENTITIES. This information item has five properties, Universal Description, Discover and asshowninFigureU.2.Formoredetails,see Integration See UDDI. http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. Universal Learning Format See ULF. Unicode (Universal Character Code) Auni- versal character set that is intended to provide an Universal Resource Identifier See URI. unambiguous encoding of the content of PLAIN TEXT, covering all of the world’s languages, alphabets Universal Resource Locator See URL. and scripts. The latest version is Unicode 3.0, on which the Second Edition of the XML 1.0 Unnamed namespace See UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE. RECOMMENDATION is based. See also NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES; NORMATIVE REFERENCES; XML 1.0 REFERENCES. Unparsed entity An ENTITY that is not analyzed by Details of Unicode can be found at http:// an XML PARSER, since it usually points to binary NON- www.unicode.org/. TEXT DATA. Contrast PARSED ENTITY.
Unicode Transformation Format See UTF-16. Unparsed entity information item One of the 11 types of INFORMATION ITEM in the INFORMATION SET. Unicode Transformation Format 8 See UTF-8. Like all of them,it is an abstract description of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of an XML DOCUMENT.This Unified Modeling Language See UML. description is intended for use in other XML- related specifications, which need to conform to Uniform Resource Identifier See URI. the information set. There is one unparsed entity information item in the information set for each Uniform Resource Locator See URL. unparsed general entity declared in the DTD.This
170 URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
Name
System identifier Public identifier Unparsed entity information item Declaration Properties base URI
Notation name Notation
Figure U.3 The unparsed entity information item and its properties.
No namespace prefix Namespace (reserved word only) name Unprefixed namespace xmlns="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0"
xmlns:book="http://www.springer.de/ns/books/1.0" Prefixed Reserved Namespace Namespace namespace word prefix name
Figure U.4 A comparison of an unprefixed namespace with a prefixed namespace. information item has six properties, as shown in Namespace Local prefix part Figure U.3. For more details, see http:// www.w3.org/TR/xml-infoset/. Title Book:Title Title Person:Title Unprefixed namespace A NAMESPACE that is Title Sport:Title Title declared without using a NAMESPACE PREFIX.Any Property:Title ELEMENTS within the NAMESPACE SCOPE that have no QUALIFIED NAME (i.e. all unprefixed elements) are by Unqualified names Qualified names default attached to this namespace. See Figure U.4. Figure U.5 A comparison of unqualified and Contrast PREFIXED NAMESPACE. See also DEFAULT qualified names. NAMESPACE; NAMESPACE DECLARATION; NAMESPACE NAME; OVERRIDING NAMESPACES; XMLNS ATTRIBUTE. NAMESPACE DECLARATION; NAMESPACE NAME; OVERRIDING NAMESPACES; PREFIXED NAMESPACE; UNPREFIXED NAMESPACE. Unqualified name An ELEMENT NAME or an ATTRIBUTE NAME that is not a QUALIFIED NAME,becauseitdoes URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) Also known not include a NAMESPACE PREFIX and in fact consists as Universal Resource Identifier. A generic identi- of only a LOCAL PART. The use of identical unquali- fier used to distinguish concrete, abstract, or both fied names with different meanings in the same concrete and abstract resources on the Internet. document causes a name collision, and makes this There are two main types of URI: (1) URL (for con- document meaningless. Figure U.5 shows the use crete resources); (2) URN (for abstract resources). of unqualified and qualified names in four dif- A URI is comprised of two parts separated by a ferent contexts. Contrast QUALIFIED NAME. See also colon,asshowninFigureU.6.ThemajorURI
171 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Part 1 Part 2 Prefix
Basic scheme-name:scheme-specific-part urn:NID:NSS Basic syntax syntax
Colon Colon Colon URI URN NID NSS scheme Scheme-specific portion prefix part part An example of the use of ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes.txt ISBN as URN Example urn:ISBN:1-85233-576-9
Colon Figure U.7 The syntax and an example of a URN. Figure U.6 The syntax and an example of URI.
Internet resources or real-world “resources” (objects), but unlike URLs, URN-specified schemes are: (1) http (for HTTP); (2) ftp (for File resourcesarenotintendedtobeaccessedor Transfer Protocol); (3) mailto (for an email retrievedusingacomputer. address); (4) file (for system-specific file A URN consists of three parts separated by names); and (5) news (for a newsgroup). URI colons, as shown in Figure U.7: (1) the URN prefix (RFC 2396) is one of the NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of string “urn”; (2) the Namespace Identifier (NID); the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION.URIsserveasoneofthe and (3) the Namespace Specific String (NSS). Note foundations of the SEMANTIC WEB. More details about that a URN is not CASE-SENSITIVE andnoembedded URIs can be obtained from http://www.w3.org/ WHITE SPACE is allowed. URN (RFC 2141) is one of Addressing/. See also SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE. the NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. Details of URNs can be found at URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Also known as http://www.w3.org/Addressing/. Universal Resource Locator. A subset of URI that is intended for describing concrete resources, i.e. use attribute In an XML SCHEMA,theATTRIBUTE of an resources that can be accessed and retrieved ATTRIBUTE DECLARATION that is used for specifying the from the network location specified by a URL. DEFAULT VALUE, FIXED VALUE or prohibited value, which Like any URI, a URL is comprised of two parts the declared ATTRIBUTE takes when it appears in an separated by a colon, for example: http:// XML DOCUMENT. www.springer.de/. URL (RFC 1738) is one of the NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 User agent See INTELLIGENT AGENT. RECOMMENDATION. Details of URLs can be found at http://www.w3.org/Addressing/. See also URN. User-derived data type A DERIVED DATA TYPE that is defined by individual XML SCHEMA authors. URN (Uniform Resource Name) AsubsetofURI that is intended for specifying generic abstract User interface In XFORMS,oneofthreeXFORMS resource names that are globally unique, persis- SECTIONS that are the visual appearance of an tent and location-independent. Unlike a URL,a XFormasitisrenderedinXHTML, SVG or other lan- URN can refer to resources that do not exist on guages. See Figure U.8. Note that XForms can also the Internet, or which exist in the real world, such be rendered in a different way using a voice as a theory or a dog. It is very important to under- browserorotherdevices. stand that URN uses names that just look like Web addresses (URLs) for identifying anything – User Interface Markup Language See UIML.
172 UXF (UML Exchange Format)
Transformation Format. UTF-16 is one of the NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION.
UTF-8 (Unicode Transformation Format 8) An Figure U.8 The user interface of an XForm. 8-bit variable length encoding method for UNICODE as described in RFC 2279. All Unicode characters with a value smaller then 128 are transmitted as is,therestareencoded.UTF-8isoneofthe NORMATIVE REFERENCES of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. UTF (1) In UTF-8,anacronymfor“UnicodeTrans- For more information, see http:// formation Format”; (2) in UTF-16,anacronymfor www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt. “UCS Transformation Format”. See also UCS; UNICODE. UXF (UML Exchange Format) An XML-based format for describing and interchanging UML UTF-16 (UCS Transformation Format) The stan- models. More details about UXF are available at dard encoding for UNICODE, specified in the ISO http://www.yy.cs.keio.ac.jp/~suzuki/pro- 10646 standard. Also called Unicode ject/uxf/.
173
V
Valid See VALID XML DOCUMENT. with the letters x, m and l in any combination of upper and lower cases, since these are reserved by Valid XML document A WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT the W3C for a special use. Here are examples of that adheres to a specific XML SCHEMA or DTD if it has acceptable element names: firstname, FirstName, one. Note that an XML DOCUMENT must be well- _firstName and _2First_name.Thefollowing formed and can be valid.SeeFigureV.1. names are illegal: 2First_name, xmlFirstName, XMLfirstName and XmL_first_name.NoWHITE Valid XML name A sequence of characters that is SPACE is allowed for separating parts of an XML legal to use for the name of a STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT name. Note that it is better to avoid using names of XML,suchasanELEMENT (see ELEMENT NAME)or that start with a colon (such as :firstName or ATTRIBUTE (see ATTRIBUTE NAME). A valid XML name :2firstName), since colons are used only to sepa- must begin with a letter (but not a number), an rate a NAMESPACE PREFIX from the LOCAL PART of a underscore (_)oracolon(:). They may not begin QUALIFIED NAME.
Well-formed Valid XML document XML document
XML XML parser parser
XML Schema XML XML or Specification Specification DTD
Figure V.1 An illustration of the difference between well-formed and valid XML documents.
175 Validating parser
Validity See VALID XML DOCUMENT.
XML XML Validity constraints Atermusedtoreferto document schema rules, specified is a DTD or SCHEMA, that defines the allowable content of an XML DOCUMENT, including its element types and ATTRIBUTE VALUES.
Value Chain Markup Language See VCML. Validating parser Value property In an RDF SCHEMA,therdf:value PROPERTY is used to describe STRUCTURED VALUES.
value-of element In XSLT,theELEMENT of an XSLT valid invalid STYLE SHEET that is used to select the value of an XML ELEMENT.TheATTRIBUTE VALUE of its “select” ATTRIBUTE is an XPATH LOCATION PATH. Figure V.3 shows two exam- XML document ples of XSLT “value-of” elements. In Example 1, (ready to be the “select” attribute is used to select the values of Error displayed or CHILD ELEMENTS ROOT NODE XPATH NODE message all of the of the processed) TREE (i.e. the entire content of the XML DOCUMENT). In Example 2, the “select” attribute value selects the Figure V.2 The use of a validating parser. values of the “Price” element that is the first child element of the “Catalog” element.
Validating parser An XML PARSER that verifies that Variable In programming, a symbol that repre- an XML document conforms to a specific DTD or sents data that may vary during the execution of a XML SCHEMA. It checks whether the document is program. Contrast LITERAL. both well-formed and valid. See Figure V.2. See also NON-VALIDATING PARSER; VALID XML DOCUMENT; WELL- vCard An Internet standard for creating and FORMED XML DOCUMENT. sharing virtual business cards that enables the common and consistent description of persons. Validation A check whether a document is the Also known as the Electronic Business Card. See VALID XML DOCUMENT. also VCARD RDF/XML SPECIFICATION.
Element The “select” name attribute Example 1
176 Vocabulary
vCard RDF/XML Specification A W3C SPECIFICATION Virtual Observatory Table See VOTABLE. for encoding a VCARD in RDF/XML using the existing semantics of vCard. Documents with the Virtual Reality Modeling Language See VRML. RDF/XML encoding are also known as “RDF vCard” documents. For more details, see the infor- Visa XML Invoice Specification An XML-based mation at http://www.w3.org/TR/vcard-rdf. message format for managing financial transac- tions across regions, languages and industry sec- VCML (Value Chain Markup Language) Asetof tors. More details are available at http:// XML-based languages for describing standard col- international.visa.com/fb/downloads/ laborativebusinessdocumentssuchaspurchase commprod/visaxmlinvoice/. orders and invoices. It enables value chain collab- oration within and across vertical industries VML (Vector Markup Language) An XML-based using a common VOCABULARY.MoredetailsofVCML language which defines a format for encoding of may be obtained from http://www.vcml.net/. vector information, together with additional markup to describe how that information can be Vector graphics A method of creating images on edited and displayed. For more details, see the a computer using mathematical statements rather information at http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE- than bit-mapped descriptions. VML.
Vector Markup Language See VML. vml/vxml FILENAME EXTENSIONS that indicates that thefileisintheVOICEXML format. For example, Version attribute A property of an XML “Catalog.vml” or “Catalog.vxml”. DECLARATION that shows the number of the XML SPECIFICATION to which the XML DOCUMENT comforts. Vocabulary AsetofELEMENT NAMES and ATTRIBUTE This attribute is compulsory if an XML declara- NAMES that are selected or produced in order to tion is included. Note that the XML declaration is create a custom XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE,suchas optional by itself. See Figure V.4. See also ENCODING XSLT, SVG or NEWSML.Avocabularyformsthebasisof ATTRIBUTE; STANDALONE ATTRIBUTE. an XML SCHEMA or a DTD that specifies the relation- ships between ELEMENTS and ATTRIBUTES (still repre- VIML (Virtual Instruments Markup Language) sented by element names and attribute names), An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that describes loca- the restrictions on ELEMENT CONTENTS and ATTRIBUTE tion, protocol and device information for a net- VALUES,allowedDATA TYPES,andsoon.Theterm work of virtual instrumentation devices and “vocabulary” is sometimes used to refer to an systems. More details are available at http:// entire XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE definedinanXML nacimiento.com/VIML/. schema or a DTD. Note that, more generally, it means words used in a language. Virtual Instruments Markup Language See VIML.
XML declaration
Version Encoding Standalone attribute attribute attribute Figure V.4 The version attribute of the XML declaration.
177 Voice Extensible Markup Language
XML declaration
Figure V.5 An example of a VoiceXML document.
Voice Extensible Markup Language See code). More details about VoiceXML can be VOICEXML. obtained from http://www.voicexml.org/.
VoiceXML (Voice Extensible Markup Language) VOTable (Virtual Observatory Table) An XML- An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE intended for the BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and development of Web-based voice dialog systems. exchanging astronomical tables for virtual A simple VoiceXML document is shown in Figure astronomy. More information is available at V.5. It specifies that the computer is to say “Hello, http://www.us-vo.org/VOTable/. the VoiceXML World!” The document starts with an XML DECLARATION,followedbytheROOT ELEMENT VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A “vxml”. It contains the “prompt” ELEMENT that is data format for describing three-dimensional NESTED within the “form” element (which is objects and environments for graphical display in VoiceXML’s basic dialog unit) and the “block” ele- astandardWEB BROWSER or in a special VR viewer. ment (which is a container for non-interactive ThelatestversionofVRMLiswritteninXMLand is known as X3D.
178 W
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Agroupof details, see Figure W.1 and the information at member organization founded in 1994 that http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process- develops and maintains Web standards known as 20010208/tr.html. See also W3C SPECIFICATION; W3C W3C RECOMMENDATIONS and other types of W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. TECHNICAL REPORTS. W3C is hosted by three universities: (1) Massa- W3C Note One of two types of W3C TECHNICAL chusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the REPORT. A report of this type is a dated and pub- USA, (2) the French National Research Institute lished record of an idea or a comment. (The other (INDIA)inEuropeand(3)KeioUniversityin type is a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT). Japan.The Director of W3C is Tim BERNERS-LEE the More information about W3C Note is available at inventor of the World Wide Web. More informa- http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process- tion about W3C is available on its Web site at 20010208/tr.html. See also W3C SPECIFICATION. http://www.w3.org/. W3C Proposed Recommendation The maturity W3C Candidate Recommendation The maturity level of a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT level of a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT that follows the W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION and that follows the W3C LAST CALL WORKING DRAFT and pre- precedes the W3C RECOMMENDATION,asshownin cedes the W3C PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION,asshownin Figure W.1. The main purpose of this level of Figure W.1. The main purpose of this type of W3C maturity is to adequately address dependencies TECHNICAL REPORT is to call for implementation expe- from the W3C technical community and com- rience and feedback. More information is avail- ments from external reviewers. A W3C TECHNICAL able at http://www.w3.org/Consortium/ REPORT must remain at this maturity level for at Process-20010208/tr.html. See also W3C least four weeks before either moving up to the SPECIFICATION; W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. W3C RECOMMENDATION level or moving back to an ear- lier level. More information is available at http:/ W3C Last Call Working Draft The maturity level /www.w3.org/Consortium/Process-20010208/ of a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT that tr.html. See also W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION; W3C follows the W3C WORKING DRAFT and precedes the W3C TECHNICAL REPORT; W3C RECOMMENDATION. CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION,asshowninFigureW.1.It is a special instance of a W3C Working Draft that W3C Recommendation The final level of matu- usually remains at this level of maturity for only rity of a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT three weeks to seek technical review from W3C that follows the W3C PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION and Working Groups and external parties. For more reflects consensus within the W3C. Also
179 W3C Recommendation track technical report
Recommendation
Proposed Recommendation
Recommendation Track Candidate Recommendation Technical Reports
Last Call Working Draft
Working Draft
W3C Notes Note
Figure W.1 Types and maturity levels of W3C Technical Reports.
sometimes called “a W3C standard”. For more W3C Standard A term used sometimes to refer to details, see Figure W.1 and the information at a W3C RECOMMENDATION as the final maturity level http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process- reached by a W3C TECHNICAL REPORT.NotethataW3C 20010208/tr.html. See also W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. standard is called a recommendation rather that a specification. W3C Recommendation track technical report One of two types of W3C TECHNICAL REPORT.Areport W3C Technical Report Main documents devel- of this type can move thought five stages of matu- oped and published by the W3C.Thereare rity, until it reaches the final status of a W3C two types of Technical Report: (1) W3C RECOMMENDATION. This process is officially called RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORTS;and(2)W3C “the W3C Recommendation track”. (W3C NOTE is the NOTES. Generally, a Technical Report begins its life other type.) See Figure W.1. More details are avail- as a W3C Note and then may progress throughout able at http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Pro- five levels of its maturity to reach the final form cess-20010208/tr.html. See also W3C SPECIFICATION. and became a W3C RECOMMENDATION.Notethatonits waytoaW3CRecommendation,aTechnical W3C Specification A term that is sometimes Report can be returned to an earlier level at any used to refer to both a W3C RECOMMENDATION or a W3C time. See Figure W.1. More details are available at TECHNICAL REPORT of a lower level of maturity, such as http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Process- a W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION or a W3C PROPOSED 20010208/tr.html. See also W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION. RECOMMENDATION; W3C LAST CALL WORKING DRAFT; W3C NOTE;
180 Web Ontology Language Description Logics
W3C PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION; W3C RECOMMENDATION; known examples include Internet Explorer and W3C SPECIFICATION; W3C WORKING DRAFT. Netscape Communicator.
W3C Working Draft The initial level of maturity Web Distributed Data Exchange See WDDX. of a W3C RECOMMENDATION TRACK TECHNICAL REPORT that precedes the W3C LAST CALL WORKING DRAFT.Itusually Web metadata See METADATA. represents work in progress in a particular area of interest and does not assert any consensus about WebML (Web Modeling Language) Amodel- its content and quality. For more details, see driven approach for specifying complex Web sites Figure W.1 and the information at http:// on a conceptual level using both a graphical nota- www.w3.org/Consortium/Process-20010208/ tion and a textual XML syntax. WebML enables tr.html. See also W3C LAST CALL WORKING DRAFT; W3C the high-level description of a Web site by means NOTE; W3C SPECIFICATION; W3C TECHNICAL REPORT. of five models: the structural model (the data con- tent of the Web site), the composition model (the W3C XML Schema See XML SCHEMA. pages that compose the Web site), the navigation model (the topology of links between pages), the WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Asetof presentation model (the layout and graphic industry-standard specifications for providing requirements for page rendering), and the person- Internet communications and advanced telephony alization model (the customization features for services on wireless devices, such as mobile one-to-one content delivery). See Figure W.2. See phones and personal digital assistants (PDAS). It http://www.webml.org/ for more details. includes WML. More details about WAP are avail- able at http://www.wapforum.org/what/tech- Web Modeling Language See WEBML. nical.htm. Web ontology See ONTOLOGY. WD (Working Draft) See W3C WORKING DRAFT. Web Ontology Language See OWL. WDDX (Web Distributed Data Exchange) An XML-based technology for exchanging complex Web Ontology Language Description Logics data between Web programming languages. See OWL DL. Details of WDDX are available at http:// www.openwddx.org/faq/. Book Web address RESOURCE An address for a on the Title Internet, such as http://www.springer.de/.The Publisher Web address is more commonly referred to as the PubDate URL. ISBN Web agent See INTELLIGENT AGENT.
INTELLIGENT AGENT Web bot See . Computer Book Children’s Book Edition Web browser A program that is used for accessing WEB PAGES andrelatedfiles.Twowell- Figure W.2 A sample WebML graphical notation for IS-A hierarchies.
181 Web Ontology Language Full
Web Ontology Language Full See OWL FULL. Well-balanced region In XFI,aregionofanXML DOCUMENT that includes whole INFORMATION ITEMS.For Web Ontology Language Light See OWL LITE. example, if it contains a START TAG it must also con- tain the corresponding END TAG.Awell-balanced Web page A document or file created with HTML, region does not need to be a WELL-FORMED subset of XML, XHTML or other technologies that is the main an XML DOCUMENT, since it may, for example, include STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCT of a WEB SITE and which is usu- multiple ELEMENTS or text in place of the ROOT ally seen by a Web user as a page of information ELEMENT. in a WEB BROWSER. Well-formed See WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. Web resource See RESOURCE. Well-formed XML document An XML DOCUMENT is Web server A computer that stores WEB PAGES and well-formed if it adheres to general XML SYNTAX supplies them to other computers when requested RULES: (1) the document has one and only one ROOT via HTTP. The web pages can be viewed using a WEB ELEMENT;(2)allELEMENTS that do not use EMPTY- BROWSER. Also known as an HTTP server. ELEMENT TAGS have END TAGS; (3) an element has the same ELEMENT NAME in its START TAG anditsendtag Web services A standardized way of integrating (note that XML is CASE-SENSITIVE); (4) all elements Web-based applications that is based on protocols are NESTED properly without overlap; (5) all and technologies for reusable building-block ATTRIBUTES are enclosed in quotes (note that either applications which connect to each other via the single or double quotes can be used, as long as Internet. This allows developers to integrate dis- they match within a single attribute); (6) no ele- parate applications within and between busi- ment has two or more attributes with the same nesses. Web services use several XML-based ATTRIBUTE NAME;(7)SPECIAL SYMBOLS are replaced with technologies, such as: (1) XML as a MARKUP LANGUAGE their ENTITY REFERENCES;(8)AllENTITIES except for the data; (2) SOAP as the communication pro- PREDEFINED XML ENTITIES are declared before they are tocol; (3) WSDL as the interface description lan- used; (9) element names and attribute names guage; and (4) UDDI for registering and searching begin with a letter (but not a number and not services. Unlike the traditional client–server with the letters x, m and l in any combination of model, Web services do not provide a GUI and upper and lower cases), an underscore (_)ora do not require the use of browsers or HTML.Web colon (:). services are sometimes called “application ser- Any XML document must be well formed. Any vices”. More information is available at http:// XML PARSER always checks whether an XML DOCUMENT www.w3.org/2002/ws/. is well formed. If not, it stops reading and pro- cessing the document. The XML code shown in Web Services Definition Language See WSDL. Figure W.3 contains an intentional syntax error andasaresulttheXMLparsergeneratesanerror Web Services Interoperability Organization message. This message shows the line and char- See WS-I. acter positions of the XML syntax error and therefore can be used for detecting and correcting Web site In the WWW,acollectionofrelatedWEB the error. See also VALID XML DOCUMENT. PAGES with the same domain name and usually stored on the same WEB SERVER. Well-formedness See WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT.
Well-balanced See WELL-BALANCED REGION. Well Log Markup Language See WELLLOGML.
182 Wireless Markup Language
Figure W.3 The code and browser views of an XML document than is not well-formed.
WellLogML (Well Log Markup Language) An XML DOCUMENT). White space can appear inside an XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing all forms ATTRIBUTE VALUE.Nowhitespaceisallowedinsidea of acquired, processed, and interpreted well logs. TAG or as part of an ATTRIBUTE NAME.Someexamples More information is available at http:// of valid and invalid XML white space are shown www.posc.org/ebiz/WellLogML/. in Figure W.4.
White space Atermusedoriginallytoreferto Whitespace See WHITE SPACE. characters that do not put ink on the paper when they are printed. White space can consist of one Wireless Application Protocol See WAP. or more space characters, carriage returns, line feeds or tabs. In XML, it is permissible to add extra Wireless Markup Language See WML. whitespacearoundtheelementsbywritingthem in an indented hierarchical form in order to make the XML code easier to read and edit (see
< Tourist Destination local language="British English" >
Illegal white space Legal white space Figure W.4 Examples of legal and illegal white space in XML code.
183 wml
wml A FILENAME EXTENSION indicatingthefileisa WSDL (Web Services Description Language) WML (Wireless Markup Language) document. For An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing, example, “Catalog.wml”. locating and accessing XML-BASED WEB SERVICES.It provides a WSDL COMPONENT MODEL and its XML rep- WML (Wireless Markup Language) An XML-BASED resentation for describing both the abstract func- MARKUP LANGUAGE for specifying presentation and tionality of a service and its concrete details. A user interaction on limited capability devices WSDL document is an XML DOCUMENT that contains a such as mobile phones and other wireless mobile set of definitions, such as messages, port types terminals. A WML document (also known as a and services. WSDL describes WEB SERVICES using deck) consists of one or more cards. In other the messages exchanged between the service pro- words, a deck is a transportation container for vider and requestor. An exchange of messages is cards(similartoaWebsite)andacardisaunit called an operation. A collection of operations is of navigation and user interface (similar to a describes as a port type. More information about web page). Figure W.5 shows a simple WML docu- WSDL may be obtained from http:// ment consisting of only one card and its appear- www.w3.org/2002/ws/desc/. For more details, see ance in a mobile phone browser. Note that the text WSDL COMPONENT MODEL. “Hello World” is the title of the card (similar to thetitleofaWebpage)andthetext“Hello wsdl:binding element See BINDING COMPONENT. World!” is the actual content of the WML docu- ment. Details of WML can be found at http:// wsdl:definitions element See DEFINITIONS ELEMENT. www1.wapforum.org/tech/documents/WAP-238- WML-20010911-a.pdf. wsdl:message element See MESSAGE COMPONENT.
Working draft See W3C WORKING DRAFT. wsdl:operation element See PORT TYPE OPERATION COMPONENT. World Wide Web See WWW. wsdl:operation element See BINDING OPERATION World Wide Web Consortium See W3C. COMPONENT; PORT TYPE OPERATION COMPONENT.
XML declaration
card Hello World!
The end tag of the root “wml” element Figure W.5 An example of a WML document.
184 WSDL component model
wsdl:part element See PART COMPONENT. WSDL component model AconceptualDATA MODEL underlying WSDL that is represented as a set wsdl:portType element See MESSAGE COMPONENT. of components with properties. The hierarchy of themodelcomponentsisshowninFigureW.6.It wsdl:service element See SERVICE COMPONENT. comprises the DEFINITIONS COMPONENT at the top-level and WSDL COMPONENTS and TYPE SYSTEM COMPONENTS at WSDL binding component See BINDING COMPONENT. the next level of the hierarchy. The WSDL components include: (1) the MESSAGE WSDL binding operation component See COMPONENT with the PART COMPONENT as its BINDING OPERATION COMPONENT. subcomponent; (2) the PORT TYPE COMPONENT with the PORT TYPE OPERATION COMPONENT as its subcomponent; (3) the BINDING COMPONENT with the
The WSDL component model
Definitions component
WSDL Type system components components
Message Port type Binding Service Element Type component component component component declaration definition
Part Operation Operation Port component component component component
The XML representation of the model
XML declaration
Figure W.6 The WSDL component model and its XML representation.
185 WSDL components
BINDING OPERATION COMPONENT as its subcomponent; WSDL port type operation component See PORT (4) the SERVICE COMPONENT with the port component TYPE OPERATION COMPONENT. asitssubcomponent.Thetypesystemcompo- nents include: (1) ELEMENT DECLARATIONS;(2)TYPE WSDL service component See SERVICE COMPONENT. DEFINITIONS. WSDL provides not only this abstract componentmodelbutalsoitsrepresentation WSDL type system components See TYPE SYSTEM (serialization) using XML-based syntax as shown COMPONENTS. in Figure W.6. WS-I (Web Services Interoperability Organiza- WSDL components In the WSDL COMPONENT MODEL,a tion) An open, industry organization that is subcomponent of the top-level DEFINITIONS intended to promote Web services INTEROPERABILITY COMPONENT that includes: (1) the MESSAGE COMPONENT; across platforms, operating systems, and pro- (2) the PORT TYPE COMPONENT;(3)theBINDING gramming languages. See http://www.ws-i.org/ COMPONENT; and (4) the SERVICE COMPONENT. for more details.
WSDL definitions component See DEFINITIONS WSIL See WS-INSPECTION. COMPONENT. WS-Inspection (Web Services Inspection Lan- WSDL document root element See DEFINITIONS guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the dis- ELEMENT. covery and aggregation of Web service descrip- tions in a simple and extensible way. WS- WSDL message component See MESSAGE Inspection is a complementary model to UDDI.Itis COMPONENT. intended to describe services at a functional level, whereas UDDI is at a more business-centric level. WSDL namespace declaration See DEFINITIONS WS-Inspection is also known as WSIL. For more ELEMENT. details, see http://www-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/webservices/library/ws- WSDL part component See PART COMPONENT. wsilspec.html.
WSDL port component See PORT COMPONENT. WWW (World Wide Web) The global set of inter- linked WEB SITES that is easily accessible with a WEB WSDL port type component See PORT TYPE BROWSER.Currently,theWWWisevolvingfromthe COMPONENT. FIRST-GENERATION WEB to the SECOND-GENERATION WEB,also known as the SEMANTIC WEB.
186 X
X3D (Extensible 3D) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE www.oasis-open.org/committees/ciq/. See for describing three-dimensional objects and also XNL. environments that can be graphically displayed in astandardWEB BROWSER or in a special VR viewer. XAML (Transaction Authority Markup Lan- Essentially, X3D is the latest version of VRML that is guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for coordi- written in XML and that is extending and nating and processing online business transac- upgrading the geometry and behavior capability tions. More details are available at http:// ofVRML.TheX3Dworld,showninFigureX.1, www.xaml.org/. contains two objects: a red sphere and blue text. X3Disalsoknowsas“Extensible3DGraphics”. XBEL (XML Bookmark Exchange Language) An For more information about X3D, see http:// XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging Internet www.web3d.org/x3d.html. “bookmarks”. Details of XBEL can be found at http://www.python.org/topics/xml/xbel/. XACL (XML Access Control Language) An XML- BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that provides XML docu- XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Lan- ments with an access control model that enables guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the initiator to securely update each document describing financial information, such as financial element. Details of XACL can be found at http:// affairs, business management and investment. See www.trl.ibm.com/projects/xml/xacl/. http://www.xbrml.org/ for more details.
XACML (Extensible Access Control Markup Lan- XCBF (XML Common Biometric Format) An XML- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for the BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing information expression of authorization policies in XML that verifies identity based on human characteris- against objects that are themselves identified in tics such as DNA, fingerprints, iris scans and hand XML. See http://www.xacml.org/ for more geometry. More information about XCBF is avail- details. able at http://www.oasis-open.org/commit- tees/xcbf/. xAL (Extensible Address Language) An XML- BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing customer xCBL (XML Common Business Library) Asetof address data. It is part of XNAL (Extensible Name XML-based documents and their components and Address Language) and is referenced by XCIL. developed to facilitate global E-COMMERCE.Itis Details of xAL are available at http:// indented to promote INTEROPERABILITY by providing a common language that all participants in
187 xCBL (XML Common Business Library)
The color of the sphere
The color of the text
End tags of the “X3D”, “Scene”, and “Group” elements
Figure X.1 A simple X3D world and its source code.
188 XFI fragment body
e-commerce (buyers, suppliers and providers of XDR Schema (XML Data-Reduced Schema) One business services) can understand and, on this of the early SCHEMA languagesthatisstillusedin basis, to easily exchange their documents. More some of Microsoft’s applications. It gets over a information about xCBL is available at http:// number of limitations of DTDS,suchasdatatyping. www.xcbl.org/. Details of XDR are available at http:// msdn.microsoft.com/library/ xCIL (Extensible Customer Information Lan- default.asp?url=/library/en-us/xmlsdk30/ guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for repre- htm/xmconintroductiontoschemas.asp. See also senting global customer-centric data. It uses XNAL XML SCHEMA. for representing customer name-and-address data. In addition to names and addresses, it allows XEditor An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for speci- describing many other customer-related details fyinganeditinglistforanXMLdocument.For such as age, gender, marital status, person phys- more details, see http://www.openhealth.org/ ical characteristics, and hobbies. XNAL is a sub-lan- editor/. guage of xCIL. XNL and XAL are referenced by xCIL. Details of xCIL can be found at http:// XER (XML encoding rules) Asetofrulesfor www.oasis-open.org/committees/ciq/. encoding values of ASN.1 types using XML. Details of XER can be found at http:// xCRL (Extensible Customer Relationships Lan- www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com17/lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for man- guages/X.693_0901.pdf. aging global customer relationship data in order to achieve interoperability between different sys- XFDL (Extensible Forms Description Language) tems, processes and platforms. It makes it possible An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for representing com- to describe the following three categories of cus- plex forms such as those used in government and tomer relationship: Organization to Organization business. Relationships, Organization to Person Relation- ships, and Person to Person Relationships. xCRL XFI (XML Fragment Interchange) An XML-BASED uses XNAL for representing customer name and MARKUP LANGUAGE for creating and transferring por- address data and XCIL for representing other cus- tions of XML DOCUMENTS.Itprovidesmechanismsfor tomer information. For more details, see the infor- specifying contextual information for a FRAGMENT mation at http://www.oasis-open.org/ of an XML document that enable the transmission committees/ciq/. of the fragment without transmitting the entire document. A FRAGMENT INTERCHANGE usually involves XDF (Extensible Data Format) An XML-BASED two files, as shown in Figure X.2: (1) a file that MARKUP LANGUAGE for documents containing most contains the FRAGMENT BODY;and(2)aFRAGMENT classes of scientific data. It can be used CONTEXT SPECIFICATION file. More details about XFI are throughout the scientific disciplines. More details available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR- about XDF can be obtained from http:// xml-fragment-20010212/. xml.gsfc.nasa.gov/XDF/. XFI context information See CONTEXT INFORMATION. xdr The FILENAME EXTENSION of a file that is an XDR (XML Data-Reduced) schema. For example, “Cat- XFI fragment See FRAGMENT. alog.xsl”. See XDR SCHEMA. XFI fragment body See FRAGMENT BODY. XDR See XDR SCHEMA.
189 XFI namespace
File 1 – The fragment body file:
File 2 – The fragment context specification file: Element name Fragment interchange namespace declaration
XFI namespace See FRAGMENT INTERCHANGE NAMESPACE.
XFI root element See FCS ELEMENT.
XFML (Exchangeable Faceted Metadata Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for exchanging hierarchical faceted metadata between Web sites. Details of XFML are available at http:// xfml.org/.
XForms An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and creating the next generation forms Figure X.3 A simple XForm. for the Web. Forms are the primary enabling tech- nology for online interaction, especially in E- COMMERCE. xforms:input element See FORM CONTROLS. Compared to traditional HTML forms, XForms have the following main advantages: (1) they are xforms:instance element See INSTANCE DATA. intended for use on the SECOND-GENERATION WEB and canbeintegratedwithothermembersoftheXML xforms:model element See XFORMS MODEL. FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES, especially with XHTML and SVG; (2) they separate user interface from data and xforms:submit element See FORM CONTROLS. logic (see SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT); (3) they are platform- and device-independent. Figure X.3 XForms action attribute See XFORMS MODEL. shows the USER INTERFACE of a simple XForm used in E-COMMERCE. For more information about XForms, XForms caption element See FORM CONTROLS. visit http://www.w3.org/TR/xforms/. See also XFORMS SECTIONS. XForms controls See FORM CONTROLS. xforms:caption element See FORM CONTROLS. XForms input element See FORM CONTROLS.
190 XHTML document
Figure X.4 An example of an XForm model.
XForms instance data See INSTANCE DATA. XGMML (Extensible Graph Markup and Mod- eling Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for XForms instance element See INSTANCE DATA. describing nodes and edges of a graph. It facili- tates the exchange of graphs between different XForms model An XFORMS SECTION that is used to tools. For more details, see the information at define the STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of a form. The “model” http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~puninj/XGMML/. ELEMENT is used as a container for the XForms model components. Figure X.4 shows a sample XForms xhtml The FILENAME EXTENSION of a Web page model that defines that this form is used to collect written in XHTML. For example, “Catalog.xhtml”. three pieces of information and submit them to the URL specified in the “action” ATTRIBUTE. XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Lan- guage) The latest version of HTML,fullycompat- XForms processor Part of a WEB BROWSER that is ible with XML.ItincludesalltheHTMLelements responsible for submitting the XFORMS data to a andattributesbutimposesafewstrictrules,such target using XML as the data format. as that all ELEMENT NAMES and ATTRIBUTE NAMES must be writteninlowercase,allnon-emptyELEMENTS have XForms sections Three parts into which XForms to include proper END TAGS,andothers.SeeFigure are divided: (1) XFORMS MODEL;(2)INSTANCE DATA;(3) X.5 for a comparison of the main features of XML, USER INTERFACE.Thisdivisionallowstoimplement HTML and XHTML. See http://www.w3.org/TR/ the principle of SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT. xhtml1/ for more details. See also XHTML DOCUMENT.
XForms submit element See FORM CONTROLS. XHTML Basic AsubsetofXHTML for mobile devices. More details are available at http:// XGF (XML Game Format) An XML-BASED MARKUP www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/. LANGUAGE for describing turn-based games. More details about XGF can be obtained from http:// XHTML document An XML DOCUMENT written in www.red-bean.com/sgf/xml/. XHTML. An example of an XHTML document is showninFigureX.6.Noticethatthedocument XGL (Extensible Graphics Library) An XML-BASED includes an XML DECLARATION, an XHTML-related MARKUP LANGUAGE that is intended to represent 3D DOCTYPE DECLARATION and a NAMESPACE DECLARATION for information for the purpose of visualization. For XHTML. It also contains examples of the compul- more details, see the information at http:// sory use of end tags for non-empty elements and www.xglspec.org/. of NESTING ELEMENTS properly, without overlapping.
191 xi namespace prefix
XML HTML XHTML Metalanguage SGML-based XML-based language language
Intended for Intended for Intended for describing and formatting and formatting and structuring data displaying data displaying data
No predefined set Predefined set of Predefined set of of tags tags tags
Case-sensitive Case-insensitive Case-sensitive. Tag and attribute names must be written in lower case
XML documents must HTML documents do XHTML documents be well formed not need to be must be well formed well formed
All non-empty Some end tags are All non-empty elements require optional elements require end tags end tags
Empty elements must Empty elements are Empty elements must be terminated, e.g. not terminated, be terminated, e.g. e.g.
Attribute values Unquoted attribute Attribute values must be quoted values are must be quoted allowed
No attribute The minimal form No attribute minimalization is of an attribute is minimalization is allowed allowed allowed
Tags must be nested Tags may be nested Tags must be nested properly, without with overlapping properly, without overlapping overlapping
Figure X.5 A comparison between XML, HTML and XHTML. xi namespace prefix A commonly used NAMESPACE More details are available at http:// PREFIX for the XINCLUDE NAMESPACE. alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/xincaml/. xi:fallback element See FALLBACK ELEMENT. XInclude (XML Inclusions) An XML-BASED LANGUAGE that specifies a generic inclusion mechanism for xi:include element See INCLUDE ELEMENT. merging XML DOCUMENTS (mostly to facilitate modu- larity). If an ELEMENT in an XML document has an XincaML (Extensible Inter-Nodes Constraint ATTRIBUTE that is the XInclude NAMESPACE DECLARATION, Markup Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE it can be used as a container for the INCLUDE ELEMENT for describing the presence or value dependencies and FALLBACK ELEMENT. See Figure X.7. More details among nodes located on different branches of an about XInclude can be obtained from http:// XML TREE STRUCTURE.Itisintendedtoensurethe www.w3.org/TR/xinclude/. integrity of data by specifying constraints that cannot be expressed by the XML SCHEMA language. XInclude fallback element See FALLBACK ELEMENT.
192 XInclude fallback element
The “Sample.xhtml” file: XML declaration declaration
Namespace The title ofSome Rules for Writing XHTML
The “paragraph”Tag and attribute names must be in lowercase.
elementAll non-empty elements require end tags.
has the end tagTags must be nested properly.
Properly nested elementsIts browser view:
Figure X.6 A sample XHTML document.
XML document
Figure X.7 An illustration of the inclusion mechanism of XInclude.
193 XInclude include element
Namespace prefix
The start tag of the “book” element
Figure X.8 The XInclude namespace declaration.
XInclude include element See INCLUDE ELEMENT. links) and more complex and sophisticated linking structures, such as EXTENDED LINKS.More XInclude namespace The NAMESPACE of XINCLUDE. details about XLink can be obtained from http:/ The use of XInclude within an ELEMENT requires a /www.w3.org/TR/xlink/. See also TRAVERSAL; TYPE NAMESPACE DECLARATION for the XInclude namespace ATTRIBUTE; XLINK NAMESPACE. to be specified as one of its ATTRIBUTES.SeeFigure X.8. Notice that the NAMESPACE PREFIX of the XInclude xlink:actuate attribute See ACTUATE ATTRIBUTE. namespace is usually “xi”. xlink:show attribute See SHOW ATTRIBUTE. XL (XML programming language) Ahigh-level XML programming language for the implementa- xlink:type attribute See TYPE ATTRIBUTE. tion of Web services. XL is not an XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE, but it is compliant with the relevant W3C XLink actuate attribute See ACTUATE ATTRIBUTE. STANDARDS. XL allows programmers to concentrate on the logic of their application by providing XLink arc See ARC. them with high-level and declarative constructs for actions typical for the implementation of a XLink ending resource See TRAVERSAL. Web service, such as logging, workload manage- ment and error handling. More information about XLink extended link See EXTENDED LINK. XL is available at http://xl.in.tum.de/ index2.html. XLink inbound arc See INBOUND ARC.
XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File XLink link See LINK. Format) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and interchanging LOCALIZATION informa- XLink linkbase See LINKBASE. tion. It supports the localization-related aspects of INTERNATIONALIZATION and the entire localization pro- XLink link database See LINKBASE. cess. Details of XLIFF can be found at http:// www.oasis-open.org/committees/xliff/. XLink local ending resource See LOCAL ENDING RESOURCE. XLink (XML Linking Language) An XML-BASED LANGUAGE for describing and creating a variety of XLink local resource See LOCAL RESOURCE. different kinds of LINKS within and between XML DOCUMENTS. It enables both basic unidirectional XLink local starting resource See LOCAL STARTING SIMPLE LINKS between RESOURCES (similar to HTML RESOURCE.
194 XML (Extensible Markup Language)
XLink
XLink locator See LOCATOR. XMI (XML Metadata Interchange Format) An XML-based format for interchanging METADATA and XLink namespace A NAMESPACE of the XML information between UML-based modeling tools Linking Language (XLINK). The use of XLink and between tools and metadata repositories. XMI ELEMENTS and ATTRIBUTES requires a NAMESPACE is intended to integrate XML, UML and MOF (Meta DECLARATION of the XLink namespace, as shown in Objects Facility). More details are available at Figure X.9. Notice that the NAMESPACE PREFIX of the http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/ XLink namespace is usually “xlink”. formal/xmi.htm.
XLink outbound arc See OUTBOUND ARC. xml A FILENAME EXTENSION that indicates that the file is an XML DOCUMENT. For example, “Catalog.xml”. XLink remote ending resource See REMOTE ENDING Note that a document written in XML may have RESOURCE. many other FILENAME EXTENSIONS,suchas“rdf”or “x3d”. XLink remote resource See REMOTE RESOURCE. XML (Extensible Markup Language) A XLink remote starting resource See REMOTE METALANGUAGE for creating other XML-BASED MARKUP STARTING RESOURCE. LANGUAGES. The group of languages derived from XML is known the XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES.XMLis XLink show attribute See SHOW ATTRIBUTE. intended to form a technological basis for the transformation the WWW from the FIRST-GENERATION XLink simple link See SIMPLE LINK. WEB into the SEMANTIC WEB.MostoftheSEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES are based on XML. XLink starting resource See TRAVERSAL. XML was introduced in 1998 as a subset of SGML. Like HTML,itusesTAGS tomarkupthedata,butitis XLink third-party arc See THIRD-PARTY ARC. marking up the MEANING of data not the presenta- tion of data (see METADATA; PRESENTATIONAL MARKUP; XLink type attribute See TYPE ATTRIBUTE. SEPARATION OF FORM FROM CONTENT; STRUCTURAL MARKUP). Unlike HTML, XML has no predefined set of tags. XLL (Extensible Linking Language) The name Beingametalanguage,itisjustasetofsyntactic under which the development of XLINK and XPOINTER rules (see XML SYNTAX) that allow anyone to create started. No longer in use. custom XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES for describing any specific DOMAINS. XMCL (Extensible Media Commerce Language) The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of XML include: An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and (1) ANGLE BRACKETS and other DELIMITERS;(2)TAGS;(3) interchanging rules that apply to multi-media con- ELEMENTS comprised of START TAGS and END TAGS;(4) tent. More information about XMCL is available at EMPTY-ELEMENT TAGS;(5)ATTRIBUTES;(6)PROCESSING http://www.xmcl.org/specification.html/. INSTRUCTIONS;(7)ENTITY REFERENCES;(8)XML DECLARATION;
195 xml:base attribute
Element The “xml:base” name attribute
Basic
Reserved word The XML declaration
Example
Root Attribute Attribute element’s name value name Figure X.10 The basic syntax and an example of the “xml:base” attribute.
(9) XML COMMENTS. See also XML DOCUMENT; XML xml:lang attribute One of two XML RESERVED DOCUMENT STRUCTURE. More details about http:// ATTRIBUTES that specify the language in which the www.w3.org/XML/. content of an XML DOCUMENT or its particular ELEMENTS is written. Language codes may consist of xml:base attribute A special ATTRIBUTE defined by two characters (such as “en” for English and “de” the W3C in the XML BASE SPECIFICATION.Itisintendedto for German) and can also have a sub-code allow authors to explicitly specify a base URI of an attached by a hyphen (such as “en-US” for English XML DOCUMENT in order to resolve relative URIs in in the USA). Note that the xml:lang attribute is links to external Internet resources. Unlike most applied not only to the element including the attributes, its value applied to all children of the attribute but also to all its CHILD ELEMENTS and their ELEMENT that includes the xml:base attribute. It can ATTRIBUTES. If used, this attribute must be declared be overridden by a subsequent xml:base in the XML SCHEMA or DTD. See Figure X.11. See also attribute. In example shown in Figure X.10, the XML:SPACE ATTRIBUTE. xml:base is an attribute of the ROOT ELEMENT “Cat- alog”, and therefore its value is applied to the xml:space attribute One of two XML RESERVED entire XML document. ATTRIBUTES that specify how an XML PROCESSOR should
Namespace prefix BritishEnglish
Attribute name Colon American English
Language code Figure X.11 An example of the use of the “xml:lang” attribute.
196 XML-based markup language
handle WHITE SPACE within specified ELEMENTS of an published by the W3C in October 2000. For more XML DOCUMENT. This attribute can take one of two details, see the information at http:// ATTRIBUTE VALUES:(1)the“preserve”valuemeans www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/. that the XML processor should preserve all white space; (2) the “default” value means that the XML 1.1 (Extensible Markup Language 1.1) A XML processor may use its own default pro- W3C CANDIDATE RECOMMENDATION that specifies a new cessing rules. Note that the xml:space attribute is version of XML which fixes synchronization prob- applied not only to the element including the lems with the UNICODE character database, as well attribute but also to all its CHILD ELEMENTS and their as problems with WHITE SPACE characters on certain ATTRIBUTES. If used, this attribute must be declared platforms. XML 1.1 was formerly known as XML in the XML SCHEMA or DTD. See also XML:LANG ATTRIBUTE. Blueberry. The XML 1.1 specification is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/CR- xml11- XML 1.0 Non-normative References See NON- 20021015/. More information about XML Blue- NORMATIVE REFERENCES. berry can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/ xml-blueberry-req/. XML 1.0 Normative References See NORMATIVE REFERENCES. XML Access Control Language See XACL.
XML 1.0 REC An abbreviation that is sometimes XML application An official term for XML-BASED used for XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. MARKUP LANGUAGE. Many consider this term mis- leading, because an application is a full-blow pro- XML 1.0 Recommendation XML version 1.0, gram such as XMLSpy rather that a domain- whichbecameaW3C RECOMMENDATION in February specific markup language written in XML, such as 1998. The Second Edition of the XML 1.0 Recom- SVG, XHTML or NEWSML. mendation was published in October 2000. It does not change XML itself (it is not a new version of XMLBase See XML:BASE ATTRIBUTE; XML BASE XML), but just corrects some minor errors and SPECIFICATION. updates the documentation related to underlying standards. The XML 1.0 Recommendation is XML-based language See XML-BASED MARKUP sometimes abbreviated as XML 1.0 REC. An anno- LANGUAGE. tated version of the First Edition of the XML 1.0 Recommendation is available at http:// XML-based markup language Acomputerlan- www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/. guage that is derived from XML as a METALANGUAGE, i.e. written using XML SYNTAX.Everydocumentof XML 1.0 References References to non-W3C such a MARKUP LANGUAGE must be a WELL-FORMED XML standards and specifications given in the Appen- DOCUMENT and can be a VALID XML DOCUMENT (if there dices of the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION.Theyinclude is an XML SCHEMA or a DTD that defines the VOCABULARY NORMATIVE REFERENCES and NON-NORMATIVE REFERENCES. and structural relationships of this particular XML-based language). All XML-based markup XML 1.0 Second Edition See XML 1.0 languages can be divided into two big groups: (1) RECOMMENDATION. the languages that are intended mainly for func- tional use. These are often called “XML-technolo- XML 1.0 syntax The basic SYNTAX of the XML lan- gies” and include, for example, RDF, XML SCHEMA, XSL guage that is documented in the XML 1.0 and SVG. (2) The languages that are intended RECOMMENDATION, the Second Edition of which was for describing, storing and exchanging domain-
197 XML-based multimedia
specific data, such as ARCHAEOML (Archaeological recommendation is available at http:// Markup Language) or SML (Spacecraft Markup www.w3.org/TR/xmlbase/. Language). In other words, the languages of the first group serve mainly as technological tools, XML Blueberry See XML 1.1. and those of the second group are chiefly used as self-describing databases. See also SELF-DESCRIBING XML Bookmark Exchange Language See XBEL. DATA. XML building block A term that is sometimes XML-based multimedia Anewgenerationof used to refer to the main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of multimedia that uses XML as a METALANGUAGE for an XML DOCUMENT,suchasELEMENTS, ATTRIBUTES and defining specialist multimedia-related languages. ATTRIBUTE VALUES. This type of multimedia will play a central role on the SECOND-GENERATION WEB. At the moment, XML- XML character reference See CHARACTER REFERENCE. basedmultimediaincludesSVG, X3D, SMIL, XHTML, VOICEXML and WML.AllofthemareXML-BASED MARKUP XML comment A COMMENT that can be inserted LANGUAGES. Since XML-based multimedia can easily into an XML DOCUMENT using the syntax, shown in be integrated with SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES (for Figure X.12. Comments can contain any text and example, by embedding RDF STATEMENTS into multi- characters, can be placed anywhere in an XML media-related files), this emerging technology will file, and can span as many lines of text as needed also contribute to the SEMANTIC WEB. to annotate the XML document or any of its parts. XML comments: (1) cannot contain a double XML-based technology See XML FAMILY OF hyphen (--); (2) cannot be placed before the XML TECHNOLOGIES. DECLARATION or inside an XML TAG;(3)cannotbe NESTED. Comments are ignored by an XML PARSER and XML-based Web See SEMANTIC WEB. therefore are not displayed in a Web browser. They are intended only for human readers of the XML-based Web services See XML WEB SERVICES. source XML code. Note that although XML is con- sideredtobeaSELF-DESCRIBING LANGUAGE with an XML Base specification A W3C RECOMMENDATION easy-to-follow structure, it is still very useful to that specifies the use of the XML:BASE ATTRIBUTE for comment XML documents, especially when the defining base URIS for parts of XML DOCUMENTS in a programmer begins a document, or adds new way similar to that of HTML Base. This building blocks whose names and structure are SPECIFICATION was developed primarily to provide not intuitively obvious. Comments can also be base URI services to XLINK.Butitcanalsobeused used to hide (“to comment out”) a section of code by many other specifications, because is created in fromthesoftwareprogramduringthedevelop- a modular fashion. The XML Base ment or debugging of a complex project.
Opening angle bracket, exclamation mark, and Two hyphens and two hyphens closing angle bracket
Comments Figure X.12 The syntax for XML comments.
198 XML dialect
XML-Data One of the early SCHEMA language pro- XML-DEV The XML developers’ mailing list, posalsthatledtothecurrentXML SCHEMA language. available at http://www.xml.org/xml/ For more details, see the information at http:// xmldev.shtml. www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-XML-data-0105/. See also DDML; DT4DTD; SOX. XMLDSig See XML DIGITAL SIGNATURE.
XML Data-Reduced Schema See XDR SCHEMA. XML dialect A term that is sometimes used to refer to an XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE such as SVG, XML declaration A special kind of PROCESSING XSLT or MATHML.Thistermisrathermisleading. INSTRUCTION that identifies to the processor the ver- Strictly speaking, XML cannot have any dialects sion of the XML SPECIFICATION the document was because it is not a language but a METALANGUAGE
Opening angle bracket, question mark and Question mark and the xml keyword closing angle bracket
Version Encoding Standalone attribute attribute attribute
Complete syntax
Minimalform Figure X.14 The anatomy of the XML declaration.
199 XML Digital Signature
that can be used for defining domain-specific lan- Note that practically all of these XML documents guages. Sometimes another misleading term, start with an XML DECLARATION. Figure X.15 shows a “XML flavor”, is also used in the sense of “XML sample XML document and its main STRUCTURAL dialect”. CONSTRUCTS. See also ATTRIBUTE; ELEMENT; ELEMENT CONTENT; ELEMENT NAME; EMPTY ELEMENT; END TAG; NESTING XML Digital Signature See XML SIGNATURE. ELEMENTS; ROOT ELEMENT; START TAG; XML DOCUMENT SECTIONS; XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE. XML document A PLAIN TEXT document written in XML. There are two main types of XML document: XML document fragment See FRAGMENT. (1) VALID XML DOCUMENTS;and(2)WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENTS. XML document sections A WELL-FORMED XML XML can be used for: (1) creating custom DOCUMENT may have three sections: (1) an optional domain-specific languages (for example, “Book PROLOG;(2)theBODY of the XML DOCUMENT;(3)an Catalog Markup Language”); and (2) developing optional EPILOG. See Figure X.16. members of the XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES.Thus,all the documents that are written using XML SYNTAX XML document structure An abstract structure are XML documents, including, for example, XML in the form of a HIERARCHICAL TREE on which any SCHEMA documents, RDF and RDF SCHEMA documents, WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT must be based. It OWL documents, and so on. Some of these docu- consists of the following hierarchical levels and its ments have the “xml” FILENAME EXTENSION;others structural constructs, shown in Figure X.17: have specialist extensions, such as “rdf” or “owl”. (Level 1) one and only one root node called the
XML declaration Comment
200 XML Encryption (XML Encryption Syntax and Processing)
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) XML declaration Prolog (2) Processing instructions (3) Document Type Declaration (4) Comments (5) White space
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) Root element and nested elements (2) Character data Body (3) Comments (4) Processing instructions (5) White space
Allowed structural constructs:
(1) Comments (2) Processing instructions Epilog (3) White space
Figure X.16 XML document sections and their building blocks.
DOCUMENT ROOT or the Document entity; (Level 2) XML DTD See DTD. the three XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS:anoptionalPROLOG, a BODY and an optional EPILOG;(Level3)oneand XML editor Software specially intended for only one root node called the ROOT ELEMENT or the writing and editing XML DOCUMENTS.Suchtoolsallow Document element; (Level 4, Level 5 and so on) explicit control over XML markup and vary from any number of NESTED ELEMENTS. See also HIERARCHICAL simple editors for small documents to full-fea- TREE STRUCTURE; XML DOCUMENT; XMLDOCUMENTSECTIONS. tured IDEs, such as XMLSpy.
XML document tree See XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE. XML element See ELEMENT.
XML DOM Adatamodelandapplicationinter- XMLEnc See XML ENCRYPTION. face used to programmatically assess and manipu- late the content and structure of XML DOCUMENTS.In XML encoding rules See XER. XML DOM, a document is being stored in the computer memory in the form of a tree-like struc- XML Encryption (XML Encryption Syntax and ture (called a “DOM tree”), as shown in Figure Processing) A W3C SPECIFICATION that outlines the X.18. This allows random access to document con- ENCRYPTION process for data and the representation tent.Details of XML DOM can be found at http:/ oftheresultinXML.Itfacilitatesencryptingsec- /www.w3.org/DOM/. See also DOM; SAX. tions of XML DOCUMENTS. More details are available at http://ww.w3.org/TR/xmlen-core/.
201 XML Encryption (XML Encryption Syntax and Processing)
Document root Level 1 (Document entity)
Prolog Epilog Level 2 Body (optional) (optional)
Root element Level 3 (Document element)
All other elements
Figure X.17 The structure of a well-formed XML document.
Document
Element: Catalog
Element: Book
Attribute: ISBNElement: Title Element: Publisher Element: Pages Element: Price
Text: Text: Text: Text: Attribute: Text: “1-85233-576-9” “Visualizing the “Springer” “212” currency “79.95” Semantic Web”
Text: “USD”
Figure X.18 The DOM representation of an XML document.
202 XML markup
XML family of languages See XML FAMILY OF XML for Transportation-Related Transactions TECHNOLOGIES. See TRANXML.
XML family of standards See XML FAMILY OF XML Fragment Interchange See XFI. TECHNOLOGIES. XML Game Format See XGF. XML family of technologies Abiggroupof XML-relatedtechnologies(alsoknownaslan- XML hierarchical tree structure See HIERARCHICAL guages), most of which are W3C SPECIFICATIONS TREE STRUCTURE. writteninXML.Differentclassificationsofthe XML family of languages are possible, such as XML hierarchy See HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE; XML dividing them into four groups: XML, XML Acces- DOM. sories, XML Transducers and XML Applications. Considering the XML family as a technological XML Industry Portal A term that refers to the basis of the SEMANTIC WEB, it is possible to arrange “xml.org” Web site that is hosted by OASIS and is an the major family members into the following independent resource for news and information three groups in accordance with their functions: about the industrial and commercial applications (1) XML technologies for designing and creating of XML. More details are available at http:// XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES and their documents: www.xml.org/. XML itself as a METALANGUAGE, NAMESPACES, XML SCHEMAS, XPATH, XPOINTER, XLINK, XFORMS, XML SIGNATURE XML Information Set See INFORMATION SET. etc.; (2) XML technologies for accessing, manipu- lating, transforming and rendering XML DOCUMENTS: XML Infoset (XML Information Set) See XML DOM, XSLT, XSL-FO, XQUERY, CSS, XHTML, SVG, SMIL, X3D, INFORMATION SET. WML, MATHML etc.; (3) XML technologies for adding METADATA and ONTOLOGIES to Web data and RESOURCES: XML language See XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE. RDF, RDF SCHEMA, DAML+OIL, TOPIC MAPS, OWL etc. See also SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE; XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES. XMLife (XML for Life Insurance) Afamilyof XML-based standards for the life insurance XML FAQ (XML Frequently Asked Questions) A industry. For more details, see http:// Web site that contains Frequently Asked Ques- www.acord.org/standards/lifexml.aspx. tionsabouttheExtensibleMarkupLanguage.For more details, see http://www.ucc.ie/xml/. XML Linking Language See XLINK.
XML file AtextualfileinPLAIN TEXT format that is XMLLiteral class In an RDF SCHEMA,theCLASS of written using XML SYNTAX. XML files can have other WELL-FORMED XML strings. the “xml” FILENAME EXTENSION or other language-spe- cific extensions, such as “rdf” or “owl”. Almost XML Localization Interchange File Format See always, an XML file begins with an XML DECLARATION. XLIFF. See also XML DOCUMENT. XML markup ThetypeofMARKUP that is used in XML flavor See XML DIALECT. XML. The specifics of XML markup are: (1) it is METADATA markup (or STRUCTURAL MARKUP), i.e. it is XML for Life Insurance See XMLIFE. used to mark up the MEANING of data and their structural organization (in contrast with HTML,
203 XML Media Types
Element name “xmlns” attribute
The start tag of
204 XML Schema component
XML processor Asoftwaremodulethatreadsan XML Schema 1.AlsoknownasW3CXML XML DOCUMENT and usually provides access to its Schema, XSD (XML Schema Definition), XML structure and content to another module called Schema language and XSDL (XML Schema defini- the application. Also known as the XML PARSER. tion language). An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing the structure and constraining the con- XML programming A term that usually refers to tents of XML DOCUMENTS. An XML Schema is a set of using an API to manipulate XML DATA.StandardAPIs SCHEMA COMPONENTS,suchasTYPE DEFINITIONS and are implemented in many programming ELEMENT DECLARATIONS. languages. An XML Schema allows its authors to define legal STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of a particular class of XML programming language See XL. XML documents (also known as DOCUMENT TYPE). An XML Schema provides mechanisms for defining, XML Query Language See XQUERY. for example: (1) ELEMENTS and ATTRIBUTES that may appear in XML documents; (2) the number and XML-related language See XML-BASED MARKUP order of CHILD ELEMENTS;(3)EMPTY ELEMENTS;(4)DATA LANGUAGE. TYPES for elements and attributes; (5) DEFAULT VALUES and FIXED VALUES for elements and attributes. XML Remote Procedure Calls See XML-RPC. The XML Schema language developed by the W3C is used as the main “schema” (or the SCHEMA OF XML reserved attributes Apairofattributes SCHEMAS) for all specific XML Schemas that can be (“xml:lang”and“xml:space”) that have special developed by anyone. The language is described in meaning in XML as in the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. three W3C RECOMMENDATIONS,availableathttp:// See XML:LANG ATTRIBUTE; XML:SPACE ATTRIBUTE. www.w3.org/XML/Schema/. 2.AnyXML SCHEMA DOCUMENT,i.e.aparticularXML XML reserved characters See SPECIAL SYMBOLS. DOCUMENT writtenintheXMLSchemalanguage.
XML result tree See TRANSFORMATION. XML Schema abstract data model The abstract data model of the XML SCHEMA that is based on an XML Résumé Library An XML-based language INFORMATION SET and is comprised of XML SCHEMA for marking and formatting résumés and CVs. COMPONENTS. More details are available at http:// xmlresume.sourceforge.net/. XML Schema annotation See ANNOTATION ELEMENT.
XML root element See ROOT ELEMENT. XML Schema comment A COMMENT that can be inserted into an XML SCHEMA using the DOCUMENTATION XML-RPC (XML Remote Procedure Calls) A ELEMENT.ThisELEMENT must be NESTED within the SPECIFICATION that allows software belonging to dif- ANNOTATION ELEMENT, as shown in Figure X.20. ferent operating systems and environments to make remote procedure calls over the Internet. As XML Schema component The generic term for aresult,complexdatastructurescanbetrans- abstract STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of the XML SCHEMA. mitted, processed and returned. XML-RPC is a There are 13 components, divided into three predecessor of SOAP that utilizes HTTP for the trans- groups: (1) the primary components: SIMPLE TYPE port and XML for the encoding. Also known as DEFINITION, COMPLEX TYPE DEFINITION, ELEMENT DECLARATION, “RPC over XML”. More details are available at ATTRIBUTE DECLARATION;(2)thesecondarycompo- http://www.xmlrpc.com/. nents: attribute group definition,
205 XML Schema Definition
Figure X.20 An example of XML Schema comments. identity-constrain definition, model group defini- language. This indicates that the specific XML tion; and (3) the helper components: annotation, SCHEMA document conforms to the syntax and rules model group, particle, wildcard, attribute use. that are specified in the W3C RECOMMENDATIONS for the XML Schema. The NAMESPACE PREFIX of this XML Schema Definition See XSD. NAMESPACE DECLARATION can be either “xs” (recently moreofteninuse)or“xsd”.SeeFigureX.21. XML Schema Definition Language An official term, often abbreviated as XSDL, used to refer to XML Schema reference Special attributes of the XML SCHEMAS. ROOT ELEMENT of an XML DOCUMENT that are used for makingareferencetoacorrespondingXML SCHEMA, XML Schema document An XML DOCUMENT that asshowninFigureX.22.Thexmlns:xsi attribute specifies an XML SCHEMA and therefore has the specifies the XML Schema Instance NAMESPACE and XS:SCHEMA ELEMENT as its ROOT ELEMENT.Thedocument its NAMESPACE PREFIX “xsi”. The xsi attribute uses file is in PLAIN TEXT format (like any other XML doc- this prefix with the LOCAL PART “schemaLocation” ument) and has a FILENAME EXTENSION “xsd” (for and takes an ATTRIBUTE VALUE that is the URL of the example, “MyBooks.xsd”). The “xsd” extension actual XML SCHEMA file. can be considered as a lower-cased acronym for “XML Schema Definition” or “XML Schema XML Scripture Encoding Model See XSEM. Document”. XML server A WEB SERVER that is able to handle XML Schema instance namespace See XML XML documents specifically. SCHEMA REFERENCE. XML Signature A COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL that XML Schema Language See XML SCHEMA. describes the signing of digital content, including sections of XML DOCUMENTS. Also known as an “XML XML Schema namespace declaration A Digital Signature”. More information about XML NAMESPACE DECLARATION for the SCHEMA OF SCHEMAS using Signature is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/ the “xmnls:xs” attribute or “xmlns:xsd” attribute xmldsig-core/. of the SCHEMA ELEMENT.TheNAMESPACE NAME of the declaration is the URI of the W3C XML SCHEMA XML source tree See TRANSFORMATION.
Namespace prefix URI of the W3C XML (“xs” or “xsd”) Schema language Start tag of
206 XML vocabulary
The start tag of the root element “catalog” Default namespace declaration XML declaration
... The “schemaLocation” XML Schema Instance attribute namespace declaration All other elements of the XML document The end tag go here Figure X.22 Referencing a Schema in an XML document.
XML special attributes See XML RESERVED ATTRIBUTES. TAGS and END TAGS;(4)EMPTY-ELEMENT TAGS;(5) ATTRIBUTES;(6)PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS;(7)ENTITY XML Specification An unofficial term used to REFERENCES;(8)XML DECLARATION;(9)XML COMMENTS. refer to XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION by the W3C. The major XML syntax rules are: (1) any XML document should start with an optional XML dec- XML-specified language See XML-BASED MARKUP laration; (2) any XML document must have one LANGUAGE. and only one ROOT ELEMENT;(3)allelementsthatdo not use empty-element tags must have end tags; XML standard See W3C STANDARD; W3C SPECIFICATION; (4)allstarttagsmustmatchendtags(Notethat W3C TECHNICAL REPORT; XML SPECIFICATION. XML is CASE-SENSITIVE); (5) all elements must be properly NESTED (see NESTING ELEMENTS); (6) all attrib- XML structural construct See STRUCTURAL utes must be enclosed in matching quotes; (7) CONSTRUCT. SPECIAL SYMBOLS must be replaced with their ENTITY REFERENCES. XML structure See XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE. XML syntax rules See XML SYNTAX. XML sub-language A term that is sometimes used to refer to an XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE. XML System for Textual and Archaeological Research See XSTAR. XML syntax The SYNTAX oftheExtensibleMarkup Language as defined in the XML 1.0 RECOMMENDATION. XML tag See TAG. Since XML is actually not a language but a METALANGUAGE, it has no predefined set of MARKUP XML technologies See XML FAMILY OF TECHNOLOGIES. TAGS at all. XML is a set of rules for writing spe- cial-purpose XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES.AnXML XML tree structure See HIERARCHICAL TREE STRUCTURE. DOCUMENT that adheres to general XML syntax rules See also NODE TREE; XMLDOCUMENTSTRUCTURE; XML DOM; is called a WELL-FORMED XML DOCUMENT. XPATH DATA MODEL. The main STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of the XML syntax include: (1) ANGLE BRACKETS and other XML vocabulary See VOCABULARY. DELIMITERS;(2)TAGS;(3)ELEMENTS comprised of START
207 XML Web services
XML Web services See WEB SERVICES. xNL (Extensible Name Language) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE fordescribingcustomername xml-stylesheet processing instruction Aterm data.ItispartofXNAL (ExtensibleNameand that is sometimes used to refer to a CSS STYLE SHEET Address Language) and is referenced by XCIL.More REFERENCE as a special PROCESSING INSTRUCTION with a details of xNL may be obtained from http:// TARGET of xml-stylesheet. www.oasis-open.org/committees/ciq/. See also XAL; XNAL; XCIL. XMML (Exploration and Mining Markup Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for XNRL (XML Namespace Related Resource Lan- describing geoscience features such as ore-bodies, guage) An HTML-based markup language that boreholes, geophysics and samples. More details enablestheuseofahuman-readabledescription about XMML can be obtained from http:// of an XML NAMESPACE,andalsopointerstomultiple www.ned.dem.csiro.au/XMML/. resources related to that namespace. More details about XNRL can be obtained from http:// XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform) An XML- www.textuality.com/xml/xnrl.html. based framework for embedding data about a file (METADATA) inside an application file itself. This XNS (Extensible Name Service) An XML-based metadata can include XML schemas described in COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL for digital identity and rela- RDF syntax. Details of XMP can be found at tionship management. It is intended for identi- http://www.adobe.com/products/xmp/. fying and linking any resource participating in any kind of digital transaction. Details of XNS can xNAL (Extensible Name and Address Lan- be found at http://www.xns.org/. guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing and managing customer name and XPath (XML Path Language) A NON-XML-BASED address data. It consists of two XML-based lan- LANGUAGE for defining parts of an XML DOCUMENT guages: XNL (Extensible Name Language that using path-based navigation through the NODE TREE defines the name components) and XAL (Extensible of the document. XPath is part of XSL.Themain Address Language that defines the address com- structural components of the XML Path language ponents). xNAL is a sub-language of XCIL.More are path EXPRESSIONS and especially LOCATION PATHS. details about xNAL can be obtained from http:// XPath is used for addressing ELEMENTS in XPOINTER www.oasis-open.org/committees/ciq/. and for matching elements in XSLT and XQUERY. XPath is a set of syntax rules that uses two kinds XNCL (XML Namespace Catalog Format) An of SYNTAX:(1)UNABBREVIATED SYNTAX;(2)ABBREVIATED XML-based data markup language for describing SYNTAX.XPathisaW3C RECOMMENDATION,availableat an XML Namespace Catalog superseded by RDDL. http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/. See also NODE For more details, see http:// TYPE. www.openhealth.org/XMLCatalog/. XPath data model An abstract DATA MODEL on XNGloss (XML Namespace Gloss) An XML/ whichtheXMLPathLanguageisbased. XHTML-basedlanguagethatisintendedtobe According to the model, an XML DOCUMENT is consid- used as a “dereferencable” resource for ered as a NODE TREE, as shown in Figure X.23. Each namespace. More information is available at XML document has one and only one root of the http://infomesh.net/2001/01/xngloss/. node tree, called the ROOT NODE.Thisnodeisactu- ally representing the DOCUMENT ROOT and is the PARENT of the special ELEMENT NODE that represents
208 XrML (Extensible Rights Markup Language)
Root node
Element node of root element
Element node
Attribute node
Namespace node
Comment node
Figure X.23 An example of the XPath data model. the ROOT ELEMENT.ThisNODE is sometimes called “the URI element root”. The descendants of the root ele- ment node can be a set of nodes that includes dif- http://www.springer.de/catalog.xml#xpointer(book1) ferent NODE TYPES.NotethatinXPath,anelement PARENT ATTRIBUTE NODE Fragment node is the of an ,butan identifier attributenodeisnot the CHILD of its parent Figure X.24 An example of a simple XPointer. element node.
XPath expression See EXPRESSION. XPointer processor A software component that that is able to identify parts of an XML DOCUMENT by XPath function Oneofasetoffunctionsinthe applying an XPOINTER to it. XPATH function library for converting and trans- lating data. The result returned by a function and XQuery (XML Query Language) Anon-XML its arguments can be of four types: (1) NODE SET;(2) functional language that make it possible to Boolean; (3) Number; or (4) STRING. For example, access XML DOCUMENTS likeadatabase.Itisbasedon the name() function retunes a QUALIFIED NAME that the ABBREVIATED SYNTAX of XPATH. More information represent the name of a NODE. about XQuery is available at http://www.w3.org/ TR/xquery/. XPath location path See LOCATION PATH. XRL (Exchangeable Routing Language) An XML- XPath node tree See NODE TREE. BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for supporting cross-organi- zational processes. It uses XML for the representa- XPath predicate See PREDICATE. tion of process and workflow definitions and Petri nets for its semantics. More information about XPath tree See XPATH DATA MODEL. XRL is available at http://tmitwww.tm.tue.nl/ staff/wvdaalst/Workflow/xrl/. XPointer (XML Pointer Language) An XPATH- based language that is intended for addressing of XrML (Extensible Rights Markup Language) An parts of an XML DOCUMENT, including not only its XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for expressing rights and NODES but also points, ranges etc. See Figure X.24. conditions associated with digital content, ser- For more details, see http://www.w3.org/XML/ vices or any digital resource. See http:// Linking/. www.xrml.org/ for more details.
209 xs attribute (XML Schema attribute)
xs attribute (XML Schema attribute) A special xs:restriction element See RESTRICTION ELEMENT. ATTRIBUTE of the SCHEMA ELEMENT that is currently very oftenusedtodeclaretheNAMESPACE for the W3C XML xs:schema element See SCHEMA ELEMENT. SCHEMA language as the SCHEMA OF SCHEMAS.The ATTRIBUTE NAME “xmlns:xs” stands actually for “XML xs:sequence element See SEQUENCE ELEMENT. Namespace: XML Schema”. See also XSD ATTRIBUTE. xs:simpleType element See SIMPLETYPE ELEMENT. xs:all element See ALL ELEMENT. XSchema TheformernameforDDML. xs:boolean data type See BOOLEAN DATA TYPE. xsd A FILENAME EXTENSION that indicates that the file xs:choice element See CHOICE ELEMENT. is an XML SCHEMA DOCUMENT (i.e. it is written in XSD). For example, “Catalog.xsd”. xs:complexType element See COMPLEXTYPE ELEMENT. XSD (XML Schema Definition) Atermthatis xs:complexType element See COMPLEX TYPE used to refer to XML SCHEMA.Notethat“xsd”isthe DEFINITION. FILENAME EXTENSION of an XML SCHEMA DOCUMENT.
XS element (XML Schema element) Atermthat xsd:schema element See SCHEMA ELEMENT. is sometimes used to refer to ELEMENTS that are STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTS of an XML SCHEMA.TheELEMENT xsd attribute (XML Schema Definition NAME of an XS element is usually a QUALIFIED NAME attribute) A special ATTRIBUTE of the SCHEMA ELEMENT with the “xs” NAMESPACE PREFIX,suchas that is still sometimes used to declare the “xs:complexType” or “xs:element”. Note that the NAMESPACE for the W3C XML SCHEMA language as the “xs:element” element is used for declaring XML SCHEMA OF SCHEMAS.TheATTRIBUTE NAME “xmlns:xsd” DOCUMENT elements and is just one of many XS stands actually for “XML Namespace: XML elements. Schema Definition”. See also XS ATTRIBUTE. If the “xsd” namespace prefix is used instead of the “xs” namespace prefix, the term “XSD ele- XSD element (XML Schema Definition element) ment” (stands for “XML Schema Definition ele- See XS ELEMENT. ment”) can be used instead of “XS element”. Note that both namespace prefixes are legal, but XSDL (XML Schema Definition Language) An recently the “xs” PREFIX is more commonly used. official term used to refer to XML SCHEMA. See also XML SCHEMA NAMESPACE DECLARATION. xsd namespace prefix See XS NAMESPACE PREFIX. xs namespace prefix A NAMESPACE PREFIX declared in the XML SCHEMA NAMESPACE DECLARATION.Itisusedin XSEM (XML Scripture Encoding Model) An XML- QUALIFIED NAMES of XML SCHEMA elements (XS ELEMENTS) BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for describing Scripture as a to indicate that they belong to the NAMESPACE of the particular type of literature. It allows the text of W3C XML SCHEMA language (SCHEMA OF SCHEMAS). This the Bible to be encoded in a standard way regard- prefix is currently used more often then the other lessofthelanguagethetextmaybewrittenin. alternative–the“xsd”namespaceprefix. Details of XSEM can be found at http:// www.sil.org/computing/xsem/documentation/ xs:restriction element See FACET; RESTRICTION Documentation.html. ELEMENT.
210 XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects)
xsi namespace prefix See XML SCHEMA REFERENCE. xsl:sort element See SORT ELEMENT. xsi:schemaLocation attribute See XML SCHEMA xsl:stylesheet element See STYLE SHEET ELEMENT. REFERENCE. xsl:template element See TEMPLATE. XSIL (Extensible Scientific Interchange Lan- guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE for xsl:transform element See TRANSFORM ELEMENT. describing and interchanging scientific data objects. Details of XSIL can be found at http:// xsl:value-of element See VALUE-OF ELEMENT. www.cacr.caltech.edu/SDA/xsil/. XSL comment element See XSLT COMMENT ELEMENT. xsl The FILENAME EXTENSION of a file that is an XSL (Extensible Style Sheet Language) style sheet. For XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects) An XML-BASED example, “Catalog.xsl”. LANGUAGE for the presentation of XML on screen or on paper. An XSL-FO document contains not only XSL (Extensible Style Sheet Language) A the content of an XML DOCUMENT but also the com- family of W3C RECOMMENDATIONS for defining XML plete layout information for the XML document. DOCUMENT transformations and presentations that The combination of XSL-FO with SVG graphics and consists of three parts: (1) XSLT;(2)XPATH;(3)XSL-FO. SMIL multimedia is a very promising direction in Also known as “The Extensible Style Sheet Lan- the development of efficient GUIS for XML docu- guage Family”. More details about XSL are avail- ments. Figure X.25 shows a skeleton XSL-FO doc- able at http://www.w3.org/Style/XSL/. ument. Like any XML document, it begins with an XML DECLARATION.TheROOT ELEMENT of every XSL-FO xsl:comment element See XSLT COMMENT ELEMENT. document is the fo:root ELEMENT with a special xmls:fo ATTRIBUTE used as the NAMESPACE DECLARATION xsl:for-each element See FOR-EACH ELEMENT. of the NAMESPACE for the XSL-FO language. The fo:layout-master-set CHILD ELEMENT of the
Namespace XML declaration declaration The start tag of the root element
211 XSL-FO document
XML document
WML/WAP Plain text (Wireless device)
XHTML/HTML SGML XSLT processor (Web browser)
VoiceXML Altered (Speech) XML document
SMIL SVG PDF (Multimedia) (Vector graphics) (Print media)
Figure X.26 The use of XSLT for transforming an XML document into a variety of formats. fo:root element is used to define one or more XSL style sheet element See STYLE SHEET ELEMENT. page layouts in the document. The fo:page- sequence element is used as a container for the XSL style sheet reference See XSLT STYLE SHEET.See actual page content. also ASSOCIATING STYLE SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS.
XSL-FO document See XSL-FO. xslt A FILENAME EXTENSION that shows that the file is an XSLT document (or transformation). For XSL-FO namespace See XSL-FO. example, “Catalog.xslt”.
XSL for-each element See FOR-EACH ELEMENT. XSLT (XSL Transformations) An XML-BASED LANGUAGE for transforming XML DOCUMENTS into a XSL Formatting Objects See XSL-FO. variety of formats, as shown in Figure X.26. XSLT is part of XSL.XSLTcanalsobeusedforfor- XSL-FO root element See XSL-FO. matting XML documents as a styling language that is much more powerful than CSS.XMLdocu- XSL match attribute See MATCH ATTRIBUTE. ments written in XSLT are called XSLT STYLE SHEETS. More details about XSLT can be found at XSL select attribute See SELECT ATTRIBUTE. http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt/. See also TEMPLATE; TRANSFORMATION; XSLT STYLE SHEET. XSL sort element See SORT ELEMENT. XSLT comment element The ELEMENT of an XSLT XSL style sheet See XSLT STYLE SHEET. STYLE SHEET that is used to add comments to the
212 XSLT processor
The start tag
XSL template See TEMPLATE. XSLT pattern A term that is often used to refer to the ATTRIBUTE VALUE of the MATCH ATTRIBUTE. XSL template rule A term that is sometimes used to refer to a TEMPLATE. XSLT processing model See TRANSFORMATION.
XSLT for-each element See FOR-EACH ELEMENT. XSLT processor In XSLT,asoftwarecomponentor standalone application that performs the actual XSLT match attribute See MATCH ATTRIBUTE. TRANSFORMATION of an XML-based document into a variety of other XML-based document formats in
The use of the “xsl:stylesheet” element
The name of the element
The use of the “xsl:transform” element
The name of theelement Figure X.28 The use of two synonymous XSLT root elements.
213 XSLT processor
Figurine Catalog
elements Item to Order Catalog Code XSLT Template Price ($) stylesheet
Browser view
Figure X.29 An example of the use of an XSLT style sheet.
214 X-VRML (Extensible Virtual Reality Modeling Language)
accordance with the rules specified in an XSLT STYLE XSLT template See TEMPLATE. SHEET. XSLT template rule A term that is sometimes XSL transform element See TRANSFORM ELEMENT. used to refer to a TEMPLATE.
XSL transformation See TRANSFORMATION; XSLT. XSLT transform element See TRANSFORM ELEMENT.
XSLT root element The ROOT ELEMENT of an XSLT XSLT transformation See TRANSFORMATION. STYLE SHEET. It can be one of the two completely syn- onymous elements: either the xsl:stylesheet XSLT value-of element See VALUE-OF ELEMENT. ELEMENT or the xsl:transform element, as shown in Figure X.28. XSL value-of element See VALUE-OF ELEMENT.
XSLT select attribute See SELECT ATTRIBUTE. XSTAR (XML System for Textual and Archaeo- logical Research) A long-term initiative to create XSLT sort element See SORT ELEMENT. XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGES for researchers and spe- cialists in textual and archaeological studies such XSLT style sheet Atermcommonlyusedtorefer as archaeologists, philologists, historians, and his- to an XSLT document. An XSLT style sheet consists torical geographers. More details about XSTAR of a set of rules called TEMPLATES that define how an are available at http://www.oi.uchicago.edu/ XML DOCUMENT should be transformed and/or for- OI/PROJ/XSTAR/XSTAR.html. See also ARCHAEOML. matted. Figure X.29 shows an example of an XSLT style sheet and its use for formatting an XML doc- XTML (Extensible Telephony Markup Lan- ument. Note that the XML document contains a guage) An XML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that is special PROCESSING INSTRUCTION that is used as an intended for creating and delivering enhanced XSLT style sheet reference (see ASSOCIATING STYLE communication services over any next-generation SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS). The associated XSLT network using any protocol or API.Detailsof style sheet consists of a template that includes one XTML can be found at http:// FOR-EACH ELEMENT and three VALUE-OF ELEMENTS.The www.pactolus.com/pcs-xtml.pdf. XSLT-formatted XML document is rendered in a WEB BROWSER as a table. See also CSS; CSS STYLE SHEET; X-VRML (Extensible Virtual Reality Modeling STYLE SHEET. Language) Ahigh-levelXML-BASED MARKUP LANGUAGE that extends virtual reality standards such as VRML, XSLT style sheet element See STYLE SHEET ELEMENT. X3D and MPEG-4 with dynamical modeling capa- bilities. Details of X-VRML can be found at XSLT style sheet reference See XSLT STYLE SHEET. http://xvrml.kti.ae.poznan.pl/. See also X3D. See also ASSOCIATING STYLE SHEETS WITH XML DOCUMENTS.
215
Y
Year data type In an XML SCHEMA,aDATA TYPE that is used for specifying a value that is a particular cal- endar year, as shown in Figure Y.1.
Year
Basic CCYY pattern Century
Element Year name data type Element declaration in
The “type” attribute
Year Element appearance
217
Z
z dimension See Z-INDEX PROPERTY. specified using the z-index property, as shown in Figure Z.1. z-index property In CSS, a property that is used The n value of the z-index property can be any for positioning ELEMENTS in the third dimension integer (..., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ...). The higher is the n (also known as z dimension or depth). Just as the value, the higher up is the staking level of an ele- x and y dimensions are used to positioning ele- ment. See Figure Z.1. ments in two dimensions, the z dimension is used to position elements in front of or behind other z-order See Z-INDEX PROPERTY. elements. The z dimensionofanelementcanbe
Basic syntax z-index:n
Property Property value
Example The “z-index” property
Element3 {display:block; position:absolute; left:50px; z-index:4} Element2 {display:block; position:absolute; left:30px; z-index:2} Element1 {display:block; position:absolute; left:10px; z-index:1}
Element3 z-index:4
Element2 z-index:2
dimension Element1 z z-index:1 x y
Figure Z.1 The z-index property.
219
Appendix A Main Web Resources
Many entries in this dictionary include addresses http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/ of Web sites from which more information about xmltools/ specific technologies, languages, concepts etc. can AcomprehensivelistoffreeXMLtoolsandsoft- be found. The list below comprises only the major ware by Lars Marius Garshol. Web sites, several of which can serve as portals to further online resources. http://wdvl.com/Authoring/Languages/XML/ The XML section of the Web Developer’s Virtual http://www.w3.org/ Library (WDVL), which contains links to major The Web site of the World Wide Web Consortium XML sites and specifications. (W3C) contains all the latest W3C standards, relatedtoXMLtechnologiesandtheSemantic http://www.ucc.ie/xml/ Web. A list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about XML. http://www.xml.org/ The XML Industry Portal, hosted by OASIS, pro- http://msdn.microsoft.com/xml/ vides an independent resource for news and infor- Microsoft Developer Network’s XML developer mation about the industrial and commercial center, which aggregates content and resources applications of XML. about XML. http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/ http://www.w3schools.com/ The XML Cover Pages is a comprehensive Web- Free tutorials on XML, XSL, XPath and other XML accessible reference collection. technologies. http://www.xml.com/ http://www.xmlbooks.com/ Articles, tutorials, software and other XML-related Charles F. Goldfarb’s “All the XML Books in Print” information hosted by O’Reilly. Web site. http://www.semanticweb.org/ http://www.oasis-open.org/ The portal of the Semantic Web community. TheWebsiteofOASIS(theOrganizationforthe Advancement of Structured Information Standards).
221 Appendix A
http://xml.apache.org/ http://www.xml-acronym-demystifier.org/ TheApacheXMLProject(partoftheApacheSoft- A project that is intended to collect and published ware Foundation). information about the various acronyms prevalent within the XML technology. http://java.sun.com/xml/ Java technology and XML. http://www.xmlfiles.com/ XML-related resources. http://metalab.unc.edu/xml/ Cafe con Leche’s XML news and resources. http://www.xmlhack.com/ A news Web site for XML developers. http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/xml/ IBM’s XML Web site for early adopter developers. http://www.xmlmag.com/ An online XML magazine. http://www.idealliance.org/XMLRoadmap/ WEB/TOC/xmlrotoc.htm http://www.xmlsoftware.com/ The “XML Road Map” – a guide to XML An index of XML-related software resources. standards. http://www.egroups.com/group/xml-dev/ http://www.ontoweb.org/ Aninformalunmoderatedlisttosupportthose The Web site of a European Union-funded project who are interested in the implementation and about ontology-based information exchange for development of XML. knowledge management and electronic commerce. http://www.xml.org/xml-dev/ http://www.perfectxml.com/ The XML developers’ mailing list. A collection of information on different aspects of XML.
222 Appendix B Bibliography: Books
CSS ebXML: Concepts and Application by Brian Gibb and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) by Example by Steve Suresh Damodaran. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2002 Callihan. Que, 2001 ebXML: Developing Global E-business Solutions by Cascading Style Sheets: Separating Content from Pre- Klaus Deiter-Naujok. Sams, 2002 sentation byOwenBriggs,SteveChampeon,Eric ebXML: The Technical Reports by Aaron Walsh. Prentice Costello and Matthew Patterson. Glasshaus, 2002 Hall PTR, 2002 Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide by Eric A. ebXML: the New Global Standard by Alan Kotok and Meyer. O’Reilly & Associates, 2000 David Webber. Prentice Hall, 2001 CSS Pocket Reference by Eric A. Meyer. O’Reilly & Asso- Professional ebXML Foundations by Pim van der Eijk, ciates, 2001 DuaneNickull,J.J.Dubrayet al. Wrox, 2001 HTML for the World Wide Web with XHTML and CSS: Visual QuickStart Guide by Elizabeth Castro. Peachpit MathML Press, 2002 The MathML Handbook by Pavi Sandhu. Charles River Media, 2002 Professional Style Sheets for HTML and XML by Frank Boumphrey. Wrox, 1998 Metadata Sams Teach Yourself CSS in 24 Hours by Kynn Bartlett. Creating the Semantic Web with RDF: Professional Sams, 2002 Developer’s Guide by Johan Hjelm. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Web Design with XML: Generating Web pages with XML, CSS, and XSLT by Manfred Knobloch and Digital Preservation and Metadata: History, Theory, Matthias Kopp. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Practice by Susan S. Lazinger. Libraries Unlimited, 2001 DirXML Introduction to Metadata: Pathways to Digital Informa- Novell’s Guide to DirXML by Peter Kuo. John Wiley & tion by Murtha Baca (Editor). Getty Information Inst, Sons, 2002 2000 ebXML Managing Metadata with XML and RDF: Improving Business Process Integration with Service Oriented Workflow for Web Applications by Jeffrey Ricker. Architectures: ebXML by NEIMAN. Sams, 2003 John Wiley & Sons, 1999 ebXML Simplified – a Guide to the New Standard for Metadata Fundamentals for All Librarians by Priscilla Global E-commerce by Eric Chiu. John Wiley & Sons Caplan. Amer Library Assn Editions, 2003 Inc, 2002 Metadata Management for Information Control and Business Success by Guy V.Tozer. Artech House, 1999
223 Appendix B
Metadata Solutions: Using Metamodels, Repositories, Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web by R. Studer XML, and Enterprise Portals to Generate Information (Foreword), Alexander Maedche. Kluwer Academic on Demand by Adrienne Tannenbaum. Addison Publishers, 2002 Wesley Professional, 2001 Semantic Web Field Guide by Thomas B. Passin. Man- Metadata and Organizing Educational Resources on the ning, 2003 Internet by Jane Greenberg (Editor). Haworth Press, TheSemanticWeb:AGuidetotheFutureofXML,Web 2001 Services, and Knowledge Management by Michael C. Online GIS and Metadata by Terry Bossomaier and Daconta, Leo J. Obrst and Kevin T. Smith. John Wiley David R. Green. Taylor & Francis, 2002 & Sons, 2003 Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web by Alexander The Semantic Web: ISWC 2002: First International Maedche. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002 Semantic Web Conference, Sardinia, Italy, 9–12 June 2002: Proceedings by Ian Horrocks, James Hendler Professional XML Meta Data by David Dodds, Andrew (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2002 Watt, Mark Birbeck et al. Wrox, 2001 Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for Web to Its Full Potential by Dieter Fensel, James the Web by Jack Park, Sam Hunting and Douglas C. Hendler, Henry Lieberman and Wolfgang Wahlster. Engelbart (eds.). Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 MIT Press, 2003 RDF The Unfinished Revolution: Human-Centered Com- Creating the Semantic Web with RDF by Johan Hjelm. puters and What They Can Do for Us by Michael L. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Dertouzos and Tim Berners-Lee (Foreword). HarperBusiness, 2002 Managing Metadata with XML and RDF: Improving Workflow for Web Applications by J. Ricker. John Towards the Semantic Web: Ontology-driven Knowl- Wiley & Sons, 2002 edge Management by John Davies. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003 Practical RDF by Shelley Powers. O’Reilly UK, 2003 Visualizing the Semantic Web: XML-based Internet and RDF Specifications: Containing Resource Description Information Visualization by Vladimir Geroimenko Framework RDF Schema and Resource Description and Chaomei Chen (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2002 Framework RDF Model and Syntax Specification. Iuniverse.Com, 2000 Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor by Tim Berners-Lee. Semantic Web Texere Publishing, 2000 Building Semantic Web Applications by Ernesto Web Services, E-Business, and the Semantic Web:Caise Damiani. Addison Wesley, 2003 2002 International Workshop, Wes 2002, Toronto, Creating the Semantic Web with RDF by Johan Hjelm. Canada, 27–28 May 2002: Revised Papers (Lecture John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Notes in Computer Science, 2512) by Christoph Bussler, Rick Hull, Sheila McIlraith, Maria E. The Emerging Semantic Web: Selected Papers from the Orlowska, Barbara Pernici and Jian Yang. Springer- First Semantic Web Working Symposium by I.F. Cruz Verlag, 2002 (ed.) et al. IOS Press, 2002 XML Semi-structured Databases and the Semantic Web Internet-based Workflow Management: Toward a by Bhavani Thuraisingham. CRC Press, 2001 Semantic Web by Marinescu. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. SGML Ontologies and the Semantic Web (Lecture Notes in The Concise SGML Companion by Neil Bradley. Artificial Intelligence.) by V.R. Benjamins and A. Addison Wesley, 1996 Gomez-Perez (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2003 Developing SGML DTDs: From Text to Model to Markup Ontologies: a Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management by Eve Maler and Jeanne El Andaloussi. Prentice Hall and Electronic Commerce by D. Fensel. Springer- PTR, 1995 Verlag, 2001 SGML: The Billion Dollar Secret by Chet Ensign. Prentice Hall, 1996
224 Appendix B
The SGML FAQ Book: Understanding the Foundation of SVG Unleashed by Chris Lilley and Andrew Watt. Sams, HTML and XML by Steven J. Derose. Kluwer Aca- 2002 demic Publishers, 1997 SVG for Web Designers by J.Teague and Marc Campbell. The SGML Handbook by Charles F. Goldfarb and Yuri John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Rubinsky. Clarendon Press, 1991 Sams Teach Yourself SVG in 24 Hours by Micah Laaker. SGML on the Web: Small Steps Beyond HTML (Charles Sams, 2002 F. Goldfarb Series on Open Information Management) Scalable Vector Graphics SVG 1.0 Specification by Jon by Yuri Rubinsky and Murray Maloney. Prentice Hall Ferraiolo. Iuniverse.Com, 2000 Computer Books, 1997 Visualizing the Semantic Web: XML-based Internet and SMIL Information Visualization by Vladimir Geroimenko SMIL for Dummies by Heather Williamson. John Wiley and Chaomei Chen (Editors). Springer-Verlag, 2002 & Sons, 2001 Topic Maps SMIL: Adding Multimedia to the Web by Tim Kennedy XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for and Mary Slowinski. Sams, 2001 the Web by Jack Park and Sam Hunting (eds.). SMIL: Interactive Multimedia on the Web by Lloyd Addison Wesley, 2002 Rutledge and Dick Bulterman. Addison Wesley, 2003 UML Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SMIL Building Web Applications with UML (2nd Edition) by 1.0 Specification. Iuniverse.Com, 2000 Jim Conallen. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 SVG Developing Web Systems with UML by Jake Sturm. Data Visualization on the Web With SVG and PHP by Addison Wesley, 2004 Jacek Artymiak. Wordware Publishing, 2002 Essential UML Fast by Aladdin Ayesh. Springer-Verlag, Designing SVG Web Graphics: Visual Components for 2002 Graphics in the Internet Age by Andrew H. Watt. New Learning UML by Sinan Si Alhir and Jonathan Gennick. Rider, 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, 2003 Developing SVG-based Web Applications by Lorien Mastering XMI: Java Programming with XMI, XML and House and Ellen Pearlman. Prentice Hall, 2002 UML byTimothyJ.Grose,StephenA.Brodskyand Foundation SVG by Jon Frost, Stefan Goessner and Ian Gary C. Doney. John Wiley, 2002 Tindale. Friends of ED, 2001 Mobile UML: Developing Wireless and Voice Applica- InsideSVG:MasteringtheUseofScalableVector tions by Reza Behravanfar. Cambridge University Graphics for the Web by Kas Thomas. Random House, Press, 2003 2000 Modeling XML Applications with UML: Practical e- Motion Graphics Studio: Web Design with Flash, Shock- Business Applications by David Carlson. Addison wave, LiveMotion, SVG, and Streaming Audio/Video Wesley, 2001 by Peter Holm. Friends of Ed, 2001 Professional UML with VS.NET: Unmasking Visio for Professional PHP4 XML by Luis Argerich, Chris Lea, Enterprise Architects by Tony Loton, Kevin McNeish et Ken Egervari, Matt Anton, Chris Hubbard and James al. Wrox, 2002 Fuller. Wrox, 2002 UML Applied: A .Net Perspective by Martin Shoemaker. SVG Design Classroom: Using Scalable Vector Graphics APress, 2003 in Next-generation Web Sites by Bill Trippe and Kate UML: A Beginner’s Guide by Jason T. Roff, Michael Binder. Osborne McGraw-Hill, 2002 Mueller (Illustrator), Melinda Lytle (Illustrator). SVG Essentials by J. David Eisenberg. O’Reilly UK, 2002 McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2002 SVG Programming: The Graphical Web by Kurt Cagle. UML Bible by Tom Pender. Hungry Minds, Inc, 2003 Apress, 2002
225 Appendix B
UML 2002 - The Unified Modeling Language by Jean- Learning WML & WMLScript by Martin Frost. O’Reilly Marc Jezequel, Heinrich Hussmann and Stephen Cook UK, 2000 (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2002 TheNet-WorksGuidetoWAPandWML:AnIntroduc- Visual Modeling with Rational Rose and UML by Terry tion to the mobile Internet, and to creating your own Quatrani. Addison Wesley Professional, 1997 WA P s i t e by Pete Smith. Net Works, 2000
VoiceXML Professional JSP: Using JavaServer Pages, Servlets, EJB, JNDI, JDBC, XML, XSLT, and WML to create dynamic Definitive VoiceXML by Adam Hocek and David and customizable web content by Karl Avedal, Sing Li, Cuddihy. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002 Tom Myers et al. Wrox, 2000 Early Adopter VoiceXML by Eve Astrid Andersson, Ste- WAP Development with WML and WMLScript by Ben phen Breitenbach, Tyler Burd et al. Wrox, 2001 Forta, Paul Fonte and Ronan Mandel. Sams, 2000 Voice Application Development with VoiceXML by Rick Wireless XML Developer’s Guide by Mikael Hillborg. Beasley, Veta Bonnewell, Mike Farley et al. Sams, 2001 McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2002 Voice Enabling Web Applications: VoiceXML and WML and WMLScript Fast and Easy Web Development Beyond by Kenneth R. Abbott. APress, 2001 by Candace Garrod. Premier Press, 2001 The Voice XML Handbook: Understanding and Building WML and WMLScript: a Beginner’s Guide by Kris the Phone-enabled Web by Bob Edgar. McGraw-Hill Jamsa. Osborne McGraw-Hill, 2001 Education, 2001 Voi ce XML by Rick Parfitt. Manning, 2002 X3D Core Web3D by Aaron E. Walsh and Mikaël Bourges- VoiceXML 2.0 Developer’s Guide by Dream Tech Soft- Sévenier. Prentice Hall PTP, 2001 ware India Inc. McGraw-Hill, 2002 Visualizing the Semantic Web: XML-based Internet and VoiceXML 2.0: Building Professional Voice-enabled Information Visualization by Vladimir Geroimenko Applications with JSP,ASP & ColdFusion by Dream and Chaomei Chen (eds.). Springer-Verlag, 2002 Tech. McGraw-Hill, 2002 VoiceXML: Professional Developer’s Guide with CD- XHTML ROM by Chetan Sharma and Jeff Kunins. John Wiley Beginning XHTML by Frank Boumphrey (ed.), Dave & Sons, 2001 Raggett, Jenny Raggett, Ted Wugofski, Cassandra Greer and Sebastian Schnitzenbaumer. Wrox, 2000 VoiceXML: 10 Projects to Voice Enable Your Website by Mark Miller. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Essential XHTML Fast by John Cowell. Springer-Verlag, 2002 VoiceXML: Introduction to Developing Speech Applica- tions by James A. Larson. Prentice Hall, 2002 Mastering XHTML Premium Edition by Ed Tittel (ed.), Chelsea Valentine, Mary Burmeister and Lucinda VoiceXML: Strategies and Techniques for Effective Dykes. Sybex, 2001 Voice Application Development with VoiceXML 2.0 by Chetan Sharma. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Platinum Edition Using XHTML, XML and Java 2 by Eric Ladd (ed.), Jim O’Donnell, Mike Morgan and WML Andrew H. Watt. Que, 2000 Beginning WAP: WML and WMLScript by Mee Soo Foo, Understanding XHTML by Jeremy Kurtz and Stephen Meng Wei Lee, Karli Watson and Ted Wugofski. Wrox, Morosko. OnWord Press, 2003 2000 Web Design & Development Using XHTML by Jeffrey The Book of WAP: Developing Wireless Applications Griffin, Carlos Morales and John Finnegan. Franklin with WML and WMLScript by Masum Huq. No Starch Beedle & Assoc, 2002 Press, 2001 XHTML by Chelsea Valentine and Chris Minnick. New Getting Started with WAP and WML by Huw Evans and Riders Publishing, 2001 Paul Ashworth. Sybex International, 2001 XHTML 1.0 Language and Design Sourcebook: The Next Inside WAP: Programming Applications with WML and Generation HTML by Ian S. Graham. John Wiley & WML Script by Pekka Niskanen. Addison Wesley, 2000 Sons, 2000
226 Appendix B
XHTML Black Book: A Complete Guide to Mastering Essential XML: Beyond MarkUp by Don Box, Aaron XHTML by Steven Holzner. The Coriolis Group, 2000 Skonnard and John Lam. Addison Wesley, 2000 XHTML Complete by Kurt Cagle and Joseph A. Webb Essential XML Quick Reference: A Programmer’s Refer- (eds.), Sybex Inc., 2001 ence to XML, XPath, XSLT, XML Schema, SOAP,and More by Aaron Skonnard and Martin Gudgin. XHTML Essentials by Michael Sauers and R. Allen Addison Wesley, 2001 Wyke. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 Essential XML for Web Professionals by Dan XHTML Example By Example by Aaron E. Walsh and Livingston. Prentice Hall, 2002 Dave Raggett. Prentice Hall PTR, 2001 Extending Content Technologies through XML: The XHTMLFast&EasyWebDevelopmentby Brian Proffitt Advantage, Trends, and Opportunities by IDC. IDC, and Ann Zupan (ed.). Premier Press, 2000 2002 XHTML by Example by Ann Navarro. Que, 2000 Extensible Markup Language (XML) by Faulkner Infor- XHTML: Moving Toward XML by Simon St. Laurent and mation Services. Faulkner Information Services, 2001 B.K. DeLong. John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Inside XML by Steven Holzner. New Riders Publishing, XML, HTML, XHTML Magic by Molly E. Holzschlag. 2000 New Riders Publishing, 2001 Introduction to XML and its Family of Technologies by XLink Scott L. Bain and Alan Shalloway. Net Objectives, 2001 XLink Essentials by Andrew Watt and R. Allen Wyke. Just XML by John E. Simpson. Prentice Hall PTR, 2000 John Wiley, 2002 Learning XML by Erik T. Ray. O’Reilly & Associates, XPath, XLink, XPointer, and XML: A Practical Guide to 2001 Web Hyperlinking and Transclusion by Erik Wilde Mastering XML Premium Edition by Chuck White, Liam and David Lowe. Addison Wesley, 2002 Quin and Linda Burman. Sybex, 2001 XMI Nitty Gritty XML by Ingo Dellwig and Magnus Stein. Mastering XMI: Java Programming with XMI, XML, and Addison Wesley Professional, 2001 UML byTimothyJ.Grose,GaryC.DoneyandStephen Practical XML for the Web by Chris Auld, Paul Spencer, A. Brodsky. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Jeff Rafter, Jon James, Dave Addey, Oli Gauti XML Gudmundsson, Allan Kent, Alex Schiell and Inigo Surguy. Glasshaus, 2002 Applied XML Solutions by Benoit Marchal. Sams, 2000 Professional XML by Mark Birbeck, Michael Kay, Ste- Applied XML: A Toolkit for Programmers by Alex phen F. Mohr, Jonathan Pinnock, Brian Loesgen, Ceponkus and Faraz Hoodbhoy. John Wiley & Sons, 1999 Steven Livingston, Didier Martin, Nikola Ozu, Mark Beginning XML by David Hunter (ed.), Jeff Rafter, Jon Seabourne and David Baliles. Wrox, 2000 Pinnock, Chris Dix, Kurt Cagle and Roger Kovack. Professional XML Databases by Kevin Williams (ed.), Wrox, 2001 Michael Brundage, Patrick Dengler, Jeff Gabriel, Andy Building Web Sites with XML by Michael Floyd. Prentice Hoskinson, Michael Kay, Thomas Maxwell, Marcelo Hall, 1999 Ochoa, Johnny Papa and Mohan Vanmane. Wrox, 2000 Charles F. Goldfarb’s XML Handbook (4th Edition) by Sams Teach Yourself XML in 21 Days by Devan Shep- Charles F. Goldfarb and Paul Prescod. Prentice Hall, herd. Sams, 2001 2001 TheSemanticWeb:AGuidetotheFutureofXML,Web Data on the Web: From Relations to Semistructured Services, and Knowledge Management by Michael C. Data and XML by Serge Abiteboul, Dan Suciu and Daconta, Leo J. Obrst and Kevin T. Smith. John Wiley Peter Buneman. Morgan Kaufmann, 2000 & Sons, 2003 The Essential Guide to XML Technologies by Ronald Special Edition Using XML by David Gulbransen. Que, Turner. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002 2002
227 Appendix B
Step by Step XML by Michael J. Young. Microsoft Press, XML from A to Z: A Quick Reference of More Than 300 2000 XML Tasks, Terms and Tricks by Heather A. Wil- liamson. Redmond Technology, Inc., 2001 Strategic XML by W. Scott Means. Sams, 2001 XML in Theory & Practice by Chris Bates. John Wiley & System Architecture with XML by Berthold Daum and Sons, 2003 Udo Merten. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 XML in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference by XML Bible by Elliotte Rusty Harold. Hungry Minds, Inc., Elliotte Rusty Harold and W. Scott Means. O’Reilly & 1999 Associates, 2001 XML Black Book, 2nd Edition: The Complete Reference XML: A Manager’s Guide (2nd Edition) by Kevin Dick. for XML Designers and Content Developers by Ted Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 Wugofski and Natanya Pitts. The Coriolis Group, 2000 XML: Content and Data by Kelly Carey and Stanko XML by Stealth: A Manager’s Guide to Strategic Imple- Blatnik. Prentice Hall, 2002 mentation by Peter Pappamikail. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 XML: Introduction to Applied XML – Technologies in Business byRalphHilken,AaronE.WalshandWil- The XML Companion (2nd Edition) by Neil Bradley. liam Wagner. Prentice Hall, 2002 Addison Wesley Pub Co, 2000 XML: Opportunities, Pitfalls & Areas to Watch by XML Complete by Pat Coleman (ed.), Sybex Inc., 2001 Aspatore Books. Aspatore Books, 2003 XML Developer’s Guide by Fabio Arciniegas A. McGraw- XML: The Complete Reference by Heather Williamson. Hill Osborne Media, 2000 McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2001 XML Elements of Style by Simon St. Laurent. McGraw- XML: Your Visual Blueprint for Building Expert Web Hill Professional, 1999 Pages by Emily A. Vander Veer and Rev Mengle. John XML Family of Specifications Reference and Guide by Wiley & Sons, 2000 Dan Vint. Manning Publications, 2001 XML – Illustrated Introductory.CourseTechnology, XML Family of Specifications: A Practical Guide by 2003 Kenneth B. Sall. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 XML & .NET XML How to Program by Harvey M. Deitel, Paul J. ADO.NETandXML:ASP.NETOnTheEdgeby Gregory Deitel,T.R.Nieto,TedLinandPraveenSadhu. A. Beamer. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Prentice Hall, 2000 Applied XML Programming for Microsoft .NET by Dino XML Pocket Consultant by William R. Stanek. Microsoft Esposito. Microsoft Press, 2002 Press, 2002 Beginning VB.NET XML: Essential XML Skills for XML Pocket Reference by Robert Eckstein. O’Reilly & VB.NET Programmers by Steven Livingstone and Associates, Inc., 2001 Stewart Fraser. Wrox, 2002 XML Primer Plus by Nicholas Chase. Sams, 2002 Building XML Web Services for the Microsoft .NET XML Step by Step by Michael J. Young. Microsoft Press, Platform by Scott Short. Microsoft Press, 2002 2001 Developing .Net Web Services with XML by David XML Unleashed by Michael Morrison (ed.), David Jorgensen. Syngress Media Inc, 2002 Brownell and Frank Boumphrey. Sams, 1999 Fundamentals of Web Applications Using .Net and XML XML Weekend Crash Course by Kay Ethier and Alan byEricBell,HaoHowardFeng,EdwardL.W.Soong, Houser. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 David Zhang and Shijia Sam Zhu. Prentice Hall, 2002 XML by Example (2nd Edition) by Benoit Marchal. Que, Microsoft .NET XML Web Services by Robert Tabor. 2001 Sams, 2002 XML for Real Programmers by Reaz Hoque. Morgan Microsoft .NET XML Web Services Step by Step by Allen Kaufmann, 2000 Jones and Adam Freeman. Microsoft Press, 2002
228 Appendix B
.NET and XML by Niel M. Bornstein, Kim Topley and C# Developer’s Guide to ASP.NET, XML, and ADO.NET John Osborn. O’Reilly & Associates, 2003 by Chris Kinsman and Jeffrey P. McManus. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 Professional XML for .NET Developers by Dinar Dalvi, Darshan Singh, Kevin Williams, Andy Olsen, J. Professional ASP.NET 1.0 XML with C# by Michael MichaelPalermoIV,JohnSlater,BipinJoshi,JoeGray, Palermo, Darshan Singh, Steve Mohr, Pieter Siegers Fredrik Normén and Francis Norton. Wrox, 2001 and Chris Knowles. Wrox, 2002
Programming Directory Services with Microsoft .Net XML and C++ and XML by Charles Oppermann. Microsoft Press, C++ XML by Fabio Arciniegas. New Riders Publishing, 2003 2001 Programming Microsoft .Net XML Web Services by Damien Foggon, Dan Maharry and Chris Ullman. XML and Delphi Microsoft Press, 2003 Delphi Developer’s Guide to XML by Keith Wood. Wordware Publishing, 2001 Visual Basic.NET and XML: Harness the Power of XML in VB.NET Applications by Rod Stephens and Brian XML and Flash Hochgurtel. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Flash XML StudioLab by Ian Tindale, Paul McDonald XML and ASP.NET byKirkAllenEvans,AshwinKamanna and James Rowley. Friends of ED, 2001 and Joel Mueller. New Riders Publishing, 2002 Flash and XML: A Developer’s Guide by Dov Jacobson XML.NET Developer’s Guide by Henk-Evert Sonder, and Jesse Jacobson. Addison Wesley, 2002 Jonothon Ortiz and Adam Sills. Syngress Media Inc, Object-oriented Macromedia Flash MX by William Drol. 2002 Springer-Verlag, 2002 XML & ASP XML in Flash by Craig Swann and Gregg Caines. SAMS, ADO.NET and XML: ASP.NET On The Edge by Gregory 2001 A. Beamer. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 XML and Java ASP, ADO, and XML Complete by Sybex Inc. Sybex, 2001 The Book of SAX: The Simple API for XML by W. Scott InteractiveProgrammingontheInternet:UsingPerl, Means and Michael A. Bodie. No Starch Press, 2002 CGI, ASP,PHP and XML by Craig D. Knuckles and Building Wired and Wireless Services with Java and David Yuen. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 XML: Integration-Ready Architecture and Design by Professional ASP XML by Mark Baartse (ed.), Steven Jeff Zhuk. Cambridge Univ Press, 2002 Hahn, Stephen Mohr, Brian Loesgen, Richard Blair, Cocoon 2 Programming: Web Publishing with XML and Alex Homer, Corey Haines, Dinar Dalvi, John Slater, Java by Bill Brogden, Conrad D’Cruz and Mark MarioZucca,LucaBolognese,KevinWilliams,Bill Gaither. Sybex, 2002 Kropog and Mario Zuccar. Wrox, 2000 Enterprise Applications Integration with XML and Java XML Programming with VB and ASP by Mark Wilson by J.P. Morgenthal. Prentice Hall PTR, 2000 and Tracey Wilson. Manning Publications, 1999 JAX: Java APIs for XML Kick Start by Aoyon XML Web Services for ASP.NET by Bill Evjen. John Chowdhury and Parag Choudhary. Sams, 2002 Wiley & Sons, 2002 JSP and XML: Integrating XML and Web Services in XML and ASP.NET by Kirk Allen Evans, Ashwin Yo u r J S P Ap p l i c at i o n by Casey Kochmer and Erica Kamanna and Joel Mueller. New Riders Publishing, Frandsen. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 2002 Java & XML for Dummies by Barry Burd. John Wiley & XML for ASP.NET Developers by Dan Wahlin. Sams, Sons, 2002 2001 Java & XML, 2nd Edition: Solutions to Real-World Prob- XML and C# lems by Brett McLaughlin. O’Reilly & Associates, 2001 Beginning C# XML: Essential XML Skills for C# Pro- Java XML Programmer’s Reference by Eric Jung, Andrei grammers by Steven Livingstone and Stewart Fraser. Cioroianu, Dave Writz, Mohammad Akif, Steven Wrox, 2002 Brodhead and James Hart. Wrox, 2001
229 Appendix B
Java XML Programming by Nazmul Idris and Nazmul XML & Oracle: A Practical Guide by Roger Hipperson. Adris. Independent Publishers Group, 2000 John Wiley & Sons, 2003
JavaXMLandWebServicesBibleby Mike Jasnowski. XML and Perl John Wiley & Sons, 2002 InteractiveProgrammingontheInternet:UsingPerl, Java and XML by Brett McLaughlin and Mike Loukides. CGI, ASP,PHP and XML by Craig D. Knuckles and O’Reilly & Associates, 2000 David Yuen. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Java and XML Data Binding by Brett McLaughlin. Perl & XML by Erik T. Ray and Jason McIntosh. O’Reilly O’Reilly & Associates, 2002 & Associates, 2002 JavaandXML:YourvisualblueprintforcreatingJava- XML Processing with Perl, Python, and PHP by Martin enhanced Web programs by Paul Whitehead, Ernest C. Brown. Sybex, 2001 Friedman-Hill and Emily A. Vander Veer. John Wiley XML and Perl by Mark Riehl, Ilya Sterin and Llya Sterin. & Sons, 2002 New Riders Publishing, 2002 Java,XML,andtheJAXPby Arthur Griffith. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 XML and PHP InteractiveProgrammingontheInternet:UsingPerl, Processing XML with Java: A Guide to SAX, DOM, CGI, ASP,PHP and XML by Craig D. Knuckles and JDOM, JAXP,and TrAX by Elliotte Rusty Harold. David Yuen. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 Professional PHP4 XML by Luis Argerich, Chris Lea, Professional JSP: Using Java Server Pages, Servlets, EJB, Ken Egervari, Matt Anton, Chris Hubbard, James JNDI, JDBC, XML, XSLT, and WML by Karl Avedal, Fuller and Charlie Killian. Wrox, 2002 Danny Ayers, Timothy Briggs et al. Wrox, 2000 XML Processing with Perl, Python, and PHP by Martin Professional Java XML by Kal Ahmed, Sudhir Ancha, C. Brown. Sybex, 2001 Andrei Cioroianu et al. Wrox, 2001 XML and PHP by Vikram Vaswani. New Riders Pub- Professional Java XML Programming with servlets and lishing, 2002 JSP by Alexander Nakhimovsky and Thomas J. Myers. Wrox, 1999 XML and Python Program Generators with XML and Java by J. Craig Python & XML byChristopherA.JonesandFredL.Jr. Cleaveland. Prentice Hall, 2001 Drake. O’Reilly & Associates, 2001 XML Development with Java 2 by Michael C. Daconta XML Processing with Perl, Python, and PHP by Martin and Al Saganich. Sams, 2000 C. Brown. Sybex, 2001 XML and Java from Scratch by Nicholas Chase, Jesse XML Processing with Python by Sean McGrath. Prentice Liberty. Que, 2001 Hall, 2000
XML and Java: Developing Web Applications by Hiroshi XML and Visual Basic Maruyama, Kent Tamura and Naohiko Uramoto. Professional Visual Basic 6 XML by James G. Britt and Addison Wesley, 1999 Teun Duynstee. Wrox, 2000 XML and Oracle Visual Basic.NET Developer’s Guide to ASP .NET, XML Building Oracle XML Applications by Steve Muench. and ADO.NET by Chris Kinsman and Jeffrey P. O’Reilly & Associates, 2000 McManus. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 Oracle XML Handbook by Ben Chang, Mark Scardina, K. Visual Basic.NET XML Web Services Developer’s Guide Karun, Stefan Kiritzov, Ian Macky and Niranjan by Roger Jennings. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2002 Ramakrishnan. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2000 Visual Basic.NET and XML: Harness the Power of XML Oracle9i XML Handbook by Ben Chang, Mark Scardina in VB.NET Applications by Rod Stephens and Brian and Stefan Kiritzov. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2001 Hochgurtel. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Professional Oracle 8i Application Programming with XML Programming with VB and ASP by Mark Wilson Java, PL/SQL and XML byMichaelAwai(ed.),Mat- and Tracey Wilson. Manning Publications, 1999 thew Bortniker, John Carnell et al. Wrox, 2000
230 Appendix B
XML Applications Professional XML Databases by Kevin Williams, Patrick Building B2B Applications with XML: A Resource Guide Dengler, Jeff Gabriel et al. Wrox, 2000 by Mike Fitzgerald. John Wiley, 2001 SQL Server 2000 and Business Intelligence in an XML/ Building Commercial XML Web Applications: Problem - .NET World by Joseph Valiaveedu. Apress, 2002 Design - Solution by Wrox Author Team. Wrox, 2003 Succeeding with Object Databases: A Practical Look at Building Oracle XML Applications by Steve Muench. Today’s Implementations with Java and XML by O’Reilly & Associates, 2000 Akmal Chaudhri and Roberto Zicari. John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Building XML Applications by Simon St. Laurent and Ethan Cerami. McGraw-Hill, 2000 XML Data Management: Native XML and XML-enabled Database Systems by Akmal B. Chaudhri, Awais Cocoon: Building XML Applications by Carsten Ziegeler Rashid and Roberto Zicari. Addison Wesley, 2003 and Matthew Langham. New Riders Publishing, 2002 XML Semi-structured Databases and the Semantic Web Definitive XML Application Development by Lars by Bhavani Thuraisingham. CRC Press, 2001 Marius Garshol. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002 XML and SQL Server 2000 by John Griffin. New Riders, Designing XML Internet Applications by Michael 2001 Leventhal, David Lewis, Matthew Fuchs and Michael Fuchs. Prentice Hall PTR, 1998 XML-Based Data Management and Multimedia Engi- neering - EDBT 2002 Workshops: EDBT 2002 Work- Modeling XML Applications with UML: Practical e- shops XMLDM, MDDE, and YRWS, Prague, Czech Business Applications by David Carlson. Addison Republic, 24–28 March 2002, Revised Papers (Lecture Wesley, 2001 Notes in Computer Science). Springer-Verlag, 2003 XML Application Development with MSXML 4.0 by XML Database Techniques by Jeroen Van Rotterdam. Danny Ayers, Steven Livingstone, Stephen Mohr, Addison Wesley, 2004 Darshan Singh and Michael Corning. Wrox, 2002 XML Applications by Frank Boumphrey. Wrox, 1998 XML Schema Definitive XML Schema by Priscilla Walmsley. Prentice XML Databases Hall, 2001 Beginning Java Databases: JDBC, SQL, J2EE, EJB, JSP, Essential XML Quick Reference: A Programmer’s Refer- XML by Kevin Mukhar, Todd Lauinger and John ence to XML, XPath, XSLT, XML Schema, SOAP and Carnell. Wrox, 2001 More by Aaron Skonnard and Martin Gudgin. Data on the Web: from Relations to Semistructured Addison Wesley, 2001 Data and XML by Serge Abiteboul, Peter Buneman Inside XML DTDs: Scientific and Technical by Simon St. and Dan Suciu. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999 Laurent and Robert J. Biggar. McGraw-Hill Osborne Designing XML Databases by Mark Graves. Prentice Media, 1999 Hall, 2001 Professional XML Schemas by Jon Duckett (Editor), Nik DistributedDataExchangewithXML,ASP,IE5,LDAP Ozu, Kevin Williams, Stephen Mohr, Kurt Cagle, and MSMQ by Stephen T. Mohr. Wrox, 1999 Oliver Griffin, Francis Norton, Ian Stokes-Rees and Jeni Tennison. Wrox, 2001 Domino 5 Web Programming with XML, Java, and JavaScript by Randy Tamura. Que, 2000 XML Schema by Neil Bradley. Addison Wesley, 2002 Open Source XML Database Toolkit: Resources and XML Schema by Eric van der Vlist. O’Reilly UK, 2002 Techniques for Improved Development by Liam Quin. XML Schemas by Lucinda Dykes, Ed Tittel and Chelsea John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Valentine. Sybex, 2002 Oracle XML Handbook by Ben Chang, Mark Scardina et XML Schema Book by Berthold Daum. Morgan al. Osborne McGraw-Hill, 2000 Kaufmann, 2003 Professional Oracle 8i Application Programming with The XML Schema Complete Reference by Cliff Binstock, Java, PL/SQL and XML by Michael Awai, Matthew David Peterson, Mitchell Smith, Mike Wooding and Bortniker, John Carnell et al. Wrox, 2000 Chris Dix. Sams, 2002
231 Appendix B
XML Schema Definition (XSD) by Shruti Gupti and Building XML Web Services for the Microsoft .NET Sonal Mukhi. BPB Publications, 2002 Platform by Scott Short. Microsoft Press, 2002 XML Schema Developer’s Guide by Ron Pronk. Osborne Developing .Net Web Services with XML by David McGraw-Hill, 2002 Jorgensen. Syngress Media Inc, 2002 XML Schema Development: An Object-oriented JavaXMLandWebServicesBibleby Mike Jasnowski. Approach by Peter Brauer. Sams, 2002 John Wiley & Sons, 2002 XML Schema Elucidated by Jeff Lowery. Manning, Microsoft .NET XML Web Services by Robert Tabor. 2002 Sams, 2002 XML Schema Essentials by R. Allen Wyke and Andrew Microsoft .NET XML Web Services Step by Step by Watt. John Wiley, 2002 Adam Freeman and Allen Jones. Microsoft Press, 2002 XML Schema Interlinear by Rick Jelliffe. Manning Pub- Professional XML Web Services by Vivek Chopra, Zaev lications, 2002 Zoran, Gary Damschen, Chris Dix, Patrick Cauldwell, Rajesh Chawla, Kristy Saunders, Glenn Olander, XML Security Francis Norton, Tony Hong, Uche Ogbuji and Mark A. Hack Proofing XML by Larry Loeb, Everett F. Carter, Richman. Wrox, 2001 Ken Ftu et al. (eds.). Syngress Media Inc, 2002 Programming Microsoft .Net XML Web Services by Mastering Web Services Security by Bret Hartman, Damien Foggon, Dan Maharry and Chris Ullman. Donald J. Flinn, Konstantin Beznosov and Shirley Microsoft Press, 2003 Kawamoto. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Programming Web Services with XML-RPC by Simon Secure XML: The New Syntax for Signatures and St.Laurent,EddDumbillandJoeJohnston.O’Reilly& Encryption by Donald E. Eastlake and Kitty Niles. Associates, 2001 Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 TheSemanticWeb:AGuidetotheFutureofXML,Web XML Tools Services, and Knowledge Management by Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst and Kevin T. Smith. John Wiley HTML-to-XML Conversion Tools Market Trends by & Sons, 2003 Faulkner Information Services. Faulkner Information Services, 2001 Understanding Web Services: XML, WSDL, SOAP,and UDDI by Eric Newcomer. Addison Wesley Profes- Worldwide XML Development Tools Software Forecast sional, 2002 2002–2006 by IDC. IDC, 2002 Water:SimplifiedWebServicesandXMLProgramming XML Development Tools by Faulkner Information Ser- by Mike Plusch. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 vices. Faulkner Information Services, 2001 Web Services Essentials by Ethan Cerami. O’Reilly & XMLSPY Handbook by Larry Kim. John Wiley & Sons, Associates, 2002 2003 XML Web Services Professional Projects by Geetanjali XMLSPY 5 User & Reference Manual by Altova Inc., Arora and Sai Kishore. Premier Press, 2002 2002 XML Web Services for ASP.NET by Bill Evjen. John XML Web Services Wiley & Sons, 2002 Architecting Web Services by William L. Oellermann Jr. XML Web Services in the Organization by Chris Boar. APress, 2001 Microsoft Press, 2003 Building Web Applications with ADO.NET and XML XMLandWebServicesUnleashedby Ron Schmelzer, Web Ser v ices by Richard Hundhausen, Steven Borg, Travis Vandersypen, Jason Bloomberg et al.Diane Cole Francis and Kenneth Wilcox. John Wiley & Sons, Kennedy. Sams, 2002 2002 XML, Web Services, and the Data Revolution by Frank P. Building Web Services with Java: Making Sense of XML, Coyle. Addison Wesley Professional, 2002 SOAP,WSDL and UDDI by Steve Graham, Simeon Simeonov, Toufic Boubez, Glen Daniels, Doug Davis, Yuichi Nakamura and Ryo Neyama. Sams, 2001
232 Appendix B
XPath Jirat, Mike Mason, Jon Pinnock, Paul Spencer, Jeff Definitive XSLT and XPath (The Charles F. Goldfarb Tang, Paul Tchistopolskii, Jeni Tennison and Andrew Definitive XML Series) by G. Ken Holman. Prentice Watt. Wrox, 2001 Hall PTR, 2001 The XSL Companion by Neil Bradley. Addison Wesley Essential XML Quick Reference: A Programmer’s Refer- Professional, 2002 ence to XML, Xpath, XSLT, XML Schema, SOAP and XML Elements of Style by Simon St. Laurent. McGraw- More by Aaron Skonnard and Martin Gudgin. Hill Professional, 1999 Addison Wesley, 2001 XSL Essentials by Michael Fitzgerald. John Wiley & XPath & XPointer by John E. Simpson. O’Reilly UK, 2002 Sons, 2001 XSLT & XPath on the Edge by Jeni Tennison. John Wiley XSL FO by Dave Pawson. O’Reilly & Associates, 2002 & Sons Inc, 2001 XSL Formatting Objects Developer’s Handbook by XSLT and XPath: Guide to XML Transformations by Douglas Lovell. Sams, 2002 Zarella L. Rendon and John Robert Gardner. Prentice Hall, 2001 XSLT XPath Essentials by Andrew Watt. John Wiley & Sons Beginning XSLT by Jeni Tennison. Wrox, 2002 Inc, 2002 Definitive XSLT and XPath by G. Ken Holman. Prentice XPath, XLink, XPointer, and XML: A Practical Guide to Hall, 2001 Web Hyperlinking and Transclusion by Erik Wilde Inside XSLT by Steven Holzner. New Riders Publishing, and David Lowe. Addison Wesley, 2002 2001 XPath: Navigating XML Documents by Steven Holzner. Mastering XSLT by Chuck White. Sybex, 2002 Sams, 2003 Special Edition Using XSLT by Michael Floyd, David XPointer Gulbransen,JoeHinder,AlaricB.SnellandMark XPath & XPointer by John E. Simpson. O’Reilly UK, 2002 Wutka. Que, 2002 XPath, XLink, XPointer, and XML: A Practical Guide to XSLT by Doug Tidwell. O’Reilly & Associates, 2001 Web Hyperlinking and Transclusion by Erik Wilde XSLT Developer’s Guide by Chris Von See and Nitin and David Lowe. Addison Wesley, 2002 Keskar. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2002 XQuery XSLT Programmer’s Reference by Michael Kay. Wrox, Early Adopter XQuery by Dan Maharry, Kurt Cagle, 2000 Rogerio Saran, Mark Fussell and Nalleli Lopez. Wrox, XSLT Quickly by Bob Ducharme. Manning Publications 2002 Company, 2001 XQuery Kick Start by James McGovern, Per Bothner, XSLT and XPath: A Guide to XML Transformations by Kurt Cagle, James Linn and Vaidyanathan Nagarajan. John Robert Gardner and Zarella L. Rendon. Prentice Sams, 2003 Hall, 2001 XSL and XSL-FO XSLT and XPath on the Edge, Unlimited Edition by Jeni Definitive XSL-FO by G. Ken Holman. Prentice Hall, Tennison. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 2003 XSLT: Professional Developer’s Guide by Johan Hjelm Introduction to XML/XSL Programming.CourseTech- and Peter Stark. John Wiley & Sons, 2001 nology, 2003 XSLT: Working with XML and HTML by Khun Yee Fung. Just XSL by John E. Simpson. Prentice Hall, 2001 Addison Wesley, 2000 Professional XSL by Kurt Cagle, Michael Corning, Jason Diamond, Teun Duynstee, Oli Gudmundsson, Jirka
233
Appendix C Bibliography: Journal Articles and Conference Proceedings
CSS Symposium (ASCM 2001), pp. 112–21. World Scientific, Lurching toward Babel: HTML, CSS and XML by Singapore Korpela, J. Computer, 31(7), 103–4, 106 (1998) Future scientific digital documents with MathML, XML, Multipurpose Web publishing using HTML, XML, and and SVG by Landau, R.H., Vediner, D., CSS by Lie, H.W. and Saarela, J. Communications of Wattanakasiwich,P.andKyle,K.R.Computing in Sci- the ACM, 42(10), 95–101 (1999) ence & Engineering, 4(2), 77–85 (2002) ebXML InteractivemathematicsviatheWebusingMathMLby Wright, F.J. SIGSAM Bulletin, 34(2), 49–57 (2000) E-business technology: ebXML for the energy market by Marz, W. Elektrizitaetswirtschaft, 101(5), 36–41 The interchange of mathematics in XML: MathML, (2002) OpenMath and their application by Buswell, S. XML Europe ’99 Conference Proceedings, pp. 379–85. ebXML: status, research issues, and obstacles by Graphic Communications Association, Alexandria, Hofreiter, B., Huemer, C. and Klas, W. Proceedings VA, 1999 Twelfth International Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering: Engineering E-Commerce/E-Busi- MathML – markup language for mathematical docu- ness Systems RIDE-2EC 2002, pp. 7–16. IEEE Com- ments on the World Wide Web by Sroczynski, Z. puter Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 2002 Studia Informatica, 21(3), 25–45 (2000) ebXML gets ready for prime time by McGarr, M.S. Elec- OpenMath, MathML and XSL by Carlisle, D. SIGSAM tronic Commerce World, 11(5), 38–41(2001) Bulletin, 34(2), 6–11 (2000)
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235 Appendix C
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