Romance Revolutionary Road De Richard Yates Rita Carla Fernandes Pacheco

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Romance Revolutionary Road De Richard Yates Rita Carla Fernandes Pacheco 2º CICLO ESTUDOS ANGLO-AMERICANOS A “segunda geração perdida”: uma leitura da paisagem suburbana no romance Revolutionary Road de Richard Yates Rita Carla Fernandes Pacheco M 2020 Rita Carla Fernandes Pacheco A “segunda geração perdida”: uma leitura da paisagem suburbana no romance Revolutionary Road de Richard Yates Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Anglo-Americanos, orientada pela Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Lobo Castilho Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto outubro de 2020 Ao meu irmão, António Sumário Declaração de honra ...................................................................................................................... 7 Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................. 8 Resumo ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 12 Capítulo 1 – Uma leitura da paisagem suburbana ....................................................................... 28 1.1. A paisagem suburbana como um pulsar do Sonho Americano ........................................ 28 1.2. A “terra prometida” da classe média americana .............................................................. 32 1.3. A “cruel parody” da paisagem suburbana ........................................................................ 37 1.4. A distopia suburbana e o encerramento de paisagens físicas e mentais ........................... 39 1.5. “An encapsulated life” e a continuação de uma tendência anti-intelectual ...................... 42 1.6. O fim da “estrada” americana .......................................................................................... 46 Capítulo 2 – Revolutionary Road: a solidão e a clausura na paisagem suburbana americana .... 50 2.1. A contaminação pelos subúrbios – uma paisagem artificial ............................................ 50 2.2. A “promessa do fracasso” e os subúrbios como “floresta” simulada ............................... 58 2.3. Os conformistas e os rebeldes .......................................................................................... 65 2.3.1. Frank Wheeler – “Frontiersman” vs. Marido, pai e “organization man” .................. 65 2.3.2. April Wheeler e a materialização do sentimento de “hopeless emptiness” ............... 71 2.3.3. Helen e John Givings – o confronto entre a conformista e o rebelde ........................ 79 Conclusão .................................................................................................................................... 84 Referências Bibliográficas .......................................................................................................... 91 6 Declaração de honra Declaro que a presente dissertação é de minha autoria e não foi utilizado previamente noutro curso ou unidade curricular, desta ou de outra instituição. As referências a outros autores (afirmações, ideias, pensamentos) respeitam escrupulosamente as regras da atribuição, e encontram-se devidamente indicadas no texto e nas referências bibliográficas, de acordo com as normas de referenciação. Tenho consciência de que a prática de plágio e auto-plágio constitui um ilícito académico. Porto, 12 de outubro de 2020 Rita Carla Fernandes Pacheco 7 Agradecimentos À Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Lobo Castilho pelos seus inestimáveis conselhos, assim como pela sua paciência e disponibilidade. O caminho para a conclusão desta dissertação nem sempre foi fácil para ambas, mas o apoio e encorajamento constantes da minha orientadora, assim como os seus preciosos ensinamentos, fizeram de mim uma melhor pessoa. Por essa razão, estou-lhe eternamente grata. Às minhas colegas de mestrado Alexandra Gagean, Bruna Olivieri, Luisa Lamounier, Rita Costa Marinho e Tânia Almeida. Sem o apoio que me prestaram e sem as suas palavras de incentivo, esta dissertação jamais teria chegado a bom porto. A amizade delas foi, sem dúvida, a melhor parte deste mestrado. Um agradecimento especial à Rita Costa Marinho, que por inúmeras vezes me escutou e acompanhou pacientemente nos momentos de maior incerteza. À minha amiga Sofia Sá, que mesmo à distância acompanhou o meu trabalho, sempre com calorosas palavras de alento. À minha amiga Miriam Ferreira pela sua inestimável amizade, pelas suas preciosas (e inesgotáveis) palavras de estímulo e por ver em mim potencialidades que por vezes creio estarem dormentes. Ao Rogério Paz, cujo amor, carinho e incentivo foram cruciais no momento mais decisivo deste trabalho. Aos meus pais pelo apoio e amor com que sempre me presentearam, e ao meu irmão, António, o grande impulsionador do meu regresso aos estudos. Sem o inabalável encorajamento do meu irmão, eu jamais teria conseguido. 8 Finalmente, porque o caminho para a conclusão desta etapa chegou a ser tortuoso, principalmente devido ao momento pandémico que enfrentamos, não posso deixar de manifestar o imenso orgulho que tenho em mim mesma por ter conseguido terminar este trabalho com o qual sonhei mais de uma década da minha vida. A minha perseverança para concluir esta dissertação foi por diversas vezes titubeante, mas este foi, sem dúvida, um trabalho de muito amor. 9 Resumo Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura crítica do romance Revolutionary Road (1961) de Richard Yates, partindo de uma abordagem em torno da paisagem suburbana na década de 50 do século XX como sendo responsável por um mal-estar e ansiedade generalizados, resultantes da estratégia de conformismo e domesticidade que marcou o pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial nos Estados Unidos da América. Tomando como ponto de partida a afirmação presente no romance Young Hearts Crying de Richard Yates de que a geração suburbana do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial é uma “segunda geração perdida”, este trabalho debruça-se sobre o sentimento de claustrofobia causado por uma paisagem mundana e descaracterizada. A abordagem ficcional de Yates reflete, acima de tudo, a alienação e as angústias de uma geração atormentada pela solidão e por um sentimento de frustração constante numa paisagem suburbana que acaba por se revelar vazia de sentido apesar de inicialmente entendida como um local que representava a possibilidade de um novo pulsar do Sonho Americano. Consequentemente, os personagens em Revolutionary Road continuamente sonham poder escapar de uma paisagem com a qual não se identificam, parecendo assim seguir os passos da boémia Geração Perdida dos anos 20. Porém, ainda que exista ao longo de Revolutionary Road um enfoque constante na possibilidade de fuga, qual libertação das restrições da paisagem suburbana, essa fuga nunca chega a concretizar-se. De facto, apesar das suas ambições, os personagens acabam por permanecer num limbo de indecisão e de inação que os atormenta, o que resulta num sentimento de passividade, a par da subversão do espírito empreendedor americano. Palavras-chave: Richard Yates; Revolutionary Road; “segunda geração perdida”; subúrbios; Fronteira Americana 10 Abstract Paying close attention to the suburban landscape of the 1950s as conducive to a generalized malaise and anxiety caused by the strategy of conformity and domesticity in post-World War II America, this dissertation offers a critical reading of the novel Revolutionary Road (1961), by Richard Yates. Taking as a starting point the statement in Richard Yates’s novel Young Hearts Crying that the post-World War suburban generation was a “second lost generation”, this dissertation addresses the claustrophobia and the inescapable mundanity caused by the suburbs. Richard Yates’s fictional approach reflects, above all, the alienation and anguish of an entire generation tormented by loneliness and by a constant feeling of frustration in a landscape that proved to be devoid of meaning, although designed as a symbol of the American Dream. Consequently, the characters in Revolutionary Road continuously dream to escape this landscape, thus seeming to follow the path of the bohemian Lost Generation of the 1920s. Even though there is in Revolutionary Road a constant emphasis on the possibility of escaping the restrictions of the suburban landscape, that escape never takes place. In fact, despite their ambitions, the characters in the novel remain in a tormenting limbo of indecision and inaction that completely subverts the daring American spirit. Keywords: Richard Yates; Revolutionary Road; “second lost generation”; suburbs; American Frontier 11 Introdução Americans have always assumed, subconsciously, that every story will have a happy ending. Adlai Stevenson1 I’ll suggest that you’re still hooked on the ‘lost generation’ crowd of thirty years ago, and the trouble is we no longer have anything in common with those people. We’re the second lost generation. Richard Yates2 Para propor uma leitura crítica do romance Revolutionary Road (1961) de Richard Yates, esta dissertação parte de uma abordagem em torno da paisagem suburbana na década de 50 do século XX como sendo responsável por um mal-estar e ansiedade generalizados, resultantes da estratégia de conformismo e domesticidade que marcou o pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial nos Estados Unidos da América. A abordagem ficcional de Yates reflete, acima de tudo, a alienação e
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