The Advent of Space Archaeology

BOX 3.2 “TO INFINITY AND BEYOND!”: THE ADVENT OF SPACE ARCHAEOLOGY When we think about archaeology, many of us envi- which has been occupied by astronauts since 2000 sion archaeologists toiling away in extreme heat, (www.issarchaeology.org). The ISS is a unique col- carefully peeling soil layer upon soil layer back to ex- laboration that involves a global team of astronauts pose formerly hidden artifacts or architecture. The representing 25 countries, numerous space agencies, last thing that likely comes to mind is an archaeolo- and several private corporations. gist documenting and counting the trash left behind As archaeologists who are naturally curious about by astronauts in space. It is only in recent years that what happens to trash, Walsh and Gorman have the field of “space archaeology” (Capelotti 2010) examined how trash and supplies move from Earth to has emerged. This field was started by the pioneer the ISS. From what they have learned thus far, cargo of contemporary archaeology and garbage studies, and trash is transported between the ISS and Earth Dr. William Rathje (O’Leary 2015; Muckle 2016), who by SpaceX, a company owned by Elon Musk, the noted that space debris, such as defunct satellites, founder of the electric car company Tesla. SpaceX’s poses a threat to future space missions. Dragon capsule is a spacecraft that brings astronaut What do today’s space archaeologists do? trash, scientific specimens, and even the astronauts’ Space archaeologists highlight the material dirty laundry (which coincidentally acts as padding stories of the “space race.” The space race began to protect the aforementioned specimens!) back to after World War II, when the USSR and USA started to Earth to be picked up by the proper space agency. By develop space and weapons technologies. It has left studying these materials as well as footage from the a lasting material legacy on our planet and beyond. ISS, Gorman and Walsh hope to learn how life on a Evidence of this space race includes human-made space station is different from that on Earth. objects in space, which totaled over 10,000 in 2009. Gorman has not only studied the ISS with Walsh, These artifacts include flags, rovers, landers, and but has also worked independently to identify the ma- abandoned and currently-in-use satellites. Astro- teriality of the space race in space and to investigate nauts have left behind bootprints on the moon and how the push to innovate has permanently altered robotic explorers have left their marks on asteroids, Earth and affected human relationships. Launch and Titan, the moon, Venus, and Mars. testing sites for shuttles and missiles, and buildings The space race hasn’t stopped, though in recent and infrastructure for laborers, have left lasting traces times some nations have not been able to afford as on Earth’s surfaces. She argues that the placement of expensive space exploration as in past years. The space infrastructure has relied on the exploitation of space race has expanded to include citizens and formerly colonized landscapes and places. private corporations competing for their place in the For instance, the UK built the Woomera rocket range history of space exploration. Space archaeologists in Australia after working with the Australian govern- want to understand how cultural values shape our ment. This rocket range featured “nine launch areas, desire to explore beyond our planet (Walsh 2012). workshops, instrumentation buildings, hangars, track- They remind us that our care for the past and for the ing and meteorological stations, and roads where none heritage of former space explorations must not be had existed before” (Gorman 2009, 137). Woomera, forgotten in our quest to voyage beyond Earth and be while described by the British government as a remote the first person, company, or nation to reach formerly desert landscape void of people, was historically and unreachable places. contemporaneously occupied by Aboriginal Peoples. Space archaeologists study how humans inter- Aboriginals worked as domestic staff at Woomera act with their environments and habitats in space. rocket range and were warned of missile launches in Dr. Justin St. P. Walsh and Dr. Alice Gorman have the event they landed near their campsites or housing. recently received funding to study the culture and Thousands of historic and prehistoric Aboriginal materiality of the International Space Station (ISS), artifacts canvas Woomera’s landscape despite its (continued) © University of Toronto Press 2020 CHAPTER 3: MANAGING ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 61.

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