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Home , Acropora valida, Acroporidae, Agaricia, Alveopora, Anacropora, Anomastraea

lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 1/58

Scleractinian Coral

Pierre MADL in cooperation with Robert SCHABETSBERGER & Cetka LIPOVNIK

Web-References: http://coral.aims.gov.au/info/about.jsp or http://coral.aims.gov.au/info/search.jsp http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/coral/family.htm or http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/reefs/reefs.htm http://eol.org/

http://macinivnw.deviantart.com/art/Coral-Reef-and-Tropical-Fish-in-Sunlight-377307367

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf

Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 2/58

Position of within the phylum

Mather & Benett (1994) Global diversity of Scleractinian Coral

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 3/58

Coral Colony Morphology found on modern reefs

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 4/58

Corallite Arrangement

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 5/58

Key features of Corallite Morphology

Left: Patterns of asexual reproduction extratentacular budding among stony used for

taxonomic indentification Right: (e.g. Faviidae) Intratentacular budding

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 6/58

Selected extant skeletal specimens from the Class – Order Scleractinia & few from the Class Octocorallia

Family : (Gk. akron, extremity, summit; L. porous, Key to the family Acroporidae pore)....relating to the presence of a corallite at the tip of each branch. No axial corallite Indo-Pacific genera:------Corallites <2mm in diameter, columella absent Anacropora (Gk. an-, without; akron, extremity; L. porus, Branches without basal structures: pore), (Gk. aster, star; L. porus, pore) Branches with basal structures: Genus Circum-tropical genera:------ Montipora (L. mons, mountain; porus, pore), Corallites obvious (>2mm), columella present: Genus (Gk. akron, extremity; L. porus, pore) Astreopora Axial corallites on branch ends: Genus Acropora

Montipora sp. oder M.corbettensis Growth form: leafy, encrusting, semi-massive, rarely branched; Corallite wall: no projections; Corallite arrangement: randomly distributed, sometimes crowded; Coenosteum: porous with prominent tubercles; Verrucae: none; Septa: rudimentary, if visible in 2 cycles; Skeleton: perforate, spongy; Columella: absent http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0249

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 7/58

Acropora valida Growth form: branching (caespitose, bottlebrush, aborescent), encrusting or sub-massive; Corallite: bimodal (dominant axial & secondary radial); 0.5-4 mm in diameter (dominant apical corallites), rarely superficial, generally exsert by 2-5 mm, porous walls; Corallite arrangement: well spaced, about 1-5 mm in range; Coenosteum: porous; Verrucae: none; Septa: often poorly developed but usually 12 or less; septal margins smooth or granular, occasionally with irregular small teeth; Skeleton: porous; Columella: absent s/t very minute) http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0077

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 8/58

Acropora palmata Growth form: branching, aborescent, bifacial; Corallite: 1-3 mm diameter, porous with distinct wall; Corallite arrangement: randomly scattered; Coenosteum: porous; Verrucae: none; Septa: rudimentary http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0899

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 9/58

Family Astrocoeniidae: (Gk. aster, star; koinos, shared)…. most likely Key to the family Astrocoeniidae relating to the shared walls of each calice. Indo-Pacific genera:------Colonies encrusting, corallites inconspicuous Stylocoeniella (Gk. stylos, pillar; koinos, shared; L. –ellus, Coenosteum style present: Genus Stylocoeniella diminuitive suffix) , No coenosteum style: Genus Stephanocoenia Palauastrea (Island of Palau, location first found; Gk. aster, star) Colonies becoming branching, corallites conspicuous Circum-tropic genus:------Septa with free margins: Genus Palauastrea Madracis (madre, mother; Gk. akis, point) Septa fused with columella: Genus Madracis Atlantic genus:------Stephanocoenia (Gk. stephos, crown; koinos, shared)

Stylocoeniella sp. possibly S.guentheri Growth form: small encrusting or knobby; Corallite: immersed, circular & 1 mm in diameter; Corallite arrangement: well spaced; Coenosteum: rough, covered with small intercorallite pillars protrudes b/w calices; Septa: 6x2 septa, their margins beaded, septocostae absent; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: small & styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0344

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 10/58

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 11/58

Family : (L. pocillum, cup, bowl; L. porous, pore)…. Key to the family Pocilloporidae Presumably relating to the appearance of the callices, which look like tiny, little shallow cups. Colonies have verrucae: Genus Pocillopora Indo-Pacific genera only:------Colonies do not have verrucae Pocillopora (L. pocillum, cup or bowl; porus, pore), Branches fine (<10mm diameter): Genus Seriatopora Seriatopora (L. seriatus, arranged in series; porus, pore), Branches robust (>10mm diameter): Genus Stylophora Stylophora (Gk. stylus, pillar; Gk. phero, to bear)

Pocillopora damicornis Growth form: sturdy branched colony w/ fine & irregular tips; Corallite wall: no projections; Corallite arrangement: immersed, crowded & hollow; Coenosteum: granulous; Verrucae: present, s/t very dominant & branch-like; Septa: if present then 12 poorly developed; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: tiny & styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0307

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 12/58

Pocillopora sp. Growth form: sub-massive to branched colony w/ stout tips; Corallite wall: no projections; Calice arrangement: crowded & hollow; Coenosteum: granulous; Verrucae: present, s/t very dominant & branch-like; Septa: if then 12 poorly developed; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: tiny & styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0307

Seriatopora hystrix Growth form: slender, up to 150 mm long anastomosing (fusing) branches, few mm thick; Corallite wall: rare, w/ small hoods; Corallite arrangement: in rows & well spaced; Coenosteum: w/ small tubercules; Verrucae: none; Septa: if , 1x6 poorly developed; Skeleton: n.a.; Columella: well-expressed & platelike http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0342

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 13/58

Seriatopora sp. Growth form: slender branches, few mm thick; Corallite wall: rare, w/ small hoods; Corallite arrangement: in rows & well spaced; Coenosteum: w/ small tubercules; Verrucae: none; Septa: if, 1x6 poorly developed; Skeleton: n.a.; Columella: well-expressed & platelike http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0342

Stylophora sp. possibly S.danae Growth form: sub-massive to knobby w/ sturdy, s/t anastomosing branches; Corallite wall: arched w/ hoods on distal part of branch; Corallite arrangement: immersed on proximal part of branch, plocoid to loosely distributed; Coenosteum: dotted w/ spiculi; Verrucae: none; Septa: typically 12 with only 6 well developed; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0885

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 14/58

Stylophora sp. possibly S.subseriata Growth form: sturdy, s/t anastomosing branches about 5 mm thick; Corallite wall: crowned w/ spiculi, some quote dominant as stylus; Corallite arrangement: plocoid; Coenosteum: dotted w/ spiculi; Verrucae: none; Septa: typically 24 dominat primary cycle; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: distinct & styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0883

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 15/58

Family Euphyllidae: (Gk. eu-, true; Gk. phyllon, leaf)…. possibly Key to the family Euphyllidae relating to the prominent leafy septa. Indo-Pacific genera only:------Colonies do not have vesicles extended during daytime (Gk. ei-, true; phyllon, leaf), Colonies have V-shaped valleys: Genus Catalaphyllia (named after R. Catala; Gk. phyllon, leaf), Colonies do not have V-shaped valleys Nemenzophyllia (?; Gk phyllon, leaf), Colonies have tentacles: Genus Euphyllia Plerogyra (Gk. pleres, full; gyrus, circle), Colonies have mantles: Genus Nemenzophyllia Physogyra (Gk. physa, air bubble; gyrus, circle) Colonies have vesicles or mantles extended during daytime Colonies not massive: Genus Plerogyra Colonies massive: Genus Plysogyra

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 16/58

Family Oculinidae: (L. oculus, eye; L. –ina, like) …. presumably Key to the family Oculinidae relating to the eye-like appearance of the calices. Septa <2mm exsert Altlantic genera:------Colony branching Oculina (L. oculus, eye; -ina, suffix denoting likeness) Budding intratentacular: Genus Oculina Schizoculina (Gk. schizos, split; L. oculus, eye) Budding extratentacular: Genus Schizoculina Indo-Pacific genera: Colony not branching: Genus Simplastrea Simplastrea (L. epten, simple; Gk. aster, star), Septa >2mm exsert: Genus Schizoculina (Gk. schizos, split; L. oculus, eye), Galaxea (Gk. galaxaios, milky)

Galaxea sp. probably G.fascicularis Growth form: usually massive, s/t columnar to cushion-shaped, occasionally branched; Corallite wall: well spaced, generally tall and thin- walled; Corallite arrangement: plocoid & exsert, usually about 3-5 mm in diameter (G.fascicularis: 10 mm); Coenosteum: cellular; Septa: prominent and exsert, leafy but delicate, numerous reach the center, margins smooth; Skeleton: perforate; Columella: absent or weak; Budding: extratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0185

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 17/58

Galaxea sp. probably G.cryptoramosa Growth form: phaceloid, columnar, occasionally branched; Corallite wall: well spaced, generally tall and thin-walled; Corallite arrangement: plocoid & exsert, usually about 3-8 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: smooth; Septa: prominent and exsert, numerous reach the center, margins smooth; Skeleton: perforate; Columella: absent or weak; Budding: extratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0846

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 18/58

Family : (Gk. maiandros, windig; L. ina, like)…. a Key to the family Meandrinidae reference to the winding valleys. Colony not phaceloid Indo-Pacific genera:------Colony meandroid (Gk. ktenos, comb; L. –ella, relating to the septa), Valleys convoluted Gyrosmilia (Gk. gyros, round; smilion, knife), Colony hemispherical: Genus Ctenella Montigyra (L. mons, mountain; Gk. gyros, round) Colony columnar: Genus Dendrogyra Altlantic genera:------Valleys not convoluted (Gk. meandros, winding; L. –ina, denoting Columella present: Genus Meandrina likeness), Columellae absent: Genus Gyrosmilia (Gk. dicha, divided into two; koinos, to share), Colony not meandroid Dendrogyra (Gk. dendron, tree; gyros, round), Colony plocoid: Genus Dichocoenia (Gk. eu, true; smilion, knife), Colony not plocoid: Genus Montigyra Colony phaceloid: Genus

Gyrosmilia interrupta Growth form: sub-massive to laminar; Corallite wall: characteristic radiating valleys with mid-ridge to mid-ridge distance approx. 6-10 mm; Corallite arrangement: meandering, joined laterally throughout the colony (ridges shared with its neighbors); Coenosteum: cellular; Septa: uniformly spaced, approx. 10 septa per cm, exsert, margins non-dentate & smooth; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: none; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0449

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 19/58

Dichocoenia stokesi Growth form: massive to sub-massive; Corallite wall: distinct; Corallite arrangement: plocoid, 3-8 mm in diameter, distinctly separated; Coenosteum:; Septa: 2 alternating cycles, margins smooth, no paliform lobes; Skeleton: solid; Columella: plate-like; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0572

Dendrogyra cylindrus Growth form: cylindriform; Corallite wall:; Corallite arrangement: corallites fuse to meanders, width mid-ridge to mid-ridge 5-6 mm; Coenosteum: septo-costae very thick; Septa: 6-7 septa/cm in 2 cycles, leafy, margins very smooth; Skeleton:; Columella:; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0571

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 20/58

Eusmilia fastigiata Growth form: flabellate, attached; Corallite wall: thin; Corallite arrangement: several meandering that are laterally free; i.e. each ridge separated from its neighbour by deep and distinctive groove; Coenosteum: rough; Septa: exsert, margins smooth, costae rudimentary; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: spongy; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0577

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 21/58

Family Siderastreidae: (L. sideris, star; Gk. aster, star)….relating to Key to the family Siderastreidae the regular star-like arrangement of the calices and septa. Corallite walls well defined Circumtropical genus:------Colony plocoid: Genus Horastrea Siderastrea (Gk. sideriss, star; aster, star), Colony not plocoid Indo-Pacific genera:------Colony cerioid Pseudosiderastrea (Gk. pseudo, false; sideris, star; aster, star), Septal teeth saw-like: Genus Psammocora (Gk. psammos, sand; kore, pupil of the eye), Pseudosiderastrea Coscinaraea (Gk. koskinos, sieve; araios, thin, porous) Septal teeth not saw-like: Genus Indian Ocean genera:------Siderastrea Horastrea (Malagasy word hora, coral; Gk. aster, star) Colony not cerioid: Genus Anomastraea Anomastraea (Gk. anomos, irregular, unequal; aster, star) Corallite walls not well defined Corallites < 3 mm diameter: Genus Psammocora Corallites > 3 mm diameter: Genus Coscinaraea

Siderastrea sp. possibly S.savignyana Growth form: small massive (boulder) to encrusting colonies; Corallite wall: shared walls, wide & often with midline; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, 2-4 mm regular, rounded to cerioid (polygonal); Coenosteum: -; Septa: in 2 cycles, approx. 30 for a 3mm calice w/ every other fused at center, septa perforated, margins dentate, synapticulae present; Skeleton: solid; Columella: few pinules http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0485

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 22/58

Siderastrea sp. S.siderea Growth form: small massive (boulder) to encrusting colonies; Corallite wall: shared walls, wide & often with midline; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, 2-4 mm regular, rounded to cerioid (polygonal); Coenosteum: -; Septa: in 2 cycles, approx. 30 for a 3mm calice w/ every other fused at center, septa perforated, margins dentate, synapticulae present; Skeleton: solid; Columella: few pinules http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0613

Psammocora sp. possibly P.nierstraszi Growth form: massive, sub-massive, encrusting; Corallite wall: steep, often several calices grouped together forming almost meandering valleys; Corallite arrangement: 2 mm rounded with indistinct outline; Coenosteum: -; Septa: branch & ramify, petaloid, non-fusing, seldom >10 reach columella, synapticular rings well developed; Skeleton: -; Columella: groups of pinnules, http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0333

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 23/58

Psammocora contigua Growth form: sub-massive w/ flattened branches, nodular, columnar; Corallite wall: none; Calice arrangement: shallow, 0.5-0.8 mm with indistinct outline; Coenosteum: -; Septa: <10, slightly petaloid, non-fusing, synapticular rings developed; Skeleton: -; Columella: syliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0329

Coscinaraea monile Growth form: <30cm, dome-shaped to encrusting, partly foliaceous; Corallite wall: low to high and thick walls, often surrounded by collines, no midline; Corallite arrangement: calices polycentric, 2-7 mm rounded or irregular across short valleys; Coenosteum: fused septo-costae; Septa: 20-30 septa per calice with some fused at center, margins dentated, synapticulae present; Skeleton: -; Columella: w/ pinnules http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0385

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 24/58

Family : (Gk. agarikon, mushroom)…. possibly relating to Key to the family Agariciidae the the growth form, which can be flattened like a mushroom. Colony not massive Indo-Pacific genera:------Corallite centers discernible (L. pavo, peacock), Polyps aligned between collines Coeloseris (Gk. koilos, hollow; seris, lettuce), Corallites w/o individual walls: Genus Gardineroseris (named after S.Gardiner; Gk. seris, lettuce), Corallites with individ. walls: Genus Leptoseris Pachyseris (Gk. pachys, thick; seris, lettuce) Polyps not aligned between collines: Genus Pavona Circumtropical genus:------Corallite centers not discernible: Genus Pachyseris Leptoseris (Gk. leptos, slender; Gk. seris, lettuce) Colony massive Atlantic genera:------Corallites in concavities: Genus Gardineroseris Agaricia (Gk. agarikon, muschroom) Corallites not in concavities: Genus Coeloseris Helioseris (Gk. helios, sun; I>seris, lettuce)

Pavona sp. possibly P.diffluens Growth form: foliaceous to encrusting and massive; Corallite wall: lacking, collines may enclose several calices; Corallite arrangement: densely packed, 2-3mm in diameter, round to oval, s/t even elongate, polygonal; Coenosteum: exsert septo-costae, continous b/w centers, strongly alternating; Septa:, petaloid and alternating, margins smooth; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: styliform http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0697

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 25/58

Gardineroseris planulata Growth form: columnar to massive, s/t laminar edges; Corallite wall: poorly defined, polycentric calices, forming U-shaped valleys; Calice arrangement: 2-5 mm polygonal, irregular or elongate; Coenosteum: septo-costae interconnect calices; Septa: narrow, granulated, continous b/w centers, margins smoothly serrated, synapticulae often present; Skeleton: -; Columella: none http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0186

Pachyseris gemmae Growth form: large, foliaceous (unifacial) to massive; Corallite wall: distinct, collines with calices in valleys; Corallite arrangement: indistinct, if visible 2-5 mm in series; Coenosteum: wavy septo-costae forming collines; Septa: 40 parallel & alternating septa per cm, margins finely serrated; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: fused w/ septo-costae http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0486

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 26/58

Leptoseris explanata Growth form: unifacial leafy to encrusting; Corallite wall: collines s/t present, enclosing series of mouths; Corallite arrangement: 2-5 mm in series, loosely scattered & inclined t/w colony perimeter; Coenosteum: septo-costae interconnect calices; Septa: alternating & uninterrupted b/w centers, margins finely serrated, synapticulae rare; Skeleton: solid; Columella: tongue-like http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0225

Agaricia agaricites Growth form:; Corallite wall: on corallite level s/t inconspicuous, among groups present, among larger groups even dominant & raised; calices > 2mm in diameter; Corallite arrangement: rounded to polygonal & densly packed, s/t to sieries; Coenosteum: costae run uninterrupted b/w centers; minutely dentated; Septa: 2 cycles; Skeleton: solid; Columella: solid to tongue-like; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0561

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 27/58

Family : (L. fungus, mushroom)…. describing the Key to the family Fungiidae mushroom-like appearance of many young specimens. Not colonial Free living Indo-Pacific genera:------Central mouth dominant Cycloseris (Gk. kyklos, circle; seris, lettuce), Disc small, costae inconspicuous Diaseris (Gk. dias-, across, through; seris, lettuce), Disc entire: Genus Cycloseris Disc partitioned in segments: Genus Diaseris Cantharellus (Gk. cantharus, amphora), Disc not small, costae conspicuous Heliofungia (Gk. helios, sun; L. fungus, mushroom), Septal teeth w/ small lobes: Genus Fungia (L. fungus, mushroom), Septal teeth w/ large lobes: Genus Heliofungia Axial furrow dominant: Genus Ctenactis Ctenactis (Gk. ktenos, comb), Attached to substrate: Genus Cantharellus Herpolitha (Gk. herpo, to creep; litha, stone), Colonial Polyphyllia (Gk. polys, many; phyllon, leaf), Colony free living Axial furrow indistinct: Genus Herpolitha Sandalolitha (Gk. sandalon, flat-fish; lithos,stone), Axial furrow indistinct or absent Halomitra (Gk. halos, sea; mitra, cap), Septo-costae petaloid: Genus Polyphyllia Zoopilus (Gk. zoos, ; L. pileus, cap), Septo-costae not petaloid Corallites robust & crowded: Genus Sandalolitha Lithophyllon (Gk. lithos, stone; phyllon, leaf), Corallites not robust or crowded Podabacia (Gk. podos, foot; L. baca, berry-like) Colonies form delicate domes: Gen. Zoopilus Colonies not delicate domes: Gen. Halomitra Colony attached to substrate Colony mostly encrusting: Genus Lithophyllon Colony mostly explanate: Genus Podabacia Cycloseris sp (juvenile w/ broken stylus) Growth form: disc-like, flattened & solitary; Calice arrangement: spherical to oval; Coenosteum: -; Septa: alternating in 4 cycles and smooth and radiate from center of corallum to its outer perimeter; Costae: dentated; Skeleton: perforated; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0126

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 28/58

Fungia klunzingeri evtl. F.scabra Growth form: disc-like, domed & solitary, 2-50 cm or more in diameter or length; Calice arrangement: spherical to oval; Coenosteum: -; Septa: alternating in 3 cycles and finely dentaded, radiate from center to perimeter of corallum; Costae: finely granulated; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0176 http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0180

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 29/58

Family Rhizangiidae: (Gk. rhizon, root)…. probably relating to the polyps that are linked to neighboring polyps by rootles Atlantic genus:------Astrangia (?. ?, ?)

Key to the family Rhizangiidae Genus Astrangia Genus Colangia Genus Culicia

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 30/58

Family : (Gk. pectinis, comb)…. probably relating to the Key to the family Pectiniidae comb-like appearance of the walls, which are often tall, thin and striated. Corallites are more conspicuous than coenostial structures Indo-Pacific genera:------Non-colonial: Genus Echinomorpha (Gk. echinos, hedgehog, spiny; phyllon, leaf), Colonial genera Echinomorpha (Gk. echinos, hedgehog, spiny; morphus, Coenostial pits present: Genus figure, shape), Coenostial pits absent Oxypora (Gk. ox, sharp; porous, pore), Corallites not inclined: Genus Echinophyllia Mycedium (Gk. mykes, knobbed; -idion, diminutive suffix), Corallites inclined: Genus Mycedium Pectinia (Gk. pectinis, comb) Coenostial structures very conspicuous: Genus Pectinia

Echinophyllia aspera Growth form: usually unifacial-foliaceous or encrusting, occasionally semi-massive; central part hillocky and sub-massive, periphery s/t contorted and whorl-like; Corallite wall: protruding with vertical walls; Corallite arrangement: calice diameter 5-10 mm (range 3-20 mm), loosely scattered & well spaced; Coenosteum: perforated next to calices, costae toothed; Septa: widely spaced, margins with irregular sharp teeth; Skeleton: without pores or slits; Columella: twisted trabeculae http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0136

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 31/58

Mycedium elephantotus Growth form: usually unifacial-foliaceous or encrusting, occasionally partially branched fronds; Corallite wall: protruding with vertical walls; Corallite arrangement: calice diameter 5-10 mm (range 3-20 mm), loosely scattered, well spaced, protruding & inclined towards perimeter; Coenosteum: septo-costae interconnect calices & never pitted; Septa: widely spaced, margins with irregular sharp teeth; Skeleton: without pores or slits; Columella: few twisted trabeculae http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0282

http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf Coral lecture (@ PLUS SS 2014) 32/58

Family : (L. merus, pure; L. linea, line)…. outlining the Key to the family Merulinidae entirely line-like appearance of the valleys. Indo-Pacific genera:------Monticules developed: Genus Hydnophora Hydnophora (Gk. hydnon, tuber; phero, to bear), Monticules not developed Paraclavarina (Gk. para, beside; L. clavarius, clublike), Colony consists of branches and/or laminae Merulina (L. merus, pure; linea, line), No basal laminae: Genus Paraclavarina Boninastrea (Japanes island of Bonin; Gk. aster, star), With basal laminae: Genus Merulina Scaphophyllia (L. scapus, stalk, shaft; Gk.phyllon, leaf) Colony massive: Genus Boninastrea Colony columnar: Genus Scapophyllia

Hydnophora microconos Growth form: massive & rounded, s/t branched columns; Corallite wall: shared & projecting to discontinuous cones 2-3 mm in diameter (hydnophorid); Calice arrangement: in branching and looping series 0.5 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: none; Septa: fused with columella; Skeleton: imperforate; Columella: narrow, solid ridge http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0216

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Family : (Gk. dendron, tree; Gk. phyllon, leaf)…. Key to the family Dendrophylliidae presumably relating to the branched, tree-like growth form of some Colony attached to substrate species. Colony with fronds or encrusting: Genus Turbinaria Indo-Pacific genera:------Colony composed of branches Turbinaria (L. turbinatus, cone-shaped; -aria, suffix denoting Branches subdivide: Genus Duncanopsammmia resemblance), Branches do not subdivide: Genus Duncanopsammia (?. ?, ?; Gk. psammon, sand), Balanophyllia Rhizopsammia (Gk, rhiza, root; psammon, sand), Colony not attached to substrate: Genus Heteropsammia Balanophyllia (Gk. balanos, acorn; phyllon, leaf), Heteropsammia (Gk. heteros, unlike, different; psammon, sand), Circum-tropical genera:------Tubastraea (L. tubus, tube; Gk. aster, star), Dendrophyllia (Gk. dendron, tree; Gk. phyllon>, leaf)

Tubastraea micranthus Growth form: branched in dendroid manner, tufts or tree-like growth; Corallite wall: exsert, s/t cup-shaped & porous; Calice arrangement: corallites well spaced, with deep fossa & typically 5-10 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: porous w/ distinctly granulated structures that are parallel oriented; Septa: visible even in living coral but seldomly united, i.e. fuse according to Pourtalès pattern; Skeleton: porous; Columella: spongy http://eol.org/pages/1006641/overview

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Family Caryophylliidae: (Gk. karyon, nucleus; Gk. phyllon, leaf)…. presumably relating to the knob-like appearance of the and the leafy septa. Indo-Pacific genera:------Heterocyathus (Gk. heteros, different; khyatos, bowl), Phyllangia (Gk. phyllon, leaf; angeion, vessel)

Key to the family Caryophylliidae Genus Heteropyathus Genus Phyllangia

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Family : (L. mus, mouse) Key to the family Mussidae Indo-Pacific genera:------Blastomussa (Gk. blastos, bud; mussa, a coral genus), Colonial Micromussa (Gk. micros, small; mussa, a coral genus), Corallites <12mm diameter Acanthastrea (Gk. akantha, thorn, prickle; aster, star), Colony phaceloid: Genus Blastomussa (Gk. lobos, lobe; phyllon, leaf), Colony Cerioid: Genus Micromussa Symphyllia (Gk. syn-, together; phyllon, leaf), Corallites >12mm diameter Indophyllia (first recorded in Indonesia; Gk. phyllon, leaf), Colony cerioid to subplocoid Australomussa (L. australis, Australia; Gk. mussa, a coral Septal teeth pointed: Genus Acanthastrea genus), Septal teeth beaded: Genus Mussismilia Cynarina (Gk. kinara, an artichoke; L. –ina, suffix denoting Colony subplocoid to submeandroid: Genus Isophyllia likeness) Colony phaceloid to flabello-meandroid Circum-tropical genus:------Corallites numerous: Genus Lobophyllia Scolymia (Gk. skolymos, an artichoke) Corallites not numerous: Genus Mussa Atlantic genera:------Colony meandroid Mussa (L. mus, mouse), Septal teeth very prominent: Genus Symphyllia Mussismilia (L. mus, mouse; epten , equal), sometimes Septal teeth not very prominent termed Protomussa, Valleys mostly radiate: Genus Mycetophyllia Isophyllia (G. isos, equal; phyllon, leaf), Valleys concentric: Genus Australomussa Mycetophyllia (Gk. mycetos, knobbed; phyllon, leaf) Non Colonial Septal teeth pointed: Genus Scolymia Septal teeth lobed Septal teeth very large: Genus Cynarina Septal teeth not very large: Genus Indophyllia

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Blastomussa sp possibly B.merleti Growth form: sub-plocoid but not distinctly phaceloid; Corallite wall: several mm tall; Calice arrangement: corallites 5 -15 mm in diameter, may form clumps, corallites less than 1 cm tall; Coenosteum: smooth and also distinctly perforated; Septa: in 2 cycles, first prominent fusing w/ columella, blunt septal lobes & dentated; Skeleton: arranged in interconnected tubes; Columella: solid; in situ: tentacles extended during day http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0107

Acanthastrea sp. oder A.brevis Growth form: sub-massive to encrustin; Corallite wall: seldom fused basally; Corallite arrangement: cerioid to sub-plocoid corallites, crowded and 15 mm (range 10-25) in diameter; Coenosteum: present or reduced; Septa: widely spaced, margins with long, mussid teeth, costae usually present, may be discontinuous; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0783

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Lobophyllia hemprichii Growth form: extensively phaceloid, hemispherical w/ polycentric, s/t meandering branches; Corallite wall: distinctly exsert and often shared at base of colony; Corallite arrangement: few encircle individual calices, majority form longitudinal ridges between groups or series; Septa: alternating, exsert, margins with long, sharp spines; septa taper in thickness from wall to calice center; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0236

Lobophyllia corymbosa Growth form: sturdy phaceloid, hemispherical w/ 1/3 centers per branch; Corallite wall: distinctly exsert and often shared at base of colony; Corallite arrangement: few encircle individual calices, majority form longitudinal ridges between groups or series; Septa: alternating, exsert, margins with long, sharp spines; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0234

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Mycetophyllia sp. probably M.danaana Growth form: attached, circular encrusting; Corallite wall: discontionously meandering, shared with neighbouring corallites; Corallite arrangement: laterally fused (ridge shared with neighbouring corallites); Septa: continuous over corallites, stout, margins with long, sharp spines, mid-ridge toi mid-ridge distance >5mm; Columella: inconspicious http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0596

Isophyllia rigida Growth form: massive; Corallite wall: shared, forming continous ridges; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, some fused, over 10mm in diameter; Septa: in 2 cycles, rather thin & stout, margins w/ long & sharp spines; Columella: spongy http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0582

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Family Faviidae-1: (L. favus, honeycomb)…. relating to the Key to the family Faviidae regular appearance of the corallites. Colonies phaceloid Corallites small (<5mm diameter): Genus Cladocora Genera exhibiting predominantly extratentacular budding: Corallites not small (>5mm diameter): Genus Caulastrea Indo-Pacific genera:------Colonies flabello-meandroid: Genus Erythrastrea Plesiastrea (Gk. plesios, recent; Gk. aster, star), Colonies massive or derived from massive Oulastrea (Gk. oulos, curly; Gk. aster, star), Budding intratentacular or meandroid Diploastrea (Gk. diploos, double; aster, star), Colonies plocoid Coraliites not exsert: Genus Favia Leptastrea (Gk. leptos, slender; aster, star), Corallites exsert: Genus Barabattoia Cyphastrea (Gk. kyphos, humped; aster, star), Colonies cerioid to secondarily meandroid Moseleya (named after H.N. Moseley) Paliform lobes present Arabic region genus:------Paliform lobes not prominent: Genus Parasimplastrea (Gk.para, besides; L. epten, simple) Paliform lobes prominent Valleys <10mm across Genus Goniastrea Circum-tropical genus.------Valleys >10mm across Montastrea (L. montis, mountain; Gk. aster, star) Ambulacral groove present Atlantic genus:------Colonies large: Genus Solenastrea (Gk. solen, channel; aster, star) Colonies small: Genus Manicina Ambulacral groove absent: Genus Oulophyllia Paliform lobes absent or weakly developed Paliform lobes spongy Ambulacral groove absent: Genus Platygyra Ambulacral groove present: Genus Paliform lobes wall-like: Genus Leptoria Colonies branching: Genus Australogyra Budding extratentacular Corallites small (<4mm diameter) Corallites crowded: Genus Cyphastrea Corallites not crowded: Genus Plesiastrea Corallites middle-sized (>4mm, <15mm diameter) Corallites plocoid Colonies submassive Septa strongly alternate: Genus Oulastrea Septa do not alternate: Genus Montrastrea Colonies massive to columnar: G. Solenastrea Corallites cerioid: Genus Leptastrea Corallites subplocoid: Genus Parasimplastrea Corallites large, conspicuous (>15mm diameter) Corallites cerioid: Genus Moseleya Corallites plocoid: Genus Diploastrea Colonies explanate to branching: Genus Echinopora

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Leptastrea sp possibly L.purpurea Growth form: flat but massive to encrusting; Corallite wall: fused basally and separated by a fine furrow (ambulacral groove); Corallite arrangement: cerioid, s/t even polycentric & slightly immersed corallites w/ fossa, often 3-4 mm (range 2 to 10 mm) in diameter; Coenosteum: absent, sublime ambulacral goove; Septa: in 2 cycles; Columella: small & solid; Budding: extratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0222

Chyphastrea microphthalma Growth form: usually massive and rounded, may be encrusting, s/t plate-like; Corallite wall: indistinct; Corallite arrangement: plocoid, calices separated by several mm, corallites exsert, rounded, diameter usually 1-2.5 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: noncostate either blistered or with fine pinules; Septa: 2x10 cycles w/ only the primary well developed; Columella: spongy; Budding: extratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0130

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Montastrea sp. possibly M.annuligera Growth form: massive, dome-shaped, occasionally encrusting; Corallite wall: distinct; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, monocentric & circular, crowded, diameter about 7 (s/t 15) mm; Coenosteum: costae continous with dentate margins (amblulacral-like appearance); Septa: in 3 cycles, primary exsert, paliform lobes usually present; Columella: spongy; Budding: extratentacular; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0241

Montastrea sp. possibly M.annularis Growth form: massive, dome-shaped, occasionally encrusting; Corallite wall: distinct; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, monocentric & circular, crowded, diameter about 7 (s/t 15) mm; Coenosteum: costae marginal (amblulacral-like appearance); Septa: in 3 cycles, primary exsert, paliform lobes marginal; Columella: spongy; Budding: extratentacular …. shown here intratentacular; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0588

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Montastrea cavernosa Growth form: massive; Corallite wall: present; Corallite arrangement: plocoid, approx. 10mm in diameter, calices round; Coenosteum: costae distinctly dentated; Septa: margins dentated; Columella: spongy; Budding: extratentacular; http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0589

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Family Faviidae-2: Genera exhibiting predominantly intratentacular budding: Indo-Pacific genera:------Caulastrea (L. kaulis, stalk; Gk. aster, star), Barabattoia (?. ?, ?; ?. ?, ?), Favites (Gk. favus, honeycomb; -ites, like), Goniastrea (Gk. gonia, corner; aster, star), Platygyra (Gk. platys, wide; gyros, round), Australogyra (L. australis, Australia; Gk. gyros, round), Oulophyllia (Gk. oulos, curly, twisted; phyllon, leaf), Leptoria (Gk. leptos, slender; seris, lettuce), Echinopora (Gk. echinos, hedgehog, prickly; L. porus, pore), Circum-tropical genus.------Favia (L. favus, honeycomb) Arabic region genus:------Erythrastrea (Gk. erythros, ?; aster, star) Atlantic genera:------Cladocora (Gk. klados, branch; keras, horn) – (also Mediterranean), Manicina (Gk. manos, wide, loose; kineo, to move), Diploria (Gk. diplon, fold; oros, mountain), Colpophyllia (Gk. colpodes, sinuous; phyllon, leaf)

Favites abdita Growth form: massive, rounded, hillocky; Corallite wall: prominent shared walls and ridge-like; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, monocentric, polygonal but equal in size, 5-20 mm in diameter ; Coenosteum: costae present; Skeleton: imperforate; Septa: granulated, exsert spines on septal margins, sometimes ragged, paliform lobes s/t present; Columella: spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0160

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Goniastrea sp. possibly G.peresi Growth form: encrusting, s/t plate-like; Corallite wall: prominent, exsert shared walls and ridge-like; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, polygonal, equal in size, 4-10 mm in diameter, fossa deep; Coenosteum: costae present; Skeleton: imperforate; Septa: granulated, spines on septal margins closely set, sometimes ragged, paliform lobes well developed; Columella: spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0655

Platygyra daedalea Growth form: massive, ; Corallite wall: dominant, linked in series (mid-ridge to mid-ridge between 3-10 mm); Corallite arrangement: cerioid to indistinct meandroid; Septa: well spaced, often slightly exsert, margins distinctly serrated; fused walls, margins coarsely toothed; Columella: weakly developed, centers indistinct, trabecular, spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0301

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Echinopora gemmacea Growth form: bifacial-foliaceous, s/t encrusting or branched; Corallite wall: slightly exsert; Calice arrangement: plocoid, calices separated by several mm, corallite diameter usually 2-7 mm; Coenosteum: usually with rows of small teeth sometimes with smooth edged or dentate costae; Septa: in 3 cycles, primary exsert; Columella: spongy w/ weakly expressed paliform lobes; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0140

Echinopora irregularis Growth form: foliaceous, encrusting or short-branched; Corallite wall: thick & exsert, forming interlocking clumps; Calice arrangement: calices separated by several mm, corallite diameter up to 10 mm; Coenosteum: usually with rows of prominent dentated costae; Septa: in 3 cycles, primary exsert; Columella: spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0935

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Manicina sp. possibly M.aerolata. Growth form: encrusting, sub-massive, s/t unattached; Corallite wall: fused &; Corallite arrangement: meandering valleys; Coenosteum: none; Septa: septa in 2 cycles, approx. 25 septa /cm; margins w/ sharp, sometimes ragged teeth, sides sharp, small paliform lobes; Columella: fused & twisted; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0585

Favia sp. possibly Favia laxa Growth form: massive, hemispherical, occasionally encrusting; Corallite wall: ringlike distinct; Corallite arrangement: plocoid, monocentric, calices circular to oval, not too crowded, corallite diameter 5-8 mm; Coenosteum: costate, with dentated margins; Septa: in 2 cycles, paliform lobes form a crown; Columella: spongy; Budding: extra-, and intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0150

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Diploria strigosa Growth form: massive, hemispherical, occasionally encrusting; Corallite wall: shared with neighbours, smoothly meandering; mid-ridge to mid-ridge distance approx. 8 mm; Corallite arrangement:; Coenosteum: none; Septa: approx. 15 septa / cm; in series and 2 cycles, paliform lobes present; Columella: laminar & spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0576

Diploria clivosa Growth form: massive, hemispherical, occasionally encrusting; Corallite wall: shared with neighbours, knobby meanders; mid-ridge to mid- ridge distance approx. 5-8 mm; Corallite arrangement:; Coenosteum: none; Septa: approx. 13 septa / cm; in series and rudimentary 2 cycles, paliform lobes present; Columella: spongy; Budding: intratentacular http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0574

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Family Trachyphylliidae: (Gk. trachys, rough; Gk. phyllon, leaf)…. possibly relating to the intended form of the corallum that resembles a large and uneven leaf. Indo-Pacific genus:------Trachyphyllia (Gk. trachys, rough; phyllon, leaf)

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Family : (L. porous, pore; Gk. –ites, like)…. relating to the Key to the family Poritidae porous nature of the corallum. Indo-Pacific genera:------Corallites <2mm diameter Stylaraea (Gk. stylos, pillar), Septa fused in non-cyclical pattern: Genus Porites Poritipora (L. porus, pore; Gk. –ites, suffix denoting likeness; Septa not fused L. porus, pore), Columella present: Genus Stylaraea Goniopora (Gk. gonia, an angle; L. porus, pore), Columella absent: Genus Poritipora (L. alveolus, small, hollow; porus, pore), Corallites >2mm diameter Curcum-tropical genus:------Skeleton robust, not very porous: Genus Goniapora Porites (L. porus, pore; Gk. –ites, suffix denoting likeness) Skeleton delicate, very porous: Genus Alveopora

Goniopora minor Growth form: hemispherical; Corallite wall: rather thick; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, calices circular crowded, 1-3 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: costae absent; Septa: usually 24 with their margins smooth or granular; Skeleton: porous; Columella: small; in situ: tentacles extended during day (polyps usually over 10 mm long) http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0199

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Goniopora sp. Growth form: hemispherical; Corallite wall: rather thick; Calice arrangement: cerioid, 1-3 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: costae absent; Septa: usually 24 with their margins smooth or granular, usually 6 pali present; Skeleton: porous; Columella: small; in situ: tentacles extended during day (polyps usually over 10 mm long) http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0199

Alveopora sp. possibly A.daedalea Growth form: hemispherical to encrusting, s/t thick plates; Corallite wall: highly porous; Calice arrangement: cerioid, about 0.5-3 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: smooth, costae absent; Septa: 12 septa, reduced to tiny spines; Skeleton: very porous (extremely light-weight); Columella: small, sometimes absent; in situ: small tentacles extended during day (polyps usually over 10 mm long) http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0662

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Porites solida Growth form: massive, encrusting to digitate yielding an undulating appearance; Corallite wall: shared walls, not ridge-like; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, polygonal, rather large (1.5 mm in diameter); Coenosteum: costae absent; Septa: 12; Skeleton: imperforate, dense; Columella: paliform crown present http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0325

Porites sp. possibly P.lobata (the specimen shown is non sessile) Growth form: massive, encrusting to digitate; Corallite wall: shared walls, not ridge-like; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, polygonal, 1 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: costae absent; Septa: 12; Skeleton: imperforate, dense; Columella: paliform crown present http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0319

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Porites furcata Growth form: compact branches, digitate; Corallite wall: shared walls; Corallite arrangement: cerioid, rounded, 1.6-2 mm in diameter; Coenosteum: costae absent; Septa: 12; Skeleton: porous; Columella: paliform crown w/ styliform center http://coral.aims.gov.au/factsheet.jsp?speciesCode=0606

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Non-Scleractinian families: Indo-Pacific genera:------Helioporidae (Gk. helios, sun; L. porus, pore), Tubiporidae (L. tubus, tube; porus, pore), Circum-tropical genera:------Milleporidae (L. mille, thousand; porus, pore), Stylasteridae (Gk. stylos, style; aster, star)

Heliopora coerulea Growth form: large, platelike, vertical; Corallite wall: not visible; Calice arrangement: polyp-bearing chambers <0.5 mm in diameter whereas the smaller but more numerous ones measure 0.1 mm (numeric ratio b/w gastropores & the later: approx. 1:10); Coenosteum: styliform but smooth, w/o costae; Septa: none; Skeleton: bluish (iron salts) & imperforate; Columella: none http://coral.aims.gov.au/info/classification-mesozoic.jsp

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Millepora sp. Growth form: large, conspicuous, massive to branched; Corallite wall: not visible; Calice arrangement: polyp-bearing chambers <0.2 mm in diameter usually encircled by more numerous dactylopores measuring 0.1 mm (numeric ratio b/w gastro- & dactylopore: approx. 1:5-7); Coenosteum: smooth w/o costae; Septa: none; Skeleton: pale yellow & imperforate; Columella: none http://coral.aims.gov.au/info/classification-mesozoic.jsp

Tubipora musica Growth form: plocoid; Corallite wall: not visible; Calice arrangement: in organ-pipe-arrangement, each pipe measuring 1-2 mm; Coenosteum: smooth w/o costae; Septa: none; Skeleton: porous, red, tubes parallel aligned, bound together by vertical trabeculae; Columella: none; in situ: polyps normally extended during day (each with 8 tentacles that bear small branchlets) http://eol.org/pages/41302/overview

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Glossary: Exsert: a term used to describe septa that protrude above the top of the corallite wall. Extratentacular (= intercalicular): describing a form of asexual reproduction in Ahermatypic: corals that lack and do not contribute to -building. corals in which a new mouth is produced from the edge zone or coenosarc and Anastomose: Linked or fused by cross-branches,. thus lies outside the parental ring of tentacles. Autotroph: An organism utilising inorganic materials as food, as most plants and certain and protozoans (cf. heterotroph). Flabellate: corallum in which the meanders arise from a common base but are free Axial: referring to the corallite formed at the tip of a branch. laterally. They may be relatively short (crescentic) or elongate and sinuous (flabello-meandroid). Benthic: Referring to the seabed, or an organism living on or associated with the seabed. Fossa: the central depression in a calice, usually partly filled by the columella. Bilateral symmetry: Symmetry which divides a body along a single plane into two Fusiform: Spindle-shaped; rounded and tapering towards each end. identical halves. Biramous With two branches or rami. Hermatypic: corals that contain zooxanthellae and contribute to the building of reefs. Heterotroph: An organism capable of utilising only organic materials as a source of food; Calcareous: Made of or containing calcium salts (aragonite), especially calcium carbonate. characteristic of (cf. autotroph). Calice: upper, open end of the corallite. Hexacorals: scleractinia with polyps with six or multiples of six tentacles; produce a Cerioid: closely packed corallites with fused walls. calcareous skeleton. Circumtropical: distribution pattern that encompasses the tropical belt of bot the Atlantic and the Indo-Pacificdomain. Hydrocorals: hydrozoan coelenterates that produce a calcareous skeleton. Coenosarc: an extension of the polyp that stretches over the surface of the skeleton. Coenosteum: skeletal material deposited outside the corallite wall. Imperforate: referring to skeletal structures in corals {e.g., walls, septa, coenosteum) Colline: elongate wall or ridge formed between corallites or groups of corallites. that are solid rather than porous. Columella: a skeletal structure that develops in the central axis of the calice. It is Insert: a term used to describe septa which do not protrude above the top of the usually either styliform (rod-like), papillose, trabecular (both spongy in corallite wall. appearance) or lamellar (formed from a series of interconnecting vertical plates). Intratentacular (= intracalicular): describing a form of asexual reproduction in Corallite: skeletal parts deposited by a single polyp. corals in which the oral disc invaginates to produce a new mouth within the Corallum: the skeleton of solitary and colonial corals. parental ring of tentacles. Costae: extension of the septa outside the corallite wall. Dendroid: corallum formed from spreading branches of single corallites. Meandroid: corallum in which the corallites are fused in longitudinal series to produce a pattern of valleys and ridges. Denticulate: With small teeth. Mesenteries / mesenterial filaments: the mesenteries are radial partitions lying Dichotomous Divided or dividing into two equal parts. within the gastrovascular cavity of the coral polyp; mesenterial filaments may be Digitate: With finger-like projections. produced from their free inner margins. Dissepiments: skeletal structures left by the polyps. Distal: Situated away from the point of origin or attachment (cf. proximal). Octocorals: alcyonarian coelenterates with polyps of eight or multiples of eight Diurnal: With a daily pattern or rhythm. tentacles; that produce a calcareous skeleton. Dorsal: On the upper surface of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. Oral disc: upper surface of the polyp, extending from the mouth to the outer ring of tentacles. Ecomorph: an intraspecific variant produced in response to environmental factors. Encrusting: With a surface-covering growth form. Epifauna: Organisms living on the surface of the seabed (cf. infauna). Epiphyte: An organism that lives or grows non-parasitically upon a plant. Explanate: spread out flat.

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Paliform lobe: a vertical lobe-like protrusion formed at the inner end of a septum, Taxon (pl. taxa) : Term used to describe classification categories (taxonomic groups). adjacent to the columella. Taxonomy Science concerned with the identification and classification of organisms into Perforate: referring to skeletal structures in corals (e.g., walls, septa, coenosteum) groups (or taxa) based on similarities structure, embryology, etc. that are porous rather than solid. Thamnasterioid: a corallum in which corallite walls are indistinct and the septa run Peristome: area within the inner ring of tentacles and immediately surrounding the uninterrupted between calice centers. mouth. Trabeculae: septa built from thick structures, resembling little fortifying beams. Peritheca: surface of the coenosteum between the corallites. Trochoid: top shaped. Phaceloid: growth form in which tall, separate corallites arise from the basal part of Tuberculate: Having small, rounded projections. the corallum. Turbinate: shaped like an inverted cone. : A synthesis of organic materials from carbon dioxide, water and Uniramous: Simple, unbranched. inorganic salts using sunlight as the energy source; with the aid of a catalyst such as chlorophyll (see autotroph). Ventral On the lower or abdominal, side or surface of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. Plankton: The aggregate of generally microscopic organisms passively drifting with the water movements of the pelagic environment. Zooxanthellae: unicellular endosymbiontic () that live in coral Planula (pl. planyulae): the planktonic larval stage of corals. tissues. Plocoid: separate, well defined corallites. Polymorphic: existing in more than one form. Having, assuming or passing through various forms or stages. Polyp: the living part of a coral. Proximal: Situated toward the point of origin or attachment (opp. distal).

Scleractinia: true or stony corals belonging to the Class Zoantharia. Septa: calcareous, plate-like structures that radiate from the wall toward the center of the corallites. They are aligned vertically and alternate with the mesenteries. Septal cycles: relating to the formation and arrangement of the septa. Septa are laid down in radial series or cycles, the first cycle consisting of six primary septa, the second of six secondary septa, the third of 12 tertiary septa, and so on. Septal margin: the upper free edge of the septum, Septal orders: relating to the size of septa. Equal sized septa form a single order; subequal or unequal septa form two or more orders. Orders do not necessarily correspond to cycles (see above). Septocostae: extensions of the septa that unite adjacent calice centers. They are found in corals where the corallites lack walls and there is no clear distinction between septa and costae. Sessile: Permanently attached (see sedentary) or (e.g. of eyes) attached by the base; not stalked. Solitary: referring to corals that grow as a single polyp with a surrounding skeleton. : The mass of sperm- and egg-bundles or even planulae released directly into the water. Synapticulae: small bars that make lateral links between adjacent septa. : Two species living in association for their mutual benetit.

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Literature:

Humann P, DeLoach N. (2003) Identification – , Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publ. Jacksonville (FL), USA Mather P., Bennet I. (1994) A Coral Reef Handbook. A guide to the geology, flora & fauna of the GBR, SBS Ltd, Norton (NSW), AUS Veron J.E.N. (1993) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific Hardcover. University of Hawaii Press, USA Veron J.E.N (2000) Corals of the World. 3 Volumes, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, AUS Wood E.M. (1983) Corals of the World. TFH Publ. Inc, Neptune City (NJ), USA

Specimens provided by: Dr. A.Antonius, Dr.K.KLEEMANN (Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna) & Dr.P.MADL (University of Salzburg) Images: Dr.P.MADL

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http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/talk/coral-lecture.pdf