THE RETENTION CENTRE
DESIGN MANIFESTO
THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
Thomas Cunningham | 170204754 Tobias Mackrill | 170204374 0.0 PREFACE
‘Migration is an expression of the human aspiration for dignity, safety and a better future. It is part of the social fabric, part of our very make-up as a human family.’1
Ban Ki-Moon
Word count: 5443 All work produced by authors unless noted otherwise 1 Ban Ki-Moon, ‘United Nations at the High Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development’, 2013. 0.1 PREFACE 0.2 HOW TO READ THIS DOCUMENT
This document embodies our architectural praxis by demonstrating the act of doing, and then reinforcing this by reflecting, acknowledging, and revealing how ‘In the realm of architectural academic research, there’s we are doing it. Therefore, the structure of this piece a big, patchy hole around actual design: a dearth of 2 of work is informed by our methodological framework research into what we do and how we do it’ consisting of three main chapters, Question, Critique, Kester Rattenbury and Challenge. Each chapter will begin with the ‘what’, or the ‘practice’ which will then be succeeded by the ‘how’, or the ‘methodology’.
PREFACE
THESIS PRAXIS
Practice 01 Question
Methodology A Question
Practice 02 Critique
THE RETENTION CENTRE PRACTICEDESIGN MANIFESTO Methodology B THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
Thomas Cunningham Tobias Mackrill Critique
Practice 03 METHODOLOGY Challenge
Methodology C Challenge
Page format Page format
PROJECTION
TOBY TOM
2 Kester Rattenbury, ‘Revealing Secrets’, Architectural Education
We have adopted critical design theory as an all- development. It seeks to avoid conventional production 1.0 QUESTION encompassing methodological framework for this joint and consumption […] Instead, they propose that product thesis project. and industrial design can be used to mobilise debate Practice Methodology C and inquire into matters of concern through the creative 1.1 Migration in Italy 12 Timeline of experience 82 3 Matt Malpass, research fellow in critical design at the processes involved when designing objects’ . 1.2 Italian general election 14 Learning from past experience 83 University of the Arts in London, defines critical design 1.2 Resulting populist coalition government 15 Benefits of joint working 84 theory as the following: We have broken down critical design theory into three 1.3 Lega Nord 16 Complementing skillsets 85 categories which form the structure of this document. 1.3 Lega Nord scare tactics 17 Learning from others 86 ‘In critical design practice, designers reject a role for Working mechanisms 87 [...] design that is limited to the production of objects Methodology A Working methods 88 conceived solely for fiscal gain and technological Studio methodology 18 Workflow 89 Drawing the thread 20 Research methodologies 90 Thinking styles 91 Reflective design 92 DISTILLATION OF CRITICAL DESIGN THEORY 2.0 CRITIQUE Iterative design 93 Shared experiences 94 Practice Design strategies 95 2.1 Salvini’s Italy 24 QUESTION 2.1 Immigration = Invasion 26 To analyse a particular situation and question how it affects another 2.2 Reality of arrival 28 4.0 PROJECTION 2.2 Reality of detention and repatriation 30 4.1 A wider reach 98 Methodology B 4.2 Next moves 100 The dark design methodology 32 4.3 Future methodology 101 4.4 Influencing political discourse 102 4.5 Future practice 104 CRITIQUE 3.0 CHALLENGE To critique the answer to that question Practice 5.0 REFERENCE 3.1 The Retention Centre 36 3.1 The Retention Centre concept 38 5.1 Visual bibliography 106 3.1 A guide to defining a Retention Centre 39 5.2 Reference list 107 3.2 Where? 40 3.2 Why? 41 3.3 Milan political preference 42 CHALLENGE 3.3 Unaccompanied children 43 To use design and our skills as MArch 3.3 Vacant properties 44 students to challenge what we have 3.3 The squatting epidemic 46
Challenge influences initial Question to promote positive progress positive to promote Question initial influences Challenge critiqued 3.3 Lack of voice 48 3.3 Declining industry and employment 50 3.3 Summary of local difficulties 51 3.4 Spazio di Mutuo Soccorso (SMS) 52 3.5 Finding a site 54 3.5 Site appraisal 56 3.5 Site location plan 58 3.5 Site character 60 3.5 Site history 61 3.6 Project timeline 62 3.6 Early stakeholders 63 3.6 Programme phase 01 64 3.6 Programme phase 02 66 3.6 Programme phase 03 68 3.6 Programme phase 04 70 3.7 Site constraints 72 3.7 Site opportunities 73 3.7 Analysis of existing fabric 74 QUESTION CRITIQUE CHALLENGE 3.8 Programmatic hierarchy 76 3.9 Spatial exploration 77 3.9 Massing investigation 78 3.9 Exploration in section 79
3 Matthew Malpass, Critical Design in Context: History, Theory, and Practices 3.9 A journey to the San Siro 80 (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), p. 1. Retention Centre
6 7 HOW CAN THE RETENTION
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND NURTURING OF MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES BENEFIT THE ARRIVAL CITY? ARRIVAL CITY: ‘A city which is absorbing millions of people from the developing world each year’4 MIGRANT: ‘A person who moves from one place to another, especially in order to find work or better living conditions’5 REFUGEE: ‘A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster’6 RETENTION: The inclusion and nurturing of migrants and refugees for the positive progress of a given context.
HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCE POLITICAL DEBATE AND DISCOURSE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL MASS MIGRATION?
4 Doug Saunders, Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World (London: Windmill Books, 2011), p.19. 5 ‘Migrant | Definition’Oxford Dictionaries,
‘You have to understand the economic, the social and the political context in which a building sits. You have to take a view on what those pressures are, and what those contingents are and try to make them better somehow’ 7
Lukas Barry
7 Lukas Barry, Associate Director at Carmody Groarke, Interview with author, 2018. 1.1 MIGRATION IN ITALY
Migration in Italy is increasing. Statistics published by the migrating from North Africa9. A mapping exercise Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) show that initiated by the European Council on Foreign Relations since 2006 Italy’s foreign population has increased by illustrates that the principal reasons for migration are 4%, meaning that now 8.5% of the country’s population poverty, conflict, or national instability within their is made up of migrants8. Statista, the Italian Statistics country of origin10. Portal, has recorded that there were 97,063 foreign arrivals in 2017 with a large proportion of this number
Foreign Population Growth 2006-2018 2006 2010 2014 2018
2,670,514 4,235,059 4,922,085 5,144,440 4.5% of total 7.0% of total 8.1% of total 8.5% of total population population population population
Immigrant Arrivals to Italy 2017 Total: 97,063
Origin Countries 2017 Central Mediterranean Route
Reasons for Migration
Origin Countries 2017
8 ‘Cittadini Stranieri in Italia - 2018’, Tuttitalia.It
In January 2018, the general election in Italy resulted in a hung parliament, meaning no majority was achieved. Following this, to reach a majority, a populist coalition government was formed between Five Star Movement, CENTRE RIGHT COALITION CENTRE LEFT COALITION a group with predominantly right-wing policies, and LEGA NORD 17.4% Lega Nord, ‘a northern based and deeply conservative DEMOCRATIC PARTY 18.7% national party of Euroscepticism, and opposition to FORZA ITALIA 14% 11 immigration’ . Matteo Salvini, leader of Lega Nord, was EUROPE+ 2.5% appointed Interior Minister gaining responsibility for BROTHERS OF ITALY 4.3% 12 policing, national security and immigration policies . SVP 0.4% WE WITH ITALY 1.3% FREE & EQUAL
FIVE STAR MOVEMENT FREE & EQUAL 3.4% FIVE STAR MOVEMENT 32.7%
118
263 50.1% 223 MATTEO SALVINI LUIGI DI MAIO INTERIOR + INDUSTRY + 316 DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER FOR MAJORITY LEGA NORD FIVE STAR MOVEMENT
ITALIAN ELECTIONS CENTRE RIGHT COALITION RESULTS 2018
FIVE STAR MOVEMENT
GIUSEPPE CONTE CENTRE LEFT COALITION PRIME MINISTER INDEPENDENT LAW PROFESSOR
SERGIO MATTARELLA PRESIDENT 11 ‘Italy 2018 General Election’, trans. by Guglielmo Boldrini, The Political Compass, 2018 ,
Lega Nord have seen an unprecedented growth in the country14. The most shocking of which was carried Lega Nord use racist propaganda and social media people, the study identified ‘253 instances of messages supporters, accumulating 17.6% of the seats at the most out by failed Lega Nord candidate Luca Traini, who is platforms to perpetuate stereotypes and incite hate that perpetuate stereotypes, contain racist or defamatory recent election, in comparison with just 4.6% in 201313. said to have ‘targeted African migrants in a two-hour and violence to win votes. The translation of Lega statements and incite hate or violence’16 of which 50% The rise in popularity points towards an increasingly drive-by shooting spree’15. Nord propaganda posters illustrate the party’s general were written by Lega Nord candidates. nationalist attitude towards immigration within Italy, attitude towards immigration. Additionally, a study by resulting in an escalation of xenophobic attacks across the London School of Economics monitored the use In summary, the continued increase in migration paired of social media by Italy’s political candidates during with a growing popularity in nationalist, authoritarian the elections in January 2018. From a sample of 1425 political preference poses a serious problem.
% of seats ‘NEVER MUSLIM! ‘STOP IMMIGRANTS’ won by Lega MERRY CHRISTMAS!’ Nord 17.6%
4.6% 2013 2018 ELECTIONS ELECTIONS
‘STOP THE ISLAMIC ‘STOP INVASION’ ‘WE STOPPED THE INVASION!’ INVASION’
13 ‘Historical Archive of the Elections’, Department for Internal and Territorial Affairs, 2018
The Arrival City studio methodology operates on Awan, Schneider and Till also recognise the tendency for the basis of collective information and knowledge architects in practice to be too possessive and support exchange. We both feel this is a more productive and the idea that knowledge is not ‘something that one can Interpretive analysis progressive way of working and is a refreshing contrast hold or own like an asset but something that emerges out to the competitive inefficiency we experienced at of negotiation with others’17. Throughout this joint thesis undergraduate level. A similar ethos of sharing was project, we have aimed to embody this ideology and Observational analysis adopted in our fifth year Collaborative Practice cohort. intend to take it forward into future practice.
RKING IN AGEN Structured walks WO CY Making Heimat Human Flow (film) Derives G INDIVIDUA Local students GIN L TH ER EM EM ES THEORETICAL Situationist study 1 BACKGROUND & Arrival City LITERATURE REVIEW Consulting with locals
G RIN Youth integration and play A SH E Ethnographic study DG LE Mapping San Siro Education W O N POOL OF K TIVE KNOW 5 MILAN STUDIO EC L TRIP Employment/Work LL ED CO GE
STUDIO METHODOLOGY Qualitative informal interviews Housing 2 Dissemination of knowledge and Visualisation IMMEDIATE findings within studio of secondary CONTEXTUAL research: ANALYSIS San Siro Stories
Illegal occupations
Language and adult education Sharing information for collective rigour and richness of studio research outcomes
WIDER 3 CONTEXTUAL 4 DISTILLATION OF KEY THEMES ANALYSIS Mapping San Siro
Culture
Desktop Study Political response Collaborative Practice: sharing knowledge by Desktop Study presenting work to one another. Historic development
Urban form Perception and reality Socio-political
Identity and status Movement and transition
Local economy Borders & boundaries
Social actors Arrival City: sharing knowledge by presenting work to one another.
17 Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, and Jeremy Till, Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), p. 78.
18 19 A DRAWING THE THREAD
During the early weeks of the project, the studio Explored by TC collectively explored a wide range of themes, MAMMA A SCUOLA ALFABETI continually adding to the shared pool of knowledge. Explored by TM Each individual could then draw a thread of interest ADULT LANGUAGE & EDUCATION AS GATEWAY TO INTEGRATION Explored by TM +TC through selected topics to gain a base understanding EDUCATION HISTORICAL DESIGNED AS MODEL FOR FUTURE CITIES Explored by Arrival City studio for their own project. EDUCATION IS A MUTUAL PROCESS DEVELOPMENT member
The diagram below denotes the areas explored ALFABETI individually, together, and by other members of the studio group. The purpose for this is to give an EDUCATION overview of the research covered by the studio and to COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY LITTLE SCATTERED’ VACANT SPACES CULTURE AS UNOFFICIAL CITIZENSHIP demonstrate how we have extracted key information SPACE MUTUAL AID (SMS) from relevant topics to define our own direction. CULTURE VACANT ‘BIG BOX’ VACANT SPACES
BUILDINGS
SAN SIRO MULTI CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOOD CULTURAL MULTI SIRO SAN SEARCHING FOR ABANDONED BUILDINGS ABANDONED FOR SEARCHING ARRIVAL CITY FACTORS DEFINING SITE CRITERIA NETWORKS CHAPTER 01
SOCIAL MOBILITY MIGRANTS CHAIN STRUCTURED
POOR QUALITY HOUSING HOUSING QUALITY POOR PERSONIFYING INITIAL SQUATTERS SELF-RENOVATIONS BY UNTRAINED RESIDENTS
ENTRY MECHANISM FOR CHAIN MIGRATION ARRIVAL CITIES MUST BE PRODUCTIVE WALK
SENSE OF OWNERSHIP ALER MILANO ALER
CHAPTER 02 CIRCULAR MIGRANTS HOUSING LONG WAITING LIST OF PUBLIC HOUSING MULTI ETHNIC CO-EXISTANCE ETHNIC MULTI
SLOW ALLOCATION OF HOUSING BY ALER
CAREER MIGRANTS CAREER HOUSES ALLOCATED ARE IN POOR CONDITION POOR IN ARE ALLOCATED HOUSES LARGE QUANTITY OF VACANT HOUSES
SUB-THRESHOLD HOUSING SALVINI’S VISION SALVINI’S
MASS REPATRIATION CONSTRUCTION OF DETENTION CENTRES DETENTION OF CONSTRUCTION
POLITICAL RESPONSE
RURAL INEQUALITY PROPAGANDA ANTI-IMMIGRATION THESIS QUESTION LAND OWNERSHIP CHAPTER 05
TEMPORALITY OF MIGRATION INCREASING FOREIGN POPULATION FOREIGN INCREASING RECENT ELECTION RESULTS CHAPTER 03 5 Star MOVEMENT
POINTS BASED SYSTEMS SIRO SAN IN POPULATION FOREIGN HIGH LEGA NORD RISE IN POPULARITY
SOCIO YOUTH STEREOTYPES OF PERPETUATION POPULIST GOVERNMENT ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKS POLITICAL INTEGRATION DEMOGRAPHIC HOUSING + SUB-THRESHOLD POOR QUALITY
FAR RIGHT ANTI-IMMIGRATION AND PLAY TACTICS SCARE NORD LEGA VIOLENT ACTS TOWARDS MIGRANTS SOCIAL MEDIA PERCEPTION FREE POLITICALLY CHARGED GRAFFITI WALK
LACK OF FORMAL PLATFORM FOR POLITICAL VOICE EMPLOYMENT LOW PERCENTAGE OF HIGH SKILLED WORKERS ANTI=FACIST & ANTI RACIST MESSAGES AND WORK DECLINE OF VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN MILAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
MIGRATION FROM RURAL SETTLEMENTS RURAL FROM MIGRATION CHAPTER 06 URBANISATIONSETTLEMENTS OF THE VILLAGESELF-BUILT THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS LEGA NORD ANTI-IMMIGRATION PROPAGANDA
CHAPTER 04 ISTANBUL OF DEATH AND LIFE
REPATRIATION IS EXPENSIVE IS REPATRIATION ABUSIVE OCCUPANTS THREATENING OCCUPANTS ABUSIVE PERCEPTION & REALITY ILLEGAL SAN SIRO STORIES NARRATIVES IMMIGRATION COMPARED TO INVASION INNOCENT PEOPLE FLEEING WAR
A GUIDE TO GOOD SQUATTING PRACTICE SQUATTING GOOD TO GUIDE A OCCUPATIONSEVICTIONS OF ILLEGAL OCCUPANTS CRIMINALS PROFIT BY BREAKING PEOPLE INTO DWELLINGS INTO PEOPLE BREAKING BY PROFIT CRIMINALS VACANT PROPERTIES USED FOR CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
12% OF DWELLINGS OCCUPIED ILLEGALLY
URBAN FORM PRGORESSION OF MIGRANTS OF PRGORESSION
CONNECTIONS TO HOME COUNTRY CHAPTER 08 OWNABLE SPACE
WEEK 00 - ARRIVAL CITY WEEK 01 - SAN SIRO STORIES WEEK 02 - MAPPING SAN SIRO WEEK 03 - EMERGING THEMES WEEK 04 - SITE VISIT WEEK 05 - THESIS QUESTION 20 21 2.0 CRITIQUE
‘If we take our way of putting the problem as a point of departure for an investigation of architecture’s (changing) role in society, a new and rich field of study is laid open’
Charles Jencks
18 Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture, ed. by Charles Jencks and Karl Kropf, 2nd ed (Chichester: Wiley- Academy, 2006), p. 34. 0.02.1 PAGESALVINI’S TITLE ITALY 0.0 PAGE TITLE
Let us imagine, for a minute, a vision for Matteo Salvini’s repatriation. Where is the funding for the construction Onsequi con es evelles net etur, nullabor autem aut ratem iunt latem. Itatius nam qui dolenimin remo Italy. What if Lega Nord’s aspirations and intentions for of these facilities, and what are the conditions to be voluptis ne que sapiciet doloressita verias aut aut volor apisquo que offic tesciis consequatiur immigration control became a reality? What if Italy was like? Let us imagine Lega Nord following through with asi occum que non cuscia velit, sam net ma si re et given the ‘mass cleansing’ that Salvini claims it needs? their ambition to march half a million people out of voluptaspit, ipsam suntese aut odi sum excerferio Let us imagine an increasing number of buildings under the country, back to war-torn and politically unstable omniati oritibusto optatur, cone ea consequi atiusciunt construction for the sole purpose of detention and countries. This is not an ethically sustainable future. lani dis doluptatemos non exerrum hilic te re nimus. Ra quation pro eius alibus qui doluptas es que voloribus, elent reped magnam experatias sunt unto et eaque ent dia dit la ipsam ium as inctus. Hicate niae perumqu atiorrum remoloria nosseque nim
Lega Nord use Right- Asylum applications wing propaganda are torn up as mass to promote anti- repatriation takes place immigration message
‘Salvini promises to ’send home” 500,000 ‘Salvini said he would boost the number of illegal immigrants already in Italy 19a detention centres to 20, one for each Italian region, in order to accelerate expulsions’ 19a
‘we need mass cleansing here in Italy too, street by street, district by district, square by square, with forceful methods, if necessary’19 Matteo Salvini
19 Alessio Perrone, ‘Migrants Suffer amid Rising Anti-Immigration Sentiment 19a Angela Giuffrida, ‘Salvini’s Anti-Migrant Pledge “practically Impossible” to in Italy’, Aljazeera, 2018
Onsequi con es evelles net etur, nullabor autem aut ratem iunt latem. Itatius nam qui dolenimin remo voluptis ne que sapiciet doloressita verias aut aut volor apisquo que offic tesciis consequatiur asi occum que non cuscia velit, sam net ma si re et voluptaspit, ipsam suntese aut odi sum excerferio omniati oritibusto optatur, cone ea consequi atiusciunt lani dis doluptatemos non exerrum hilic te re nimus. Ra quation pro eius alibus qui doluptas es que voloribus, elent reped magnam experatias sunt unto et eaque ent The mass of boats dia dit la ipsam ium as inctus. advancing on Italian shores Hicate niae perumqu atiorrum remoloria nosseque nim depicts the false perception Salvini uses language created by right-wing politics which negatively depicts that migration rates are immigration - ‘His first big exponentially increasing rally featured a banner saying “Stop the Invasion”’20
The beach invasion scene is a depiction of the language used in right- wing propaganda.
20 Stille. DARK SPECULATIVE 26 27 0.02.2 PAGEREALITY TITLE OF ARRIVAL 0.0 PAGE TITLE
Lega Nord’s use of scare tactics, inciting fear in Italian Onsequi con es evelles net etur, nullabor autem aut ratem iunt latem. Itatius nam qui dolenimin remo citizens by capitalising on the few crimes committed by voluptis ne que sapiciet doloressita verias aut aut volor apisquo que offic tesciis consequatiur foreign inhabitants, are proven void by crime statistics asi occum que non cuscia velit, sam net ma si re et published by ISTAT. voluptaspit, ipsam suntese aut odi sum excerferio omniati oritibusto optatur, cone ea consequi atiusciunt lani dis doluptatemos non exerrum hilic te re nimus. Ra quation pro eius alibus qui doluptas es que voloribus, elent reped magnam experatias sunt unto et eaque ent DROP IN DECREASE dia dit la ipsam ium as inctus. CRIMES IN Hicate niae perumqu atiorrum remoloria nosseque nim 25 PER 1000 65 CRIMES COMMITTED INHABITANTS BY FOREIGNERS.24 BETWEEN % 2007-2016.23 %
‘2016 was also the deadliest year ‘In 2016, approximately 180,000 people on record for boat migrants, as reached Italian shores. Of these, 25,000 more than 5,022 people died or were unaccompanied children’22 went missing’21
21 ‘Italy Immigration Detention Profile’ (Global Detention Project, 2018), 1. 22 Ibid., 1. 23 Di Carlo and others. 24 Ibid. REPRESENTATIONAL 28 29 0.02.2 PAGEREALITY TITLE OF DETENTION AND REPATRIATION 0.0 PAGE TITLE
Not only is Salvini’s vision inhumane, it is also flawed Onsequi con es evelles net etur, nullabor autem aut ratem iunt latem. Itatius nam qui dolenimin remo by excessive expense. If we take €10,500 as a median ‘Profiteers of detention centres have simply replaced voluptis ne que sapiciet doloressita verias aut aut volor apisquo que offic tesciis consequatiur for the cost of repatriation of an individual, and multiply profiteers of human trafficking’ 26 asi occum que non cuscia velit, sam net ma si re et it by his ambition for the deportation of half a million voluptaspit, ipsam suntese aut odi sum excerferio people, the resulting cost comes to €5.25 billion. omniati oritibusto optatur, cone ea consequi atiusciunt lani dis doluptatemos non exerrum hilic te re nimus. Ra quation pro eius alibus qui doluptas es que voloribus, Pozzallo hotspot: June 2016 - elent reped magnam experatias sunt unto et eaque ent ‘365 people held at centre, 185 dia dit la ipsam ium as inctus. of which were unaccompanied Hicate niae perumqu atiorrum remoloria nosseque nim children’25
December 2016 ruling in Khlaifia vs. Italy, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights found that Italy violated article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights25 ‘Men come when we sleep, they tell us they need to have sex. They follow us when we go to take a shower. All night -€11,000 they wait for us’ 17-year-old Eritrean Girl25
-€15,000
-€8,500
-€6,000
-€7,000
-€12,000
-€6,000
€6,500
-
‘The total repatriation cost for one person is estimated to be between €6,000 and €15,000’27
25 ‘Italy Immigration Detention Profile’, 2. 27 Angela Giuffrida, ‘Salvini’s Anti-Migrant Pledge “practically Impossible” to 26 Stefano Torelli, ‘Migration through the Mediterranean: Mapping the EU Fulfil’,The Guardian, 5 July 2018
In critiquing the political situation in Italy and its by conceptual artist Bernd Hopfengaertner with his Comedians Igor Vamos and Jacques Servin, also known relation to migration, we have adopted the Dark Design ‘Belief Systems’ project, in which he speculates about as the ‘Yes Men’ also practice this methodology using methodology. Dark Design is defined as ‘the positive advancements within the technology industry to reveal humour to highlight inhumanity within political policy. use of negativity, not negativity for its own sake but to the negative impacts they may have on society. draw attention to a scary possibility in the form of a 28 cautionary tale’ . An example of this is demonstrated ‘We are a group called the yes men, and we do comedic interventions at business meetings and corporate events where we make fun of policies that are hurting people and the environment’29
Dark Design: ‘‘the positive use of negativity, not negativity for its own sake but to draw attention Jacques Servin to a scary possibility in the form of a cautionary tale’28 Igor Vamos
‘Posing as representatives of target organizations they use corporate and governmental tactics such as spin to make outlandish claims or present fictional scenarios’30
Implementation of the dark design methodology We have used critical visual methodologies that question ‘the cultural significance, social practices and power relations’31 of Lega Nord propaganda, and then utilised Dark Design to produce images that evoke their negativity.
-€11,000
-€15,000
-€8,500
-€6,000 = -€7,000
-€12,000
-€6,000 Bernd Hopfengaertner’s
€6,500 Belief Systems -
Lega Nord’s stance on Visual expression of Lega Exposure of Lega Nord’s immigration Nord’s Manifesto unrealistic and inhumane ambitions
29 UCRHighlander, Highlander Interviews The Yes Men
‘There are many possibilities of socially engaged design for raising awareness; satire and critique; inspiration, reflection, highbrow entertainment; aesthetic explorations; speculation about possible futures; and as a catalyst for change’32
Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby
32 Dunne and Raby, p. 33 PROPOSITIONAL 36 37 3.1 THE RETENTION CENTRE CONCEPT 3.1 A GUIDE TO DEFINING A RETENTION CENTRE
What if the concept of the detention centre was flipped The Retention Centre is a new concept acting as a on its head? What if we created a Retention Centre that tool for social integration in arrival cities. The concept welcomes and integrates arrivals in a given context remains the same wherever the specific project for positive progress in the city? Retention Centres will may be located, however, the context dictates the CONTEXT aim to provide spaces, skills and opportunities which programmatic approach. City/Town/Point of arrival This is generally empower users to contribute to the future of their city required to or neighbourhood. warrant a Retention Centre
LOCATION Areas of high foreign/ Work out an appropriate migrant population location
The framework represents a safe The cupping hands symbolise Make contact with local destination and place of initial an ethos of nurturing and social actors if possible to ANALYSIS OF LOCAL refuge for migrant arrivals welcoming that the Retention discuss context for better CONTEXT Centre intends to embody understanding
IDENTIFY LOCAL SOCIAL ACTORS
CRISIS MANAGEMENT FUTURE OPPORTUNITY
OVERLAP DIFFICULTIES FUTURE FUTURE DIFFICULTIES FOR MIGRANT NATIVE MIGRANT PROSPERITY NUTURE AND PROSPERITY IN LOCAL POPULATION IN POPULATION POPULATION FOR LOCAL INTEGRATE AND RETENTION AREA LOCAL AREA AREA OF MIGRANTS
Migrants are welcomed nurtured Symbolises arrival The city spilling underneath the and provided with the skills to canopy represents the promotion have a positive impact on the of an integrated society between SOLUTION? SOLUTION? SOLUTION? OPPORTUNITY? OPPORTUNITY? OPPORTUNITY? Retention Centre’s local context foreign and native residents
‘A one time investment in great institutions for the arrival city will not only prevent far more expensive costs of social failure, but will often create educational, entrepreneurial and BASIS FOR PROGRAMMATIC 33 APPROACH FOR RETENTION employment outcomes that will repay the investment many times over.’ CENTRE Doug Saunders
33 Doug Saunders, ‘Arriving on the Edge: Migrant Districts and the Architecture of Inclusion’, in Making Heimat: Germany, Arrival Country, ed. by Peter Cachola Schmal, Oliver Elser, and Anna Scheuermann (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2016), p. 30. 38 39 3.2 WHERE? 3.2 WHY?
Milan’s foreign population has increased from 8% in ‘Three factors make an Arrival City: first,low- The San Siro neighbourhood, situated to the west of 1999 to 19% in 2017 and is predicted to increase to cost housing; second, proximity to jobs and/or Milan, is well suited to host a Retention Centre due to its 35% by 203534. These statistics, in addition to low cost entrepreneurial opportunities ... ; third, networks of high percentage of foreign residents comparative with housing, proximity or transport links to employment people from existing cultures and backgrounds the rest of the city, Lombardy and Italy. and strong migrant networks35 characterise Milan as that can help you out’ 36 one of Italy’s arrival cities. Doug Saunders
Italia Lombardy
91.5% 11.5% 88.5% 8.5%
Italia
5,141,140 FOREIGN RESIDENTS 1,154,170 FOREIGN RESIDENTS APPROX APPROX
Milano San Siro
88.8%
51.3%
Lombardy
48.7% 19.2%
262,300 FOREIGN RESIDENTS 5,710 FOREIGN RESIDENTS Milano APPROX APPROX
34 John Sampson, Arrival City: Milan, SSoA MArch Studio Brief 2018/2019 (University of Sheffield). 35 Making Heimat: Germany, Arrival Country, ed. by Peter Cachola Schmal, Oliver Elser, and others (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2016), p. 42. 37 Information from: ‘Cittadini Stranieri in Italia - 2018’. 36 Ibid., 42. 40 41 3.3 MILAN POLITICAL PREFERENCE 3.3 UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN
Of the children arriving to Italy via the Central constrictive profile of Milan’s population pyramid MUNICIPIO 01 Mediterranean route, an abnormally high proportion would support this prediction, indicating an aging Population: 96,315 are unaccompanied or separated. The majority of population with decreased fertility rates and a reduced Density: 11,074km2 which originate from Tunisia, Eritrea and Guinea40. They economically active population. can vary from teenagers who have been forced into MUNICIPIO 09 manual labour or prostitution, to orphans who have lost Whilst the ideal scenario would be to reunite families Population: 186,598 parents to their war-torn countries. Common to all these in their home countries, the reunification process Density: 9,204km2 MUNICIPIO 08 children is the extreme hardship they have faced on is lengthy and it may initially be unsafe for children Population: 181,598 MUNICIPIO 02 their journey to Italy, therefore we should endeavour to to return, presenting an opportunity for temporary Density: 8,326km2 Population: 153,109 ensure their arrival and future childhood is as nurturing intergenerational fostering. Where it is impossible to 2 Density: 13,031`km as possible. reunite families, orphan arrivals could bring joy to some of the 31,000 Italian couples registered for adoption42. This influx of young arrivals should be considered in With nurturing, love and stability, what started as a conjunction with Italian demographics, with population situation of anguish for these children could become a estimated to decline by 2.1 million by 204541. The mutual opportunity for prosperity. MUNICIPIO 03 43 MUNICIPIO 07 Population: 141,229 Milan population by age, sex and civil state Density: 8,069km2 Population: 170,814 2 2,400 Accompanied Child
Density: 6,093km AGING NATIVE POPULATION MUNICIPIO 04 Arrivals Population: 156,369 Density: 8,069km2 9%
65
MUNICIPIO 06 25,800 Unaccompanied Population: 149,000 Child Arrivals Density: 8,998km2 MUNICIPIO 05 Population: 123,779 18 91% Density: 4,487km2
Two highly populated Milan municipalities 39 0 44 voted Lega Nord in the January 2018 elections . 60,000 30,000 0 30,000 60,000 28,200 Child Arrivals in 2016 Single Married Widowed Divorced
31,343 Italian couples were Reunification Agency registered to adopt in 2013 42
SAN SIRO NEIGHBOURHOOD UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN
Temporary Solution LEFT RIGHT
Long-term goal
SINISTRA PARTITO NUOVO FORZA LEGA REUNITED INTERGENERATIONAL ADOPTION OF ITALIANA DEMOCRATICO CENTRODESTRA ITALIA NORD FAMILIES FOSTERING ORPHANS MUNICIPIO 8 MUNICIPIO 1 MUNICIPIO 7 MUNICIPIO 2 MUNICIPIO 5 40 Italy - Unaccompanied and Separated Children Dashboard (United Nations 43 ‘Popolazione per età, sesso e stato civile 2018 - Milano’, Tuttitalia.it
ALER Milano is a public housing entity who own and manage 70,057 residential units across Milan.45
£ £ £ £
Public Market Private Market
Due to bureaucracy and economic difficulty, much of ALER’s housing stock lies vacant and in a state of disrepair. Therefore, ALER aims to sell some of its property to the private market.
Legislation prevents According to ALER, empty ALER intentionally damages reassignment of studio apartments need expensive its own stock by demolishing flats under 30m2 and renovations before being bathroom facilities in an attempt deemed uninhabitable. made available to applicants to prevent illegal occupation.45
2.4% 23,000 of families on the public families are registered housing list in Milan on the waiting list for have actually been public housing.46 assigned to a property. 46
45 Daniele Brunetti and Alessandro Sarcinelli, ‘The Manual of the Good 46 Pala Sarcinelli and Prada Bianchi, ‘The Racket of Occupations’, San Occupant’, San Siro Stories
Long waiting lists for public housing have resulted in a The documentary also reveals that ‘in the last three squatting epidemic with a predicted illegal occupation years, the phenomenon has expanded in San Siro as of over 600 properties in the San Siro Neighbourhood47. in other districts of Milanese public housing’50 which Families are forced to seek help from criminal gangs demonstrates that this epidemic is a wider issue across and pay large sums of money to have them break into the entire city. People squatting in an empty property for them. = squalid conditions out of desperation ‘People like me instigate them to occupy because it’s the only way to have a roof over their heads’48 - Antonio DRAWING LEGEND Santoiemm (San Siro resident). Unoccupied: properties lying vacant, many of which + are ready for use and are not yet to be allocated The increasing number of illegal occupations has due to bureaucracy. Others fall beyond minimum space standard and are therefore deemed illegal and resulted in rising tensions within the neighbourhood. An unoccupiable by ALER. Flat evictions leaving interview conducted with a local resident as part of the = families homeless San Siro Stories project recalled ‘a girl with a small child tried to get in: as soon as the apartment buildings noticed Illegal occupants: some occupants are on the waiting they started to insult her and almost beat her to drive her list for housing and illegally occupy a flat in desperation out. The child was shocked: it was a devastating scene’49. for a home. Others (rackets) use the properties for illegal Large quantities of Large quantities of Current reality activity such as drug deals, hang outs and look outs. empty flats in disrepair people on the waiting list for public housing
Legitimate occupants: a complex social dynamic is created across the building, with legal occupants living side by side with illegitimate occupancies, some of which are drug dealers and criminal gangs.
The ‘Rackets’: the ‘Rackets’ are local gangs who are actively exploiting the housing crisis by offering a service which helps people to find, illegally enter, and 12% occupy ALER’s vacant flats, fueling tensions in the of approximately 5000 neighbourhood homes in the San Sire neighbourhood are illegally occupied47
ANALYTICAL 3.3 LACK OF VOICE
Following observation of the San Siro neighbourhood, there is a strong suggestion that local residents lack a formal political voice. Informal protest is implemented in the form of politically charged graffiti and murals which demonstrate the frustration and suppression of San Siro’s population.
SALVINI SHIT STOP RACISM [1] OCCUPY YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN IS ONE WHO FIGHTS [2] SAN SIRO IS ANTI-FASCIST AND ANTI-RACIST WE MUST BE THE CHANGE WE WANT TO SEE IN THE WORLD TAKE AWAY OUR DREAMS AND WE WILL BE YOUR NIGHTMARE ALER SHIT [1] [2] [3] INHABITANTS COMMITTEE SAN SIRO [3] FUCK THE POLICE INDIVIDUALISM IS THE FIRST STEP TO UNHAPPINESS [4] SAN SIRO IS NOT A LANDFILL HOME DIGNITY RIGHTS
NO TO REPRESSION! ORGANISE COUNTER-POWER [5] NO SALVINI! [6] NO ONE IS ILLEGAL [7] THERE IS NOT A GOVERNMENT OF CHANGE [8] INFAMOUS FASCIST [4] [5] WITHOUT JUSTICE THERE WILL BE NO PEACE
STATE TORTURE JOURNALISTS ARE TERRORISTS [9]
STOP WAR NOT PEOPLE SAN SIRO IS NOT A LANDFILL [10]
[6] [7] [8]
[9] [10]
47 ‘Occupant Racket’, San Siro Stories. 49 ‘The Manual of the Good Occupant’, San Siro Stories. 48 45 Daniele Brunetti and Alessandro Sarcinelli, ‘The Manual of the Good 50 ‘Occupant Racket’, San Siro Stories. Occupant’, San Siro Stories
Milan is home to several strong industries (see below) formally. Therefore, the Retention Centre should host A Retention Centre should aim to address key local issues... that underpin the local economy. However, with the establishments that seek to convert and certify foreign native economically active population set to decline qualifications. dramatically over the next 25 years,51 it is highly likely that the city will depend on migrants to sustain its Across the globe migrants are renowned for their economic production. Consequently we should be entrepreneurship, however in some locations certain proactive in ensuring that the Retention Centre equips legal barriers prevent arrivals from formally owning arrivals with the skills required to succeed in these businesses and premises. In his book exploring sectors. the informal economies of Peru, Hernando de Soto describes these barriers as either one-off initial hurdles, Currently high proportions of arrivals work in low- ‘Costs of Access’ or recurring deterrents, ‘Costs of skilled or manual labour jobs (see below-left), which are Remaining’52. Together, these obstructions force some essential jobs to fulfill. However if we want to encourage arrivals to trade informally, placing an upper limit on the social mobility within the arrival city, then migrants and size to which these businesses can grow and prevents POLITICAL TENSIONS VACANT PROPERTIES refugees will need to occupy higher skilled jobs with the state from benefiting from potential business tax. A more remuneration. Many of the arrivals are skilled and forum or market for semi-formal start-up businesses, hold professional qualifications in their home countries, supported by an overarching organisation, could form but as these qualifications are currently unrecognised route to formality for many. in Italy, the majority find it extremely difficult to practice
The Costs of Formality: Taxes Taxes 1. CostsAdministration of Access 2. Costs of Remaining 7% 37% Permits Procedures • Permits • LicensesTaxes of immigrants are in of native Italians are in UNACCOMPANIED LACK OF POLITICAL VOICE DECLINING INDUSTRY AND 52a • Licenses • OwnershipAdministration high-skilled jobs high-skilled jobs52a CHILDREN WORKFORCE • Ownership • Procedures
...whilst contributing to the core functions of the wider arrival city53: FORMALITY 2 70% 47.5% NETWORK ENTRY MECHANISM of foreign workers of non-EU migrants do work as manual with STEM degree are workers52a employed in low- skilled positions52a 1
Key industries in Milan:
Transnational Communication Hub?
Literacy Exchange? Non-Citizens Advice Bureau? FASHION AUTOMOTIVE PUBLISHING TOURISM Fostering Network? Opportunities for mutual prosperity: SOCIAL MOBILITY PATH URBAN ESTABLISHMENT PLATFORM
Upskilling users to meet Skills sharing Skill recognition and Informal Occupation Support? workforce needs in Milan within Retention conversion to practice formally Skill Recognition Centre? Alternative Education? Centre within Italy Local Trading Forum?
51 The Demographic Future of the Country: Regional Population Projections to 52a Foreigners in the Italian Labour Market: Eight Annual Report, Directorate 53 Doug Saunders, Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping 2065, (ISTAT, 26 April 2017), 1. General of Immigration and Integration Policies, 2018, 2. Our World (London: Windmill Books, 2011), p. 20. 52 Hernando de Soto, The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 132. 50 51 3.4 SPAZIO DI MUTUO SOCCORSO (SMS)
Spazio di Mutuo Soccorso (SMS) are a Milan-based SMS advocates a similar ethos to that of the Retention organisation currently illegally occupying two Centre concept, and while they promote inclusion, vacant buildings on the outskirts of the San Siro integration and hope for those less fortunate, their neighbourhood. SMS manage 80 properties within current, predominantly inward facing community, lacks these buildings and charge minimal rent to those in the civic presence required to have a wider reach. We need of somewhere to live, shedding a more positive propose to work with SMS as a primary client, building light on illegal occupation. In doing this they have on their current approach, to propose the world’s first created a self-governed micro-community that shares Retention Centre, a flagship scheme which will serve food, books and clothes. Additionally, SMS is partnered as an emblem of a prosperous and integrated society. with Cantiere, another occupied building within the neighbourhood which further promotes an anti-racist, anti-xenophobic society. SMS have outgrown their current premises and would like to expand their operation SMS have prevented the building from falling into disrepair and created a strong community
The use of an otherwise At the time of vacant building has occupation, two increased occupants’ development social mobility companies were disputing ownership of the property
Community
RESIDENTIAL CULTURAL Inward Political platform looking Politics community Support
CIVIC
‘Networks of mutual
COMMERCIAL
assistance abet migrant’s EDUCATION 54 integration process’
TH E Doug Saunders E TR RE EN TENTION C 54 Cachola Schmal, Elser, and others, p. 26.
ANALYTICAL 52 53 3.5 FINDING A SITE
Due to the fragile political situation and learning from In locating potential sites, we were ‘alert to the attractions SMS’s occupation, it is proposed that the San Siro of the terrain and the encounters’55 we found in San Siro, Retention Centre should begin as a reactivist political and were ‘capable as a group of agreeing upon, distinct, movement and therefore be initiated with SMS illegally spontaneous preferences for routes through the city’56. To occupying a vacant space within the neighborhood. maximise the rigour of the analysis process, we drew In order to find an appropriate site for occupation, it is up a matrix assessing six sites against the criteria (see important that the site meets the below criteria. opposite).
SITE 01: Bingo Hall
SITE 02: School
SITE 03: Tram Shed
06
02
01 SITE 04: Army Barracks CHOSEN SITE
05
SITE 05: Farm Courtyard
04 SITE 06: Ex-Omni
55 Simon Sadler, The Situationist City (Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 1998), p. 78 56 Ibid., p. 78. 03 55 3.5 SITE APPRAISAL 0.0 PAGE TITLE
The site stands out from its surroundings and it serves as an appropriate location. Whilst the site is [1] acts as a physical urban disrupter to the gridded located outside of the main San Siro housing estate, it streetscape. This disruptive nature complements is positioned such that it can also have an influence of the Retention Centre’s ambition to be emblematic of the nearby Quarto Cagnino and Harar Dessie housing political resistance against the far-right and therefore estates which share a similar demographic57.
[2] [3] [4]
[6]
[3]
[4]
[2] [5] [5] [6]
[1]
57 Francesca Zajczyk, Silvia Mugnano, and Pietro Palvarini, Large Housing Estates in Milan, Italy: Opinions of Residents on Recent Developments (Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2005), p. 31. 56 57 3.5 SITE LOCATION PLAN
58 59 3.5 SITE CHARACTER 3.5 SITE HISTORY
The site is characterised by an old two storey farmhouse A and a perimeter wall which is currently in varying states of dilapidation. The site has been abandoned 03 for a long period of time which is evidenced by its wild and overgrown nature and state of disrepair. The site 02 is dwarfed by its adjacencies which consist of several residential apartment blocks. 01 01: SOUTH EAST ELEVATION A
02: NORTH EAST ELEVATION
Historic maps of the San Siro 2000 neighbourhood across the past century 1965 03: NORTH WEST ELEVATION demonstrate that the site precedes the buildings and infrastructure that currently surrounds it.
SITE SECTION A-A 29.7m
25.6m
21.5m
13.2m
7.7m
The site used to be home to a complex of farm buildings. However, SITE today, only one remains, with the rest Private external space for Unused Overgrown courtyard Farmhouse Via Pier 1946 of the external wall and supporting 1910 structure in varying condition. residential block dead-end Alessandro road Paravia
2008 2018
60 61 3.6 PROJECT TIMELINE 3.6 EARLY STAKEHOLDERS
Due to the informality of the initial inhabitation of the site, As the phases progress, we aim to address different We intend to tap into and expand upon SMS’s existing ‘When migrants themselves have the power, the scheme is to be divided into four phases, with the forms of social inequality, as defined by Göran Therborn, network of social actors within the locality. By realising knowledge, and influence to shape their own fourth phase to begin in 20 years time and comprising professor of sociology at Cambridge University, as vital, the individual value that each stakeholder group can institutions, circumstances, and physical space of the majority of the architectural interventions. resourceful and existential inequality59. Vital inequality is add to the Retention Centre, an opportunity is presented then it is possible to move beyond the old rhetoric of The rationale behind this timeframe is that in Italy, addressed in providing a safe place of refuge during to create spaces which foster and nurture relationships ‘integrating’ immigrants’61 legally recognised ownership of a property following the early stages of the project; acknowledgment between these groups, create new initiatives, and Doug Saunders occupation lasts 20 years58. The three phases prior to of resourceful inequality and social mobility is promote an ethos where occupants can interact, share formal ownership are proposed with increasing levels demonstrated through provision of access to education skills, and support each other. of light touch temporary intervention. and learning new skills; and finally existential inequality is tackled by creating a formalised and influential piece of architecture which is to serve as a symbol of an integrated and prosperous society.
Spazio Di Mutuo Soccorso (SMS)
Initial occupation Light touch, Recognition of legitimate occupancy Site is secured, by SMS using temporary is granted. As awareness of the project restored, and site as a place proposals are increases, there is the potential for left-wing made safe to of refuge for installed to government bodies and NGOs to provide avoid immediate Politecnico Di Milano homeless and reactivate the funding for more long-term architectural eviction. new arrivals site interventions.
Present 2039 Day 20 year occupation
Local Arrivals
REFUGE RESTORE EARLY STAKEHOLDERS & USER GROUPS REACTIVATE RECOGNISE
Mapping San Local Migrant Siro Formal Architectural Residents Informal Architectural Intervention Intervention
Local Volunteers ‘Revolutions, genuine revolutions, not those which simply change the political forms and members of the government but those which transform institutions and alter Naga property relations, advance unseen for a long time before bursting into the sunlight impelled by some fortuitous circumstance’60 Albert Mathiez
58 ‘Italian News Articles’ Italian Lawyers,
It should be noted that the sequence of developing The existing barn building can be occupied to create a ‘Individuals are not informal; their actions and activities are. an informal settlement is typically the inverse of a private refuge space for new arrivals that may be too [...]; they live within a gray area which has a long frontier with formal development, whereby land is first purchased, overwhelmed to initially integrate with the rest of the the legal world and in which individuals take refuge when infrastructure and utilities installed before the SMS and wider community. Initial improvements should the cost of obeying the law outweighs the benefit’62 construction and inhabitation of the building63. In this prioritise the safety and structure of the building, with Hernando de Soto case, occupation will be the initial step, and only once subsequent renovations helping to make the space some stability is found can building work and service more comfortable. At this stage interventions should be installation be completed, with legal ownership being a circumspect, as any move that is too conspicious will long term ambition. draw unwanted attention and increase the chances of eviction.
[2]
[1]
[1] Initial occupation [squat] [2] A place of refuge and shelter for migrant arrivals, the homeless, and recent evictions
62 Soto, p. 11. 63 Ibid., p. 17.
64 65 3.6 PROGRAMME PHASE 02
Once the initial threat of eviction has passed, inhabitants If possible, occupants should be seen as improving the can then begin occupying other parts of the site with safety and general condition of property, as authorities light-touch architectural interventions. Depending are less likely to evict if it will result in continued on the funding and skills available, these could be disrepair of the site. These restorations could include self-built lightweight insertions into the existing site a curated manifestation of the community voice, in the structure. Whilst some may consider the informal form of painted murals. conditions a barrier to construction, volunteers within the Calais Builds project have been able to create simple, practical yet creative interventions in similar circumstances64. These buildings could accommodate a range of essential functions, such as a Non-Citizens Ethiopian Orthodox Church Advice Bureau, language support, healthcare service Calais Jungle and hygiene facilities. Alternatively, well-considered public space could host key activities, such as the open air language classes provided to asylum seekers in Paris by NGO Bamm65. [1]
[1] Language exchange [2] Non-citizen’s advice [2] [3] Showering facilities Vaccination Centre [4] Pop-up healthcare facilities [3] Calais Builds [5] Self-build temporary modules for various activities [6] Informal propaganda - mural painting
[1]
[4]
Therapy and Community Centre [5] Calais Builds
[6]
‘Citizenship rights shape patterns of urban inequality in skewing labour and housing markets, rationing access to education, health and other services, and restricting legal protections and civic entitlements’66 Fran Tonkiss
64 Grainne Hassett, ‘What Are the Forces Shaping Our Work?’ (presented at the Theory Forum 2017, University of Sheffield, 2017). 65 Clare Rishbeth and others, #refugeeswelcome in Parks: A Resource Book (Sheffield: The University of Sheffield, 2017), p. 5. 66 Tonkiss, p. 193. 66 67 3.6 PROGRAMME PHASE 03
Utilising support and funding from preceding phases, the project can now start to become more of a built manifestation. It will begin to tackle barriers to resourceful social inequality whilst contributing to the wider functions of the arrival city. By upskilling locals and arrivals in decorating, plumbing and joinery they are finally able to convert one of the many vacant property in San Siro into their home. Additional educational facilities will allow users to obtain the skills necessary [2] to contribute to key local economies.
The scheme will cultivate support networks that are so vital to the integration of arrivals, ranging in scale from local to global; A local cycling club will give arrivals [1] and locals the ability to engage with the wider city67. A fostering network for unaccompanied children will connect sea arrivals from the South of Italy to families across the country, and a Internet Communication Hub will allow arrivals to communicate with loved ones Quinta Monroy housing across the globe. Iquique, Chile Elemental The growing local political voice can be amplified through the production of printed propaganda, which can be distributed to raise awareness of, and support [5] for, the Retention Centre. Small start-up businesses can be established along the perimeter of the site, helping to reactivate the local area.
[7]
[3]
[4]
MakersHub Oslo, Norway
[1] Internet communication hub [2] Informal multi-cultural library/book exchange [3] Bicycle workshop [4] Fostering newtwork ‘The adaptation of urban property for multiple uses - residential, retail, light-industrial, and [6] [5] Upskilling workshops food-service, often simultaneously - is central [6] Basement propaganda printshop to the experience of immigrant success’68 [7] Doug Saunders Urban farming
Bicycle Workshop for asylum seekers 67 Rishbeth and others, p. 31. Karlsruhe, Germany 68 Cachola Schmal and others, p. 26
68 69 3.6 PROGRAMME PHASE 04
After twenty years has passed, the occupiers will be formally recognised as the owners of the site, meaning that more ambitious and permanent development can legally occur. Whilst the Retention Centre is still outlawed by Lega Nord, the growing Liberi e Uguali group now back the scheme. The success of the earlier phases attracts support from the European Social Fund, Humanitarian NGOs and philanthropists.
This means that what was once an insular refuge can become a pioneering civic institution that aims to cultivate mutual prosperity between arrivals, locals and the city. Social mobility will be encouraged within a centre of skill recognition, sharing and education, and a semi-formal trading forum will stimulate entrepreneurship. Time and knowledge can act as informal currency within this forum to help combat economic barriers that members of neighbourhood may be confronted with.
Whilst conventional citizenship may still be withheld by the government, the centre will promote the mutual exchange of cultures though which arrivals can experience the key unofficial elements of citizenship. Natural integration can occur through the sharing of language, music, literature and food. These conversations and debates can now be disseminated through a publishing guild and radio station, increasing the political voice of the local community.
‘When government, finance, and business organisations view With a clear path to prosperity, a range of support immigrant entrepreneurship as a source of future prosperity and social networks, and a deeper appreciation of and devote resources to help newcomers make the first steps into Italian culture, arrivals will choose to stay in the arrival business, then the Arrival City is transformed from a liability into an city. With an opportunity to integrate and experience asset benefiting the entire city and, eventually, the nation’69 the economic benefit of migration, Italian society will Doug Saunders wholeheartedly embrace arrivals and end an era of hatred and inhumanity.
This premise of voluntary retention triumphing over forced detention forms the brief for our design proposals. 69 Saunders, ‘Arriving on the Edge: Migrant Districts and the Architecture of Inclusion’, p. 34. 70 71 3.7 SITE CONSTRAINTS 3.7 SITE OPPORTUNITIES
[4]
[6] [4]
[3]
[4] [1]
[1] [5] [1] Vehicular movement [3] [2] Pedestrian movement [2] [3] Existing access to site (locked)
[4] Existing access to residential [3] N [1] block to north of site [1]
[4]
[5]
[5] [5] [6] [2] [6] N [5]
[5] [6 [6] [1] Potential site access point
[2] Uninterupted south edge of site
[3] Opportunity to activate street frontage
[4] Possible for creating more inviting public space [5] [5] Potential for public pedestrian flow through site
Opportunity to create architectural focal point [5] Site overlooking [6] from street axis [6] Site overshadowing [7] N [7] Sun path
72 73 3.7 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FABRIC
Wall lacking architectural character Publicly accessible elevation
Existing wall Respect and elevate Lean-to
Remove and replace Remove Inhabit
Span and shelter Overhand Perch
Guarded Varied Arched
Elevate Perch
Cementitious coating Ceramic patchwork Exposed brickwork
Las Arenas, Barcelona CaixaForum, Madrid Elbphilharmonie, Hamburg Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners Herzog & de Meuron Herzog & de Meuron 74 75 3.8 PROGRAMMATIC HIERARCHY 3.9 SPATIAL EXPLORATION
‘It was the economist Armartya Sen who first recognised Performance that poverty is, fundamentally, not the dearth of money or Space a lack of possession or a shortage of talent of ambition, Music but the absence of capacities - the lack of tools or Exchange 70 Recording opportunities needed to function as a full citizen.’ Studios Doug Saunders Meeting Rehearsal Space Rooms Green Room Radio Station Key Writing Space Breakout Space Key Function
Supporting Function Publishing Literacy Exchange Music Exchange Political Voice Guild Printing MVRDV: Collage by authors Primary Space Broadcasting Rooms TianJin Bin Library
Secondary Space Transnational Tertiary Space Public Discussion Communication and Debating Hub Space
Library Showering Facilities Treatment Rooms Literacy Consultation Arrival Cafe Exchange Rooms Space Reading Healthcare Rooms Informal Reception / Retention Waiting Centre Administration Space Exhibition Group Language Individual Space Classrooms Classrooms Classrooms Spaces
Private Skill Enhancement and Recognition Seminar Flat Non-Citizen’s Advice Bureau Preparation MVRDV & Richard Hutten: Non-Citizens Spaces Renovation Skill Collage by authors Public The Why Factory Advice Bureau Individual Enhancement Meeting and Recognition Space Making Public Staff Spaces Seminar Room Bicycle Private Business Workshop Skills Individual Start-Up Conversion Meeting Forum Space Fostering Network Interview Retail Spaces Space Examination Rentable Spaces Space
Small Nursery / Medium Scale Creche Scale
Play Administration Space Space
Political Voice Broadcasting Business Start-Up Forum Collage by authors ARRIVE AND ASSIST INTEGRATE AND NURTURE Phillip Johnson & Barton Myers: (Crisis Management) (Future Prosperity) Canadian Broadcasting Centre
76 77 3.9 MASSING INVESTIGATION 3.9 EXPLORATION IN SECTION
Existing and Proposed Relationships
A single unifying roof covers Lightweight the diverse set of activities aesthetic sitting occurring beneath it above existing masonry ‘A model is not a wedding cake you bring to your client. It is more than that. It is the physical translation of the 71 drawing into something three-dimensional.’ Elevated planting and Renzo Piano vertical vegetation to assist in reducing the buildings C02 emissions and improve and promote biodiversity
Site as existing Openings punched into existing wall to create a Existing perimeter wall permeable public frontage to gives a heavyweight plinth the scheme. aesthetic External Relationships The form utilises the ‘perch’ approach to existing wall A break in the architecture Overhang over existing serves as a gateway to the wall provides space for street and surrounding local enterprises and neighbourhood business start-ups to advertise and sell produce
Test 01: Stand-alone blocks Test 02: Tower and wrap-around Test 03: Three components surrounding south-facing court
Open public space is sunk Programme with less need into the ground offering for natural light are situated in opportunity for outdoor lower ground spaces classes, discussion and debate Test 04: Central tower Test 05: Tower with linear block Test 06: Half and half Internal Relationships Diffused toplight in reading spaces Quiet reading spaces New access created situated to from adjacent one side of the residential buildings main atrium
Test 07: Overlapping cross Test 08: Perimeter and courtyard Test 09: Perimeter with central focus Printing spaces are situated below ground, Literacy exchange but are visible from sunk into the ground 71 Edward Robbins, Why Architects Draw, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), above to visitors within large atrium p. 126. entering the building space 78 79 3.9 A JOURNEY TO THE SAN SIRO RETENTION CENTRE
Here we follow the journey of a young family migrating between Northern Nigeria and Milan.
Due to war-torn conditions and presence of jihadist groups in Northern Nigeria, this family are left no choice but to make the treacherous journey North, through Niger to the Libyan coast, and then across the Mediterranean to Italy in search of a better life.
In order to reach the Libyan coast, the family rely on smugglers and traffickers for passage through Niger. This is a common but dangerous migrant route due to the recent deployment of Italian and French troops in Northern Niger, whose aim is to prevent unauthorised entry to Libya.
Once the family reach the Libyan coast, they are moved onto a boat to make the perilous journey across the Mediterranean. Conditions are cramped and many drown making this trip.
When approaching the Italian coast, weather conditions get worse and the boat capsizes, forcing the family to swim to shore..
After days of travelling, the family arrive in Milan. With minimal possessions and two small children, the family travel to the San Siro district in search of Europe’s first Retention Centre. Approaching their destination from Via Pier Alessandro Paravia, they spot a warm light at the end of the road, a glimmer of hope, a sense of safety, and a place to belong.
‘The creation of an arrival city is only the first step in ajourney planned carefully by the migrant. Nobody invests their entire life, and a generation’s income and peace, simply to move from one form of poverty to another’72 Doug Saunders
72 Saunders, Arrival City, p. 273 PROPOSITIONAL 80 81 C TIMELINE OF EXPERIENCE C LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCE
Using the following timeline, we acknowledge the Upon reflection of our experiences at undergraduate similarities and differences of our personal, academic, level and of professional practice, we are able to distil a and practice experiences. set of core values moving forward with this joint thesis project. TM TC 1994 1995 ‘For Hawkins\Brown the ‘Cullinan’s work is widely process of designing characterised as socially- a building is about minded, responsive to responding to people’s place, landscape and needs’ 75 history, and rooted in a 2012 Undergraduate studies respect for materials’ 76
2013
2014 BA (HONS) Differing approaches from different 2015 universties BSc (HONS) SOCIAL VALUE OF ARCHITECTURE 2016
2017
Collaborative Practice fifth year MArch Developing a collaborative approach during Fifth year MArch
COLLABORATION IS KEY VALUE OF GOOD BRIEFING
‘People are at the heart of 74 ‘The design of buildings is a everything we do’ 73 social act’ Experience of people=centered social practice
Sixth year MArch JOINT THESIS
FUTURE PRACTICE CONSIDERED APPROACH TO EXISTING HOLISTIC SUSTAINABILITY
Undergraduate Study Collaborative Practice MArch Sixth Year Joint Thesis
75 &\also, ed. by Rowan Moore (London : New York: Black Dog, 2003), p. 131. 73 ‘Studio’, Cullinan Studio,
C P C P C P C P C P C P
More Efficient Shared Learning Increased efficiency working Learning from each other and together. learning together. T O B Y T O B Y T O M T O M T O B Y T&O TBOYM & T O M
Spatial Design Technical Design
Virtual Reality Model Making
Hand Drawing Digital Media A C A C A C A C A C A C 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 Design Theory 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 Technical Design
Enjoyable More Iterative ‘Efficient collaborators decide when they do, We have found working Bouncing ideas off each other together more enjoyable than for a more rich and iterative or don’t, have unique value to add.’78 working alone. process.
More Economic Constant Critical Dialogue Saving money on printing and Being constructively critical of LEARNING FROM LEARNING NEW materials. C P each others ideas to achieve a C P C P better outcome. EACH OTHER SKILLS TOGETHER
T O B Y T O M T O B Y & T O M Technical Design Spatial Design Sharing Workload + Resources More Realistic Pooling and sharing knowledge to We find that working as a pair is more Virtual Reality enrich the learning process. true to the real world and therefore better Hand Drawing A C prepares us for employment post MArch. A C A C 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 1 8 / 1 9 Model Making Design Theory ‘Alone we can do so little, together we can do so much’ 77 Helen Keller
77 Joseph Lash, Helen and the Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne 78 Rob Cross, Scott Taylor, and Deb Zehner, ‘Collaboration Without Burnout’, Sullivan Macy (Delacorte: Merloyd Lawrence), p. 489. Harvard Business Review, 1 July 2018
In order to establish successful mechanisms and COLLABORATION PLATFORMS IN PRACTICE methods for joint working, we believe it is important to understand the intricacies of collaboration in both a practice and academic context. Discussions were ‘The Five Non-Negotiables must be present for conducted with Paul Testa and Alan MacDonald, a paired leadership program to work: Respect, joint directors of Paul Testa Architecture, and Yanni belief, trust, loyalty, and commitment’79 Pitsillides and Mark Stancombe, a previous joint thesis partnership. Additionally, we arranged a conversation with Satwinder Samra to further discuss tactics for joint working and reflect on strategies implemented during our fifth year as Collaborative Practice students. Whole office meetings Big Crit Tuesdays Team Meetings Internal Server Project updates Review and Feedback Project Planning File Hosting Conversations on practice-based collaboration:
Alan: ‘Communication and Paul: ‘Conflicting opinions planning ahead is crucial, contribute to a richer and Paul Testa Alan MacDonald especially at busy times’ more iterative process’
REF: GLA 80868 Architecture and Urbanism Panel
Technical Proposal
Task 1005 – Sutton Link
Work Package F – Urban Design
0 6.07.18
Paul: ‘It is important to relinquish control over some Intranet Brand guidelines Email Skype aspects and trust that your Resource gathering Clarity and coherence Written communication Remote collaboration partner will do a good job’ Alan: ‘You don’t have to be together all of the time, it’s judging when you should be together that is important’ JOINT THESIS COLLABORATION PLATFORMS
Conversations on academic-based collaboration:
Mark: ‘You don’t both have Yanni Pitsillides + Mark Stancombe to do everything, Yan would (Previous joint thesis) read something, I would read something else, and then we’d sit and talk about it’ Yanni: ‘It’s important to Studio meetings Reviews Group tutorials Lunchtime catchups acknowledge that you’re both Updates and common themes Feedback from peers and tutors Feedback and planning Informal planning different, andembrace those differences when working together for a richer project’
Reflective conversation about working methods implemented in fifth year:
Satwinder Samra WhatsApp Slack Zotero Google Drive (Collaborative Practice course leader) Non-project discussion Focused project discussion Referencing library File hosting Toby + Tom: ‘we worked collaboratively a lot last year. We weren’t working on the same project, but we’d sit down and discuss each Satwinder: ‘don’t forget the tactics others work’ employed last year just because you’re in a more traditional academic environment, they’re all still valid’
Skype Spotify Google Calendar Brand guidelines 79 David K. Williams and Mary Michelle Scott, ‘Leadership Teams: Why Two Remote collaboration Shared playlists Planning and programme Clarity and coherence Are Better Than One’, Harvard Business Review, 23 April 2012
Dual drawing Mindmapping Observe and record Use of different colours to Linking threads Analogue and digital methods maintain clarity
Presentation Drawings Presentation model Presentation Animation
Tutorials
Enscape fly- Plan and analyse Design Contextual modelling through export Remote working During site visit exploration Content sharing via Skype polished in Live Premier Pro updates TM TC MASTER PREMIERE ENSCAPE SKETCHUP REVIT REVIT PRO Coffee Quick iterative test visuals test Quick iterative Tea
Joint iterative design sketching Iterative Design research sketch & theory modelling Design research Shared Consecutive working TM TC & theory Refining each other’s drawing to develop coherence Concurrent working learning Contributing to the same drawing
Watch and analyse Joint-joint thesis Making together Applying lecture content to thesis Learning from peers Exploring through model making
+ = Preliminary Thesis Review Mindmapping Drawing production
Dispute resolution Tom Toby Joint effort Bacon Eggs Breakfast 88 89 C RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES C THINKING STYLES
By interrogating the specific problems within San Siro During the field trip, observation and recording tactics To arrive at our research question, divergent86 thinking migration, and that a single architectural proposal in relation to an overarching structure of geopolitical enabled us to study participants in their natural setting, techniques were used to take the emerging studio could not solve the plethora of socio-political causes. power, we have adopted a Structuralist80 stance. typical of a qualitative investigation83. By collaborating themes and explore the possibilities of the project Consequently, the chosen project aspirations respond Furthermore, as our design research aims to improve with local researchers from Politecnico di Milano we (below top). This typically entailed further reading, mind- to current political trends and specific contextual issues the lives of marginalised arrivals and create political have been able to benefit from prolonged secondary mapping and collaborative discussion, and has occurred in San Siro. debate for positive change it has a strong Advocacy/ ethnographic research. This has added an emic at various points along the project. Contrastingly, Participatory81 grounding. perspective to a study which was undertaken from a convergent87 thinking strategies were routinely used to From our project aspirations, we had to then conceive predominantly etic position84. evaluate and synthesize ideas in an effort to develop both an architectural brief and collaborative design From these paradigms stem the adopted research coherence; utilising tactics such as coding, flow charts methodology using Abductive reasoning88 (below strategy, focused on San Siro as the primary case In analysing the narratives featured in San Siro Stories, and graphical representation. Throughout this process bottom). This is an ongoing reflective process as both study for the investigation, but supported by secondary we were able to understand the ‘specific experiences we were aware of the complexities of global mass are likely to develop throughout the project. research of other arrival city case studies. It is primarily of specific individuals and groups involved in actual qualitative in nature, aiming to develop a holistic view of situations’85 in an Existential-Phenomenological manner. DIVERGENT STUDIO EMERGING REVIEW REVIEW MANIFESTO GROUP WORK THEMES PREPARATION FEEDBACK CREATION a complex situation through the use of varied sources THINKING 82 that focus on a range of issues and relationships . BROAD = S N O W B A L L O F A range of primary and secondary qualitative tactics ? ? M IN D M A P were complemented with mapping and GIS studies, ? statistics and historical evidence to support the issues discovered in an initial literature review.
EXPLORATORY DRAWING H IS T O R IC A L QUESTIONNING imaginative, expansive, L O G I C A L Sub-strategies generative, exploratory
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critical, inductive MILAN TRIP PRELIMINARY THESIS REVIEW DESIGN MANIFESTO SUBMISSION THINKING Tactics CONVERGENT CONVERGENT Strategies Case COR QUA HIS SIM Study
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ARRIVAL CITY CASE STUDIES (Aspiration) drawing (Thing) (Working principle) contextual mapping - Nurture migrants by providing skills video + evidence + = to suit their urban environment photo SAN SIRO - Foster opportunities for integration
-Be an emblem for reactionary
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A causal DV RY OC ATO secondary ACY / PARTICIP statistics DESIGN DESIGN VALUE ST T RUCTURALIS press BRIEF METHODOLOGY (Aspiration) Paradigms (Thing) (Working principle) - Nurture migrants by providing skills Literature Review - Skill conversion and knowledge + = to suit their urban environment - Joint thesis tactics sharing - Foster opportunities for integration - Studio collaboration - Creating support networks -Be an emblem for reactionary - Iterative design drawing 80 Svend Brinkmann, Philosophies of Qualitative Research, Understanding 84 Ray Lucas, Research Methods for Architecture (London: Laurence King - Providing political voice socialism Qualitative Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 117. Publishing, 2016), p. 10. 81 John W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among 85 David Seamon, ‘A Way of Seeing People and Place: Phenomenology in Five Approaches, (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2007), p. 22. Environment-Behavior Research’, in Theoretical Perspectives in Environment- 82 Linda N. Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods (New York: Behavior Research, ed. by S Wapner and others (New York: Plenum, 2000), p. J. Wiley, 2002), p. 223. 166. 86 Philip D. Plowright, Revealing Architectural Design: Methods, Frameworks and 88 Kees Dorst, ‘The Core of “Design Thinking” and Its Application’, Design 83 Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, ed. by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Tools (London: Routledge, 2014), p. 78. Studies, 32.6 (2011), 523. Lincoln (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), p. 4. 87 Ibid., p.78. 90 91 D E
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Having formulated a design problem using abductive ideal solution. Throughout this process we will regularly If generating initial solutions can be represented by WithinA a joint thesis, the original model has been reasoning, we then began the design process to arrive Evaluate (D) the success and impact of design ideas, approach shots onto a golf green, then refining these adapted to reflect where some aspects of the design at solutions, which we feel is best described using and use this knowledge to either inform future Moves ideas into developed proposals can be described will be driven individually (K) rather than collectively, or 91 Schon’s Model of Reflective Practice or an evening at the or adjust our Frames. This reflective conversation as attempting to putt, as a metaphor for the Critical where we may work test different iterations separately
AL 92 golf range. This design manifesto constitutes part of our with the project is happening alongside numerous TI Method process . Consider the green between our (L). One shortcoming of the original model is its PA collective Frame (A), which will ‘bound the phenomena other discussions, between ourselves (E) which seek to S ball, initial solution T(H),E and the hole, perfect solution assumption that the design process is sequential93; C TO 89 N to which we will pay attention’ and influence the way in ensure that our individual framing perspectives are as (I), as a roundel composedI of various design aspects architects may not move from considering one aspect N C D IG S E which we view an ideal solution, or golf green (B). We closely aligned as possible (F). Other events, suchE as (J), such as programme, massing and light; the larger to another in a linear fashion (below middle). Another is D E then make design Moves (C) , or shots, which aim ‘to the Preliminary Thesis Review may also alter the focusIV the segment, the higher relative priority. An iterative the fact that rarely is a design journey smooth and linear; T A 90 R C affect a desired changeFRAME in the situation’ towards this MOVEor aspirations for the projectEVALUATE (G). E design process would then use the strategies and often designers reconsider earlier proposals, either T I D
G N E I tactics outlined on Pages 88 and 95, to refine these from a previousD stage in the iteration, or an entirely new O G B N aspects and hopefully bring the solution somewhat concept (below bottom).E However these criticisms can O F
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92 Critical Method is a design methodology based on Popperian philosophy 93 Alexander Wright, ‘Critical Method: A Pedagogy for Design Education’, 89 Donald A. Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in 91 Nigel Cross, Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work and has been developed by Kenneth Smithies, Michael Brawne and Alexander P 1 Design Principles and Practices, 5.6 (2011), 110. Action (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 309. (Oxford, Berg, 2011), p. 23. RO Wright. See alsoG Kenneth Smithies,i Principles of design in architecture, (New 94 Robbins, p.126. 90 Ibid, p. 151. RA A York: Van NostrandM Reinhold, 1981) C M 92 E 93 D A
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During a joint design process, there are two sets of the Throughout the entire design process, there are a past experience we both naturally use determinism idea collections referred to by Hertzberger95, which plethora of methods that can be used to generate ideas, as a dominant strategy, with typological techniques should mean that we can draw parallels from a greater ‘Everything that is absorbed and registered in your mind refine solutions and communicate proposals. Alexander providing supporting inspiration. We find abstraction number of ‘schemata’96 when making design decisions. adds to the collection of ideas stored in the memory: Wright has grouped these into three main categories; most useful when generating an initial design concept Whilst we both bring unique value to the project a sort of library that you can consult whenever a typology in which precedents are interrogated and and then during the latter stages of the project to with our individual knowledge of schemata, having a problem arises. So, essentially the more you have seen, reimagined, determinism in which constraints and develop coherence and assist in communication to shared collection will increase communication and the experienced and absorbed, the more points of reference opportunities drive design moves, and abstraction others. Certain design tasks, such as massing, require efficiency of collaborative design97. We have therefore you will have to help you decide which direction to take: where an external item provides inspiration98. different combinations of methods, with some tools 95 attempted to expand our knowledge of precedents, your frame of reference expands.’ leading to complementary solutions but others Herman Hertzberger architects and concepts together with the devices Whilst it is difficult to predict the exact combination generating contrasting ideas. Our task is to then decide shown below. of methods we will use during this project, we have how much influence each method should have on the reflected on those that we typically use at various final proposal. points in the design process, as shown below. From
DESIGN IDEAS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT LANGUAGE TECTONIC RESOLUTION Projected use of SITE ANALYSIS SPATIAL DESIGN MATERIAL various design ADJACENCIES Journals Books strategies MASSING Other Building throughout project: Disciplines Visits CONTEXTUAL DETERMINISM Abstraction PROGRAMMATIC DETERMINISM STRUCTURAL CONTEXTUAL TECTONIC DETERMINISM DETERMINISM DETERMINISM Professional Determinism Experience UNIQUE UNIQUE Lectures ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMATIC VALUE VALUE Typology DETERMINISM TYPOLOGY ELEMENTAL DESIGN EFFORT Architectural TYPOLOGY Travel ARCHETYPES STYLISTIC Press PHENOMENOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY METAPHORICAL TYPOLOGY ABSTRACTION METAPHORICAL ABSTRACTION PROJECT REFINEMENT
MASSING SPATIAL DESIGN
TECTONIC PROGRAMMATIC PROGRAMMATIC DETERMINISM PROGRAMMATIC TYPOLOGY DETERMINISM TYPOLOGY PROGRAMMATIC Bathroom CONTEXTUAL STRUCTURAL DETERMINISM Shared ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM Architects’ Pinterest DETERMINISM DETERMINISM ARCHETYPES PHENOMENOLOGICAL Journal PHENOMENOLOGICAL METAPHORICAL Board ARCHETYPES TYPOLOGY TYPOLOGY ABSTRACTION TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM METAPHORICAL Joint Detail DETERMINISM ABSTRACTION SHARED Trips Inspiration SITE ANALYSIS SCHEMATA PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONTEXTUAL TYPOLOGY Studio Informal E ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM FENESTRATION Meetings X catch ups P A DETERMINISM A T N A TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTAL SI EM DETERMINISM ON H DETERMINISM PHENOMENOLOGICAL O SC TYPOLOGY F SHARED ADJACENCIES CONTEXTUAL PROGRAMMATIC PROGRAMMATIC DETERMINISM DETERMINISM PROGRAMMATIC TYPOLOGY METAPHORICAL ELEMENTAL ARTISTIC ABSTRACTION DETERMINISM TYPOLOGY STRUCTURAL STYLISTIC ABSTRACTION TYPOLOGY PHENOMENOLOGICAL DETERMINISM TYPOLOGY 95 Herman Hertzberger, Lessons for Students in Architecture, trans. by Ina Rike 97 Bryan Lawson, ‘Schemata, Gambits and Precedent: Some Factors in Design (Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 010, 2001), p. 5. Expertise’, Design Studies, 25.5 (2004), 446. 98 Alexander Wright, ‘Critical Method: A Pedagogy for Design Education’, Plowright has grouped design frameworks into three similar categories: 96 Bryan Lawson and Kees Dorst, Design Expertise (Oxford: Elsevier, Design Principles and Practices, 5.6 (2011), 114. Pattern-based, Forces-based and Concept-based. Plowright, p. 37 Architectural Press, 2009), p. 148. 94 95 4.0 PROJECTION
‘A very real task in design research is to act as a mechanism for a wider critique of architecture itself’99
Murray Fraser
99 Design Research in Architecture: An Overview, ed. by Murray Fraser, (Burlington: Ashgate, 2014), p. 220. 4.1 A WIDER REACH
Mass migration is a global concern, ‘this movement engages an unprecedented number of people... perhaps a third of the world’s population - and will affect almost everyone in tangible ways’100. Therefore, following success of the San Siro Retention Centre, the general concept of nurturing, inclusion and integration can be implemented across Europe with an overall ambition to enhance and promote the unity and prosperity of our increasingly urban species.
Sheffield is one of the Two-way migration first UK cities to adopt the is encouraged as Retention Centre concept Retention Centres attract arrivals
E S The San Siro Retention F U G E Arrivals are now seen as an R E O M E asset rather than a burden Centre acts as a W E L C pioneering hub for the movement
‘This movement engages an unprecedented number of people - two or three billion humans, perhaps a third of the world’s population - and will affect almost everyone in tangible ways’100 Doug Saunders
100 Saunders, Arrival City, p. 1. PROPOSITIONAL 98 4.2 NEXT MOVES 4.3 FUTURE METHODOLOGY
Upon reflection of the project so far and moving forward Using Candy’s taxonomy of futures, we are able to into future practice, we intend to take a futuristic establish an overall direction for our intentions in future methodological approach to our work. Futurology is practice. defined as ‘the study of social, political, and technical developments in order to understand what may happen By straddling plausible and possible, we do not in the future’102. Stuart Candy, experimental futurist intend to predict the future, but intead use our skills and Associate professor of design at Carnegie Mellon in architectural design to open up conversation University, divides futurology into the three following and debate in wider political discourse to discuss ‘cones’103: possibilities for ‘preferable’ futures. 1. Make contact with prospective local stakeholders Probable: designing for what is likely to happen based on prediction.
Plausible: avoiding prediction and designing for what could happen and exploring alternative futures.
Possible: designing by making links between reality and suggested reality. 2. Collaborate with urban design students at the Futurology: University of Sheffield to gain a firmer understanding of ‘the study of social, political, and technical developments in order to understand what local context. may happen in the future’102
3. Develop and test massing options through drawing and model making. Where most designers operate
PREFERABLE 4. Develop an integrated approach to the project with regards to environment and technology.
Where we aim to operate
5. Explore scale and proportion, materiality and lighting conditions using virtual reality technology.
102 ‘FUTUROLOGY: Meaning’, Cambridge Online Dictionary,
As well as developing a transferable concept, this project intends to open up a wider discussion concerning the role of the architect in political debate. The adjacent image denotes our ambition to express how visual material can support political discourse. Whether it is the use of dark design to expose a negative aspect of an inhumane policy, or a new and innovative concept which promotes a socially progressive campaign, we feel that the architect can play a part.
Retain and Nurture campaign is initiated in Italian parliament
Visual material from Retention Centre project used as supporting Members of socialist information in the Retain political parties make and Nurture campaign speeches supporting the Retain and Nurture campaign
Members of Italian parliament
‘The aim of advocacy/participatory studies is to create a political debate and discussion so that change will occur.’ 101 John Creswell
101 Creswell, p. 22. ASPIRATIONAL 102 4.5 FUTURE PRACTICE
Both of our fifth year dissertations promote the value. They voice that ‘the concentration on the building as expansion of an architect’s responsibility beyond the the locus of architectural production brings with it certain common public perception of traditional remit. We limitations’104 and that this leads to the ‘suppression of feel by viewing architectural service as a single-track the more volatile aspects of buildings: the processes or production of design and construction information their production, their occupation, their temporality, and devalues a profession capable of far more. Awan, their relations to society and nature’105. We intend to Schneider and Till coined the title ‘Spatial Agent’ as an embody and promote these values moving forward expansion and more realistic depiction an architect’s
RACE AGAINST EXTINCTION: How can medium-sized practice survive?
STAGE 0 0 TM Dissertation Strategic Definition Concerning the survival of medium-sized practice by expanding the perception of the profession to increase an architect’s involvement STAGE 1 in front-end briefing discussions regarding Preparation & Brief 1 project programme.
STAGE 2 2 Concept Design ‘Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, STAGE 3 3 Developed Design and only when, they are created by everybody’107 STAGE 4 4 Technical Design Jane Jacobs INNOVATE, OPTIMISE, TRANSFORM: How can architects drive the use STAGE 5 of Design for Manufacture and Construction 5 Assembly within the Infrastructure sector?
STAGE 6 6 TC Dissertation Handover & Close In seeking to explore the ways architects can champion the use of new technologies in construction, this dissertation sought to STAGE 7 subversively promote the architects role in the In Use 7 construction phase of projects RIBA PLAN OF WORK OF PLAN RIBA
‘Architects can and could support communities in the development of social value: changing the way people feel and think; creating frameworks for community interaction; co-curating places to foster a sense of identity; delivering learning experiences; and mapping and recording community assets’106 Flora Samuel
104 Nishat Awan, Tatjana Schneider, and Jeremy Till, Spatial Agency: Other 106 Flora Samuel, Why Architects Matter: Evidencing and Communicating the 107 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, (New York: Ways of Doing Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011), p. 27. Value of Architects (New York: Routledge, 2018), p. 133. Modern Library, 1993), p. 238. 105 Ibid., p.27. 104 105 5.0 REFERENCE 5.1 VISUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 5.2 REFERENCE LIST
Books Awan, Nishat, Tatjana Schneider, and Jeremy Till, Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2011)
Brinkmann, Svend, Philosophies of Qualitative Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017) Cachola Schmal, Peter, Anna Scheuermann, and Oliver Elser, eds., Making Heimat. Germany arrival country (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2016)
Cachola Schmal, Peter, Anna Scheuermann, and Oliver Elser, eds., Making Heimat. Germany arrival country: Atlas of refugee housing (Berlin: Hatje Cantz, 2017) Creswell, John W., Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches, 2nd ed (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2007)
Cross, Nigel, Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work (Oxford: Berg, 2011) Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds., Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998) Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming (Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London: The MIT Press, 2013)
Primary Key Texts Texts Primary Key Practice for Fraser, Murray, ed., Design Research in Architecture: An Overview, (Burlington: Ashgate, 2014) Groat, Linda N., and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods (New York: J. Wiley, 2002) Hertzberger, Herman, Lessons for Students in Architecture, trans. by Ina Rike (Rotterdam: Uitgeverij, 2001) Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Modern Library ed (New York: Modern Library, 1993)
Jencks, Charles and Karl Kropf, eds., Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture, (Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2006)
Lash, Joseph, Helen and the Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy (Delacorte: Merloyd Lawrence, 1980) Lawson, Bryan, How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006)
Secondary Key Texts Texts Key Secondary Practice for Lawson, Bryan and Kees Dorst, Design Expertise (Oxford: Elsevier, 2009) Lucas, Ray, Research Methods for Architecture (London: Laurence King Publishing, 2016) Malpass, Matthew, Critical Design in Context: History, Theory, and Practices (London: Bloomsbury, 2017) Moore, Rowan, ed., &\also (London: Black Dog, 2003) Murray, Fraser, ed., Design Research in Architecture: An Overview (Burlington: Ashgate, 2014) Powell, Ken, Edward Cullinan Architects (London: Academy Editions, 1995) Plowright, Philip, Revealing Architectural Design: Methods, Framework and Tools (London: Routledge, 2014) Rishbeth, Clare, and others, #refugeeswelcome in Parks: A Resource Book (Sheffield: The University of Sheffield, 2017) Robbins, Edward, Why Architects Draw, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997) Primary Key Texts Texts Primary Key Methodology for Rose, Gillian, Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials (London: Sage, 2001) Rudlin, David and Nicholas Falk, Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood: Building the 21st Century Home (Oxford: Elsevier, 2009) Sadler, Simon, The Situationist City (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1998) Samuel, Flora, Why architects matter: evidencing and communicating the value of architects (New York: Routledge, 2018) Saunders, Doug, Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World (London: Windmill Books, 2011) Saunders, Doug, ‘Arriving on the Edge: Migrant Districts and the Architecture of Inclusion’, in Making Heimat: Germany, Arrival Country, ed. by Peter Cachola Schmal, Oliver Elser, and Anna Scheuermann (Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2016)
Secondary Key Texts Texts Key Secondary Methodology for Schon, Donald, The Reflective Practitioner: How professionals think in action, New( York: Basic Books, 1983) Seamon, David, ‘A Way of Seeing People and Place: Phenomenology in Environment-Behavior Research’, in Theoretical Perspectives in Environment-Behavior Research, ed. by Seymour Wapner and others (New York: Plenum, 2000), pp. 157–78
Smithies, Kenneth, Principles of design in architecture, (New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981)
Soto, Hernando de, The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2002) Tonkiss, Fran, ‘Urban Economies and Social Inequalities’, in The SAGE Handbook of the 21st Century City, ed. by Suzanne Hall and Richard Burdett (London: SAGE, 2018), pp. 187–201
Zajczyk, Francesca, Silvia Mugnano, and Pietro Palvarini, Large Housing Estates in Milan, Italy: Opinions of Residents on Recent Developments (Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2005) 108 109 Journal Articles ‘Studio | Cullinan Studio’
Dorst, K, ‘The Core of “Design Thinking” and Its Application’, Design Studies, 32.6 (2011), 521–32 Sarcinelli, Pala and Prada Bianchi, ‘The Racket of Occupations’, San Siro Stories
UCRHighlander, Highlander Interviews The Yes Men
Foreigners in the Italian Labour Market: Eight Annual Report, (Directorate General of Immigration and Integration Policies, ‘Migrant: Definition of Migrant in English’Oxford Dictionaries
Sampson, John, Arrival City: Milan, SSoA MArch Studio Brief 2018/2019 (University of Sheffield) The Demographic Future of the Country: Regional Population Projects to 2065 (ISTAT, 26 April 2017)
Webpages Boldrini, Guglielmo, tran., ‘Italy 2018 General Election’, The Political Compass, 2018
Bonino, Emma, ‘Fact-Checking Popular Claims about Immigrants’, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2016
Gayle, Damien, ‘Italy: Failed Northern League Candidate Held over Migrant Shootings’, The Guardian, 3 February 2018
Giuffrida, Angela, ‘Salvini’s Anti-Migrant Pledge “practically Impossible” to Fulfil’, The Guardian, 5 July 2018
‘News Articles’, Italian Lawyers
Perrone, Alessio, ‘Migrants Suffer amid Rising Anti-Immigration Sentiment in Italy’,Aljazeera , 25 May 2018
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