Rapid Assessment Report

Rapid Assessment report

Dec, 2017

Contents Acronyms and Key terms ...... 2 Key terms ...... 2 List of Tables ...... 2 1. Introduction ...... 3 1.1 Who we are?...... 3 Project background ...... 3 Description of the Assessment Area ...... 3 1.2 Objective of the Assessment ...... 3 1.2.2 Specific objective ...... 3 1.3 Scope of the Assessment ...... 4 1. 4Composition of The Assessment team ...... 4 1.5 Informed Consent and Ethical Consideration ...... 4 Methodology and Assessment tools ...... 5 1.6 Selection Procedure of the participants ...... 5 Summary of the assessment results per IDP Site ...... 9 Conclusions ...... 19 Recommendations ...... 20

Acronyms and Key terms

CP---- Child protection

DRC---- Danish refugee council

DPPB –Disaster prevention preparedness bureau

DTM—Displacement tracking matrix

FGD ----Focus group discussion

FGM---- Female Genital Mutilation

GBV---- Gender-based violence

HC --- host community

KII---- Key Informant Interview

KM--- Kilometer

IDP--- Internally displaced people

WASH --- Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WCAO ---- Women and Children affairs office

Key terms Birka --- A deep hole constructed to accumulate water during the rainy season for a future use during the dry season

Ration --- A share of food items that are distributed by agencies and by government for households

List of Tables

TABLE 1 ASSESSMENT SITES ...... 4

TABLE 2 TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANT FOR ALL ASSESSMENT TOOLS ...... 5

TABLE 3 IDP SITES DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND GENERAL INFORMATION ...... 6

1. Introduction 1.1 Who we are? The Danish Refugee Council (DRC) is an international non-governmental organization, which has been providing relief and development services in the Horn of Africa since 1997. DRC promotes and supports solutions to the problems faced by refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs), and migrants. The organization has offices across the region and has been operational in Ethiopia since 2009. With funding from bilateral and multilateral donors, DRC is currently implementing a range of activities across Ethiopia and Djibouti, including WASH and shelter provision, child and youth protection, gender-based violence prevention and response, awareness raising on migration risks, protection monitoring and livelihoods support for returning migrants or those at-risk of migration. Project background In order to respond to the needs of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and persons with specific needs amongst IDP communities in Somali region DRC is implementing a series of protection activities. Some of these are focused on generating information to inform the humanitarian response, while others are aimed at identifying protection trends, risks, and individuals with specific needs requiring targeted services offered by DRC or referral to specialized service providers. The following assessment is conducted as part of DRC protection project that primarily aims at enhancing the safety of IDPs in Somali region particularly in Filtu Woreda, Liban zone. Description of the Assessment Area Filtu (also known as Liben) is one of the Woredas in Liben zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Liben Zone, Filtu is bordered on the south by the Dawa River which separates it from Moyale and Hudet, on the west by the Oromia Region, on the north and east by the Ganale Dorya River which separates it from the Afder Zone, and on the southeast by Dolo Ado. The major town of this woreda is Filtu. The altitude of this woreda ranges from 200 along the Ganale Dorya, to as high as 1500 meters above sea level. Liben is located at the frontier between the traditional territories of the Somali and Oromo people living in the southwestern part of Ethiopia. 1.2 Objective of the Assessment The overall objective of the assessment is to assess the existing situation and identify Protection concerns of internally displaced communities in 13 IDP sites at Filtu Woreda. 1.2.2 Specific objective

 To assess the current major protection concerns and risks among IDP communities

 To identify existing protection systems  To Identify the most vulnerable and affected IDP sites

1.3 Scope of the Assessment The current assessment covers 13 conflict-induced IDP sites in Filtu woreda which were pre- selected based on the findings of the round 6 Displacement tracking matrix (DTM).

Table 1 Assessment sites

No, Site name Kebele Woreda 1 Bola Arasama Filtu 2 Ahmad Yahas Arasame Filtu 3 Ma’alin Dhore Arasame Filtu 4 Libirar Ayinle Filtu 5 Dhahyele Banhigle Filtu 6 Golol Kambi Banhigle Filtu 7 Barkada wabarka Bifata Filtu 8 Ahad Haydimtu Filtu 9 Adad Jiko Jayga’Ad Filtu 10 Lamburi Kulay Filtu 11 Hassan Gabi Kulay Filtu 12 Wanow Malkalibi Filtu 13 Sheikh Osman Usubey Filtu

1.4 Composition of The Assessment team The assessment was conducted between the periods of September 20, 2017- October 30, 2017. The main participants during the assessment were DRC’s Mobile protection team, as well as the woreda women and children affairs officer and a representative from the Disaster preparedness and prevention bureau (DPPB).

Name Organization Title Belete Getahun DRC Protection team leader Hafidha Mohamed DRC Protection officer Hassen Mohamed DRC Protection officer Mohamed Adan Gurow Filtu woreda DPPB Expert Aisha Mohamed Filtu Woreda WCAO Expert

1.5 Informed Consent and Ethical Consideration Verbal clearances were secured from Filtu Woreda Administration office to access IDP sites and to conduct the assessment.

The participants received sufficient information verbally regarding the objective and the purpose of the assessment to ensure voluntarily participation in the assessment. The participants were informed that they could withdraw from the discussion at any time. To this end, the right of the respondents to refuse to answer a few or all questions was respected. Confidentiality was assured and no personal details were recorded. Methodology and Assessment tools Two government representatives accompanied the DRC team in order to ensure transparency and government involvement in the overall assessment activity. The DRC team conducted focused group discussions using standardized questions; the IDPs openly discussed their views and needs in regards to the subject matter responding to protection needs and concerns. The communities visited have been suggesting their own needs and problems in order to improve their safety, the access to services, their needs, and concerns. In addition to the FGD, the assessment was complemented by key informant interviews and site observation checklist. The following data collection tools which were used in the assessment: A. Focus group Discussion with IDP community B. Focus group Discussion specifically with women and girls C. Key Informant Interviews with clan leaders, IDP representatives, local authorities D. Protection observation tool

1.5 Selection Procedure of the participants The team randomly selected the participants based on their availability (convenience method) during the assessment period and the selection criteria stated for each data-gathering tool. The participation was voluntary. DRC provided refreshments for participants during each FGD session. The summary of the participants is illustrated in the table below

Table 2 Total number of participant s for all assessment tools

Assessment tool Total Total sessions Facilitator Notetaker participant conducted Focus group 275 25 Hafida Mohamed Aisha Mohamed Discussion with IDP community women and girls FGD With IDP 286 26 Hassen Mohamed Belete Getahun community KII 13 26 Hassen Mohamed/Belete Getahun Protection ---- 13 (one for Belete Getahun observation each site ) Total 561

Major Challenges during the Assessment 1. The absence of a suitable place to conduct the focus group discussion session in almost all IDP sites 2. Remoteness of some IDP sites from Filtu town 3. People's claim that they are fed-up of assessments and need for immediate actions, however, the government representatives were cooperative and helpful.

Table 3 IDP sites demographic data and general information

Site Keble IDP Availab Total # Avera Total # Reason Distanc water Road Schoo Availabil Major means Name Site ility of of ge individua for e from source accessibil l ity of of livelihood Locatio latrine househo house ls displace the ity availa health n services lds hold ment woreda bility service size in KM within within 10 10 km km distan ce Bola Arasam Separat No 200 6-10 1200 Conflict 30 Rain good No No Food aid from a e from /Birka gov’t HC Ahmad Arasam Separat No 280 6-10 1680 Conflict 45 Rain good No No Food donation Yahas e e from /Birka from host HC community Ma’alin Arasam Separat No 500 6-10 1929 Conflict 15 Rain good yes No Food donation Dhore e e from /Birka from host HC community Libirar Ayinle Separat No 750 6-10 4500 Conflict 65 Rain good No No Food donation e from /Birka from host HC community Dhahyele Banhigl Separat No 240 6-10 1440 Conflict 65 Rain good No No Food donation e e from /Birka from host HC community Golol Banhigl Separat No 200 3-5 600 Conflict 75 Rain good No No Food donation Kambi e e from /Birka from host HC community Barkada Bifata Within No 300 6-10 100 Conflict 17 Rain good No No Food Aid wabarka HC /Birka Ahad Haydim Separat No 500 6-10 3000 Conflict 28 Rain good No No Harvesting

Site Keble IDP Availab Total # Avera Total # Reason Distanc water Road Schoo Availabil Major means Name Site ility of of ge individua for e from source accessibil l ity of of livelihood Locatio latrine househo house ls displace the ity availa health n services lds hold ment woreda bility service size in KM within within 10 10 km km distan ce tu e from /Birka HC Adad Jayga’ Within No 500 6-10 1077 Conflict 15 Rain good No No Food donation Jiko Ad HC /Birka from host community Lamburi Kulay Separat No 80 6-10 480 Conflict 115 Rain good No No Food donation e from /Birka from host HC community Hassan Kulay Separat No 180 6-10 1080 Conflict 115 River good No No Food donation Gabi e from from host HC community wanow Malkali Within No 102 6-10 612 Conflict 7 Rain good yes Yes Food bi HC /Birka distribution from the gov’t Sheikh Usubey Separat No 400 6-10 2400 Conflict 36 Rain good yes No Food donation Osman e from /Birka from host HC community

Summary of the assessment results per IDP Site

1. Ahmad Yahas IDP Site

The IDPs from Ahmed Yahas are mainly displaced from DIRE sub location called Harbale, six years ago due to a conflict that had erupted. The communities were pastoralists and farmers before displacement and some owned small businesses. Ahmad Yahas is located in the western part of Filtu woreda, nearly 45 KM from the town and a proximately 9Km from Sheikh Osman IDP site. Major protection issues • Domestic violence is a major issue raised by the women and girls during the focus group discussion. The family relationships are affected due to displacement, particularly between the couple. • As an aftermath of the displacement, there are children separated from their parents currently living with their relatives. The displacement also affected the community structure that was mainly expressed in major social activities like marriage. • The security situation is good and there is no danger reported by the kebele chairperson. • FGM and Forced marriage are the major GBV issues identified through FGD with women and girls. Due to traditional cultural norms, the practice of FGM is high in this IDP site. • There is a complete absence of latrines and showers and it is obvious that there is a practice of open defecation. • There are no health facilities and when people get sick they use donkeys as means of transportation to carry patients until Filtu town with high chances of the person dying before reaching a hospital. • There is no regular food distribution with the exception of a small donation from the allocated ration by the host communities that does not cover their needs. • The site is located in a drought-affected area with limited rain which is the main source of water for the community • The shelters of the community are generally poorly constructed from local properties, which are very small. Most of the people are vulnerable to natural hazards because of lack of locks in the shelters • There was no sign of humanitarian assistance being delivered from other sectors during the visit • There is no care arrangement for separated and unaccompanied children as well as for the people with disability in terms of accessing services. • There is no School in surrounding kebeles hence, many children left without education because of the long distance of Education facilities from the site, • Lack of none-food items which includes clothes and sanitary pads for women

• Overcrowded conditions in the IDP sites have resulted in lack of privacy for women. This was mentioned on all sites. Most households contain six to 10 people living in the same shelter.

2. Sheikh Osman

The people of concern from Sheikh Osman are mainly displaced from Mubarak woreda due to a conflict that occurred five years ago . The majority of IDPs were pastoralists. Findings on major protection issues • Access to water is the major protection concern mentioned by the community. • Major economic challenges were mentioned by the women and girls. Women and girls are collecting firewood as a source of income but without the approval from the government authorities. • They are significant needs for basic items such as clothing, mattresses, and blankets, as well as necessities such as food and water. • Child labor is the major protection concern identified, where children are engaged in tasks such as collecting firewood and looking after camels • They is no pre-natal and ante-natal care follow-up for women of childbearing age. And women mentioned that the risk of complication from home delivery is high. • GBV concerns identified include FGM and domestic violence, forced marriage, and early marriage which has very high occurrence. • The parents send girls to look after animals in the bush which entails a very high risk in terms of physical security as well as for GBV • The young girls are feeling shameful in the community when they reach the age of menstruation monthly cycle and they requested sanitary kits. • Parents only send boys to schools to a nearby kebele, which is very far from Sheikh Osman, and girls are mainly engaged in domestic work. • The Community constructed a Birka with some help from the woreda and the rainwater that entered during the last raining season is about to end, soon people will face a shortage of water. • People with specific needs such as pregnant and lactating mothers, elderly persons, and people with health issues are not given priority in terms of accessing services.

• Currently, people get water every two days and the amount of water a family receives depends on their family size as agreed by the elders and the IDPs chairperson. Shortage of food is an alarming situation here in the site; people are suffering a lot especially women, children, and elderly people. The IDPs get some assistance from host communities from the nearby kabele who contribute from the share they receive from the government. • The security situation is good and reliable; community's movement from in and out of the site is free with no restriction. • There is no light on the site. At night the movement of people is very restricted, due to the possibility of natural hazards as the site located inside a forest and it is a host for wild animals. • People practice open defecation which might lead to different public health problems • People live in temporary shelters, which are constructed by local materials that will not protect them from the rain. Each family (6 in average) uses the same house. • Overcrowded conditions in the IDP sites have resulted in lack of privacy for women. This was mentioned on all sites. Most households contain from 6 to 10 people living in the same shelter. Most of them mentioned that they could not sleep outside because they do not feel safe. . 3. Hassan Gabi The IDPs are manly displaced from Dire at Harbale sub location due to conflict five years ago. The communities were pastoralists and the drought and conflict had an impact on their normal life Findings on major protection issues • The community during the FGD identified the shortage of water as a major problem for the site; the community is forced to collect water from a very far distance nearly 20km. • Due to long distance from education facilities, many children are not attending school • Lack of health facilities is another aggravating factor that deteriorates the situation of these communities. Women deliver at home because of absence of heath post within reasonable distance and additionally they don’t go for pre-natal and anti-natal examination • Furthermore, IDP communities have a problem with shortage of food. It was mentioned that currently, no organization is doing food distribution. • A number of separated children due to the conflict were reported. Other family members are taking care of them now as mentioned in FGD with IDP community. • There is a complete absence of latrines and it is obvious that there is a practice of open defecation. • People live in makeshift houses while others live in traditionally made houses which can’t accommodate a lot of people

• They do not use firewood as a source of income; the government does not allow them to cut the trees. • The displacement had an impact on their family relationships especially for husband and wives; domestic violence is reported to be high. • Lack of none-food items is another concern revealed in FGD with IDP women and girls • There is no special care arrangement for children, women, elderly & disabled people on the site • There is no light on the site. At night the movement of people is very restricted, due to the possibility of natural hazards as the site is located inside a forest and it hosts wild animals. • Early and forced marriage, as well as FGM, are major issues in this site as was mentioned during the focused group discussion with women and girls • The absence of Education facilities in the surrounding Kebele is another major challenge for children attending school.

4. Wanow The IDPs living in this camp are mainly displaced from DIRE at Hayguta kebele due to conflict as the community stated.

They were displaced from Hayguta five years ago, the communities were pastoralists and the conflict had severely influenced their lives Findings on major protection issues • The government supports the IDPs with ration every three months as shared by the community. They received their last ration three days before the interview • The main needs reported by IDP women relate to lack of clothing, food and livelihood opportunities • Water is available and is enough for the surrounding population • Children have access to education since there is a school in Filtu town • Women collect firewood to use as a means of livelihood. • There is complete absence of latrines and it is obvious that there is a practice for open defecation • The protection concerns identified in this IDP site are relatively less in comparison to other sites since the site is located near to the woreda administration and therefore it is accessible for different types of support from the government • The economic condition of the IDP site is very weak similar to other IDP sites • There is no light on the site, at night the movement of people is very restricted, due to the possibility of natural hazards as the site is located inside a forest and it hosts wild animals.

5. Libirar The IDPs in Libirar site have been mainly displaced from Dire sub location called Mubarak and Celyabo of Dawa zone due to inter-clan conflict. The majority of IDPs were pastoralists, they were affected by the conflict and prolonged drought where they normally follow migration routes in search of water and pasture in their neighbor border of OROMO region where sometimes conflict occurs. Findings on major protection Issues  The IDPs in this community have limited access to water because the birka which was used by the community to accumulate water for the dry season has limited capacity.  There is a health post only for moderate cases but for severe cases, the health post refers clients to Filtu hospital for further treatment.  Children have access to education, as there are four classrooms constructed by OWDA, a local NGO, while the community added extra temporary classes. The schools are within a walkable distance but a shortage of teachers is a major problem as the women and girls state during FGD. The enrollment of the girls is very low and as mentioned by the women, the girls are send to look after animals and do domestic work because they consider unnecessary for girls to attend school (traditional gender norms).  There is limited access to food on the site, but sometimes people from the host communities of the nearby kabele contribute some food to support IDP communities.  Currently, most of the IDPs don't have any means of income as they were pastoralists before displacement  There is a complete absence of latrines in the area and as a result, there is a practice of open defection.  As the result of the conflict, there are some children who lost their parents and now they are living with their relatives and caregivers.  People live in temporary houses constructed from local materials, which will not protect them during the rainy session.

. 6. Dhahyele Dahyele IDPs are mainly displaced from DIRE sub location called Harbale five years ago due to clan conflict. The communities mentioned that they were pastoralists and farmers when the conflict occurred at Harbale (DIRE) . Currently, the protection concerns and needs are very high as the women and girls and entire community raised the below issues: Findings on major protection issues

 As a result of conflict, many children are separated from their families and are currently living with their relatives  The community has some amount of water in their birka, but soon will face shortage of water unless the rain comes.  There is a complete absence of latrines and it is obvious that there is a practice for open defecation.  Children have access to education. The community constructed a temporary classroom while the government supported with a teacher.  There is no light at all and movement out of the site is always at daytime, since they fear for wild animals at nighttime. Otherwise, the security situation is good and stable; community's movement in and out of the site is free with no restriction.  There is no consideration or special care arrangement for vulnerable community groups, particularly for pregnant mothers, people with disabilities, elders, and orphans.  Women deliver at home, because of the absence of heath post and they do not have pre- natal and anti-natal visits.  The communities want to use the firewood as a mean of income but the government does not allow them to cut the trees for conservation reasons.  The displacement had an impact on their family relationships especially for husband and wives with high rates of domestic violence reported.  People lost their domestic animals and their belongings and the majority of the women are widowers and therefore are exposed to risks like rape and forced marriage for inheritance reasons. Their culture gives priority to the deceased family to inherit the wife and while some women accept the decision of the family, others show resistance and therefore loose family support.  There are no latrines  Shortage of non-food items like clothes, sanitation materials is another challenge mentioned on this site.  Lack of sanitary materials for women of reproductive age was also mentioned in this site since most of the women do not have access to sanitary pads during ministration period.

7. Gololkambi The IDP communities from Gololkambi were displaced from DIRE sub location called Harbale due to inter-clan conflict five years ago . Findings on major protection issues  There are no health facilities within reasonable distance driving the community to travel a long distance to Filtu to get medical service  The community constructed a Birka with some help from the woredas and the rainwater that entered last season is about to end. Soon people are expected to face a shortage of water unless it rains.

 Currently, people get water every two days and the amount of water a family receives depends on their family size.  During the FGDs, shortage of food was mentioned as the major concern for the IDP population  The security situation is good and reliable; community's movement from in and out of the site is free with no restriction. There is no light on the site and due to that, there is limited movement at night because of different natural hazards.  Children’s education is disrupted because of the absence of schools; most of them stay at home; some learn Dugsi Quran while the remaining children look after small animals that survived the conflict. The displacement affected the community traditional cultural practices.  People practice open defecation, which might lead to different public health problems.  Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions were observed on the site, especially for the children.  There is lack of non-food items.  The shelters are in poor condition, with the plastic sheet being destroyed by the sun.  Domestic violence is reported to be at high rates  Forced marriage, early marriage, and FGM are major GBV issues in Galolkambey IDP site, as reported by the participants in the FGD with women and girls. But it requires further assessment to have detail understanding of the situation 8. Lamburi

This IDP site is the farthest site from the woreda town and one of the most vulnerable sites in terms of access to aid, access to transport etc. The IDPs in the site are manly displaced from Dire at Harbale sub location due to conflict five years ago. The communities were pastoralists before displacement.

Findings on major protection Issues  There is no consideration regarding people with special needs in the community especially for pregnant mothers, people with disabilities, elders and separated children in terms of accessing services.  Children have no access to education due to the absence of school in the near distance and many children were observed playing around.  Lack of health facilities is another aggravating factor that deteriorates the situation of these communities.  There is a complete absence of latrines and it is obvious that open defecation is practiced widely.  Security situation is good and reliable; community’s movement from in and out of the site is free with no restriction

 The communities identified shortage of food items as a major protection concern during FGD  Women deliver at home because of the absence of heath post available so they don’t go for pre-natal and anti-natal examination. Additionally, there are no healthcare facilities in the surrounding Kebeles.  They do not use firewood as a source of income; the government does not allow them to cut the trees; however, the community depends on firewood for household use.  There is increased tension within households due to lack of livelihoods, food and increased anxiety due to current displacement situation, resulting in domestic violence  There is lack of water and the community depends only on the rainy season. The communities are expected to travel 50km distance to get water and this, in turn, leads to possibilities of an attack and different acts of violence.  Early or forced marriage and FGM are major protection issues at Lanburi IDP site as was raised during the FGD from women and girls

9. Ahad

The IDPs living in Ahad site are mainly displaced from DIRE at Hayguta kebele due to conflict as the community stated. They have been displaced from Hayguta five years ago and they were pastoralist communities.

Findings on major protection issues  Children have access to education and the government-owned school is providing education for both IDP and the other community members in the area.  The displacement had an impact on their family relationship and affected their marriage practice. Domestic violence is too high as it is mentioned in FGD.  Water is available although there is doubt about the amount of water accumulated in the birka.  There is no regular food distribution; people manage their life from an insufficient amount of food they harvested from the previous season.  Security situation is good and there are no major constraints that the community faced since they arrived  They do not use firewood as a source of income; the government does not allow them to cut the trees.  There is total absence of latrines  There is a lack of none-food items which include blankets, bedding, and plastic sheets as many respondents indicated.  Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions were observed during the visit to the site  There is an absence of health post facilities in the area.

10. Bola Bola The IDPs communities from Bola Bola site were displaced from DIRE sub location called Hayguta due to inter-clan conflict five years ago. Finding on major protection issues • There is a complete absence of latrines and there are signs of open defecation. • There is no ration or food distribution and most of the people are living in makeshift houses. There is some food remaining from their last harvest but that could not serve them for long • The absence of light is another concern raised by the community. • Lack of health post facilities affecting especially the pregnant, sick children and persons with chronic medical issues • There are poor hygiene and sanitation on the site • There is a lack of non-food items. • Overcrowded conditions in the IDP site have resulted in lack of privacy for women. Most households contain from 6 to 10 people living in the same shelter. Most of them mentioned that they could not sleep outside because they do not feel safe. • Domestic violence cases are reported in high rates. • Forced marriage, early marriage, and FGM are major protection issues in Bola Bola site. • Lack of education centers at Bola Bola IDP site and in the nearby kebeles is another major protection concern raised during the FGD.

11. Ma’alin dhore The IDPs living in this site are mainly displaced from DIRE at Hayguta kebelle due to conflict as the community stated. They have displaced from Hayguta five years ago and the communities were pastoralist. Findings on major protection issues • The government supports the communities in this site with food distribution every three months as shared by the community. They received their last food support from the government four months ago and they were anticipating having another ration soon. • The communities have enough amount of water compared to other IDP sites. • Children have access to education since there are permanent schools constructed by the government within a short distance and teachers were present during our visit. • Women collect firewood and take it to Filtu town as a major source of income to support their household, however, in many situations local authorities restrict women from doing so. • There are no health facilities, but whenever someone gets sick they transfer him/her to Filtu hospital that is very near when compared to rest of the sites visited.

• There is a complete absence of latrines and it is obvious that there is a practice for open defecation. • Most of these communities depend on animal products as a means of livelihood • The concern raised by the women and girls is the prohibition by the government to cut trees to collect firewood. • The displacement had an impact on their family relationship especially for husband and wives and domestic violence is too high. • There is a lack of non-food items including blankets, bedding, mosquito nets and plastic sheet • There are poor hygienic and sanitation conditions of the surrounding environment and the shelters. • There is lack of health post facilities affecting especially the pregnant, sick children, and persons with chronic medical issues. • Types of GBV occurring in Maalin Dora site are FGM and domestic violence, forced marriage and early marriage which is very high as a result of various causes including psychological distress, traditional cultural norms and lack of livelihood means. 12. Adadjiko

The IDPs in Adadjiko site are mainly displaced from Dire sub location called M ubarak and Collabo of Dawa zone due to inter-clan conflict. The majority of IDPs were pastoralists, they were affected by the conflict and prolonged drought where they normally follow migration routes in search of water and pasture in their neighbor border of OROMO region where sometimes conflict occurs. Findings on major protection issues  There are no health facilities and when someone gets sick there is no any other option than taking him/her to Filtu for treatment.  The economic situation of the IDP communities is very weak. Currently, there are no income generation activities for them to earn their livelihood.  The government constructed a Birka and the rainwater that entered last season is about to end.  Shortage of food is an alarming situation here on the site since there is no regular food distribution  The security situation is good and stable; community's movement from in and out of the site is free with no restriction.  Children’s education is disrupted as there are no schools; most of them stay at home, while the rest are looking after animals.  There is no light on the entire site and at night the movement of people is to the minimum.  People practice open defecation, which aggravates the health situation of the population living there.

 No consideration is given to vulnerable people in the community especially for pregnant mothers, people with special needs, elderly and separated children.  They do not use firewood as a source of income; the government does not allow them to cut the trees.  The displacement had an impact on their family relationships especially between the couple and domestic violence is reported.  There is no access to latrines, women reported safety concerns as they have to go to the bush for defection at nighttime in order to not to be seen by men in daylight.  Most women IDPs reported clothing, not only for themselves but also for their children, as a major need as most of them have only one change of clothes.

13. Barkada Wabarka.

The IDPs in Barkada Wabarka site are mainly displaced from Dire sub location called Mubarak and Collabo of Dawa zone due to inter-clan conflict five years ago. Findings on major protection issues  Because of absence of WASH/ latrine facilities, IDPs must go to insecure areas for defecation at night time posing probably more risk for women  There is no health post in the area but since its near to Filtu town people can access health services at Filtu Hospital without restriction  People access water from an unprotected unsafe water source  The economic situation of the IDP communities is very weak. Currently, there are no income generation activities for them to earn a livelihood.  The result from FGD demonstrates that very little aid has been directed to these IDPs from formal sectors, which is insufficient to meet their family requirements.  The main needs reported by IDP women relate to lack of clothing, food and livelihood opportunities.  There is no light on the site and at night the movement of people is very restricted, due to the possibility of natural hazards as the site located inside a forest hosts wild animals.

Conclusions Internally displaced populations face myriad challenges and hardships because of the lack of income-generating opportunities, durable shelter and access to key services such as education and health.

 Women, children and elderly are the most vulnerable IDP groups in terms of access to health services due to natural and social barriers.  In all FGDs, food, livelihood and durable shelter were mentioned as the main concerns of the affected populations.  In all Sites it was reported that IDPs rely on village/ site leaders and/or committees to solve disputes, and to report any safety and protection issues, including sexual violence. They rely on this structure for protection, mediation, and reporting of such cases.  The majority of IDP communities live in temporary housing that often does not provide adequate protection against the weather elements. Heavy rains alone are able to damage and destroy these temporary dwellings. These dwellings are often not waterproofed with residents lacking nylon or plastic sheets with which to protect their homes from rains.  In most IDP sites, it was reported that, the relationship between IDP community and host communities is peaceful and supportive; in most area, the host communities are willing to support IDP communities through different mechanisms including sharing food items and water resources. However, the relationship between local authorities and IDP communities is not good like the host community as mentioned by IDP leaders since IDPs are not fully allowed to use local resources.  Most IDP sites have no latrines and practice open defecation, which will, in turn, affect their health status  Lack of health facilities is a major provoking situation; women deliver at home with no proper monitoring, follow up and/or medication.  According to the assessment team observation, all IDPs are located in seriously drought- affected areas which make their situation worse due to the shortage of water for the people and animals.  Regarding humanitarian assistance provided in the IDPs, HANDICAP international assist the community by providing household kits in specific IDP sites targeting specific households.  IDPs in Filtu woreda are free to move everywhere they need and there are no means of constraint. The government has full information where these people came from.  In most IDP sites it’s mentioned that communities do not know about services available to them and where to report when problems happen.  Most of the IDP families are currently staying in a public land which is separated from the host community  In all sites it was reported that IDPs don’t have ID cards from either the Kebele they are settling or from the place they displaced. Therefore the IDPs registration process has to be initiated to protect their right to assistance and access to humanitarian services.

Recommendations Based on the findings of this assessment the assessment team makes the following recommendations:  The current situation of IDPs demands a comprehensive and well-integrated response by addressing the above-mentioned protection concerns. However, the immediate needs 20

identified through assessment are food, WASH, and health care, which should be addressed on a priority basis.  Children are an extremely vulnerable group followed by women, which necessitate the start of protection activities with a major focus on livelihood support. Further, referral systems should be in place for both women and children.  Vulnerable groups including women and children, older persons, persons with disabilities and pregnant and lactating women are not generally prioritized for assistance and do not have meaningful access to services. They need to be prioritized and their specific needs need to be addressed during the provision of services.  To address the fragility of the respondents’ shelters, essential kits of non-food items should be provided. These kits could include the blankets, bedding, mosquito nets, and plastic sheets that many FGD participants indicated they were lacking.  Unconditional cash assistance support is also needed for protection reasons focusing on persons with specific critical needs representing an immediate risk to life and health, for which there are no immediate alternative solutions and where a specific cash injection can address or mitigate the risk of the need at hand.  Enhance the living standards of the population living in the sites by establishing income generating systems  Construction of communal gender sensitive latrines to avoid widespread of diseases.  Provision of sanitary pads to girls of puberty age.  Creating awareness-raising activities on the importance of girls education in order to increase school enrollment are needed in the majority of the sites  Food insecurity is prevalent in all IDP sites and requires immediate attention  The provision of mobile and outreach-based services designed to meet the needs of children, adolescent girls, and adult women who may not have access to services either inside or outside of the site, or who live in the site located a far distance from key service providers.  Establishment of site protection committees or focal points or safety group (comprised of both women and men)to promote responsibilities in ensuring sites are safe for women and girls  There is a clear need amongst IDPs for necessities; however, there is also a need for targeted assistance of non-tangible assistance such as Cash, and different awareness raising programs.