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Economic Contribution of Gum and Resin Resources to Household Economic Contribution of Gum and Resin Resources to Household Livelihoods in Selected Regions and the National Economy of Ethiopia Zenebe Mekonnen, Adefires Worku, Temsgen Yohannes, Tinsae Bahru, Trehas Mebratu, and Demel Teketay Research Abstract Ethiopia has one of the largest dry forest and woodland was found in the amount collected and income generat- resource bases in the Horn of Africa, predominated by di- ed per household and locality. Strong correlation was ob- verse Acacia, Boswellia, Commiphora, and Sterculia spe- served between cash income from gums and resins and cies, with an estimated annual production potential of over off-farm activities (R = 0.74) and other types of non-timber 300,000 tonnes of commercial gums and resins. Howev- forest products like honey (R = 0.72, α = 0.01). Howev- er, until recently, less than 1% of this potential has been er, weak correlation was observed between incomes from tapped and traded while the resource bases are degrad- gums and resins and crop and livestock production. De- ing fast. Shortage of locality-specific case studies typify- spite the observed inefficient value chain, the gum and ing the state of gum and resin production and marketing resin resources have considerable contributions to the na- systems and nationwide socio-economic significance of tional economy. For instance, the annual average revenue the resources has delayed development of value-add- from three districts in Tigray National Regional State was ed commercialization of the commodities and integrat- USD 882,000 in 2010. Between 2002 and 2010, about ed management of the resource bases. A study aimed at 2,306 tonnes of different gums and resins were traded exploring the value chain of traded gums and resins and and average revenue of USD 3,220,542 was obtained in their contribution to rural livelihood and national economy one district in the same region. At the national level, be- was conducted in 11 purposively selected localities in five tween 1997 and 2010 about 6,174 tonnes of gum ara- National Regional States within the major gum-belts in bic and about 33,865 tonnes of other gums and resins Ethiopia. Two major cities, central for product processing were exported, and more than USD 72 million were gen- and marketing, were also assessed. A questionnaire sur- vey was administered to 135 randomly selected house- Correspondence holds, and key stakeholder interviews, group discussions, Zenebe Mekonnen, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research and field observations were carried out following the val- Center, P.O. Box 198, Shashemene, ETHIOPIA. ue chain (from producers to exporters). Results showed Adefires Worku, Dresden Technical University, Institute of that one or more of the seven gums and resins (frankin- International Forestry and Forest Products, Postfach cense, myrrh, opopanax, hagar, gum arabic, gum talha, 1117, 01735 Dresden, GERMANY. Adefires Worku, Temsgen Yohannes, Tinsae Bahru, Forest- and gum gumero) were produced and traded at the stud- ry Research Center, P.O. Box 30708, Addis Ababa, ETHI- ied districts. While frankincense marketing dominated the OPIA. northern part, gum arabic, myrrh, and opopanax are most Trehas Mebratu, Melkasa Agricultural Research Center, Ad- popular in the south and southeastern part of the country. ama, ETHIOPIA. About 93% of the interviewed households engaged in col- Demel Teketay, Botswana College of Agriculture, Depart- lecting, marketing, or both activities. Gums and resins con- ment of Crop Science and Production, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, BOTSWANA. tributed up to 14% of the average annual cash income of the households. However, a significant difference (P < 0.001) Ethnobotany Research & Applications 11:273–288 (2013) Published: 19 December 2013 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-273.pdf 274 Ethnobotany Research & Applications erated. Responding to what sort of institutional arrange- resin resources to stimulate rural development in general ment governs the value chain and use of gums and res- and adaptation to the changing climate of the vulnerable ins resources at the present situations, about 41% of the pastoral, agro-pastoral, and farming communities in par- respondents asserted customary and national legal ar- ticular is not fully realized (Lemenih et al. 2003, Worku et rangements, while 56% mentioned alternative systems as al. 2011a). means of conflict resolution. Key policy and development interventions that could enhance the socio-economic im- Climate change is already happening in Ethiopia (IPCC portance of the gum and resin value chain at the local 2007). The erratic and scanty rainfall pattern in highland and national levels, while also increasing responsibility parts of the country, for instance, has resulted in frequent and commitment towards long-term management of the failure of crop production (Ethiopian NAPA 2007, Georgis resource bases, have been recommended. et al. 2010). Like the highland farmers, the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in drylands of Ethiopia remain the primary victims of recurrent drought that has made the Introduction livestock sector (the major economic activity) and tradition- al coping mechanisms inadequate to support human life Multiple “pull” and or “push” factors motivate households (ECA 2007, Ethiopian NAPA 2007). It is apparent that rural in developing nations to engage in managing forest re- households in the country must look for alternative liveli- sources and products (Ambrose-Oji 2003, CIFOR 2005, hood options that enhance adaptation. Value-added com- Shiba & Michael 2011). In rural Ethiopia, a majority of mercialization of the diverse gum and resin products could the households make use of non-timber forest products give additional opportunities to minimize the prevailing ru- (NTFPs) for different purposes, ranging from food, feed, ral food insecurity due to crop and livestock failure, while energy, and medicine to income generation and cultural also enhancing responsibility to sustainably manage the practices (Babulo et al. 2008, Tesfaye et al. 2011). Among degrading dry forests, woodlands, and the dryland eco- the range of NTFPs, gums and resins are important trade systems (Eshete et al. 2005, Lemenih & Teketay 2004, commodities with a potential for spurring economic and Worku et al. 2011c). In addition to their rural socio-eco- social developments both at rural and urban areas in Ethi- nomic importance, gums and resins can also be an en- opia (Kassa et al. 2011, Lemenih & Kassa 2011, Worku try point to develop small- to medium-scale business ven- et al. 2011a). Commercial gums and resins are produced tures that will create employment opportunities and export in rural (remote) areas, traded in urban centers, and con- options and, thereby, contribute to rural-urban linkages sumed by western countries and, hence, touch wide rang- and growth of the national economy (Lemenih & Kassa es of human lives and cross-sections (FAO 2010, ICRAF 2011, Toure 2009). In this regard, although some compa- 2009, Lemenih & Teketay 2003). However, recent studies nies and professionals are still questioning the sustaina- (e.g. Worku et al. 2011a) revealed poor linkage of rural bility and profitability of the gum and resin resources in producers to the market niches and, hence, lack of proper Ethiopia, there are over 30 licensed companies and sev- producers’ marketing system. Sound development of the eral cooperatives involved in the business (Worku et al. value chain of gum and resin resources will, thus, have a 2011c). According to AFC (2004) and FAO (2010), though huge impact on the larger population, especially the vul- multiple costs and other factors determine the profitability nerable rural poor dependent upon natural resources in of various NTFP enterprises, the increasing demand for the country (Gemtessa 2001, Worku et al. 2011b). them and price in the international markets can compen- sate such costs and, hence, need to be promoted. Lowlands of Ethiopia, including the arid and semi-arid re- gions, have one of the largest dry forest and woodland re- In Ethiopia, despite the above facts and professional sup- source bases in the Horn of Africa, dominated by diverse port to promote value-added commercialization of the dif- gum- and resin-bearing species of the genera Acacia, ferent gums and resins, there is little commitment in terms Boswellia, Commiphora, and Sterculia (WBISPP 2004). of enacting suitable policies and institutional arrange- According to Lemenih (2005), Ethiopia has an estimated ments that might facilitate the development of efficient 3.5 million ha of dry forests and woodlands with annu- value chain, in particular, and sustainable management al gum and resin production potential of 300,000 tonnes. of the fast-disappearing dry forest and woodland resource Despite the fact that Ethiopia is one of the ancient pro- bases (Lemenih & Kassa 2011, Teketay 2004–5, Worku ducers and exporters of these commodities, until recent- et al. 2011c). The existing reluctance to integrate and de- ly, less than 1% of the above-mentioned potential has velop the valuable resource bases, both at federal and been tapped and traded (Lemenih & Teketay 2004, Wor- regional levels, is mainly due to lack of a clear image on ku et al. 2011b). For instance, a survey of export statis- the trends and socio-economic significance of the gum tics showed that Ethiopia exported only 16,019 tonnes of and resin production and marketing systems (Lemenih & natural gums and resins worth USD 20,473,058 between Kassa 2011). Hence, there is a need to enhance nation- 1996 and 2003 (Lemenih 2005). Similarly, in rural Ethi- al-level understanding, ensure the development of val- opia, despite the fact that gum and resin collection and ue-added commercialization of gums and resins in Ethi- sale is among the major livelihood activities, the existing opia and lobby for sustainable management of dry forest limited case studies showed that the potential of gum and and woodlands through minimizing their rampant conver- www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-273.pdf Mekonnen et al. - Economic Contribution of Gum and Resin in Ethiopia 275 0 500 D C B kilometers E A F N G 10oN Addis Ababa Nazareth ETHIOPIA H I J K 45oE Figure 1.
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