ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF SOIL FAUNA

Editors G.K. VEERESH D. RAJAGOPAL C.A. VlRAKTAMATH

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Preface

INAUGURAL SESSION

Inaugural Address: The Importance of Soil Zoology in the Context of Present Day Intensive Agriculture 1.3 N.S. Randhawa

SYMPOSIUM LECTURE

Major Soils of India and Soil-biota Relationship 1-9 /. Sehgal Progress in Soil Zoology in India 1-27 Janardan Singh

1. APTERYGOTA

1.1. On the Phylogeny of the Genera of Lepismatidae (Insecta: Zygentoma) 3 Luis F. Mendes 1.2. On the Zoogeographic Affinities of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) from India 15 Luis F. Mendes 1.3. Morphological and Ethological Features of the Genus Silvestrichilis Wygodzinsky, 1950 (Apterygota: Microcoryphia) 25 M. Gaju-Ricart and C. Bach de Roca 1.4. A Proposal for a Standard System of Chaetotaxic Nomenclature in the Symphypleona (Insecta: Collembola) 31 J.M. Betsch and G. Bretfeld 1.5. Biogeographie des Collemboles Neanurinae des Montagnes du Sud de l'lnde et de Sri Lanka 39 P. Cassagnau 1.6. Geographical Distribution of the Genus Callyntrura (Collembola) 47 Yayuk Rahayuningsih Suhardjono viii Contents

1.7. Distribution of Collembola in Eycalyptus Forest in Southeastern Australia 53 Penelope Greenslade, C.R. Margules and E.M. Adomeit 1.8. Notes on Australian Uchidanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) 63 Penelope Greenslade 1.9. Communities of Collembola in Natural and Transformed Soils of a Tilio- carpinetum Habitat in the Manzovian Lowlands of Poland 67 Maria Sterzynska 1.10. Species Diversity and Population Size of Collembola in Some Cultivated Fields 75 B.C. Guru and B. Das 1.11. The Role of Tomocerus minor (Collembola) and Philoscia muscorum (Isopoda) in Decomposition of Black Pine Litter: A Microcosm Study 91 A. Teuben and TA.PJ. Roelofsma 1.12. The Role of Cryptopygus thermophilus (Collembola) in Regulating C/N Ratio 99 B.C. Guru and S. Panda

2. TERMITES

2.1. Distribution and Abundance of Subterranean Fungus-growing Termites (Isoptera) in the Grassland of Kajiado, Kenya 111 Takuya Abe 2.2. Relative Abundance of Different Species of Termites at the Main Research Station, Hebbal, Bangalore 123 C.T. Ashok Kumar and G.K. Veeresh 2.3. Termites Have Their Choice of Food in the Midst of Plenty 127 T. Shivashankar, D. Rajagopal and G.K. Veeresh 2.4. Swarming Behaviour of the Subterranean Termite, Microtermes obesi Holmgren (Isoptera: Termitidae) 137 C.T. Ashok Kumar and G.K. Veeresh 2.5. Foraging Activity and Soil Turnover by Ants, Termites and Earthworms iij an Agroforestry System 141 Arun Lekha, G. Chopra and S.R. Gupta 2.6. Studies on the Damage by Termites to Seed Setts and to Post-harvest Stubbles of Sugarcane Plantations in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka 147 N.C. Kumarasinghe 2.7. Assessment of Losses of Nutrients in Dung and Farmyard Manure Due to Termite Foraging 155 D. Rajagopal, G.K. Veeresh and N.G. Kumar Contents

2.8. Termite Damage and Control in Tropical Forestry 161 Robert H. Cowie, James W.M. Logan and T.G. Wood

3. HARMFUL SOIL FAUNA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

3.1. Soil Insect Problems in African Groundnut Crops 171 JA. Wightman 3.2. Studies on Soil Pests Associated with Groundnut in Zambia 177 S. Sithanantham 3.3. Studies on the Ecology of Certain Soil-borne Insect Pests in Tamil Nadu State, India 183 S. Jayaraj, A.V. Rangarajan, RJ. Rabindra and N. Chandramohan 3.4. Biogeography of Pest Species of White Grubs of Karnataka 191 G.K. Veeresh, A.R.V. Kumar and T.M. Musthak Ali 3.5. Frequency and Dominance of Scarabaeid Beetles in Varanasi District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh 199 Paras Nath and Janardan Singh 3.6. Biology and Chemical Control of Leucopholis Lepidophora (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Sugarcane 209 A.S. Patil and D.G. Hapase 3.7. An Attempt at Screening Some Species of Coffee against Cockchafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) 217 C.K. Vijayalakshmi and P. Krishnamoorthy Bhat 3.8. An Evaluation of Some Microbial Agents for the Control of White Grubs Infesting Sugarcane 223 H. David and S. Easwaramoorthy 3.9. Use of Chemicals in Control of White Grub Attacking Ginger 231 K.K. Shrivastava and R.K. Pandaya 3.10. Bioecology, Damage Potential and Management of Root Grub, Basilepta fulvicorne (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 235 B. Gopakumar, D. Kumaresan, S. Varadarasan and R. Naidu 3.11. Spatial Distribution of Potato Cutworm Agrotis segatum (Lepidoptera: Nocfuidae) in Potato Field 239 D. Rajagopal and T.P. Trivedi 3.12. Assessment of Avoidable Yield Losses in Potatoes Due to Agrotis Cutworms in North-western Plains 243 S.S. Misra and H.C. Sharma 3.13. Studies on the Association of the Black Ant Camponotus compressus and the Scale, Pulvinaria sp. on Mango 249 Abraham Verghese and PL. Tandon x Contents

3.14. Conservation and Augmentation of Predaceous Bugs and Their Role in Biological Control 255 Dunston P. Ambrose 3.15. New Natural Oribatid Vectors from Kerala 259 MA. Haq 3.16. Nematode Parasites of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the University of Agricultural Sciences Campus, Bangalore 265 B.C. Narayanaswamy and H.K. Ramappa 3.17. Resistance in Brinjal Lines to the Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita 269 P. Parvatha Reddy, R.M. Khan and S.K. Tikoo 3.18. Chemical Control of Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Papaya 273 P. Parvatha Reddy and R.M. Khan

4. IMPACT OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES INCLUDING PESTICIDES AND WASTES ON SOIL FAUNA

4.1. Soil Structure and Soil Biological Interaction in Three Different Agricultural Practices 279 M.J. Kooistra 4.2. Soil Macrofauna and Land Management in Peruvian Amazonia (Yurimaguas, Loreto) 291 B. Pashani and P. Lavelle 4.3. Effect of Shifting Cultivation (Jhum) on Soil Fauna with Particular Reference to Earthworms in North East India 299 V.T. Darlong and J.R.B. Alfred 4.4. Micro- and Their Conservation in Some North-east Indian Soil 309 J.R.B. Alfred, V.T. Darlong, SJ.S. Hattar and D. Paul 4.5. Preliminary Results of Impact of Some Traditional Agronomic Practices and Drought on Economically Important Soil Fauna in Pearl Millet Fields in the Sahelian Zone 321 V.S. Bhatnagar, E. Fytizas and A. Beye 4.6. Intercropping Effects on Insect Pests of Cassava in Columbia and of Groundnut in India 329 Clifford S. Gold, Octavio Vargas and John Wightman 4.7. Influence of Agricultural Practices on the Population of Soil in West Bengal, India 333 A.K. Sanyal 4.8. Colonization of Arable Fields by Earthworms in a Newly Reclaimed Polder in the Netherlands — Preliminary Results 341 J.C.Y. Marinissen Contents xi

4.9. Impact of Eucalyptus Litter on Earthworm Activity 349 Nabin C. Dash and B.K. Senapati 4.10. Aphid Honeydew and Decomposition: Effects on Decomposer Fauna 357 Dhrupad Choudhury 4.11. Ecotoxicological Study of Pesticides on Earthworms 365 Ph. Lebrun and M. Pype 4.12. Impact of a Normal Agricultural Dose of Malathion on a Dominant Paddy Field Earthworm, Drawida willsi Michaelson 377 B.K. Senapati, S.C. Pani, S.K. Sahu and J. Biswal 4.13. Effects on Non-ionic Surfactants on Life Activities on Collembola 383 G.M. Khanislamova

5. IMPACT OF FOREST DENUDATION AND SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL FAUNA

5.1. Effects of Disturbances on the Guild Structure of Soil Arthropods in Pine- forests in Central Java—A Preliminary Survey 391 Bintoro Gunadi, Soenarto Notosoedarmo and Els N.G. Joosse 5.2. Effect of Deforestation on the Soil Macro and Microarthropod Fauna of West Bengal, India 399 AX. Hazra 5.3. Effect of Forest Fire on Symphylid Populations in the Ponmudi Hills of Western Ghats 413 C.GA. Pai and N.R. Prabhoo 5.4. Comparative Study on the Ecology of Soil Mesofauna in a Vegetable Garden and a Deciduous Forest at Ranchi, India 419 P.B. Sinha, Nisarga S. Sen, Azra P. Zahidi and Azfar H. Naqvi 5.5. Les Lombriciens dans les Manipulations et la Restauration de Sols Degrades 429 J.J. Brun, D. Cluzeau, P. Chiaverini et J.C. Heidet 5.6. Ecological Engineering in the Redevelopment of Forest Ecosystems on Old Farmland 449 Andrzej Szujecki

6. ROLE 6F SOIL FAUNA IN NUTRIENT CYCLING

6.1. The Role "of Soil Fauna in Nutrient Cycling 465 K.E. Lee 6.2. Effects of Invertebrates on Soil Properties and Processes 473 Jonathan Anderson, David Knight and Peter Elliot xii Contents

6.3. Succession of Microarthropods in Decomposing Spruce Needles: A Litter Bag Study Over Ten Years 485 Sigmund Hdgvar 6.4. The Effect of B iotic and Abiotic Factors on Litter Decomposition in a Tropical Dalbergia sissoo Forest Ecosystem 491 S.R. Gupta and R. Rajvanshi 6.5. The Role of Soil Arthropods in Nutrient Flow and the Impact of Atmospheric Decomposition 497 HA. Verhoef and S. Meintser 6.6. The Interaction of Collembola and Mycorrhizal Roots in Nitrogen Mobilization in a Scots Pine Forest Soil 507 Jack H. Faber 6.7. Population Dynamics and Nitrogen Mineralization Rates in Soil as Influenced by Bacterial Grazing Nematodes and Mites 517 L. Brusaard, J.P. Kools, LA. Bouman and PC. de Ruiter 6.8. Relations Entre Peuplements Lombriciens et Proprietes Physiques de Sols Mediterraneens 525 FAI Addan, R. Aliaga et M.B. Bouche 6.9. The Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency from I5N Labelled Chemical Fertilizer in the Presence of Earthworm Manure (Cast) 539 Zhao Shi-wei and Huang Fu-zhen 6.10. Studies on the Effect of Earthworms on the Fertility of Red-arid Soil 543 Lui Shuxin, Xiong Dezhong and Wu Debing 6.11. Die Bedeutung der Regenwurmart Eisenia lucens bei der Zersetzung von Holzabfallen 547 C. Csuzdi und A. Zicsi 6.12. Consequences of Earthworms' Influence on Soil in Introducing Them into Forest Plantations in Caspian Lowland 553 T.S. Vsevolodova-Perel and ML. Sizemskaya 6.13. Uber die Zersetzung von Eichenreisholz Durch Verschiedene Diplopodenarten 557 M. Pobozsny

7. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MICROORGANISMS AND SOIL FAUNA

7.1. Biophysicochimie des Sols: Une Methodologie Nouvelle pour Reduire Notre»Meconnaissance des Causes de Deterioration des Sols 565 M.B. Bouche 7.2. Litter Decomposition and Element Dynamics in Forest Ecosystems Close to Conurbations 575 W. Kratz and G. Weigmann Contents xiii

7.3. Uber das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung von Nocardioform Actinomyceten im Darm von Regenwiirmern 585 EA. Hossein, K. Ravasz, A. Zicsi, E. Contreras und I.M. Szabo 7.4. New Method for Evaluation of Physiological Properties of Microorganisms in Earthworm Cast: Microorganism Action and Nitrogen Components in Earthworm Casts 591 S. Matsumoto 7.5. Incidence of Cellulolytic and Lignolytic Organisms in the Earthworm Worked Soils 599 Radha D. Kale, Kubra Bano, M.N. Sreenivasa, K. Vinayak and DJ. Bagyaraj 7.6. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Propagules in Earthworm Cast 605 K.M. Harinikumar, DJ. Bagyaraj and Radha D. Kale 7.7. Decay of Cattle Dung Pats in a Temperate Pasture: Role of Earthworms and Microbial Decomposition 611 Peter Holter 7.8. Protozoans Associated with Oribatid Mites 617 P. Neena and MA. Haq

8. MORPHOLOGY, ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF SOIL FAUNA

8.1. Earthworm Fauna of Southern Karnataka, India 627 Kubra Bano and Radha D. Kale 8.2. Studies on the Distribution of Earthworm and Its Comprehensive Utilization in China 635 Huang Fu-zhen and Zhao Shi-wei 8.3. Regulation de l'activite Lombricienne: Influence de la Temperature, de la Photoperiode et de l'humidite in situ sur l'indice de Mobilitede Nicodrilus longus longus (Ude) (Lumbricidae; Oligochaeta) 643 J.-C. Heidet et M.B. Bouche 8.4. Time and Space Relative Population Growth of Eudrilus eugeniae 657 Radh\a D. Kale and Kubra Bano 8.5. Reproductive Strategy of a r Selected and K Selected Earthworm from Tropical Pastures of Ori^sa, India 665 S.K. Sahu and B.K. Senapati 8.6. Energy Utilisation Strategy in a r Selected and K Selected Earthworm from Tropical Pastures of Orissa, India 671 B.K. Senapati and S.K. Sahu xiv Contents

8.7. Energetic Strategy and Life Table Analysis of Two Peregrine Indian Earthworms 677 BX. Senapati and M.C. Dash 8.8. Studies on the Spermatocidal Effects of the Earthworm Extract and Its Effective Constituents 683 Zhang Fuxia, Guo Baozhu, Wang Huiyun and Cai Guangzong 8.9. Ecological Adaptations of Diplopoda to Highland Conditions 691 B. Striganova 8.10. Advantage of Burrowing by a Tropical Scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes (Arachnida: Scorpionidae) 697 T. Shivashankar and G.K. Veeresh 8.11. Holostaspella tropicalis, A New Species of ornata Group (: Macrochelidae) from Eastern Himalaya, India 703 R.K. Roy 8.12. The Genus Macrocheles Latreille, 1829 (Acari: Macrochelidae) in India 2. Three New Species and Two New Records 707 R.K. Roy 8.13. Hyattolaspina hiteni, A New Genus and a New Species of the Family Parholaspidae (Acari: ) from Jorhat, India 717 Ashit Kumar Datta and P.C. Bhattacharjee 8.14. Sessiluncus abalaae and S. leei, Two New Species of the Family Rhodacaridae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Brahmaputra Valley, India 721 Ashit Kumar Datta and P.C. Bhattacharjee 8.15. Taxonomy of Oribatid Mites from the Soils of Tripura. I. Two Species of Allonothrus and Eremulus 727 Sadhana Sarkar 8.16. Two New Species of Oribatid Mites (Acari: Oribatei) from Kerala 733 Clement Adolph and MA. Haq 8.17. Phylogenetic Systematics and Zoogeography of the Genus Holaspulus Berlese (Acarina, Gamasida, Parholaspidae) 741 K. Ishikawa 8.18. A Catalogue of the Soil Mesostigmatid Mites (Acari) Collected from Palni Hills and Western Ghats, Southern India 749 RX. Roy 8.19. Survey of Acarines Occurring in Threshing Yards of Bangalore 755 Neelu Nangia and G.P. ChannaBasavanna 8.20. Ovoviviparity in Oribatid Mites 763 MA. Haq, K. Sheela and P. Neena 8.21. A Novel Adaptive Trend in Oribatid Mites 769 N. Ramani and MA. Haq Contents xv

8.22. Studies on Microarthropod Community in One Undisturbed Habitat of Tripura with Special Reference to Oribatid Mites 777 Sadhana Sarkar 8.23. Studies on the Soil Microarthropod Fauna of a Paddy Field in West Bengal, India 789 D. Sengupta and A.K. Sanyal 8.24. Population Ecology of Microarthropods in Relation to Vegetation and Rainfall 797 MA. Haq and N. Ramani 8.25. Ecology and Behaviour of a Sand Burrowing Insect, Schizodactylus monstrosus (Orthoptera: Schizodactylidae) 805 A.K. Hazra and S.K. Tandon 8.26. Larval Habitat of Cicindela cardoni (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) 811 A.R.V. Kumar, T. Shivashankar and G.K. Veeresh 8.27. Resource Partitioning by Three Species of Larval Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) 821 T. Shivashankar, A.R.V. Kumar, G.K. Veeresh and David. L. Pearson 8.28. Patterns of Soil Macrofauna Along an Altitudinal Gradient from Tropical to Temperate Forests in Northeast Mexico 829 /. Barois, F.X. Villalobos, C. Fragoso and C. Gonzalez

9. SOIL FAUNA AS BIOINDICATORS

9.1. Lumbricid Earthworms as Bio-indicators Relative to Soil Factors in Different Agro-ecosystems 839 Ole Christensen 9.2. Earth: Preservation, Restoration, Conservation Using the Earthworm 851 •* D. Livingstone t 9.3. Accumulation of Transuranic Elements in an Earthworm Population 855 f DA. Krivolutsky, V.Z. Martushov and V.L. Usachev ;| 9.4. Soils Limiting the Distribution of the Fresh-water Mussel. Lamellidens •* marginalis 859 i S.K. Rqut and A. Biswas jp 9.5. Terrestrial Isopods and Their Habitats—A Case Study in Shiga-cho, Shiga ft Prefecture, Western Japan 865 ,» Hiroyuki Watanabe 9.6. Orabitid Mites as Bioindicators of Soil Moisture 871 K. Sheela and MA. Haq 9.7. Oribatid Mites as Bioindicators of Soil Organic Matter 877 Somnath Banerjee and A.K. Sanyal xvi Contents

9.8. On the Indices of Body Mass of Soil-dwelling Invertebrates and Their Application in Ecological Studies 881 l.V. Kudryasheva 9.9. The Soil Mesofauna of an Experimental Successional Site as Indicator of Aldicarb Application 887 Hartmut Koehler

ROUND TABLE — DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. Soil Fauna-Soil Structure Relationships 905 II. A Proposal for a Standard System of Chaetotoxic Nomenclature in Collembola. I. Symphypleona 907

Index to Authors 909

Index to Genera, Species and New Taxa Proposed 911