NYMS Banquet Dec. 8th Newsletter Of the New York Microscopical Society
1 Prospect Village Plaza (66F Mt. Prospect Avenue) Clifton, New Jersey 07013-1918 GPS: Latitude 40.8648N, Longitude 74.1540W
October 2013 N.Y.M.S. (973) 470-8733 Volume 7 (27) Number 8 Meeting Notice: Fall Lecture Series Sunday, Oct. 20, 2013: Lecture starts at 2PM at NYMS in Clifton Photomicrography for the Cash-Strapped Collector By Derek Yoost Ever wonder how to get decent photomicrographs without a microscope and all the expensive equipment that comes with it? In this lecture, I will show you the fruits of a project of mine and how I accomplished it. I wanted to see how good I could take pictures of small things with the least amount of specialized optics. Using only things that most mineral, fossil, or meteorite collectors should already have at hand, I will show how you too can pull it off.
My passion for fossil collecting started when I was 10 years old and has never stopped since. Starting at the age of 14, I worked in a rock shop (Jim’s Gems) in Wayne NJ and gleaned a vast knowledge for the collecting and lapidary hobby. For the past 27 years, my collection has grown to include fossil amber, fish, reptiles, and mammals that are unique to New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. I also collect local minerals from New Jersey, shells, bones, meteorites and other natural history items and artifacts. This hobby has brought me to many interesting localities and fascinating people. I also maintain a web site on my favorite fossil collecting site, Big Brook at njfossils.net. To date, I would guess that my favorite fossil that I found is the insect (a blood sucking Midge that may have fed on dinosaurs) that I found in Cretaceous aged sediment in Sayreville NJ. It was new to science and was eventually named after me (Culicoides yoosti). Continued on page 3.
Diatom: Stauroneis acuta, 400x: Scan from original Eric Grave 35mm photomicrograph
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Mel Pollinger [email protected]; (201) 791-9826 June 2014 Treasurer, Editor, Librarian, Facilities Mgr.
John R. Reffner, Jr. [email protected]; (215) 527-1882 June 2014 Secretary
Roland Scal [email protected]; June 2016 Board, Curator Pro Tem
John A. Reffner [email protected]; (203) 358-4539 June 2014 Board, Awards Chair, Past President
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June 2015 Board position open
Brooke Kammrath [email protected]; (203) 931-2989 June 2016 Board
Seymour Perlowitz [email protected]; (718) 338-6695 June 2016 Board
Peter Diaczuk [email protected]; (212) 237-8896 June 2016 Board, Past President
Andrew Winter [email protected]; (732) 816-3793 June 2016 Board
For additional information contact the Editor: Mel Pollinger at (201) 791-9826, or [email protected]
Dues and Addresses Awards Given by the Awards Please remember to mail in your New York Committee Dues to: Microscopical Society Chair: John A. Mary McCann, The New York Reffner Membership Chair microscopical Society McCann Imaging takes great pleasure in Members 161 Claflin Street recognizing and rewarding Jan Hinsch Belmont, MA 02478 individuals who have Mel Pollinger contributed to either the Open position Junior (under age 18) $10 activities of the society or Annually to furthering microscopy. Regular $30 These awards are Mel Pollinger, Editor Student (age 18 or above) $20 described in our website To Order Your 18-04 Hillery St. Annually and in a pdf file for our NYMS Lapel Pins Fair Lawn, NJ 07410-5207 Supporting $60 Annually email newsletter Send a check in the Corporate (includes one recipients. All members amount of $12.00 per advertisement in NYMS News) are eligible to nominate pin to: $175 Annually individuals for these New York Microscopical Life $300 (payable within the year) various awards, and are Society To avoid missing notices: encouraged to do so. c/o Mel Pollinger, 18-04 Notify Mary McCann and Mel John A. Reffner, Awards Hillery Street, Fair Lawn, Pollinger if you have changed your Committee Chairperson address, phone or email. NJ 07410. To avoid shipping & handling The Mission of the New York charges, pins may be purchased directly at Microscopical Society is the promotion of any NYMS meeting for theoretical and applied microscopy and the promotion $10.00. of education and interest in all phases of microscopy.
Alternate Meeting Notifications ************************************ Please note that due to time constraints in publishing, some meeting notices may be available by calling Dues for 2013 are due! Mel Pollinger at 201-791-9826, or by visiting the NYMS website, or emailing: [email protected] Buy and Read a Good Book on Microscopy.
A Not-For-Profit Educational Organization, nyms.org, Page 2 of 4 Continued from Lecture, page 1: Doors will be open at Noon. Refreshments will be available. For additional information, please contact Mel Upcoming Events Pollinger ([email protected]) or (201)791-9826 before the day of the meeting, or by cell: (201) 314-1354 no later than 1PM (meeting day only). Eastern Analytical Usually, following the speaker program, NYMS members and their guests are welcome to join the speaker for an Symposium (EAS) early dinner at a selected, local restaurant. Cost to November 18, 19, 20 – 2013 members and their guests to be determined. Dinner arrangements will be made prior to the speaker Garden State Exhibit Center . program. Somerset, New Jersey ************************************************************************ Continued from Stauroneis page 1 bottom: •Short Courses. •Workshops. •Register before October 15th
Available to registered Full Conferees* and CLASS: Bacillariophyceae designed for non-professionals, professionals, and ORDER: Naviculales managers. Targeted for those looking to get ahead FAMILY: Stauroneidaceae in complex or fast-changing organizations, industries or business climates. Stauros present Pseudosepta may be present Monday, Nov 18, 2013, from 10:00 am to 12:00 Striae distinctly punctate noon Acquiring the Skills of the New Manager:Start Stauroneis has naviculoid and mostly solitary cells with with the Quality Process and the Lab Database two chloroplasts, one on each side of the cell against the cingulum. Valves range from almost Tuesday, Nov 19, 2013, from 10:00 am to 12:00 linear to lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate. The noon central area is a prominent transverse fascia, Subliminal Communication Skills for Scientific known as a “stauros”. The central fascia typically Professionals:How to Get Your Boss to Agree extends to the valve margins, where one to several With You short striae may be present. The striae are uniseriate and punctate. The areolae are usually Wednesday, Nov 20, 2013, from 10:00 am to round but are transversely elongate in some 12:00 noon species. Pseudosepta are present in some species. A Little Help from my Friends: Mentors, Variable and useful diagnostic features for Coaches, and Sponsors identifying species include: presence or absence of pseudosepta, valve size and shape, width of the axial area, size and shape of the central area, number of striae in 10 µm, shape of areolae and McCrone Research Institute in number of areolae in 10 µm, raphe structure, and Chicago size and shape of the external proximal raphe ends. Stauroneis is a diverse freshwater genus found mostly in •Inter/Micro 2014Call for Papers, June the benthos of wetlands and small lakes and ponds. Some species are also found in stream benthos 2-6. and on moist soils and moss. 2014 Microscopy courses. The deadline to submit titles and abstracts is Cite This Page: March 1, 2014. Bahls, L. (2012). Stauroneis. In Diatoms of the For more information, visit our website at: United States. Retrieved October 04, 2013, from http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/taxa/genus/Stauroneis www.mcri.org. Contact us at (312) 842-7100 or by Bill at NYMS in Clifton Contributor: Loren Bahls - January 2012 email at: [email protected] ***************************************************************** A Not-For-Profit Educational Organization, nyms.org, Page 3 of 4 Visitors Always Welcome to NYMS Answer to Mystery Photo for September 2013 Although most of our lecture meetings, workshops and classes are held in the NYMS Clifton facility on the last Sunday of the month, the building may be opened for special purposes at other times, by appointment only. For such an appointment, please contact Mel Pollinger by phone at (201) 791-9826, M-F noon to 9:30pm, or by email at [email protected].
From The Editor… if you have email: Getting the newsletter by email means you can receive an extended pdf version that cannot be sent by “snail mail.” Even if you only continue your USPS delivery of the newsletter, NYMS needs your email address for reporting priority events and special news. Being able to Seaweed, Marshlands, Rye, New York. Did you contact you quickly by email means better know? Image by Mel Pollinger communication between you & NYMS■■ Mel Mystery Photo for October 2013 Dues for 2013 are past due!
Need to use a Microscope? The various microscopes that are presently set up on the main floor of the New York Microscopical Society building in Clifton, N.J. are there for the use of its members.
Microscope Cleaning Kit A complete set of tools and accessories to keep your microscope in optimum operating condition. The kit is put together by our Curator/Educational Chairman and Want to take a guess? Send it to me by email or call available directly from NYMS for only $35.00 plus me: [email protected], (201) 791-9826 shipping & handling, or may be purchased at a meeting. ************************************************ Call or email Mel Pollinger for details (see page two for Additional Historical NYMS Supplements contact numbers). Email Newsletter recipients will also be getting copies of NYMS Newsletter pdf back-Issues from ********************************************************************* 2007. Copies of older newsletters will be sent as I “Microscopy Today” Magazine For Free convert them. Send an email mentioning NYMS and requesting your free postal mailed subscription, to: Got something you want to sell, trade or publish in the Newsletter and/or on the website? Write, call or send an Liz Kasabian
Supporting Member A Not-For-Profit Educational Organization, nyms.org, Page 4 of 4 NYMS Newsletter Extended In This Section: Section, October 2013 •NYMS Banquet Flyer/Reservation Form •Stereo Microscopes Part 3 Directions to NYMS Headquarters •Tardigrades of North America •EAS 2013 Short Courses One Prospect Village Plaza •EAS 2013 Workshops (66F Mount Prospect Avenue) •Inter-Micro 2014, Call for Papers Clifton, NJ 07013 •McCrone 2014 Microscopy courses GPS: Intersection of Colfax & Mt. Prospect: •NYMS Items for Sale Latitude 40.8656 N, Longitude 74.1531W, •Membership Application GPS: Our building: Latitude 40.8648 N, •Last page images Longitude 74.1540 W From George Washington Bridge: Take Interstate Route 80 west to Exit 57A, Route 19 South. Take Route 19 to Broad Street and continue two lights to Van Houten Avenue. Turn Left. Go to second light, Mount Prospect Avenue and turn left. Building 66F is on the left side , one and a half blocks from Van Houton.
From Lincoln Tunnel: Follow exit road to NJ route three west. Continue to Bloomfield Avenue exit. Turn right to Circle and go three quarters to Allwood Road West. Mount Prospect Avenue is a few blocks on the right (a small street) Turn right and go to first light (Van Houton) continue. Building 66F is on the left side , one and a half blocks from Van Houton.
From North: Take Garden state Parkway South to Route 46 Clifton Exit. On 46 Make second exit to Van Houton Ave. Continue to third light Mount Prospect Avenue and turn left. Building 66F is on the left side , one and a half blocks from Van Houten.
From Route 46 coming from west: Take Broad Street Exit in Clifton and follow Directions above from GW Bridge.
From route 46 coming from East: Take Paulson Avenue Exit in Clifton and follow to Second light, Clifton Ave turn right. Go to next light, Colfax, turn left, go three blocks and turn right on Mount Prospect Ave.. Building 66F is half block on right.
Public transportation from NY: Take NJ Transit train from Penn Station to Secaucus Transfer Station. Change trains to Bergen Line to Clifton (call NJ Transit for schedules). From Clifton Station cross under tracks to first street and go left one block to Mount Prospect Street, turn right and Building 66F is one half block on Right.
If you plan to come by bus or train, please copy the links below into your browser: http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TripPlannerItineraryTo http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=BusSchedulesP2PTo http://www.njtransit.com/sf/sf_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainTo New York Microscopical Society One Prospect Village Plaza (66 Mount Prospect Avenue) Clifton, NJ 07013
NYMS 2013 Annual Banquet
What: Enjoy a wonderful Buffet Luncheon, including soft beverages (cash bar available) and desserts, with your fellow-members, an exciting speaker presentation by Jan Hinsch and an overall jolly time at one of the oldest restaurants in mid-town Manhattan; The Landmark Tavern.
When: Sunday December 8, 2013, from noon until 3:30pm.
Where: Landmark Tavern, 626 11th Ave., at W. 46th St New York City, NY Tel: 212-247-2562.
Cost: $35.00 per person.
How: Reserve your place now* by filling in the Reservation Request form below and mailing it along with your check to the Treasurer (see address below).
*Reservation requests must be received on or before November 20, 2013 ------Number attending ______@ $35/each = (write check amount) ______
Member name______
Address______
Phone______eMail______Send this form and payment to: NYMS Banquet 2013 c/o Mel Pollinger, Treasurer 18-04 Hillery Street Fair Lawn, NJ 07410-5207
For additional information contact Mel Pollinger (201) 791-9826 or email: [email protected]
Space is limited, so rush your application in asap. Stereo
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Stereo Microscope Part 3: Common Main Objective Stereo Microscopes
3rd Edition R. Jordan Kreindler (USA)
Figure 56. Woven fabric pattern through Zeiss "Opton" CMO microscope
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______This paper is the third in a multi- part series on stereo microscopes, including their history, design, and, applications. The paper concludes with considerations for potential stereo microscope buyers. In this Part Common Main Objective (CMO) microscopes are discussed. ______
Figure 57. From the Zeiss brochure: Microscopy from Carl Zeiss. Stemi DR, Stemi DV4, Stemi 2000 Stereomicroscopes, Courtesy, and with permission of Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC. A comparison of Greenough and CMO (Telescope) design microscopes
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The Common Main Objective (CMO) Stereo Microscope
A comparison of the Greenough and CMO (called telescope design by Zeiss) designs is shown in Fig. 57. In CMO designs there are two distinct light paths through both halves of a relatively large common objective lens. This design can have the benefit of long working distances.
The modern common main objective (CMO) concept, although this designation appeared later, appears to have been developed by Carl Zeiss, Jena 1938-1941 (Michel, 1962). Dr. Kurt Michel worked on the Praepariermikroskop "Citoplast" (Preparation and dissection microscope “Citoplast”) from its inception. He joined Zeiss' Microscope Department in 1934, and became its Vice Head in 1938. When first developed, the Citoplast was to be priced at 816 RM (Zeiss, 1942). However, in response to the German government's direction, commercial manufacturing of the Citoplast was delayed until after WW II, i.e., until 1946 (Zeiss, 1946).
Zeiss' East German R&D department received a Citoplast on October 3, 1946, and another went to Moscow. According to Zeiss' internal documents, most shipments went to Russia. [Author: These were probably supplied to state run agencies.]
In private email received from Berndt-Joachim Lau of Carl Zeiss (Lau, 2012), by the author, Herr Lau explained Zeiss' situation at the end of WW II as follows,
In June 1945 the US Army took the action "We take the brain" before Jena was given to the Russians. At October 24, 1945 the Russian Army ordered the demounting of Zeiss factory and the deportation of ca. 800 Zeiss people to Soviet Union.
The Russians viewed the movement of Zeiss factories, manufacturing equipment, and personal as appropriate reparations for their WW II costs. However, this was not the view shared by many of the affected Zeiss personnel. Some of Zeiss' relocated resources were used to establish the Kiev camera works, makers of the Zeiss Ikon and Contax.
As noted above, the U.S. Army occupied Jena before the partition of Germany. They moved many of Zeiss, Jena's leading technicians, and upper management, to the Contessa plant in Stuttgart, West Germany. In 1947 this was the core team that formed the Zeiss-Opton Optische Werke Oberkochen GmbH in Oberkochen, West Germany.
The first modern CMO was developed at Carl Zeiss, Jena decades before the first American CMO, the AO Cycloptic. The first Zeiss CMO microscopes appeared commercially in East Germany as the Zeiss "Citoplast", Fig. 58, and in West Germany, Figs. 59 and 60, under the Opton label.
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In his book Armin Herman (Hermann, 1991) mentions that the first West German Zeiss-Opton Stereomicroscope was given in a small ceremony on January 23, 1949 to Professor Bauersfeld on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
The Opton CMO version was manufactured by the Opton-Optische Werstatte Oberkochen GmbH Zeiss factory at Oberkochen, West Germany. For a period, versions of this CMO microscope were made by both East and West German Zeiss companies.
The Zeiss Opton-branded CMO was taller, wider, and heavier than most previous stereo microscopes. At 12 pounds, it weighed almost 50% more than the c. 1929 B&L Greenough microscope shown in Fig. 25.
Production of the West German Opton version, ceased in 1954, when the name of the West German Zeiss company was changed to Carl Zeiss, about three years before the introduction of AO's Cycloptic (Orlowski, 2012), (Zeiss, undated), (Walker, 2011). An Opton-style CMO microscope continued in production by the West German Zeiss company until 1959, under the Carl Zeiss label. (Schulze, 2011, 2012). At least until the 1980s, Zeiss West Germany appears to have used CMO designs in their stereo microscopes, except for models 01, 02, I, Ib, III, and the D-series.
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Figure 58. from East German Citoplast brochure, date unknown Courtesy, and with permission, of Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC
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Figure 59. From West German Opton brochure (translated to English), date unknown, Courtesy, and with permission, of Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC
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Figure 60. Zeiss Opton-branded CMO Microscope
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Early model Zeiss CMO microscopes continued to be manufactured for some years. Sander (1994) in his interesting and informative Centennial Essay mentions that "many [Citoplast stereo microscopes] must still be in service", and examples of early East and West German Zeiss CMO microscopes are often seen for sale on eBay.
The Citoplast morphed, sometime in the 1950/60s, to the Zeiss SM-XX (sometimes, perhaps inappropriately, called the SM 20), with only changes from the earlier design. The Citoplast and its derivative microscopes were popular in Eastern Bloc countries and China. The SM-XX started its life finished in black, sometime later its color was changed to off-white.
Two separate Zeiss companies had developed in the aftermath of the Second World War. So, CMOs were manufactured by both Zeiss East and West German companies.
Most East German models were made about 54 miles (about an 1-1/2 hour drive) from Berlin in Brandenburg, Germany in the city of Rathenow by the Optische Werke Rathenow. Rathenow had contained the only spectacle manufacturing facility in the GDR. It was integrated with Zeiss as the Kombinat VEB Carl Zeiss Jena after the close of WWII, possibly c. 1970. [As an aside, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, a location near Rathenow was found to contain the graves of Adolph Hilter and some of his associates.]
Shortly after the fall of the Berlin wall in November 1989, the two separate Zeiss companies began talks and reunited in the early 1990s after East Germany's first free elections. After the reunification of the East and West German Zeiss companies, the unified company introduced the first of the Stemi Greenough, stereo microscope, models.
After Unification Kombinat VEB Carl Zeiss Jena became Zeiss Jena, Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). In 1991 after a division of functional assets, the new microscopy group Carl Zeiss AG (Oberkochen) reunited the previous Zeiss company's microscopy groups and relocated back to Jena, Germany along with its planetarium group.
The new combined Zeiss company designed a new logo combining at its top a portion of the square used by the West German company in its last logo before unification, and at the bottom the curve from the logo used by the East German company.
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Common Main Objective (CMO) and Greenough Pros and Cons
Fig. 61 provides examples of Greenough and CMO microscopes, although not to scale. The Zeiss CMO is taller than the Leitz Greenough.
Leitz Greenough design Zeiss CMO design
Figure 61. Greenough and CMO stereo microscopes
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Each design has its strengths and weaknesses
The Greenough design suffers, slightly, from "keystone" distortion, i.e., distortion due to the viewing angles involved. An exaggerated version of keystone distortion is produced when a projector is aimed at a steep angle to a wall so that the projected image has the shape of the "keystone" in an arch, that is a trapezoidal shape. This can result in focus distortion, where some portions of the image are slightly out of focus and may cause eyestrain for some users after extended viewing periods.
CMO stereomicroscopes have parallel paths, i.e., for practical purposes the two eyes view images at right angles to the object plane, and so do not suffer from keystoning. Viewing objects with the eyes focused at infinity can, perhaps, be less stressful with continuous use. However, quality CMOs are expensive to make, are usually heavier, and have some optical problems of their own, see below.
We usually see nearby objects with both eyes, at an angle, and not images in parallel. If we interpret the parallel images as coming into the eyes at an angle, this results in "perspective distortion", as the central portion of the object appears thicker than it actually is.
For non-photographic use the CMO has two minor problems: (1) we are used to processing parallel paths for objects at infinity, not for nearby objects, so our minds normally process parallel images from nearby objects inappropriately, and (2) there is some degradation of images that pass through the edges of a lens. The first issue is not a problem in photography through the microscope where images are two dimensional, and the second problem can be minimized in trinocular photomicrography by using the objective lens so its optical center coincides with the, usually, single light path used for photography.
Zeiss helped minimized the perception problems inherent in the CMO's design with their development of multi-element, non-APO, PLS objectives.
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AO's Cycloptic Microscope: The first American CMO
American Optical (AO), hoped to dominate stereo microscope sales in the late 1950s, when they achieved a major landmark in American stereo microscope development. They brought out the Cycloptic microscope (Phillips, 2011, 2012), (NikonU, undated), the first American CMOs.
The AO Cycloptic was designed on the Zeiss model. As with the Zeiss Citoplast, the microscope received images for both eyepieces through a bottom main objective, large enough to easily support two light paths.
Fig. 62 shows one of the basic versions of the AO Cycloptic microscope with a Galilean, also called telescope, changer (AO refers to this as a "Magni-Changer").
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Figure 62. AO Cycloptic basic model with Galilean telescope changer ("AO Magni-Changer")
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Fig. 63 shows the common main objective (CMO) from the microscope in Fig. 62. However, AO CMOs were often sold with additional lens attachments to provide further magnification options. Fig. 64 shows a common main objective with an attached 0.75x auxiliary lens (from AO model 59F-T1) to reduce magnification slightly, to allow more "in context" views of some objects.
Figure 63. Common Main Objective from the object facing side
CMOs are similar to the earlier Riddell- Stephenson design, in terms of a single objective. However, for CMOs this objective is considerably larger, compared to smaller objectives found in the earlier stereo microscopes. These CMOs, with their low magnifications, offered a much greater working distance than was possible with a standard compound microscope.
In spite of the relatively minor optical flaws inherent in CMO instruments, AO's Cycloptic microscopes, although expensive, "led the pack", and were for a time the royalty of stereo microscopes. From the number of Figure 64. AO Cycloptic "Common Main Objective" with Cycloptic microscopes still widely available on 2/3X No. 267 achromatic aux. lens-attachment the used market today, the sales of these instruments, at least in Western countries, were much larger than those of the Zeiss Citoplast. This was, perhaps, owing to the residual negative feelings by US consumers toward German products after the close of WW II.
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AO's CMO microscopes are unusual relative to their Greenoughs, not only for their single main objectives but for their use of rotating cylindrical drum assemblies, ("AO's Magni-Changer"), see Galilean drum discussion below. AO drums have unique and clearly distinguishable end markings. These markings allow this microscopes to be identified at a distance, even when somewhat obscured, as in some movies or TV shows. These Galilean drums are located above the CMO to make magnification changes easier. In their CMO microscopes both Zeiss and AO used multiple pairs of lenses contained in a single drum to speed magnification changes, as opposed to the alternate approach, as in some Greenough-style microscopes, of exchanging objectives.
AO used single housing magnification changers of their own design in their Greenough microscopes, before the Cycloptic was introduced. Their Greenough microscope designs were derived from the original Zeiss designs as, apparently, was their Cycloptic.
Thus, primacy in two, perhaps most basic, areas of modern stereo microscope development belongs to Zeiss, although these developments were often capitalized on by other companies as well. Freely copying the microscope design of others was common practice over a considerable time. (Kreindler and Goren, May 2011).
The AO Magni-Changer (Galilean drum - see below) pictured in Fig 65, contains four clear openings, in opposite pairs, and two telescopes. The clear openings allow for "straight through" images. The dual paired telescopes have four lens groups each. The telescopes can be rotated into the optical path in opposite orientations. This allows, as with stand-alone telescopes, for the magnification or diminution of images. The drum provides five magnification options. One for the "see-thru" openings, the same in either forward or backward orientations, four additional magnifications using the two telescopes on the drum, in either front or back orientations.
Figure 65. AO Cycloptic stereo microscope drum, offering five magnifications with two telescopes and one "see-thru" opening
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This type of magnification changer where the same components are used but reversed to obtain different magnifications, is often referred to as a "Galilean drum", as here, as the drum actually contains small Galilean telescopes. These telescopes are frequently composed of plano- convex and bi-concave lenses. Galilean telescopes provide erect images.
The Cycloptic, with its Galilean drum and distinctive external markings to show magnification choices has a unique appearance, and has been used in various US TV shows including, possibly the most popular TV drama series of its time, CSI where it was used by Supervisor Dr. Gil Grissom, one of the show's lead characters.
Apparently, most of AO Cycloptic's screw-in objectives were apochromatic, although with such low magnifications this was probably not as difficult to design as it would have been for a small high magnification compound microscope objective.
As often happens when one company's technology introduction negatively impacts sales of another, the impacted company develops its own improvements. In response to AO's Cycloptic microscopes, Bausch and Lomb (B&L), c. 1959, see Part 2b, came out with their StereoZoom microscopes. Which, instead of providing a single or various fixed focus magnifications, provided continuous magnification zooming. StereoZoom microscopes used mirrors instead of Porro prisms, thus reducing both weight and cost. It was not until a few years later, 1961 and the Olympus SZ microscope, that zoom stereo microscopes were introduced by Japanese companies.
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Zeiss SR CMO Stereo Microscope: The Anatomy of a CMO
This Figure provides a breakout of some of the main components of this CMO, from the top down. This breakout is shown to left of the microscope in Fig. 66.
(1) The eyepiece assembly
(2) The prisms contained in the eyepiece assembly that refract the light at an angle appropriate to allow easier viewing; here the eyepiece's cover has been removed to allow the prisms to be seen
(3) The common main objective (CMO), mounted in a square assembly
(4) A 0.5x auxiliary lens to allow more of the object to be seen and to increase the working distance (the distance from the object to the objective). Here, the distance between the object and the objective with the 0.5x auxiliary lens attached is significantly increased to 8 inches.
(5) The optional transmitted light base, to allow the normally incident light to be reflected up under the stage's glass plate
(6) The reversible, black on one side, white on the other, stage plate is present but is hidden by the optional transmitted light base in the picture of the microscope.
Note: The red cylinder at the middle right contains the microscope's illumination. Its brightness control (rheostat) can be seen on the rear left-side (as seen from the eyepiece side) of the base. The microscope provides a locking fixture below the focusing assembly, to prevent the instrument from inadvertently falling into the base.
The Zeiss SR is about 22 inches tall in working position (with 0.5x auxiliary lens attached, but without the optional transmitted light assembly), compared to AO's Cycloptic's height in working position of 12 inches (without auxiliary lens). The SR with optional accessories attached, but without a camera weighs approximately 16 pounds 1 ounce, compared to the AO Cycloptic's 8 pounds 5 ounces. That is, the Zeiss SR is a relatively large and heavy instrument.
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Figure 66. Zeiss SR trinocular CMO with component breakout
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Fig. 67 shows the hind wing of a Swallowtail butterfly (Family: Papilionidae), as seen through the Zeiss SR CMO shown in Fig. 66. The full display of the wing shows the value of having a 0.5x auxiliary lens mounted, when a larger "in context" view is called for.
[Author's note: The AO Cycloptic could also be purchased with a 1/2x apochromatic objective, AO No. 266, which provided an 8- inch working distance. This working distance is similar to the working distance on Zeiss' SR microscope with a 0.5x auxiliary lens.]
Figure 67. Hind wing of Swallowtail butterfly, seen through a Zeiss SR CMO with Zeiss 0.5x auxiliary lens
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Additional pictures through this Zeiss CMO stereo microscope are shown in Figs. 68-72. Figs. 68 and 69 present details from Hong Kong $10 bills, and Fig. 70 from a US $10 bill. These three figures demonstrate the difference in engraving quality between Hong Kong and US currencies.
In Hong Kong three commercial (private) banks were authorized by the government to print bank notes [the Bank of China, Standard Chartered Bank, and the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)]. [Author's aside: The Bank of China headquarters were next to the author's Hong Kong flat.] The bills shown here were printed by HSBC
In the US only the federal government has the authority to print bank notes. [Author's aside: The dollar sign '$' used for HK and US currency derives from an earlier symbol used to represent the peso and not, as described in Ayn Rand's fictional novel Atlas Shrugged, from the letters 'U' and 'S' written one on top of the other.]
Fig. 71 shows a small piece of orthoclase (or potassium) feldspar with smoky quartz inclusions from Ontario, Canada. Fig. 72 is a Rhynchonella Fossil, c. 70 million years ago, found in Morocco, North Africa.
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Figure 68. Detail from a Hong Kong $10 bill printed by the HSBC
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Figure 69. Detail from shield on Hong Kong HSBC $10 bill
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Figure 70. Federal Reserve seal on US $10 bill
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Figure 71. Orthoclase Feldspar
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Figure 72. Rhynchonella, an articulate brachiopod, filter feeder, marine invertebrate fossil, c. 100 million years old
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Combined References and End Notes (This list includes references/notes for the full paper. However, additional references may be added in later Parts)
Allen, R. M., (1940) The Microscope. Boston: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., p87.
Bryant, Dr. Mark L., (2012) The author's thanks to Dr. Bryant and his staff for permission to photograph their Topcon slit lamp.
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co, (1929) Microscopes & Accessories: Photomicrographic and Micro-Projection Apparatus Microtomes . Colorimeters Optical Measuring Instruments and Refractometers. Bausch & Lomb New York, p 81.
Blocker (2012) Blocker History of Medicine, http://ar.utmb.edu/ar/Library/BlockerHistoryofMedicineCollection/BlockerHistoryofMedicine Artifacts/MicroscopeCollection/MicroscopesMakersandTheirInstruments/MicroscopeSwift/tabid/877/D efault.aspx
Carpenter, William (with revisions by Rev. W. H. Dallinger) , (1901) The Microscope and Its Revelations. Eighth Edition. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Company, p 96.
Cherubin, d'Orleans. Père, (1677) La Dioptrique Oculaire ou La vision parfait ou le concours des deux axes de la vision en un seul point de l'objet , Paris: S. Mabre-Cramoisy del Cerro, Manual (2012) The author's thanks to Dr. del Cerro for his kindness in reviewing the section on ophthalmology, and his helpful suggestions. However, all content is the sole responsibility of the author.
Doherty, Glenn (2012) The author's thanks to Mr. Doherty, Support Representative, Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC for his help in identifying start and end manufacturing dates for some Zeiss stereomicroscopes.
Davis, George E., F.R.M. S. (1882) Practical Microscopy. London: David Bogue
Encyclopaedia Britannica, (1910) A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Binocular Instrument. New York, p 950.
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Ferraglio, Paul L. (2008) The Riddell-Stephenson Binocular Microscope. The Journal of the Microscope Historical Society. Volume 16. The author's thanks to Dr. Ferraglio, a leading authority on Prof. Riddell's microscope and its successors. Dr. Ferraglio was kind enough to provide the author with reprints of his papers, as well as helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. However, all content here is the sole responsibility of the author.
Ford, Brian (1973) The Optical Microscope Manual. Past and Present Uses and Techniques. New York: Crane, Russet & Company, Inc.
Goren, Yuval The author's thanks to Dr. Goren for the many discussions we've had on historical microscopes, and his emphasis on the importance of setting microscopes in their historical context.
Gubas, Lawrence J. (2008) A Survey of Zeiss Microscopes 1846-1945. Las Vegas: Graphics 2000. This book provides additional color photographs of a Model XV and its storage on page 253. It can be highly recommended for its detailed and excpetional discussions of Zeiss microscopes.
Gubas, Lawrence J. (private correspondence, 2012) The author's thanks to Mr. Gubas for information on Zeiss instruments and employees, and pointers to Zeiss materials.
Hagan, Kevin (private correspondence, 2011) Thanks to Mr. Hagan of ALA industries Limited, Valparaiso, Indiana for providing a Contamikit brochure and PDF of the Instruction Manual.
Hermann, Armin Nur Der Name War Geb lieben: Die absenteuerliche Geschichte der Firma Carl Zeiss Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlag-Anstalt, 1991, p. 37
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Kreindler, R.J. and Yuval Goren (March 2011), Comparison of the Swift FM-31 Portable Field Microscope and an FM-31 Clone, Micscape, Figs. 11, 12, and 13.
Kreindler, R.J. and Yuval Goren (May 2011), Baker's Traveller's Microscope, Micscape
Kreindler, R.J. and Yuval Goren (November 2011), The TWX-1 Folded-Optics Microscope, Micscape
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Kreindler, R. J. (2012) The author worked in Silicon Valley for a number of years and saw the extensive use, and occasional abuse, stereo microscopes in high-tech companies were subjected to.
Lau, Berndt-Joachin (2012) The author 's thanks to Herr Lau of Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH for his information on early Zeiss stereomicroscopes, Zeiss GDR microscopes, and Zeiss' situation in Germany after WWII. His extended employment at Zeiss and his personal recollections and pointers to Zeiss references have been of truly immeasurable assistance to the author.
Maertin, Rainer (2012) www.photosrsenal.com. The author's thanks for his permission to use the photo of the Brewster type stereo viewer.
Mappes, Timo (2005) The First Commercial Comparison Microscope, made after Wilhelm Thörner by W. & H. Seibert, Wetzlar. The Journal of the Microscope Historical Society. Volume 13, No. 2.
Mappes, Timo (2005-2006) Museum optischer Instrumente, http://www.musoptin.com/seibert_15368.html
Moe, Harald, (2004) The Story of the Microscope. Denmark: Rhodes International Science and Art Publishers with the Collaboration of The Royal Microscopical Society, p. 176.
Nikon Microscopy U (undated) Introduction to Stereomicroscopy states, "The first modern stereomicroscope was introduced in the United States by the American Optical Company in 1957. Named the Cycloptic, this breakthrough design...". Although this was a landmark in American stereomicroscopes, the common objective concept was first used by Riddell in 1850s, and a common large objective was later implemented by Zeiss in their Citoplast, considerably before the Cycloptic was introduced.
NYMS (1957) The author's thanks to the NYMS for permission to reprint the advertisement from their 1957 Newsletter (See Pollinger, 1957)
Orlowski, Kristen and Dr. Michael Zölffel (private correspondence, 2012) - The author's thanks to both Kristen Orlowski, Product Marketing Manager, Light Microscopes, Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC and Dr. Michael Zölffel, Carl Zeiss MicroImaging Gmb, Jena, Germany for information and materials they provided regarding Zeiss history.
Ozment, Randall R. (2012) The author's thanks to Dr. Ozment for permission to photograph his Haag- Streit slit lamp, and for his explanation of its use in clinical practice.
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Phillips, Jay. (private correspondence, 2011, 2012) Provided a copy of Zeiss' catalog Mikroskope für Wissenschaft und Technologie (Prob. 1951).
Pollinger, Mel. (1957) The author's thanks to Mr. Pollinger, Editor NYMS Newsletter for permission to reprint the advertisement from The New York Microscopical Society (NYMS) Newsletter of 1957 (See NYMS, 1957)
Phillips, Jay. (private correspondence, (2011, 2012) Provided a copy of Zeiss' catalog "Mikroskope für Wissenschaft und Technologie" (Prob. 1951).
Purtle, Helen R. (Second Edition), (1987 reprint) The Billings Microscope Collection. Second Edition. Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, p 228, Figure 458 (Catalog number: M- 030.00541, AFIP accession number: 518,969, MIS photograph: 73-3899)
Riemer, Marvin F., (1962) Microscope and the World of Science. New York: SCOPE Instrument Corp.
RMS (1898) Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Volume 18, pp 469-471
Sander, Klaus. (1994) An American in Paris and the origins of the stereomicroscope. Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie). Freiburg, Germany: Springer-Verlag
Schulze, Fritz , (2011, 2012) The author's thanks to Mr. Schulze, former head of the Historical Microscopical Society of Canada for his extensive knowledge of Zeiss microscopes which he kindly shared, and our extended exchanges on stereo microscopes.
Schwabe, Ms. Marte (2012) The author's thanks to Ms. Schabe, Assistant to Dr. Wimmer, Carl . Zeiss Archiv for her assistance (see Wimmer below).
Schwidefsky, Kurt,( 1950) Grundriss der Photogrammetrie, Verlag für Wissenschaft und Fachbuch: 1950 (Reference from Fritz Schulze).
Stanley, Jay (2012) The author's thanks for permission to use photos from his web site Classic Optics.
Wade Nicolas , (1998) A Natural History of Vision. Cambridge, Mass: MIT press,p 301.
Waldsmith, John (1991) Stereo Views: An Illustrated History and Price Guide. Wallace-Homestead Book Company: Radnor, Pennsylvania.
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Walker, David (undated) This is a short no frills introduction to stereo microscopes. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/dww/novice/choice3.htm
Walker, David (July 2012) Product review: A 144 LED ring light for the stereo microscope (typical model YK-B144T), July 2012, Micscape
Wheatstone, Charles. (1838) Contributions to the Physiology of Vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, Phenomena of Binocular Vision, June 21, 1838
Wise, F. C., Francis Edmund Jury Ockenden, P. K.Sartory, (1950) The binocular microscope: its development, illumination and manipulation. (Quekett Microscopical Club Monograph) London: Williams & Norgate
Wimmer, Wolfgang. The author's thanks to Dr. Wimmer's office at the Carl Zeiss Archiv Jena, Germany for their help.
Zeiss, (Microscopy, LLC, MicroImaging Gmb, Jena) - Zeiss (1934) Zeiss 1934 catalog, English version - Zeiss (1937) Zeiss catalog - Zeiss (1951) Mikroskope für Wissenschaft und Technologie Catalog - Zeiss (1984) Catalog 41-603-e - Zeiss(1984-GDR) GSM Stereo Microscopes Publication # 30-735-1 - Zeiss (Undated) Citoplast brochure, East Germany - Zeiss (Undated GDR-2) GSM GSZ Stereomicroscopes - Zeiss (Undated History) - Two Zeiss Factories in Germany, http://corporate.zeiss.com/history/en_de/corporate-history /at-a-glance.html#inpagetabs-4 [The extended extract is available at the Zeiss site. It is reproduced with permission of Wolfgang Mühlfriedel and Edith Hellmuth (1996), from a publication of the Regional Center for Political Education, Thuringia] - Zeiss (Undated) Opton catalog,, West Germany - Zeiss (Undated) Stemi DR, Stemi DV4, Stemi Stereomicroscopes brochure
Zölffel, Michael (2012) see Orlowski above
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1
TARDIGRADES OF NORTH AMERICA: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
Michael W. Shaw, PO Box 742, Midlothian, VA 23113 William R. Miller, Department of Biology, Baker University, Baldwin City, KS 66006
ABSTRACT Terrestrial tardigrade habitat samples were collected from fifty locations throughout the twenty- one counties of New Jersey, USA. Four species from four genera, within three families are reported. Milnesium tardigradum, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Minibiotus intermedius, and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri are all considered cosmopolitan and found on most other continents. Tardigrades were found in all counties, in all types of habitats throughout the state. Key Words: tardigrade, biodiversity, distribution
INTRODUCTION Tardigrades (phylum Tardigrada) or water bears are microscopic aquatic animals found in the interstitial water of terrestrial habitats such as moss, lichen, leaf litter, and algae on tree bark. These habitats cycle between dry and moist, retaining moisture long enough to allow tardigrades to be active, grow and reproduce (Miller, 1997). When the habitat desiccates, the animal loses 97% of its body water, and shrivels into a structure called a “tun” until moisture returns. In this state, called “cryptobiosis,” the water bear can survive extreme temperatures (-200C, +160C), high pressures (6,000 ATM), vacuum and excessive radiation (Kinchin, 1994). With their extreme survival capability, cryptobiotic tardigrades have recently become the first multi-celled animal to survive exposure to outer space (Jonsson et. al., 2007). Tardigrades have five body segments, four pairs of legs, with claws on each leg. They have a dorsal brain and a ventral nervous system. They have a complex pharyngeal structure, complete digestive system, but lack a circulatory or respiratory system (Miller, 1997). Tardigrades have a single gonad and separate sexes but some genera are hermaphroditic. Water bears are ecdyzoia and shed their chitinous cuticle to grow; some lay their eggs in the cuticle as they shed, while others deposit their eggs free in the environment. They range in size from 0.3mm to about 1.2 mm (Kinchin, 1994). Despite more than 900 described taxa (Guidetti & Bertolani, 2005; Degma and Guidetti, 2007) there have been few systematic surveys of large (country sized) areas to document distributional patterns such as England (Morgan & King 1976) or Poland (Dastych, 1978). In the United States, few state sized surveys such as Illinois (Pugilla, 1964), California (Schuster & Gragrick, 1965), or western Montana (Miller, 2007) exist. Many states such as New Jersey have not been surveyed, thus the distributional patterns, environmental affinities, and habitat data is non-existent (McInnes, 1994; Miller 1997). This project is a model for naturalist or citizen science exploration and demonstrates how true collaboration can lead to discovery and the expansion of knowledge. This is the first report of the existence of four species of the animals of the phylum Tardigrada in New Jersey. It expands 2
the known range and distribution of each species, makes observations on habitat requirements, and adds to the known biodiversity of the region and state of New Jersey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Tardigrades were surveyed by sampling in all twenty-one New Jersey counties, between 2001 and 2009. Rural and urban sites ranging from parking lots, roadside trees, urban office complexes, nature preserves, interstate highway rest stops, and residential neighborhoods were selected (Table 1). A Magellan Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to fix sample locations. Most collection sites were photographed (68%).
)
No.
meters
(
ITUDE
ITUDE
COUNTY
LAT
LONG
SUBSTRATE
SAMPLE TYPE
SPECIMEN
COLLECT DATE
CITY/ TOWNCITY/ NAME
ELEVATION
074 DEG Dawn Redwood 40 DEG 28.541 Metasequoia 4/18/2001 8 50.455 N W 195.12 Morris Plains Morris bark glyptostroboides 074 DEG 40 DEG 49.382 7/2/2002 9 54.244 N W 401.10 Hackettstown Warren moss rock 074 DEG 40 DEG 16.142 4/14/2003 1 38.856 N W 28.82 Roselle Union moss dirt 074 DEG 40 DEG 16.142 4/19/2003 2 38.856 N W 28.82 Roselle Union moss dirt 074 DEG 40 DEG 28.958 4/24/2003 3 20.356 N W 60.94 Cranbury Middlesex moss dirt 074 DEG Dawn Redwood 40 DEG 28.541 Metasequoia 5/1/2003 4 50.455 N W 195.12 Morris Plains Morris bark glyptostroboides 074 40 DEG DEG 5/9/2003 5 56.956 N 523 W 43.94 Fair Lawn Bergen moss dirt 3
Silver Maple 74 DEG Acer 5/28/2003 6 40 DEG 1 20 35.43 Lakehurst Ocean bark Saccharinum Norway Maple 74 DEG bark, Acer 5/30/2003 7 40 DEG 37 34 195.12 Somerset Somerset lichen platanoides 74 DEG 41 DEG 33.435 7/9/2003 10 09.939 N W 224.88 Hamburg Sussex moss rock 074 DEG 40 DEG 49.382 7/9/2003 11 54.244 N W 409.13 Hackettstown Warren lichen rock 073 DEG 41 DEG 56.794 September Elm 7/17/2003 12 00.991 N W 30.24 Northvale Bergen bark Ulmus serotina 073 DEG 41 DEG 56.798 Black Mulberry 7/17/2003 13 00.799 N W 19.37 Northvale Bergen bark Morus nigra 074 DEG Paper Birch 40 DEG 20.110 Betula 7/18/2003 14 51.077 N W 86.93 Pinebrook Essex bark papyrifera 074 American DEG Sycamore 41 DEG 08.311 Platanus 7/23/2003 16 04.490 N W 86.93 Ramsey Bergen bark occidentalis 074 American 40 DEG DEG Linden Tilia 9/3/2003 15 03.591 N 37.874 83.62 Cookstown Burlington bark americana 074 Osage Orange DEG (Bodark) 40 DEG 40.676 Maclura 9/26/2003 17 34.916 N W 69.92 Bridgewater Somerset bark pomifera 075 DEG Pin Oak 39 DEG 23.746 bark, Quercus 10/27/2003 18 41.910 N W 19.37 Auburn Salem lichen palustris 074 DEG Scarlet Oak 40 DEG 40.261 Quercus 11/4/2003 19 26.951 N W 65.20 Harlingen Somerset bark coccinea 074 DEG Hybrid Crab 40 DEG 26.690 bark, Apple Malus 11/5/2003 20 52.178 N W 184.25 Parsippany Morris lichen hybrids 074 DEG 40 DEG 03.562 bark, Little leaf Linden 11/12/2003 21 16.493 N W 85.98 Eatontown Monmouth lichen Tilia cordata 4
74 DEG 40 DEG 03.562 11/12/2003 22 16.493 N W 86.46 Eatontown Monmouth moss dirt 074 DEG 41 DEG 44.200 11/14/2003 23 02.866 N W 294.33 Newton Sussex moss rock 074 American DEG Sycamore 40 DEG 59.398 Sycamore Platanus 11/18/2003 24 58.556 N W 167.24 Park Warren bark occidentalis 074 DEG 40 DEG 26.643 11/19/2003 25 26.881 N W 33.54 Brunswick Middlesex moss dirt 074 DEG 40 DEG 26.454 Berkeley 11/21/2003 26 40.432 N W 130.87 Heights Union moss dirt, pavement 074 bark, DEG lichen, Sweet Gum 40 DEG 09.838 tree Liquid Ambar 5/25/2004 27 11.328 N W 34.49 Farmingdale Monmouth moss styraciflua 074 American DEG Linden 40 DEG 09.931 bark, (Basswood) 5/25/2004 28 04.644 N W 20.31 Lakewood Ocean lichen Tilia americana 074 DEG Norway Maple 39 DEG 10.296 bark, Acer 5/25/2004 29 57.435 N W 18.90 Toms River Ocean lichen platanoides 074 DEG Northern Red 40 DEG 04.687 Ft. bark, Oak Quercus 6/3/2004 30 17.447 N W 29.76 Monmouth Monmouth lichen rubra 074 DEG 40 DEG 43.392 6/3/2004 31 53.307 N W 435.59 Budd Lake Morris moss dirt 074 DEG 41 DEG 14.638 bark, 6/4/2004 32 00.150 N W 197.48 Oakland Bergen lichen tree 074 40 DEG Black Locust DEG46.728 05.039 Robinia 6/4/2004 33 N W 5.20 Secaucus Hudson Bark pseudoacacia 074 DEG Green Ash 40 DEG 45.436 bark, Fraxinus 6/13/2004 34 42.650 N W 263.62 Tewksbury Hunterdon lichen pennsylvanica 074 Scarlet Oak 40 DEG DEG bark, Quercus 8/5/2004 35 46.072 N 15.122W 102.05 West Orange Essex lichen coccinea 5
075 American DEG Sycamore 40 DEG 03.560 Platanus 4/20/2005 36 31.62 N W 61.89 Frenchtown Hunterdon moss occidentalis 074 DEG Common Pear 40 DEG 51.295 Tree Pyrus 4/20/2005 37 30.125 N W 87.40 Flemington Hunterdon lichen Communis 074 DEG Black Locust 40 DEG 54.732 Robinia 7/7/2005 38 38.138 N W 103.94 Clinton Hunterdon moss pseudoacacia 074 DEG 40 DEG 25.704 Weeping Willow 7/28/2005 39 09.513 N W 77.01 Jackson Ocean lichen Salix babylonica 074 DEG 40 DEG 35.218 American 7/28/2005 40 10.537 N W 39.68 Allentown Monmouth moss Hornbeam 074 DEG Sweet Gum 40 DEG 37.183 Liquid Ambar 9/1/2005 41 13.703 N W 31.65 Robbinsville Mercer bark styraciflua 074 DEG 40 DEG 43.930 1/11/2006 42 01.118 N W 39.68 Unionville Burlington lichen Maple 074 DEG 39 DEG 31.813 White Oak 3/4/2006 43 29.999 N W 35.43 Pomona Atlantic bark Quercus alba 074 DEG 39 DEG 43.400 American Holly 3/4/2006 45 10.893 N W 1.89 Sea Isle City Cape May bark Ilex opaca 74 DEG 39 DEG 31.813 3/5/2006 44 29.999 N W 35.43 Pomona Atlantic moss Sand 074 39 DEG DEG White Oak 8/8/2007 46 39.604N 52.708W 65.67 Blue Anchor Camden moss Quercus alba 075 39 DEG DEG White Oak 8/8/2007 47 41.349 N 00.845W 42.99 Downer Gloucester moss Quercus alba 074 40 DEG DEG Red Maple 8/20/2007 48 55.154N 13.755W 70.39 Totowa Passaic lichen Acer rubrum 074 41 DEG DEG moss, White Oak 8/20/2007 49 00.067N 16.516W 76.06 Wayne Passaic lichen Quercus alba 074 London Plane 40 DEG DEG Platanus x 9/6/2007 50 41.655 N 03.514W 0.94 Jersey City Hudson lichen acerifolia 6
075 DEG 39 DEG 14.642 White Oak 9/25/2007 51 25.826 N W 47.72 Bridgeton Cumberland lichen Quercus alba 075 DEG 39 DEG 14.824 9/25/2007 52 25.736 N W 40.63 Bridgeton Cumberland lichen stone 075 DEG 39 DEG 15.476 9/25/2007 53 26.117 N W 38.27 Hopewell Cumberland bark Oak 075 American DEG Sycamore 39 DEG 27.864 bark, Platanus 9/25/2007 54 34.209 N W 10.39 Salem Salem lichen occidentalis 074 40 DEG DEG bark, 3/7/2008 55 38.03 N 16.17 W 29.29 Linden Union lichen tree 74 DEG 39 DEG 55.541 6/25/2009 56 30.821 N W 47.72 Buena Atlantic lichen Brick 74 DEG 40 DEG 17.673 6/26/2009 57 32.287 N W 72.28 Woodbridge Middlesex lichen stone 074 DEG 40 DEG 19.159 6/26/2009 58 33.888 N W 55.28 Woodbridge Middlesex lichen stone
Table 1. Tardigrades of New Jersey Collection Sites Sorted by Date. Samples were collected in paper “lunch bags” or small manila “coin envelopes.” Moss samples were taken from dirt, rock, trees, stone (including asphalt), and sand substrata. Lichen, bark and algae was scraped from a tree, rock, brick, or stone substrate with a paring knife or a single edged razor blade. Scrapings went directly into a sample bag or envelope and were allowed to dry (Shaw, 2012). In some cases, 50mm deep plugs were collected by using a 62mm diameter soil corer, and the dirt substrate was retained (Figure No. 1). Trees were photographed for height, crown shape, bark type, leaf characteristics, and branch pattern (Figure Nos. 4 through 7). When possible, leaf and seed pods were collected in season to aid in identification. No collections were made during December or February due to lack of foliage, however January was used as a collection month to represent winter for the survey (Table No. 2). Leaves were dried in a leaf press for one week using acid free paper, then color photocopied for detail preservation. Pressings were later photographed with centimeter ruler to aid botanical reference (Figure Nos. 5 and 6). Trees were identified to species with the keys of Brockman (1986), Coombes (1992), and Little (1980). 7
Table 2. Collection Months.
Samples of several grams each were placed in either plastic petri dishes or 2 oz. plastic cups and hydrated with spring water to a depth of 0.5 to 1.5cm. Each container was labeled with date, site name and specimen number. Samples were maintained at room temperature and examined for tardigrades after 6 to 48 hours, using a B&L Stereo-Zoom dissecting microscope, in a range between 20x and 30x magnification. Cross contamination was avoided when working with multiple samples by using a disposable pipette for each sample. Individual tardigrades were transferred into a drop of media on a 25 x 75mm glass slide with an Irwin loop or eye-dropper (Shaw, 2012). Glass coverslips were applied, and live tardigrades were studied while on slides, observations recorded in notebooks. Permanent slides were prepared by replacing water with alcohol and/or solvents in stages, and finally with Hoyer’s or PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) as final mounting media. Glass cover slips were applied and sealed with Cytoseal™ 60. Tardigrades were examined and photographed with a Lomo Multiscope using bright-field, dark- field, incident lighting, phase contrast, polarized light, and Rheinberg illumination at various magnifications. Live tardigrades in vitro and fixed slide mounted tardigrades were photographed. Incident lighting shows the tardigrade as it appears most naturally in daylight, if one were able to observe it in nature with the naked eye (Figure No. 3). Cross polarization brightly illuminates only the stylets and certain minor internal structures (Figure No. 1). Phase contrast allows better determination of claw type when differentiating between species (Figure No. 8) Final species determinations presented here were made using a Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscope at various magnifications. Species identification was determined using the keys of Ramazzotti and Maucci (1983), and Nelson (2000). 8
Figure No. 1 Specimen No. 25. Background is site location with moss in foreground. Inserts (clockwise) show in vitro tardigrade close ups (brightfield lighting) of mouthparts, pharynx, macroplacoids and claws (indicating possibly M. harmsworthi); same in polarized light; central portion with claws in polarized light; moss close up showing where round core samples were removed. 9
RESULTS New Jersey, a state in the United States of America, lies on the Atlantic Ocean to its east, and is bordered on the west by the Delaware River. The state at its center is positioned on the North American continent at approximately 40 degrees North Latitude. It has a temperate climate, with monthly average temperatures ranging from about 29.4 C (85 F) in summer to about 4.4 C (24 F) in the winter of most years. Spring and autumn are very mild. The mean rainfall for the last decade was recorded at about 124cm (49 in.), up about 5cm (2 in.) from the previous decade. New Jersey encompasses 22,610 square kilometers (8,729 sq mi.), of which 14% is water. Mean elevation of the state is 76.2 meters (250 ft.) above sea level. New Jersey geography is varied, comprising four major types of landscape. The Atlantic Coastal Plains covers 3/5ths of the state, characterized by marshlands and meadows. The industrialized Piedmont region includes New Jersey’s major rivers: The Hudson River, Passaic River, Ramapo River, and Raritan River. The Highlands have flat-topped rocky ridges with many lakes interspersed throughout the region. The Appalachian Ridge and Valley Region consists of mountains in the northwest, with valleys of shale and limestone. Because of this wide diversity in geography and climate, New Jersey seems to provide an excellent place to survey for the presence of tardigrades when seeking to understand more about habitat and conditions that might contribute to ubiquity in this or any species. Fifty-eight habitat site samples were collected from fifty locations in the twenty-one counties of New Jersey. Locations included forests, wetlands, urban areas, residential neighborhoods, river side and ocean side locales, business and commercial districts, at a variety of elevations (Table Nos. 1 and 3).
Table No. 3 Elevation Range. GPS data from site locations (Table No. 1) was entered into Garmin MapSource (c) software to generate a population grid. The grid points were transferred into Google Earth (Google, 2013). A county map image from Mapwatch.com (c) was then layered into Google Earth and aligned with the terrain and boundaries. This new composite map was then made opaque, and is presented in Figure No. 2. 10
Figure 2. Map of New Jersey showing locations of study sites within their respective counties. 11
Collections took place over a period from 2001 through 2009 (Table Nos. 1 and 4). In four cases, samples were taken on the same day from different substrates at the same site; two locations were sampled on different days in the same month; two locations were sampled in different years, as shown in Table 1.
Table 4. Collection Years.
Average rehydration time for a dried sample was 4.9 days. Rehydration time to detect tardigrades ranged from 0.4 to 32 days (Table. 5), averaging 2.2 days. Specimen suspensions, 88 total, were discarded on an average of 10.3 days after no detection. Tardigrades were found in 50 of 58 (86%) site samples but in 7 cases tardigrades were lost before identification could be made, thus the number of positive identifications is only 43.
Table No. 5 Time from start of suspension to detection of tardigrade. 12
A total of 39 permanent slides were made, representing all New Jersey counties. Although observations over the course of the study indicate five or more species*, we report thirty-three tardigrades and six eggs which represent four species: Milnesium tardigradum, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Minibiotus intermedius, and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri. Identification is based upon cuticle, claw type, lunules, buccal apparatus, and egg observations when eggs were present. Distribution data is presented in Table 6.
New Jersey Specimen No. Macrobitus Minibiotus Ramazzottius Milnesium Counties hufelandi intermedius oberheauseri tardigradum Atlantic 43, 44, 56 X
Bergen 5, 2, 13, 16, 32 X X
Burlington 15, 42 X X X
Camden 46 X
Cape May 45 X
Cumberland 51, 52, 53 X
Essex 14, 35 X X
Gloucester 47* X
Hudson 33, 50 X X
Hunterdon 34, 36, 37 X X
Mercer 41* X
Middlesex 3, 25*, 57, 58 X X X
Morris 4, 20, 31 X
Monmouth 21,22 27,30,40 X X X
Ocean 6, 28, 29, 39 X
Passaic 48, 49* X X
Salem 54 X X
Somerset 7, 17, 19 X X
Sussex 10, 23 X
Union 1, 2, 26, 55 X X 13
Warren 11, 24 X
Table 6 . Tardigrades of New Jersey, showing distribution by county. *In the case of specimen No. 41 (examined on a permanent slide), this may be Macrobiotus harmsworthi due to macroplacoid appearance and claw patterns. Eggs would be required for a more positive identification. Supporting that possibility is specimen No. 25, which in vitro appears to be M. Harmsworthi as well (Figure No. 1). Specimen No. 37 in vitro provided both an egg of M.harmsworthi as well as a tardigrade that could be M. harmsworthi (Fig. No. 3). Specimen No. 49 provided an egg appearing to be Macrobiotus areolatus along with a tardigrade that appears to be M. areolatus (Figure No. 4).
Figure 3. Specimen No. 37. Background shows in vitro tardigrade under incident lighting. Insert shows Brightfield photo of in vitro egg of M. Harmsworthi found with this specimen. 14
Figure No. 4 Specimen No. 49. Background is site location. Inserts (clockwise) show leaf close up; Brightfield photo of in vitro tardigrade close ups of mouthparts, pharynx and macroplacoids; claws; body (all indicating Macrobiotus areolatus ); tree trunk detail; egg. 15
DISCUSSION The only record of a tardigrade from New Jersey is a fossil, Milnesium swolenski (Bertolani and Grimaldi, 2000) found in Turonian amber near Sayerville in 1998. The specimen is estimated to be more than 90 million years old and documents that tardigrades in their existing form have been present in New Jersey since Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) (Bertolani and Grimaldi, 2000). Although tardigrades were found in all counties within New Jersey, diversity was limited. This distinct lack of diversity across many types of rural, urban, coastal and central sites, and upon a variety of substrata, does not allow any major conclusions regarding how tardigrade species are distributed or dispersed. Blaxter, et. al. (2003) suggested that tardigrades in the size range under 1mm may be among the taxa that are ubiquitous and lack biogeography, as supported by Finlay (2002). Substrata in this study were divided into five categories: Brick or Stone, man-made, from which a moss, lichen or algae sample was taken, Dirt, from which a moss sample was taken Rock, natural, from which a moss, lichen or algae sample was taken, Sand, from which a moss sample was taken Tree, from which a moss, lichen or algae sample was taken. Tardigrades were found to be present on all five substrata (Table No. 6).
Table No. 6 Percentage of specimens collected by substrate type.
A further observation can be made about tardigrade distribution related to tree bark substrate. Trees with thin or smooth bark such as the Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera), and the Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) tended not to support tardigrade presence despite multiple samplings. By contrast, the deeply furrowed bark of the Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), yielded tardigrade rehydration two years after specimen collection. 16
Figure No. 5 Specimen No. 20. Background is site location. Inserts (clockwise) show leaf pressing; fruit detail; Brightfield photo of vitro tardigrade mouthparts; posterior claws; pharynx and macroplacoids; body (indicating Macrobiotus hufelandi); tree trunk detail. 17
Figure No. 6 Specimen No. 39. Background is site location. Inserts (clockwise) show leaf pressing; Brightfield photo of in vitro tardigrade body; posterior claws; mouthparts, pharynx and macroplacoids (indicating Minibiotus intermedius ); tree trunk detail. 18
Figure No. 7 Specimen No. 42. Background is site location. Inserts (clockwise) show Brightfield photo of permanent slide mounted tardigrade claws, pharynx and macroplacoids; full body showing distinctive brown color markings (indicating Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri ); tree trunk detail. 19
Figure No. 8 Specimen No. 35. Phase Contrast photo (above) of posterior claws (indicating Milnesium tardigradum) and Darkfield photo (below) of same. 20
LITERATURE CITED Bertolani, R. and Grimaldi, D. 2000. A New Eutardigrade ( Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) in Amber from the Upper Cretaceous ( Turonian) of New Jersey. IN: Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to Cretacous of New Jersey, (ed. Grimaldi, D.). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, p. 103-110. Blaxer, M.., Elsworth, B., & Daub, J. 2003. DNA Taxonomy of a Neglected animal Phylum: an Unexpected Diversity of Tardigrades. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biology Letters. Brockman, F.C. 1986. Trees of North America, Racine, WI, Western Publishing Co., pp. 280. Coombes, A.J. 1992. Trees, New York, Dorling Kindersley, pp. 320. Dastych, H. 1978. The Tardigrada of Poland. Monografie Fauny Polski, Polska Akademia Nauk Zaklad Zoologii Systematycznej Doswiadczalnej. 16:1-255. Degma, P. & Guidetti, R. 2007. Notes on the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa, 1579:41- 53. Finlay, B.J. 2002. Global dispersal of free-living microbial eukaryote species. Science 296:10611063. Guidetti, R. & Bertolani, R. 2005. Tardigrade Taxonomy: An Updated Checklist of the Taxa and a List of Characters for their Identification. Zootaxa, 845: 1-46. Jonsson, K. I., Rabbow, E., Schill, R.O.,Harms-Ringdahl, M., Rettberg, P. 2007. Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit. Current Biology, 18(17):729-732. Kinchin, I.M. 1994. The Biology of Tardigrades, London, Portland Press, London, pp. 186. Little, E. 1980. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees, Eastern Region. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. 714. McInnes, S.J. 1994. Zoogeographic distribution of terrestrial/freshwater tardigrades from current literature. Journal of Natural History, 28:257-352. Miller, W.R. 1997. Tardigrades, Bears of the Moss. The Kansas School Naturalist, 43(3):1-16. Miller, W.R. 2007. Tardigrades of North America: Western Montana. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 12(3-4):27-38. Morgan, C.I. & King, P.E. 1976. British Tardigrades. Tardigrada Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series), London: Academic/Linnean Society of London, 9:1-133. Nelson, D.R. & Marley, N.J. 2000. The Biology and Ecology of Lotic Tardigrada. Freshwater Biology, 44:93-108. Pugilla, C.R. 1964. Some Tardigrades from Illinois. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 83(3):300-311. Ramazzotti, G. & Maucci, W. 1983. Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41:1-1011. 21
Schuster, R.O. & Gragrick, A.A. 1965. Tardigrada from Western North America: With Emphasis on the Fauna of California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 76:1-67. Shaw, M.W. 2012, How To Find Tardigrades, Smashwords, https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/326719, [PDF Version] pp 15- 18, 34-40. ~.~ Page 1 of 4 Main Identity
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ABSTRACT SUBMISSION Open only until September 30th, 2013
EAS's abstract submission has been re-opened for consideration in the poster section of the Technical Program. If you missed our April deadline, submit now to join us in November.
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SHORT COURSES What We Offer
Sign up to guarantee your spot in one of our half-, one- or two-day courses. While we do allow for on-site registrations, classes start early and we wouldn't want you to miss a thing! Register before Oct. 15th to receive discounted prices.
Taught by experts, they emphasize practical knowledge over a variety of topics to help one keep current with best practices and new techniques. Whether the need is to learn a new analytical technology, understand new regulations, explore an entirely new analytical field, or just brush up a new concept in your area of expertise, EAS invites you to take part in the courses listed below.
See full schedule and links to course descriptions, who should attend and instructor bios click here.
Two-Day Short Courses
~ 2-Day Courses ~ Code Sunday - Monday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-01 Practical Gas Chromatography Dr. Eugene F. Barry, University of Mass-Lowell, Dr. Thomas Brettell, Cedar Crest College E13-02 LC/MS: Theory, Instruments, and Dr. Guodong Chen, Applications Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dr. Ragu Ramanathan, Bristol-Myers Squibb E13-03 Quality-by-Design: A New Paradigm Dr. Zenaida Otero for the Analytical Laboratory I & II Gephardt, Rowan (combined course) University E13-04 Essentials of Modern HPLC/UHPLC Dr. Michael W. Dong, Part I & II Genentech E13-05 Chemometrics Without Equations I & Dr. Donald Dahlberg, II Lebanon Valley College Dr. Neil Gallagher, Eigenvector Research E13-06 Physical Characterization and Dr. Steve R. Byrn, Purdue Analytical Test of Pharmaceutical University, Solids I & II: (combined course) Dr. Xiaoming (Sean) Essential Knowledge & Advanced Chen, OSI Applications Pharmaceuticals
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~ 2-Day Courses ~ Code Monday - Tuesday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-13 How to Develop Validated HPLC Dr. Brian A. Bidlingmeyer, Methods: Rational Design with Agilent Technologies, Practical Statistics and Dr. Stanley N. Deming, Troubleshooting Statistical Designs ~ 2-Day Courses ~ Code Wednesday - Thursday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-27 Troubleshooting Chromatographic Dr. Merlin K.L. Bicking, Systems ACCT, Inc., Dr. Douglas E. Raynie, South Dakota State University
One-Day Short Courses
~ One-Day Courses ~ Code Sunday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-07 Green Analytical Chemistry Dr. Douglas E. Raynie, South Dakota State University E13-08 Quality-by-Design (QbD): A New Dr. Zenaida Otero Paradigm for the Analytical Laboratory Gephardt, Rowan I: Fundamentals for Analytical University Chemists E13-09 Essentials of Modern HPLC/UHPLC I: Dr. Michael W. Dong, Fundamentals and Applications Genentech E13-10 Introduction to Chemometrics Without Dr. Donald Dahlberg, Equations I Lebanon Valley College, Dr. Neil Gallagher, Eigenvector Research E13-11 Physical Characterization and Dr. Steve R. Byrn, Analytical Test of Pharmaceutical Purdue University, Solids I: Essential Knowledge Dr. Xiaoming (Sean) Chen, OSI Pharmaceuticals E13-12 Qualification of Analytical Instruments Mr. Gregory Martin, for the Pharmaceutical Laboratory Complectors Consulting ~ One-Day Courses ~ Code Monday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-14 Quality-by-Design (QbD): A New Dr. Zenaida Otero Paradigm for the Analytical Laboratory Gephardt, Rowan II: Design of Experiments (DOE) for University Analytical Chemists E13-15 Essentials of Modern HPLC/UHPLC II: Dr. Michael W. Dong, Practice, Operation, Troubleshooting Genentech and Method Development E13-16 Intermediate Chemometrics Without Dr. Donald Dahlberg, Equations II Lebanon Valley College, Dr. Neil Gallagher, Eigenvector Research E13-17 Physical Characterization and Dr. Steve R. Byrn, Analytical Test of Pharmaceutical Purdue University, Solids II: Advanced Applications Dr. Xiaoming (Sean) Chen, OSI Pharmaceuticals E13-18 Quantitative Lab Skills for the Modern Dr. Merlin K.L. Bicking, Analyst ACCTA, Inc. E13-19 Polymers: An Introduction and Dr. Diep Nguyen, Illinois Characterization Techniques Institute of Technology
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~ One-Day Courses ~ Code Tuesday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-20 The Chemistry of Drug Degradation Dr. Christopher Foti, Pfizer, Dr. Gregory Sluggett, Pfizer, Dr. Todd Zelesky, Pfizer E13-21 NMR: Basic Theory, Spectral Dr. Nina Gonnella, Interpretation and Applications Boehringer Ingelheim E13-22 Data Analysis with EXCEL© for Dr. Zenaida Otero Improved Productivity in the Analytical Gephardt, Rowan Laboratory: New Uses for a Familiar University Tool E13-23 Interpretation of Mass Spectra with Dr. Mike Lee, Milestone Practical Solutions to Problems Development E13-24 Quality Control of Small Molecule Dr. Michael W. Dong, Drugs and Recombinant Biologics: Genentech Fundamentals and Best Practices E13-25 Sample Preparation: The Chemistry Dr. Merlin K.L. Bicking, Behind the Techniques ACCTA, Inc., Dr. Douglas E. Raynie, South Dakota State University E13-26 Dissolution: A Rational Approach to Mr. Gregory Martin, Developing and Validating Methods Complectors Consulting for a Variety of Purposes ~ One-Day Courses ~ Code Wednesday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 5:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-28 Practical Headspace Gas Dr. Mary Ellen P. Chromatography McNally, DuPont, Dr. Thomas A. Brettell, Cedar Crest College E13-29 Development, Validation, Verification Mr. Gregory Martin, and Transfer of Analytical Methods: A Complectors Consulting Lifecycle Approach of Analytical Methods E13-30 Infrared Spectral Interpretation Dr. Brian C. Smith, Spectros Associates E13-31 Practical, Scientific Use of Mr. Mark Mudge, Cultural Photogrammetry and Structure from Heritage Imaging Motion Technologies in Cultural Heritage; organized by NY Conservation Foundation
Half-Day Short Courses
~ Half-Day Courses ~ Code Wednesday Instructor(s) 8:30am - 12:00pm (Holiday Inn) E13-33 Leachables and Extractables Dr. Thomas Feinberg, Considerations for the Pharmaceutical Catalent Pharma Regulatory Environment Solutions E13-35 Pharmaceutical Cleaning Validation Dr. Jianmei Kochling, Genzyme ~ Half-Day Courses ~ Code Wednesday Instructor(s) 1:00- 4:30pm (Holiday Inn) E13-32 The Art of Managing a High Mr. Wayne Collins, Performance Laboratory Agilent Technologies E13-34 Small Molecule Single Crystal X-ray Dr. Nina Gonnella, Crystallography in Structural Boehringer Ingelheim Chemistry
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DON'T FORGET TO MAKE HOTEL ARRANGEMENTS EARLY Use EAS Preferred Hotels - The Double Tree Hotel and the Somerset Holiday Inn
EAS runs a complimentary shuttle from the DoubleTree and Holiday Inn to the Garden State Exhibit Center for your convenience. Staying in either of those hotels helps us keep our costs low by supporting the locations of both Short Courses and Technical Program. Our past attendees know the ease of staying in these hotels and reserve their rooms early and so should you! Use our Block Code to receive EAS negotiated pricing. Learn More
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Workshops Abstract Submission Available to registered Full Conferees* and designed for Opening up our abstract submission a non-professionals, second time for poster consideration was a professionals, and success! We couldn't have done it without managers. Targeted for you. those looking to get ahead in complex or fast-changing This year the posters are being relocated to
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From: "McCrone Research Institute"
Inter/Micro 2014 Call for Papers June 2‐6 at McCrone Research Institute in Chicago
McCrone Research Institute cordially invites you to participate in Inter/Micro 2014 -- the premier international microscopy conference.
Papers are being solicited in micro-analytical techniques and instrumentation, environmental and industrial microscopy, and chemical and forensic microscopy.
The deadline to submit titles and abstracts is March 1, 2014.
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Register for McCrone Research Institute's 2014 Microscopy Courses
Since 1960, McCrone Research Institute in Chicago has offered intensive courses in microscopy that emphasize the proper use of the microscope and more specialized microscopy, focusing on a particular technique, material or field of application. All courses are hands-on, featuring lectures, demonstrations and laboratory practice. Click the following links to view McCrone microscopy courses by type:
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Advanced Indoor Air Quality: Identification of Fungal Cultures Culturing fungi is essential in order to identify fungi to the species level. The course will cover media, culture methods, spore identification and viable sampling methods. Emphasis is on the fungi that relate to indoor air quality and human health. more...
Digital Imaging and Photomicrography This course covers the most important aspects of digital imaging microscopy: camera and microscope hardware, system set-up, user settings, collection of quality images, introductory image processing, storage and printing. more...
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Microscopy of Extraneous and Foreign Matter in Food
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This course is geared towards scientists who encounter contaminants in manufactured products such as food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. more...
Modern Pollen Identification Students engage in an intensive study of pollen, fern and fungal spores. Methods for identification, classification and morphological description are covered in detail.Students are shown the methodology for the extraction and isolation of pollen and spores from air samples, soils, and forensic materials. more...
Pharmaceutical Microscopy This course focuses on two major problems in the pharmaceutical industry: identification of particle contamination and characterization of the solid state. Students learn to recognize common contaminants and to effectively characterize unknown materials. more...
Polymer Microscopy After an introduction to the microscope as used by polymer microscopists, the optical "crystallography" of fibers and films is thoroughly covered. more...
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