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Article 539032 7751482F2b438 ﺑﺰرﻛﺎر و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺰ (Dacus ciliatus Loew (Dip.,Tephritidae روي ﺧﻴﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( -155 172) اﺛﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن (Acari: Mesostigmata) در ﺑﺎغ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارم * ﺳﺎﻧﺎز ﺟﻮان1 ، ﻫﺎدي اﺳﺘﻮان1 ، ﺷﻬﺮام ﺣﺴﺎﻣﻲ1 -1 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ، اﺳﺘﺎد و اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، واﺣﺪ ﺷﻴﺮاز، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﺷﻴﺮاز ، اﻳﺮان ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از وﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي رده ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 456 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و ﺑﻴﺶ از 56000 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻮن ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻃﺮاف 20 ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺎغ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارم واﻗﻊ در ﺷﻴﺮاز (اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس - اﻳﺮان) ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮ ﻓﺖ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎ ﻣﺪاوم از ﺧﺎك ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎل اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ (ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 94- 93 ). در ﻛﻞ 4874 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. 50 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 32 ﺟﻨﺲ از 19 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ. ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن و ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ ﻳﻦ و ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ در درﺧﺖ ﺷﺎه ﺑﻠﻮط ﻫﻨﺪي ﺳﺮخ و اﺳﻄﻮﺧﻮدوس ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Sessiluncus n.sp و .Zercon n.sp ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن، ﺷﻴﺮاز * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: /4/19 96 - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: /13/6 96 ١ ﺟﻮان و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: اﺛﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ و درﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه از ﻫﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اي اﺳﺖ ( Germida et al ., 1998 ). ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺧﺎك ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را در ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺧﺎك دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه، ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﻮن ﺧﺎك ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه اﺳﺖ .( .( Becker et al ., 2001 ) ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ از اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻧﺴﺎن از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺎك ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . اﻓﺮاد اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده اﻧﺪ ( Krantz, 1978 ). ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺶ راﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﺘ ﻨﻮع ﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﭘﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي Parasitiformes ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻏﻠﺐ آن ﻫﺎ داراي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي آزاد، ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﻫﻢ اﻧﮕﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪاران، ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن، ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (Walter & Proctor, 1999) . اﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮان ﺧﺎك زي، ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و اﻧﮕﻞ ﻣﻬﺮه داران ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك از ﭘﺎدﻣﺎن، ﺗﺨﻢ ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻻروي و ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Lindquist et al ., 2009 ). ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Eviphididae ، Macrochelidae ، Parasitidae ، Laelapidae و Ascidae در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ آﻓﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Beaulieu & Weeks, 2007; Gerson et al. , 2003; Krantz, 1978 ). ). ﻃﻲ دﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻛ ﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ. اﺛﺮات اﻧﺴﺎن روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Loreau et al ., 2001 ). ﺗﻨﻮع ز ﻲﺴﺘﻳ دو ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘ ﻜﻴ ﻲ و ﺗﻨﻮع اﻛﻮﺳﻴ ﺴﺘﻤﻲ را را درﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد وﻟﻲ در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺶ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در آن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺖ .(Peverieri et al ., 2009) در ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ و اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﺟﺎﻧﻮري ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد و از آن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Jenkins & Parker, 1998 ). ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺎت و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ دﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ و ﺑﺮﻫﻢ زدن اﻳﻦ ﺛﺒﺎت در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد و دﺧﺎﻟﺖ اﻧﺴﺎن در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد. وﺟﻮد ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري و اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ را ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻃﺮاف آن ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮد ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري و ﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ (Alijanpour, 2009 ). ). ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع و اﻟﮕﻮي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎن ﺧﺎك زي را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ. اﺛﺮ ﮔﻴﺎه اﻛﺎﻟﻴﭙﺘﻮس روي ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺧﺎﻛﺰي ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎدﻣﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از زﻳﺮ درﺧﺖ اﻛﺎﻟﻴﭙﺘﻮس ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻒ زارﻫﺎ داراي ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ، ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ داراي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع داراي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎدﻣﺎن در ﺧﺎك ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. (Reiff, 2016) ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻪ داري رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴﺰي و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﺧﺎك ﺷﺪه و از اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺧﺎكز ي ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ; ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺛﺮ ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم Cushion plant ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻪ داري رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴﺰي ﺧﺎك ﺷﺪه و از اﻳﻦ رو ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ و ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ارﻳﺒﺎﺗﻴﺪ، ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎ و ﭘﻴﺶ اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.(Minor et al ., 2016) ١ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، ( -155 172) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎناﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ، اﻓﺰون ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژي و رواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺑﺎغ ارم، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻫﺪف از اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺛﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن در ﺑﺎغ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارم اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎك زي راﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آن ﻫﺎ در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎغ ارم، در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﺮاز ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺧﺎك، ﺧﺎﻛﺒﺮگ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ از ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1393 ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1394 و از 20 ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ (ﺟﺪول 1 ). ). ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎك ﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ 15 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از Soil sampler ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎي ﻳﻚ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم از ﺧﺎك ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪو آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻗﻴﻒ -ﺰﺑﺮﻟ ﺗﻮﻟﮕﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﺧﺎك و و ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷ ﺪ. ﭘﺲ از ﭘﺨﺶ ﻛﺮدن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه روي ﺗﻮري ﻛﻒ ﻗﻴﻒ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان رﻃﻮﺑﺖ و ﺣﺠﻢ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت -24 48 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ داﺧﻞ ﻗﻴﻒ ﻧﮕﻪ داري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه و درون ﻇﺮف ﺣﺎوي اﻟﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ا ﻟﻜﻞ در زﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻔﺎف ﺷﺪن در ﻇﺮوف ﺣﺎوي ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺖ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪه و درب آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻇﺮوف ﺑﻪ آون ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺪود 50 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ و ﭘﺲ از اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺷﻔﺎف ﺷﺪن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﻮﻳﺮ از آن ﻫﺎ اﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ اﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن، ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﻮﻳﺮ در زﻳﺮ ﻻﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ داﺧﻞ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ 45 ﺗﺎ 50 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ و ﭘﺲ از اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺧﺎرج و ﭘﺲ از ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ دو روز ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻮي ﻇﺮﻳﻒ اﻃﺮاف ﻻﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻻك ﺑﻲ رﻧﮓ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻧﻔﻮذ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ د.ﺷﻮ ﺳﭙﺲ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ روي ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ ﺷ ﺪ. ﺪ. ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ داده ﻫﺎ از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SPSS اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ د (ﻓﺮﻣﻮل )¨Ä ʚ¬¿ʛʟ 1 Ɣ Ǝ ∑¿Ͱ̊ ʞ¬¿ ̎ H : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن - وﻳﻨﺮ Pi : ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي i ام ام ln : ﻟﮕﺎرﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ١٧ ﺟﻮان و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: اﺛﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺰي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن ... ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن ͢ n͝ʚn͝Ǝ1ʛ (ﻓﺮﻣﻮل Ɣ 1 Ǝ ∑͝Ɣ0 ( 3-2 î ʢ NʚNƎ1ʛ ʣ δ : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن ni : ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺎ N : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪول -1 ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻳﺎن از ﺑﺎغ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارم Table 1- Description of sampling place for collecting of mean from Vegetation of sampling region ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ Region Engilsh name Broad leaved and deciduous tree ﺷﺎه ﺑﻠﻮط ﻫﻨﺪي ﺳﺮخ Red horse chestnut 1 Shrub or small deciduous trees اﻧﺎر Pomegranate 2 Oranamental tree and evergreen tree ﻧﺎرﻧﺞ Sour orange 3 Tree or shrub آﻗﻄﻲ ﺳﻴﺎه Camman elder 4 Ever green trees ﺳﺮو ﺷﻴﺮازي Pyramidal Italian cypress 5 Ever green tree or shrub ازﮔﻴﻞ ژاﭘﻨﻲ Chinese Joquat 6 Shrub and perennial ﺳﻄﻮﺧﺪوس Lavendel 7 Tree or shrub ﻣﺸﻚ Sweet acacia 8 Ever green shrub ﺷﻤﺸﺎد ژاﭘﻨﻲ Evergreen euonymus 9 Ever green shrub زﻳﺘﻮن Olive tree 10 Ever green soft wood tree ﻛﺎج اﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ Afghan pine 11 Shrub and ornamental ارﻏﻮان اﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ Afghan redbud 12 Broad leaved and deciduous ﮔﺮدو Persian walnut 13 Deciduous ornamental shrub زرﺷﻚ اوﺗﺎواﻳﻲ Barberry superba 14 Deciduous broad leaved tree ﺗﻮت ﻣﺠﻨﻮن Weeping white mulberry 15 Deciduous broad leaved tree ﭼﻨﺎر Oriental plane tree 16 Hebaceous perennial rhizome plant and ﮔﻞ اﺧﺘﺮ (Canna (indian shit.
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