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Live Vaccines for Theileria Parva: Deployment in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa

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Live Vaccines for Theileria Parva: Deployment in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa Live Vaccines for Theileria parva: Deployment in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa Proceedings of an FAO/OAU-IBARlILRI Workshop held at ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya 10-12 March 1997 International Livestock Research Institute Live Vaccines for Theileria parva: Deployment in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa Proceedings of an FAO/OAU-IBARlILRI Workshop held at ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya 10-12 March 1997 Edited by s. Morzaria and s. Williamson Organising committee A. Irvin, A. Musoke, S. Morzaria, J. Musiime and S. Mbogo o r1 fflO Organization of African Unity/Inter-African Bureau of Animal 0) Resources, P.O. Box 30786, Nairobi, Kenya Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00 I 00 Rome, Italy International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya ( i ISBN: 92-9146-055-9 Correct citation. Morzaria S. and Williamson S. (eds). 1999. Uve Vaccines for TheUeria parw: Deplo,ment in Eastem, Central and Southern Africa. Proceedin&' of an FAO, OAU-IBAR and ILRI Workshop held at ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya 10-12 March 1997. ILRI (International Uvestock Research Institute) Nairobi, Kenya. 166 pp. , ) " / Contents Preface Subhash Morzariaii· ..................................................... v Objectives of the Workshop A Irvin· ............................................................. 1 Current country status reports East Coast fever (ECF) immunisation in Kenya D. Kariuki ............................................................ 5 ECF immunisation in Malawi C. Chizonda· ......................................................... 11 ECF immunisation in Rwanda S. Mbarubuyeke ....................................................... 13 ECF immunisation in Tanzania J. Melewas, M. Majaliwa and L. Lynen ...................................... 16 ECF immunisation in Uganda R. Nsubuga·Mutaka . ........................... ; ....................... 26 ECF immunisation in Zambia M. Mangani ......................................................... 30 Immunisation against theileriosis in Zimbabwe U. Ushewokunze-Obatolu· ............................................... 34 Tick-borne disease (TBD) immunisation in Swaziland R. Thwala··························································· 37 TBD immunisation in South Africa D. De Waal·························································· 40 Vaccine production Production of Theileria parva stabilates for immunisation against theileriosis F. Musisi ............................................................ 45 The preparation of a composite stabilate for immunisation against East Coast fever S. Morzaria, P. Spooner, R. Bishop and S. Mwaura .............................. 56 Preparation of stabilates for immunisation against East Coast fever at NVRC, Muguga, Kenya R. Payne························.···································· 62 Application of molecular tools in support of deployment of Theileria parva live vaccines R. Bishop, V. Nene, P. Spooner, S. Mbogo, D. Kariuk~ R. PayneandS. Morzaria· ........ 66 Standards for live tick-borne disease vaccines T.Dolan ............................................................ 70 FAO/OAU-IBARlILRI Workshop iii Summary of discussion: Vaccine production G.G.D. Brown, S.MbogoandM. Moran ·····································73 Vaccine delivery The infection and treatment method of immunisation: Practice and problems S.Mbogo ... ··· .... ··· .... ·· ......................................... 77 Vaccine delivery in Uganda R. Nsubuga-Mutaka . ................................................... 80 Vaccine delivery in Tanzania M. Majaliwa,J. Melewas andG. Lynen . ..................................... 85 Immunisation against theileriosis in Zimbabwe using the Bolvac vaccine without oxytetracycline J. Mutugi ............................................................ 89 Practical aspects of regional East Coast fever vaccine delivery J.de CastroandM. Leneman· ............................................. 91 Commercialisation of vaccine delivery N. McHardy ......................................................... 94 Summary of discussion: Vaccine delivery N. McHardy, L. LynenandT. Dolan· ...................................... 101 Socio-economics and impact assessment ECF immunisation in the smallholder sector: Points to consider in funding and sustainabiliry B. van Munster and L. Lynen· ............................................ 105 Estimating demand for theileriosis vaccines A Mukhebi and T. WiUiams· ............................................ 11 0 Assessing the impact of ECF vaccination: Implications of structural adjustment A McLeod· ......................................................... 114 Summary of discussion: Socioeconomics and impact assessment A Mukhebi,J. MutugiandE. Peeler ...................................... ·119 Alternative vaccines Subunit vaccines for the control of Theileria pawa A Musoke, S. Morzaria and V. Nene· ...................................... 125 Multi-component subunit vaccines against Theileria pawa D. McKeever ........................................................ 131 Training requirements for vaccine delivery ECF immunisation: Training requirements for veterinarians and field staff R. Rumbena· ........................................................ 135 Extension programme development for the delivery of East Coast fever (ECF) vaccines M. Moran···························· .. ··························· .139 iv FAOIOAU-ffiARllLRI Workshop Recommendations Recommendations······.·····.····· ... ··· ... ··· ........................ 143 Summary of recommendations from Regional Tick and Tick-borne Disease Control Workshops held between 1976 and 1997 T. Dolan . 14 7 List of participants FAOIOAU-IBARlILRI Workshop v Preface Theileria parva, a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite, causes a severe disease of cattle, variously referred to as East Coast fever (ECF), January Disease or Corridor Disease. The disease continues to be a major constraint to livestock production in much of eastern, central and southern Africa. The control of the disease through intensive acaricide application has been successful but is becoming increasingly unacceptable for several reasons including pollution of the environment, contamination of livestock food products and high cost. Over the past 20 years, a research programme to control ECF was developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The principal aim of the programme, funded by a number of donor agencies including the United Nations Development Programme, the Governments of Denmark, United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Belgium, was to develop a vaccine against ECF. This multi-donor programme resulted in the development of a first generation live-vaccine, referred to as the infection and treatment method of immunisation. Further research, including numerous field trials, has resulted in significant modification of the method since its first description. This evolution of the infection and treatment method, together with a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease and the existence of parasite diversity, has culminated in the use of a number of vaccine stabilates. These vaccine stabilates are based on different T. parva stocks and include the 'Muguga cocktail', Marikebuni, Boleni and Katete stocks. A series of regular formal meetings has been held to discuss progress in the control of T. parva and other tick-borne pathogens among the representatives of the national veterinary departments, researchers from various international and national research institutions and the donors. The first such meeting in this series was in held in 1984 at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD, now the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI». Five more meetings have since been held in Malawi, Uganda and Kenya. The meeting recorded in this proceedings was held in the form of a workshop at ILRI in March 1997 and was jointly organised by the Organization of African Unity/Inter­ African Bureau of Animal Resources (OAU/IBAR), FAO and ILRI. The workshop participants discussed the deployment of live ECF vaccines and focused on the problems associated with their delivery and the solutions to these problems. This proceedings provides a record of aU the country presentations, invited papers, group discussions and recommendations of the workshop. Representatives from all the countries within eastern, central and southern Africa, where tick and tick-borne diseases (T & TBDs) constitute a major economic constraint to livestock development attended the meeting. In addition, a number of scientists from the Kenyan National Veterinary Research Centre, the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Entomology (ICIPE) and ILRI participated in the workshop. The FAO and donor representatives from The Netherlands, Denmarkand the United Kingdom were also represented. The workshop participants hope that the recommendations made at this FAO/OAU-IBARlILRI Workshop vii Preface workshop will be implemented and will help stimulate positive development and progress in the control ofT & TBDs. I would like to thank all the participants from the countries in the region and representatives from international and national research institutions for their input, which resulted in the success of the workshop. The donors (Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom), the FAO and OAU/IBAR, are thanked for their continued support and commitment to improved control ofT & TBDs in the region, and the members
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