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AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN “AMERICA’S GOT TALENT” TV PROGRAM

A THESIS

ERYDHA PRATIWI

REG. NO. 160721003

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR‟S DECLARATION

I, ERYDHA PRATIWI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OF EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS

BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.

NO OTHER PERSON‟S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE TO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : …………………. Date :

i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ERYDHA PRATIWI

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN

“AMERICA’S GOT TALENT” TV PROGRAM

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING

THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER

THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC INDONESIA.

Signed : …………….. Date : …………….

ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, all honors and worship just for Almighty God, Jesus Christ for his blessing and giving me health, strength and capability to accomplish this thesis as one of the requirement to get Bachelor certificate from English Department in

Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. Thank you Father because of you I can finish this thesis.

After that I am extending my thanks to express a deep gratitude and appreciation to:

 The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara Dr.

Budi Agustono, M.S.

 The Head of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D, who

has paid attention, guided and supported me in finishing my study.

 Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D, my supervisor who has given advices,

suggestions, guidances, and helpings in writing this paper.

 Ely Hayati Nasution S.S. M.Si as my co-supervisor who also has given

advices, suggestions, guidances, and helpings in writing this thesis.

 And special thanks to Bang Kirno and Mr Ponisan, the staffs in English

Department who have helped me to take care of all the files for the

completeness of this thesis.

Then, I would like to say thank to my parents Mr. M. Silaen and Mrs.

Floria Panggabean for their support, such supporting me morally, spiritually, and financially, so I can finish my study. I am forever indebted to them for giving me the opportunities and experiences that have made me who I am. They encouraged me to explore new directions in life and seek my own destiny. Then I am very

iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA grateful for having my sisters and brother Stephani, Tria and Jeremia, they are my partners in sharing. Thank you for giving me spirit to finish this thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without your support.

Next, my greatest thanks to my all best friends. Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than all of you guys; Margaret,

Annisa, Meity, Lisa, Bobby, Gita, Deby and Grace. Thank you for all the funny, sad, happy, exciting, and serious moment that we have passed together, of course

I will miss you all.

I thank to God because of your presence in my life and for everyone in my class who I cannot mention one by one here. Finally, I do realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestions towards this paper. The writer does hope that this thesis can be useful for development of English teaching-learning.

Medan, Januari 2019

The Writer,

Erydha Pratiwi

Reg. No. 160721003

iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN “AMERICA‟S GOT TALENT” TV PROGRAM” membahas tentang bagaimana menganilisis tipe-tipe deiksis menurut teori Levinson dan bagaimana memahami setiap referensi yang mengandung deiksis serta menemukan tipe deiksis yang paling dominan digunakan di “America‟s Got Talent”. Dalam menyelesaikan analisis ini, penulis menggunakan deskripsi kualitatif sebagai metode analisis. Data penelitian adalah ucapan-ucapan yang mengandung unsur deiksis yang terdapat di dalam percakapan di acara audisi “America‟s Got Talent” sebagai sumber data dan lalu dikelompokkan ke dalam tipe-tipe deiksis sesuai dengan kriteria dari mereka masingmasing, yaitu, deiksis orang, deiksis tempat, deiksis waktu, deiksis social dan deiksis wacana. Penulis menemukan 203 ucapan yang termasuk deiksis orang, 15 ucapan yang termasuk deiksis tempat, 12 ucapan yang termasuk deiksis social, 19 ucapan yang termasuk deiksis waktu dan 10 ucapan yang termasuk deiksis wacana. Maka dari itu, deiksis yang paling banyak digunakan di “America‟s Got Talent adalah deiksis orang,yang memiliki 203 kata yang mengandung deiksis.

v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

Thesis entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS USED IN „AMERICA‟S GOT TALENT‟ TV PROGRAM” discusses about how to describe the type of deixis according to Levinson‟s theory and how to understand the reference of deixis words, and to discover deixis words that dominantly used in “America‟s Got Talent” TV Program”. In completing the analysis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative as the method of the analysis. The data of the researcher are utterances that contain deixis in the conversation in “America‟s Got Talent” audition as the source of the data, and then classified into the types of deixis based on their own criteria, like person deixis, places deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. The researcher found 203 utterances of Person deixis, 15 utterances of Place deixis, 12 utterances of Social deixis, 19 utterances of Time deixis and 10 utterances of Discourse deixis. Meanwhile, the most dominantly deixis used in “America‟s Got talent” show is 203 utterances of person deixis.

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vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... v

ABSTRAK ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ...... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 4

1.5 Significances of the Study ...... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6

2.1 Pragmatics ...... 6

2.2 Deixis ...... 7

2.3 Types of Deixis ...... 8

2.3.1 Person deixis ...... 8

2.3.2 Place deixis...... 9

2.3.3 Temporal deixis ...... 10

2.3.4 Discourse deixis ...... 11

2.3.5 Social deixis ...... 12

vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 A Talent Show...... 13

2.5 Related Studies ...... 14

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH...... 16

3.1 Research method ...... 16

3.2 Data and Data Source ...... 16

3.3 Technique of Collecting the Data ...... 17

3.4 Technique of Analyzing the Data ...... 17

CHAPTER IVANALYSIS AND FINDING...... 18

4.1 Data Analysis ...... 18

4.2 Types and reference of Deixis found in “America‟s Got Talent”

audition 2018 ...... 18

4.2.1 Person Deixis ...... 19

4.2.1.1 First person ...... 19

4.2.1.2 Second Person ...... 20

4.2.1.3 Third Person ...... 21

4.2.2 Place Deixis ...... 23

4.2.3 Social Deixis ...... 25

4.2.4 Time Deixis ...... 27

4.2.5 Discourse Deixis ...... 28

4.3 Findings ...... 31

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 45

5.1 Conclusions ...... 45

5.2 Suggestions ...... 45

viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

REFERENCES ...... 47

APPENDIX

ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is the representation of human ability to communicate with others. It also becomes an effective tool to create warm communication with other people in the environment and also plays very important role in human‟s life, such as thinking or negotiating. There are many definitions used to clarify the concept of language in general. Lado (1964:7) states that language is the chief means by which the human personality expresses itself and fulfills its basic need for social interaction with other persons. Human beings are unrestricted in what they can communicate; no area of experience is accepted as necessarily incommunicable, though it may be necessary to adapt one‟s language in order to cope with new discoveries or new modes of thought. Kridalaksana (1993:21) stated that language is a symbol system sounds an arbitrary language that allows people to work together, interact, and identify. Both definitions imply that language is primary necessity to get what people need or intend in communication. Language is a main part of human‟s life because it functions as a tool for communication and interaction among humans hence, language is more than a sign. People can communicate and interact with each other by using language for many purposes.

The existence of language among humans for communication and interaction is a natural phenomenon. This natural phenomenon can be used written and spoken.

One of the linguistic areas that learn about language that can help human in using it is pragmatics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Linguistics as a scientific study of language, helps us to understand the construction of the universal grammar of human language and also to learn more about language. Mitchell and Myles (1998:43) claimed that all human beings inherit a universal set of principles and parameters that control the shape of human languages can take, and which are what make human languages similar to one another. People frequently initiate with greeting, introducing a topic, taking turn and commenting when having a conversation with others. Within that conversation, each person needs to be able to read the other person‟s tone, facial expressions, eye contact, and nonverbal cues to determine if their partner is still interested.

When some tries to understand the real meaning of what is being said and it cannot be understood through the normal ways of linguistics, he needs other information and here actually pragmatics, as a subfield of linguistics. Simply pragmatics deals with the meaning of words in context. It also studies how people understand and produce a communicative act in real situation which is in the conversation. Yule (1995: 3) stated that pragmatics is the study of the speaker‟s meaning which relates to the utterances situation. Pragmatics can analyze what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Mey (1993:4) said that pragmatics tells us that it is acceptable to use a language in various, unconventional ways, as long as we know, as language user, what we are doing. However, sometimes there is a misunderstanding of meaning and intention between speaker and listener.

Therefore, the listener should be able to identify the meaning of utterances or sentences, in order to understand an intended meaning of the speaker.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In pragmatics studies, it can be overcome by analyzing types of deixis used by the speaker, otherwise, the communication will fail. The clearest technique to manifest the relationship between the structure of language and context is through deixis. Deixis cannot be utterly recognized without the added contextual information. The term deixis refers to a classification of linguistic expressions which are used to imply elements of the situational context, included the speech participants, the time and location of the present speech event.

Yule (1996:9) stated that the word deixis comes from a Greek word, to point something via language. Deixis is the single most obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of languages themselves.Deixisconcerns on the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. Another definition of deixis is proposed by Levinson (1983:54) defined that deixis is concerned with the way of how language encodes features of utterances context and also with the ways of interpreting those utterances. He classified it into five main types of deixis, namely person (person deixis), place (spatial deixis), time (temporal deixis), discourse deixis and social deixis. Deixis makes clearance in communication, by describing and explaining better.

The writer found many people confused in understanding a conversation that they heard or even a text that they read. It is due to the lack of knowledge about pragmatics, as illustrated in the following sentences:

This following sentence addressed to a waiter by a restaurant customer while pointing to items on a menu: I want this dish, this dish, and this dish. To interpret this utterance, the waiter must have information about who I refers to, about the time at which the utterance is produced, and about what the three noun phrases this dish refer to. When people are

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA together in conversation, it's easy to use deixis as a shorthand because of the common context between those present though those present don't actually have to be in the same location at the same time, just understand the context.

Thus, this research aims to analyze about spoken text from „America‟s Got

Talent‟ TV Program, one of the most popular and interested talented shows in

America in order to provide detail in formation for the listeners. As listeners who listen to the conversation, they need to get information about who are the speaker and the hearers are, where, and when the events take place. The information can be obtained from understanding of the written text. This show covers some conversation comprising of utterances called direct speech. Most of direct speech in this show contains deictic expressions.

The reason why the writer chose this topic to be analyzed is because the writer realizes that the use of the same deixis can refer to different objects in a conversation, which is difficult enough to be understood by people and sometimes the word could be ambiguous. Therefore after understanding the theory and practice of deixis, people can get the meaning of the conversation which contain deixis. It means that understanding deixis can help the readers to discover the intended meaning in a conversation such as in a talent show.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on the background of study explained, the problems of study are:

1. What types of deixis are used in „American‟s Got Talent‟ TV Program?

2. Which type of deixis used dominantly in „American‟s Got Talent‟ TV

Program?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study can be formulated as follows:

1. To find out types of deixis used in „America‟s Got Talent‟ TV Program.

2. To find out the dominant type of deixis used in „America‟s Got Talent‟ TV

Program.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This research is a part of pragmatics studies focusing on analyzing types of deixis and how those types of deixis are used in „America‟s got talent‟ audition

2018. There are five types of deixis according to Levinson‟s (1983) theory. Those types of deixis are: personal, spatial, temporal, social and discourse deixis.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The result of this study is hopefully can help anyone who is interested in watching talented show, such as America‟s Got Talent. Nowadays so many talented shows become popular and interested to watch. So by learning this study that concerns of how those types of deixis are used in America‟s Got Talent

Program, maybe it will help people to understand what exactly the meaning of the conversation between the judges and the finalist. If people becomes easier in understand the meaning of the sentence that spoken because learning the theory of deixis, it will increase the comprehension about pragmatics, especially deixis. So actually this research is very useful to everyone who wants to know more about deixis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter concerns with the theoretical framework that is relevant to the topic of the study. This is important because this theory can be used as the basic of the analysis of the study. The writer should find out some related theories that correlates with the study.

2.1 Pragmatics

In daily communication, people may use linguistics forms to express the meaning in the different context in the forms discourse or utterance. These linguistic fields are closely connected with each other until now. Determining the meaning of various kinds of linguistics expressions is not a simple task, because the reader or the hearer has to be able to understand and interpret the writer‟s speaker‟s meaning by his/her utterance. For one of the most basic things to do with utterances, deixis seems not very familiar. People use it so often in both spoken and written language, but they do not know the word or the term to call it.

As for college students who are majoring English, the term deixis is common when they study semantics. Studying deixis means learning one aspect of natural languages that requires such reference to know (at least) who the speaker and the hearer are, the place and the time of speaking in which the deictic terms are used.

This paper focuses only on the discussion of deixis because deixis is very important in language study. There are many words and expressions that depend on the circumstance, in order to be understood. This aspect is called deixis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Armed with this condition, then deixis cannot be ignored in the study of language, for ordinary language is full of their use.

Pragmatics and Semantics are branches of linguistics. Pragmatics understands the language meaning but keeping the context in mind. On the other hand, Semantics deals with the study of meaning of word without the context. We process the conversations we hear and the words we read automatically. But we usually notice when the meaning is not clear, which can be the result of a poorly worded sentence, an ambiguous word choice, or unclear context.

2.2 Deixis

Deixis is an important field of language study in its own right, but it also has some relevance to the analysis of conversations and pragmatics. It is often and best described as verbal pointing, that is to say pointing by means of language.

This term is used to indicate or point out the personal pronoun, tense, specific time, and place adverb. Deixis introduces subjective, attentional, intentional and of course context-dependent properties into natural languages. Levinson

(1983:55) says that deixis belongs within the domain of pragmatics, because it directly concerns the relationship between the structure of languages and contexts in which they are used. Besides deixis can give interpretation to the context of the utterance, such as the identity of the speaker, the gesture of the speaker, the current location in the discourse and the topic of the discourse. James (1983:63) states that deictic word is one which take some element of its meaning from the situation of the utterance in which it is used. In the sentence I miss you, the word

“I” and “You” are deictic words which do not have permanent reference. They are

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA different from the words tree, wall, pencil, and book, which still have permanent reference even though different speakers, places, and situations express them.

When someone says the word “tree”, people will be able to imagine its physical performance even if it is not in the place. Deixis as one of the communication strategies also belongs to speech acts. It is necessary for a listener to identify the speaker, and time and place of the utterance, in order to be interpreted completely what has been said and its meaning.

2.3 Types of Deixis

Levinson (1983:54) discusses five main types of deixis: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis, social deixis.

2.3.1 Person Deixis

Person deixis can contain other meaning elements like the gender of the third person. It also concerns with the encoding of the role of participants in the speech even in which the utterance in question is delivered. Person deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and operates in a basic three-part division, they are:

1. First person (I). The first person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both speaker and referent grouped with the speaker which is expressed in singular pronouns (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours). The first person deixis can be divided into exclusive first person deixis, which refers to a group including addressee.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. Second person (you). The second person deixis is a deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee, such as you, yourself, yourselves, your, yours.

3. The third person (He, She, It). Third person deixis is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee and usually imply to the gender that the utterance refers to, for example: he, she, and they, him, himself, her, herself.

For example:

I guess you didn‟t care

The word “I” as first person who guess “you” as a second person who didn‟t care.

2.3.2 Place Deixis

The concept of distance has been already mentioned clearly that is relevant to spatial deixis or place deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Levinson (1983:62) states that place deixis concerns with the encoding of spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event. Place deixis can be described along many of the same parameters that apply to the time deixis.

Therefore, those references to place can be absolute or relational in nature.

Absolute references to place locate an object or person in a specific longitude and latitude, while relational references locate people and place in terms of each other and the speaker. The proximal term here means something like region relative close to the speaker, and there means relatively distant from speaker. It is very important to realize that relatively closeness is contextually determined. It may be

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA concluded that the truly pragmatic basis of spatial deixis in distance. It can be seen in the following example:

Why are you standing there?

The word “there” as locative adverb where to show the place where the person in the example above standing.

2.3.3 Temporal Deixis

Time deixis is also called temporal deixis. Levinson (1993:73) said that the basis for systems of reckoning and measuring time in most languages seem to be the natural and prominent cycles of day and night, lunar months, season and years. Time deixis is reference to time relative to a temporal reference point.

However spatial deixis is not only about the distance of the location, but also the movement or motion happened either toward or away from the speaker.

Moreover, the determination of the location in spatial deixis is not only limited in here and there but also specific location, such as in the bathroom, in Canada and soon.

These language resources are the adjectives of time in the line, yesterday, now, tomorrow and the verb tenses. The verb sometimes also has another function besides referring to a specific time. In fact, almost every sentence makes reference to an event time. Often this event time can only be determined in relation to the time of the utterance. Moreover, English only has two basic forms, the present and the past. The deictic items use reference can only be determined in relation to the time ofthe utterance in which they occur, such as last, next, month, year, now, then, ago, later, soon, before, yesterday, today, tomorrow, …, etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For example:

Tonight is the night when we forget about the deadlines. You had figured out since you were in the school. The word “tonight” refers to time when we forget about the deadlines, and the word “since" as a temporal deixis refers to past tense. It also does not occur in the speaker‟s current situation. In other words, time deixis is an expression in relation to point to certain period when the utterances produced by the speaker.

2.3.4 Discourse deixis

Discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text (Levinson

1983:85) it also deals with the orientation in the text through the writer or the speaker, the relation of the text passages to the current utterance either as a head of time or past, forthcoming or simultaneous. It encodes reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in which the utterance is located (Levinson 1983:62). It means that discourse deixis is deictic reference to a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker‟s current location in the discourse, such as: above, below, last, previous, proceeding, next or following (usually used in texts) and this, that, there, next, last (usually used in utterances).

For example:

This is a good movie That was a wonderful day The word “this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse whereas the word

“that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse. In other words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA signal and its relations to surrounding text. Moreover, discourse deixis shares with anaphora and cataphora the capacity to function as a text cohesion device. As we noted, anaphora concerns with the use of a pronoun to refer to the same referent as some prior term. Anaphora can hold within sentences, across sentences, and across at speaking in a dialogue. Deixis or other referring expressions are often used to introduce a referent, and anaphoric pronouns are used to refer to the same entity thereafter. However, it is important to remember that deictic and anaphoric usages are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, in principle the distinction is clear: when a pronoun refers to a linguistic expression itself, it is discourse deictic.

When a pronoun refers to the same entity as a prior linguistic expression refers to, it is anaphoric. In other words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text.

2.3.5 Social deixis

Social deixis does not deal with three main components (person, place and time) of the coordinate system of subjective orientation, but they show how different social rankings and the participants of communication utter relationships within society via language. Briefly, it is rather to refer to the level of relationship between people than to information. Levinson (1983:90) stated that social deixis concerns with the aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or determined by certain realities of participants or the social situation in which the speech event occurs. He adds that there are two basic kinds of social deixis information that seems to be encoded in language around the world. They are: Relational social

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA deixis and Absolute social deixis. Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. In

English, relational social deixis may be alexical item (e.g. my husband, teacher, cousin, etc), pronouns (you, her). Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addresses. Social deixis separated in to two kinds relational and absolute social deixis.

The way we organize our utterances is influenced by our addressee´s social rank and our relationship to the other participants of the speech event. In many languages this fact is reflected in the pronominal system which distinguishes between a formal and an informal address in the second personal pronoun. Not only the use of the formal address you but also other forms of address were usual to underline a person´s higher social status.

2.4 A Talent Show

A talent show is an event in which participants perform the arts of singing, dancing, lip-syncing, acting, martial arts, playing an instrument, or other activities to showcase skills. Many talent shows are performances rather than contests, but some are actual contests. In the instance of a contest, participants may be motivated to perform for a reward, trophy, or prize of some kind. For example, a high school might not have many students with any interest in performing in front of the student body for the sole purpose of performing alone and may offer different prizes as an incentive for these students to participate in the contest.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Talent shows can be seen as a way to help boost the self-esteem, confidence, and assurance of youth. Some communities and companies see talent shows as a way to help prevent juvenile delinquency among children, teens, and young adults. As a result, these communities create programs such as America‟s Got Talent in

America to promote the growth of these otherwise trouble youth to better the community. Such programs are created with the hope to prevent youth from the possibilities of entering delinquency or lives of crime

2.5 Related Studies

In supporting the idea of choosing the topic, some previous studies are needed because it helps to understand this study clearly, as described in the followings:

1.) Mokodompit (2013). Her thesis entitled Deixis in Hans Christian

Andersen’s Short Story “The Little Mermaid”. The objective of this researcher is to identify kinds of deixis in the short story and analyze the meaning of deixis in the short story. The researcher used the short story as the source of data and clarifies the kind of deixis based on pragmatic meaning. The research found kinds of deixisused in short story of The Little Mermaid is temporal, person and spatial deixis.

2.) Rahmawati (2011). Her thesis entitled The Use of Person Deixis in

Relation to Politeness Function. This essay explained about person deixis used by university students of English Department Program 2007 in Faculty of Humanities of Diponegoro University Semarang. The purposes of this study are describing the communication strategy among the university students regarding the use of person

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA deixis, and describing the social factors behind the use of certain person deixis by

English Students. The result of this study is shown that the relationship between person deixis and politeness is the real communication in Faculty of Humanities

Diponegoro University Semarang.

3.) Alfath (2013) her thesis entitled An Analysis of Deixis in Boys II Men’s

Song Lyrics”. She focused on find out the kinds of deixis that used in three song lyrics and to find out the meaning of word deixis according to textual and contextual. The research found that person deixis was dominantly used in this research compared to other deixis. The research concludes that the deixis meaning cannot be analyzed just based on the text (semantic) but also based on the context

(pragmatic).

In this study, the writer analyzes of deixis used in “America‟s Got Talent”

TV Program. The writer used Levinson‟s theory (1983) in doing this research.

The difference of this study with the previous studies is in the object and the focuses of the study. From the previous studies, they usually used songs, speech and novel as the data but in this research the writer choose a talent show TV

Program as a data that never discussed before. The previous study was done by

Mokodimpit (2013), he discussed the three types of deixis, such as temporal, person and spatial that using short story as a data. But in this research the writer discussed five types of deixis according to Levinson‟s theory (1983). From the previous study was done by Rahmawati (2011), the writer get some information in how to analyze the person of deixis deeply, because her research discussed about the relationship between persojn deixis and politeness in the real communication.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

Research is the activity of finding information about something that researcher is interested in or need to know about. Ary (2010:16) said that scientific research is the application of the scientific approach to study a problem.

The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem as unambiguously as possible.

The research used qualitative descriptive method. Moleong (2006:3) stated that descriptive qualitative method is a procedure that generates the data in the form of descriptive words in written or spoken, from people and observed behavior. Qualitative method is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help us understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places. In this research, writer deals with three main research item; data source, data collecting, data analyzing method.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The some of data in this research was take from “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018 accesed on www.youtube.com that published on 5 june, 6 june, 12 june, 19 june, 10 july and 7 august 2018 The data of this research were sentences that contain deixis in conversations between 6 contestants and 4 judges. The writer chose this TV Program as the source data based on the consideration that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA this TV Program has a variety of deixis. In reference to the data, this study focuses on five kinds of deixis, they are Person deixis, Place deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and Discourse deixis.

3.3 Technique of Collecting Data

The followings are the steps that the writer did to collect the data, they are:

1. Watching the „America‟s Got Talent‟ TV Program from the website

www.youtube.com (5 june, 6 june, 12 june, 19 june, 10 july and 7 august 2018)

2. Transcribing the sentences expressed by the contestants and the judges.

3. Identifying the sentences contains deixis.

4. Collecting in the form of table.

3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data

To analyze the data, the writer used the qualitative descriptive method.

Descriptive qualitative method is applied to classify of the use of the deixis into kinds of deixis, namely person, spatial, temporal, discourse and social deixis and to find out the dominant deixis used. To find the deixis in “America‟s Got Talent”

TV Program, the writer classified them by applying the following steps:

1. Underlining deixis in sentences that get from conversation in „America‟s

Got Talent‟ TV Program.

2. Identifying and classifying the type of deixis.

3. Tabulating each type of the possible deixis.

4. Finding the dominant type ofdeixis that found in “America‟s Got Talent”

5. Drawing the conclusion from the result found.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis

In this part, the writer only analyzed data of deixis that determine the types and references of deixis found in the conversation between 6 contestants, they are:

Makayla Philips, Michael Keterrer, Amanda Mena, Courtney, Flaujae, Mandy

Harvey. And 4 judges, they are: Simon, Howie, Mel B and Heidi in the

“America‟s Got Talent” show. The complete analysis can be seen in appendix.

4.2 Types and reference of Deixis found in “America’s Got Talent” audition 2018.

According to Levinson (1983:68), there are five types of deixis, they are

Person deixis, Place deixis, Time deixis, social deixis and Discourse deixis. In analyzing the “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018, the writer found 203 utterances of Person deixis, 15 utterances of Place deixis, 12 utterances of Social deixis, 19 utterances of Time deixis and 10 utterances of Discourse deixis.

4.2.1 Person Deixis

Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee and referents which are neither speaker nor addressee. There are three types of person deixis, they are:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.1.1 First Person

There are some data describing the using of first person in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got

Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. So I‟m guessing you‟re going to be singing for us tonight. (contestant 1,

utterance 9)

The word “us” in the statement above include in person deixis – plural pronoun, because the word “us” refers to all the four judges and the all audience.

2. You know what when we find singers on these shows, is it about being

technical? (contestant 2, utterance 17)

The word “we” in the statement above include in person deixis – plural pronoun, because the word we refer to Simon, Heidi, Mel B and Howie as the judges in that show.

3. I think it‟s important that you telling everyone what you told us on first

day we met (contestant 5, utterances 5)

The word “we” in the statement above include in person deixis – plural pronoun. The word “we” is refer to all the four judges Simon, Heidi, Mel B,

Howie and Flaujae. the statement wants to ask Flaujae to telling everyone what she ever told in the first time they met.

4. Yeah, I am feeling the tempo, the beat through the floor. (contestant 6,

utterances 17)

The word “I” in the statement include in person deixis – singular pronoun, because the word “I” refers to Mandy Harvey as the speaker when she started to explained how she could sing well even if she is deaf.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Well, my family is my reason why I am here. My wife and my six

children. (contestant 2, utterances 14)

The word “my” in the statement above in person deixis first person – possessive pronoun that belongs to Michael Ketterer. He said that his family is the reason for him and he wants to show his children if their dad can live out his dream.

First person is also called as speaker. For the first speaker, the writer founds first person deixis which consist of words I, we, us, and My.

4.2.1.2 Second Person

There are some data describing the using of second person in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got

Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. I shut my eyes and listened to your sing. That was not the same person.

That shouldn‟t have been you. (contestant 1, utterances 19)

The word “you” in the statement above is second person – plural pronoun, and the meaning of word “you” here refers to Makayla Philips. Simon as the judges says that statement to said that Makayla has got amazing presence, great confidence.

2. With your beautiful voices I mean you have a beautiful voice and you are

a beautiful girl. (contestant 3, utterances 26)

The word “your” in the statement above is also called second person – plural pronoun and the meaning of word “your” here refers to Amanda Mena‟s voice. In that statement the judges want to say that Amanda is super natural talent.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Second person is used to refer to an addressee in a conversation. The writer founds second person deixis that consist of word “you” and “your”.

4.2.1.3 Third Person

There are some data describing the using of third person in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. He was gonna be signed to universal records, but two days before he was

gonna sign the contract he got murdered. (contestant 5, utterance 6).

The word “he” in the statement above refers to Camouflage. He is

Flaujae‟s father. The word “he” here is able to include as third person – singular pronoun.

2. And so I am here, because I want to show them that if their dad can live

out his dreams, then nothing is impossible for them. (contestant 2,

utterances 14)

The word “them” in the statement above is third person – plural pronoun.

The word “them” here refers to the six children of Michael Keterrer.

3. I feel like he had a dream and he had things he wanted to do. So I will do

it for him. (contestant 5, utterances 6)

The word “him” in the statement above is third person – singular pronoun.

The word “him” here refers to Camouflage (Flaujae‟s Dad) who has died murdered.

4. At 14 years old, you have the kind of authenticity and honesty that some

artist never achieves in their entire lives. (contestant 5, utterances 15)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The word “their” in the statement above is third person – plural pronoun.

The word “their” here refers to some artist that actually doesn‟t have the kind of honesty and authenticity like Flaujae.

5. I want to show them that if their dad can live out his dreams. (contestant 3,

utterances 14)

The word “his” in the statement above is third person – singular pronoun.

This word refers to Michael Keterrer. The speaker wants to said that if he as a dad can live out his dreams, so the same thing must be happened to his six children.

Lyons, as quoted from Levinson (1983:69) mentions that “third person is quite unlike first or second person, in that it does not correspond to any specific participant-role in the speech event. Third person pronoun stated in utterance does not refer to speaker or an addressee. In this conversation finds third person which consist of word he, him, his, their, them, as seen seen in the following table:

Table 1 Person deixis in “America’s Got Talent” audition 2018

Deixis Utterances

I 82

We 4

Us 4

My 18

You 65

Your 14

He 6

Him 1

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA His 2

Them 5

Their 2

TOTAL 203

4.2.2. Place Deixis

There are some data describing the using of place deixis in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got

Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. And my family are in the audience (contestant 1, utterances 8)

The word “In the audience” in the statement above is place deixis – proximal form, becau se the words in the audience could mean the place where her family sit in the middle of the other audience who watching that shows

2. Well, my family is my reason why I am here. (contestant 2, utterances 14)

The word “here” in the statement above is a place deixis – proximal form, it can mean an object close to the speaker‟s location. The word here in the statement is mean the stage of the America‟s Got Talent Show.

3. So when I come here I didn‟t know a word of English. (contestant 3,

utterances 14)

The word “here” in the statement above is a place deixis – distal form because it means an object that maybe far to the speaker‟s location. The word here in the statement above refers to Boston, where Amanda is come from.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. So this is kind of a different direction, you coming on a show like this

Michael. (contestant 2, utterance 13)

The words “coming on” in the statement above is place deixis – proximal form, because it means an object close to the speaker‟s location. The words coming on refers to “America‟s Got Talent” show.

5. You are skipping straight to the live, and you are going to Hollywood.

(contestant 1, utterances 18)

The words “Hollywood” in the statement above is place deixis – proximal form it can mean an object close to the speaker‟s location. The word “Hollywood” here refers to the real entertainment world.

Levinson (1983:68) states that contemporary English makes use if only two adverbs, here and there, for the basic distinction, but in order texts and in some dialects, a much larger set of deixis expression can be found.

Place deixis, also known as spatial deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similar as person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. According to Levinson‟s (1983) theory, deixis is clearly a form of reffering that is tied to the speaker‟s context, with the most basic distinction between deixis expressions being “near speaker”, versus “away from the speaker‟s” in English, the near speaker is called proximal terms (this, here, now) and the away from the speaker is called distal term (that, there, then), as displayed in the table 2.

Table 2 Place deixis in “America’s Got Talent” audition 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Deixis Utterances

In the audience 1

Hollywood 1

Here 7

Save environment 1

This show 2

TOTAL 15

4.2.3 Social deixis

There are some data describing the using of social deixis in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got

Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. I am a pediatric mental health nurse (contestant 2, utterances 10)

The word “nurse” in the statement above refers to person who is trained to care for sick or injured people and who usually works in a hospital or doctor‟s office. In this case Michael Ketterer is pediatric mental health nurse.

2. Go ahead young lady (contestant 3, utterances 23)

The word “young lady” in the statement above refers to Amanda Mena. I could be in social deixis because it has different social ranking between the speaker and audience.

3. And who is this?... My interpreter (contestant 6, utterance 3)

The word “interpreter” in the statement above could be include social deixis because it has different social ranking between the speaker and the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA audiences. The word “interpreter” refers to Sarahas an Interpreter for the deaf person. She translates orally for parties conversing in different way.

4. I am 14 years old, and I am a rapper. (contestant 5, utterances 4)

The word “rapper” in the statement above refers to Flaujae. It can be could be social deixis because it has different social ranking between the speaker and the audience. The meaning of a rapper is a person who performs rap music or speaks the words of a rap song. Social deixis does not deal with three main components person, place and time of the coordinate system of subjective orientation, but they show how different social rankings and the participants of communication utter relationships within society via language.

Briefly, it is rather to refer to the level of relationship between people than to information. Levinson (1983,85) stated that social deixis concerns with the aspects of sentences which reflect or establish or determined by certain realities of participants or the social situation in which the speech event occurs. He adds that there are two basic kinds of social deixis information that seems to be encoded in language around the world.

Deixis concerns the encoding of social distinctions that are relative to participant roles, particularly aspects of the social relationship holding between speaker and addressee or speaker and some referent, as displayed in the table 3.

Table 3 Social deixis in “America’s Got Talent” Audition 2018

Deixis Utterance

Sir 1

Mom 1

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Dad 2

Young lady 1

Interpreter 2

Audience 1

Rapper 2

Children 1

Nurse 1

TOTAL 12

4.2.4 Time deixis

There are some data describing the using of time deixis in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. So I‟m guessing you‟re gonna be singing for us tonight. (contestant 1,

utterances 9)

The word “today” in the statement above refers to this day or the day when the audition of “America‟s Got Talent” held. The word “today” refers to time deixis – proximal term. It shows the present condition. In this statement, the speaker gives his opinion to the contestant that he will be singing for them today.

2. You‟re like the shiny little thing when you first came out and then you

sing and you‟re like a lion I mean genuinely incredible. (contestant 4,

utterances 17)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The word “then” in the statement above refers to time deixis – distal term.

The word “then” explain the present condition. How Courtney looks before and after that she is like a lion.

3. But two days before he was gonna sign the contract he got murdered and my mom was pregnant with me. (contestant 5, utterances 6)

The word “two days before” in the statement above refers to time deixis. It means that past tense is considered distal term, because it has meaning of times before the point of situation that her father was murdered.

Time deixis deal with the time at which an utterance is produce, it is unlike with person deixis which is concerned with individuals‟ roles in speech event. Present and Past tense in time deixis differentiate in proximal and distal form, as displayed in the table 4.

Table 4 Time deixis in “America’s Got T1alent” audition 2018

Deixis Utterances

Today 2

Tonight 2

Sometimes 1

Until 1

Whole period 1

A long time 1

Then 1

From this era 1

Before 1

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA First time 1

Too early 1

First day 1

Entire lives 1

Now 1

After 1

Ten years 1

Two days before 1

TOTAL 19

4.2.5 Discourse deixis

There are some data describing the using of discourse deixis in the conversation between the contestant and the judges in the “America‟s Got

Talent”, as seen in the following examples:

1. That was not the same person, that shouldn‟t be you. (contestant 1,

utterances 19)

The word “that” in the statement above states by Simon to explain that he doesn‟t believe that the person who singing in the stage is Makayla Philips, he doesn‟t believe that it was the same person. Because the word “that” refers to the statement above, it could be categories as discourse deixis.

2. Is this something you do as a hobby? Does it make you feel good?

(contestant 3, utterances 11)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The word “this” in the statement above refers to Amanda‟s passion in music and singing. The statement above is asking how is Amanda feels in music?

And she answered that her experiences really connect her to like music.

3. Let‟s pick up on that because I think it is important that you telling

everyone what you told us on first day we met, if you don‟t mind.

(contestant 5, utterances 4)

The word “that” in the statement above refers to the story about Flaujae‟s father, he also a rapper that was murdered two days before he signed the contract of Universal Record.

4. Is that how you are following the music? (contestant 6, utterances 16)

The word “that” in the statement above refers to the way Mandy Harvey get back into singing with muscles memory using visual tuners and trusting her pitch so her shoes are off because she is feeling the vibration.

5. This is what this show is all about. (contestant 1, utterances 19)

The word “this” in the statement above is refers to Makayla‟s performance.

The word “this” here want to describe the things that actually the “America‟s Got

Talent” looking for, which is amazing presence and great confidence. And all of the criteria is already there in Makayla Philips. So the speaker said that this is what this show is all about.

Discourse deixis has been included in most recent treatment of deixis. Although there are no specific discourse deixis expression. It has even sometimes been given the status of deixis dimension of its own, as seen in the following table:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Table 5 Discourse deixis in “America’s Got Talent” audition 2018

Deixis Utterances

That 7

This 3

TOTAL 10

4.4 Findings

After the writer analyzing the data, the writer found 259 utterances that contain deixis in “America‟s Got Talent” Audition 2018. The types and referents found in “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018 can be seen in the table. Thus, from the final result of this thesis, the writer discovered that the types of deixis dominantly used in “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018 is person deixis, that contains of 203 utterances.

Table 6 Types and Referents of Deixis found in “America’s Got Talent” audition 2018.

Types Deixis Referents Total

utterances

Person Deixis I Makayla Philips 2

(contestant 1: utterances 4

and 8)

Heidi 10

(contestant 1: utterances

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 13, 15 and 17)

(contestant 2 : utterances

24, 26 and 28)

Michael Keterrer 6

(contestant 2 : utterances

8, 10 and 14)

Amanda Mena 10

(contestant 3 : utterances

6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and

18.

Courtney 1

(contestant 4 : utterances

12)

Flaujae 11

(contestant 5 : utterances

2, 4, 7 and 9)

Simon 10

(contestant 1: utterance

19)

(contestant 2: utterance

17)

(contestant 3: utterances

17 and 32)

(contestant 4: utterance

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 17)

(contestant 5: utterances 5

and 14)

(contestant 6: utterances

Mandy Harvey 13

(contestant 6: utterances

8, 13, 15, 17 and 21)

Mel B 10

(contestant 1: utterances 9)

(contestant 3: utterance 33)

(contestant 4: utterances

13 and 15)

(contestant 5: utterance

12)

Howie 9

(contestant 3: utterances 29)

(contestant 4: utterances

18 and 20)

(contestant 5: utterance 15)

We Simon, Howie, Mel B, 3

Heidi

(contestant 2: utterances 15

and 17)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (contestant 5: utterances 13)

Flaujae, Simon, Howie, 1

Mel B, Heidi

(contestant 5: utterances 5)

Us Simon, Howie, Mel B, 4

Heidi

(contestant 1: utterances

(contestant 2: utterance

11)

(contestant 4: utterance

13)

(contestant 5: utterance 12)

My Makayla Philips 3

(contetstant 1: utterances

4 and 8)

Mikael Ketterer 5

(contestant 2: utterances 6

and 14)

Flaujae 5

(contestant 5: utterances 5

and 9)

Mandy Marvey 5

(contestant 6: utterances

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4, 8, 13, 15 and 21)

You Makayla Philips 8

(contestant 1: utterances

4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19)

Michael Keterrer 12

(contestant 2: utterances 3,

7, 9, 11, 13, 16)

Amanda Mena 15

(contestant 3: utterances 5,

7, 9, 11, 17, 21, 29, 30,

32, 33)

Courtney 8

(contestant 4: utterances

3,7, 17, 18, 20)

Flaujae 13

(contestant 5: utterances

5,7, 3, 12, 13, 14, 15)

Mandy Harvey 9

(contestant 6: utterances 1,

7, 9, 12, 14, 18, 20)

Your Makayla Philips 2

(contestant 1: utterances 3,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Michael Keterrer 2

(contestant 2: utterances 5,

13)

Amanda Mena 4

(contestant 3: utterances

3, 13, 26, 33)

Courtney 2

(contestant 4: utterances 5,

Flaujae 2

(contestant 5: utterances

14)

Mandy Harvey 2

(contestant 6: utterance

7, 9)

He Flaujae‟s Father 6

(contestant 5: utterances

Him Faujae‟s Father 1

(contestant 5: utterances

His Michael Keterrer 1

(contestant 2: utterance

14)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Faujae‟s Father 1

(contestant 5: utterances

Them Michael‟s wife and his 1

six children

(contestant 2: utterances

14)

Michael‟s six children 3

(contestant 2: utterances

14)

Amanda‟s voices and her 1

beautiful face

(contestant 3: utterances

28)

Their Some artists 1

(contestant 5: utterance

14)

Michael‟s children 1

(contestant 2: utterances

14)

Place Deixis In the audience In the middle of auditions 1

watching that show

(contestant 1: utterances 8)

Hollywood The place where all the 1

star is born

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (contestant 1: utterances

18)

Here America‟s Got Talent 7

audition 2018

(contestant 1: utterances 8)

(contestant 2: utterances 13,

14)

(contestant 5: utterances

Save environment Michael‟s home 1

(contestant 2: utterances

14)

This show America;s Got Talent 1

(contestant 2: utterances 16)

Social deixis Sir Simon 1

(contestant 2: utterances

12)

Mom Makayla‟s mother 1

(contestant 1: utterances

Dad Makayla‟s and Flaujae‟ 2

Dad

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (contestant 1: utterances 8)

(contestant 5: utterances 6)

Young lady Amanda Mena 1

(contestant 3: utterances

23)

Interpreter Sarah 2

(contestant 6: utterances 4)

Audience Audience in AGT 1

(contestant 1: utterances

Rapper Flaujae and her dad 2

(contestant 5: utterances 4,

Children Michael‟s Children 1

(contestant 2:utterances14)

Nurse Michael Keterrer 1

(contestant 2: utterances

10)

Time deixis Today Present time / when the 2

AGT shows held.

(contestant 1: utterances 7)

(contestant 5: utterances 9)

Tonight Present time 2

(contestant 1: utterances

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 9)

(contestant 5: utterances

Sometimes Literally in being real 1

(contestant 2: utterances

16)

Until Past time / till Amanda 4 1

years old

(contestant 4: utterances

14)

Whole period Present times 1

(contestant 3: utterances

A long time In so many days 1

(contestant 3: utterances

32)

Then Present times 1

(contestant 2: utterances

From this era From this 20st century 1

(contestant 4: utterances

18)

Before Past time axis 2

(contestant 4: utterances

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 18)

First time the day all the judges 1

meet flaujae

Too early Her father was died 1

before he achieved his

dreams

(contestant 5: utterances

First day Present times 1

(contestant 5: utterances

Entire lives All the time of life 1

(contestant 5: utterances

15)

Now In time where that show 1

was held

(contestant 5: utterances

15)

After Past time 1

(contestant 6:uttrances 12)

Ten years Past Time 1

(contestant 6: utterances

11)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Two days before Days before Flaujae‟s dad 1

being murdered

(contestant 4: utterances

Discourse That Simon guessing, she is 1

deixis not the same person.

(contestant 1: utterance

19)

The song which Amanda 1

singing

(contestant 3: utterance

32)

Mikael‟s wife and children 1

(contestant 2: utterance 14)

Amanda got bullied 1

(contestant 3: utterance

17)

Clive Davis sees Janis 1

Japlin that nobody has

ever seen before.

(contestant 4: utterance

18)

The story about Flaujae‟s 1

dad which murdered

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (contestant 5: utterances

Flaujae‟s goals is to 1

continue her father legacy

(contestant 5:utterances 6)

This Amazing presence and 1

great confidence

(contestant 1: utterances

19)

Singing and music 1

(contestant 3: utterances

11)

Be in the audition of 1

America‟s Got Talent 2018

(contestant 2: utterances

13)

TOTAL SENTENCES 259

From the table, it is known that person deixis “I” is dominantly used in the

“America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018.

The place deixis mostly found in this audition is “here”. It refers to AGT‟s stage. Because the judges always ask to the contestant why they come in

“America‟s Got Talent” audition, so it makes the word “here” becomes the mostly word used of place deixis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Social deixis mostly found in this “America‟s Got Talent” audition was referred to the word “father”. It is because of two contestants explained their responsibility as being a dad and another explained about her father that was being murdered.

Past time is a type of time deixis found in this audition. It is because the speakers reveal the number of something that happened in the past involving the future.

Discourse deixis also found in this “America‟s Got Talent” audition. The word “this” and “that” used in this conversation as discourse deixis to support the speaker‟s statement, in before or after they delivered the statement.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the writer made final conclusion about deixis.

There are two conclusions that have been conclude:

1. The writer found that all of the five deixis as proposed by Levinson (1983) used in this “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018, they are 203 person deixis, 15 place deixis, 12 social deixis, 19 time deixis and 10 discourse deixis.

2. The writer found the dominant deixis used in “America‟s Got Talent” audition 2018 is person deixis.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer consider that not only understand the deixis in the “America‟s

Got Talent”, if we already understand about deixis we will easier to know what exactly the meaning of a context.

After conducting this research, the writer would like to give some suggestions especially for English learners. Deixis is important to learn in order to know the purpose of utterances. By learning deixis like person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis, it can help the readers or listeners to understand what the speaker means in the utterance.

For other researchers who want to analyze the deixis the first thing they have to do is to read the context are carefully in order to understand the meaning of the lyrics because different people have different interpretation about meaning

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA of the context. Based on the conclusion above, the writer suggests the readers to pay attention on the references of the deixis used in the utterances, whether the utterances use first person deixis that could be refered to anyone or third person deixis that refering to specific participant. The writer hopes that the next research especially dealing with deixis can give more understanding about deixis in order to help people to get more understanding about the person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. The writer also hopes to the next researcher to use the other parts, such as analyzing in formal report on interview, speech text, conference, and the other.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Ary, D, Jacobs, L. C. and Sorenson, Chris. 2010. Introduction to Research in

Education. Canada: Wadsworth.

Alfath, N. 2013. An Analysis of Deixis in Boys II Men’s Song Lyrics. Thesis.

Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta.

Alsaif, F.2011. Deixis in English. Retrieved from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Bright, W. 1992.International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York: Oxford

University Press.

Brown, G & Yule, G, 1983, Discourse Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press

Comrie, B.1985.Tense. London: Cambridge University Press.

Fillmore, J. 1997.Lectures on Deixis. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.

Gee, Paul J. 1999. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Canada: Routledge

Hockett, F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.

Kridalaksana, H. 1993. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Lado, R. 1964. Language Teaching a Scientific Approach. The United State of

America: McGraw-Hill.

Leech, G. 1981. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. New York. Penguin Book.

Levinson, C. 1983. Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press.

Lyons, J. 1997.Semantics. London: Cambridge University Press.

Mey, L. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford UK and Cambridge.

Mitchel, Rosamond, and Florence M. 1998. Second language learning theories.

London: Arnold.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mokodimpit, S. 2013. Deixis in Hans Christian Anderson’s Short Story “The

Little Mermaid”, Thesis. Gorontalo: Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Moleong, J. 2006. Metodologi PenelitianKualitatif (Edisi Revisions).Bandung:

Remaja Rosdakarya.

Yule, G. 1995. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

APPENDIX

CONTESTANT 1 (10 JULY 2018)

1. Mel B: hi, welcome to America‟s Got Talent!

2. Makayla: hi

3. Mel B: what‟s your name? and how old are you?

4. Makayla: my name is Makayla Philips and I‟m 15 years old.

5. Mel B: so you are still in school?

6. Makayla: yes

7. Mel B: who you are with today?

8. Makayla: I‟m here with my mom, my dad, my brother, and most of my friends

and my family are in the audience.

9. Mel B: so I‟m guessing you are gonna be singing for us tonght.

10. Makayla: yes

11. Mel B: well, Goodluck

12. Makayla: thankyou

……………………………perform……………………………………………

13. Heidi: she‟s amazing, so fun, so good and everything. And you are also cute

on top of it. I love you

14. Makayla: thanks

15. Heidi: I think you are absolutely incredible

16. Makayla: thank you so much

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 17. Heidi: I mean I love the whole package. I love your smile, I love how you

project to everyone. Your voice is incredible. You know what I‟m gonna do

for you? I think I just found the winner.

18. Mel B: you are skipping straight to the live, and you area going to the

Hollywood.

19. Simon: well, I‟ve gotta tell you. I shut my eyes and listened to your sing. That

was not the same person that shouldn‟t be you. But you know what? That‟s a

really difficult song to sing, you‟ve got amazing presence, great confidence.

This is what this show is all about. Good for you.

20. Makayla: thank you so much

CONTESTANT 2 (5 JUNE 2018)

1. Simon: hello

2. Michael: hello

3. Simon: how are you?

4. Michael: nervous

5. Simon: it‟s okay. And what‟s your name please?

6. Michael: my name is Michael Keterrer

7. Simon: where are you from?

8. Michael: I‟m originally from East Tennesee, but right now I live in orange

county.

9. Simon: and tell me a little bit about you? And what do you do for a living?

10. Michael: I‟m a pediatric mental health nurse

11. Simon: okay, and what are you gonna be doing for us? Are you a singer?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 12. Michael: yes sir

13. Simon: So, this is kind of a different direction. You coming on a show like

this Michael. Tell me what‟s your thought process was? What‟s the ambition?

The dream here?

14. Michael: well, my family is my reason why I am here, my wife and my six

children, you know one of the things that happens especially because my

children come out of foster care. When you‟re surviving you can dream and

that was has been one of the most rewarding things is providing them with a

home and a safe environment where they are free to dream and so I‟m here

because I want to show them if their dad can live out his dreams, then nothing

is impossible for them.

15. Simon: good for you, okay Michael. Listen we‟re all waiting for you

16. Michael: thank you

………………………………..perform…………………………………………

17. Simon: Michael, you know what when we find singers on this show, is it

about being technical? Is it about being relevant? And sometimes for me it‟s

about being real. And surprise, I‟m being honest with you because you were

so nervous, I was concerned for you. But I think sometimes actions speaks

louder than words.

CONTESTANT 3 (19 JUNE 2018)

1. Simon: welcome

2. Amanda: thankyou

3. Simon: what‟s your name?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Amanda: Amanda mena

5. Simon: and how old are you Amanda?

6. Amanda: I‟m 15 years old

7. Simon: where are you from?

8. Amanda: I‟m from Boston, Massachusets.

9. Howie: what do you do? Do you sing?

10. Amanda: I sing, I love singing

11. Howie: you love music? Is this something you do as a hobby? Does it make

you feel good?

12. Amanda: I feel my experiences really connect me to like music. I just, I love

it.

13. Howie: what‟s your experienced that you‟re?

14. Amanda: I raised in Dominican Republic till I was 4 years old. So when I

come here I didn‟t know a word of English.

15. Howie: really?

16. Amanda: and I got bullied a lot so all that kind of gave me tough skin.

17. Simon: I just want to ask a question, I know I do hear this is a lot

unfortunately, you got bullied what got you through that whole period?

18. Amanda: I think it was really music and my mom.

19. Howie: are you nervous?

20. Amanda: a little bit

21. Howie: you ready to wow us?

22. Amanda: yup

23. Howie: go ahead young lady

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA …………………..perform…………………………………………

24. Heidi: I mean wow. I‟m just blown away

25. Amanda: thank you

26. Heidi: with your beautiful voices I mean you have a beautiful voice and

you‟re a beautiful girl.

27. Amanda: thankyou

28. Heidi: I love them

29. Howie: well I gotta to say you sang natural woman. You are a super natural

talent.

30. Simon: You know what you have Amanda? You have genuinely natural soul.

31. Amanda: thankyou

32. Simon: you really do. I mean that‟s not easy something to sing this is an

audition we‟re gonna remember for a long time Amanda.

33. Mel B: oh my God. Where do I start? That was just incredible. I‟ve got all

goose pimples. I love you. I love your voices this what I‟m gonna say to all

those bullies.

CONTESTANT 4 (12 JUNE 2018)

1. Mel B: hi, my lovely

2. Courtney: hi

3. Mel B: welcome to AGT? How area you?

4. Courtney: It is little bit nervous

5. Mel B: that‟s okay to be nervous. It‟s totally understandable. What‟s your

name?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6. Courtney: Courtney

7. Mel B: and how old are you?

8. Courtney: 13 years old

9. Mel B: what‟s your favorite subject in school?

10. Courtney: music

11. Mel B: what kind of music?

12. Courtney: I don‟t know

13. Mel B: you‟re very sweet and I‟m guessing you‟re gonna be singing for us

14. Courtney: yeah

15. Mel B: listen don‟t be nervous. I know this is a big stage and there‟s a lot

of people here but you‟re here for a reason so go for it and Goodluck

16. Courtney: thankyou

…………………………………..perform………………………………………

17. Simon: you‟re like the shiny little thing when you first come out and then

you sing and you‟re like a lion. I mean genuinely incredible

18. Howie: OMG, you‟re not from this era, you are from the whole different

era. And I‟m a huge Janis Joplin fan and it‟s a story, if you ever watch the

documentary Clive Davis, he goes to the Monterey pop festival and he

sees this young girl that nobody has ever seen before that nobody knows.

It was the first time Janis Joplin got signed and that would that changed

her life. Do you know that story?

19. Courtney: yeah

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 20. Howie: I‟m not Clive Davis. I‟m Howie Mendel. And I can‟t sign you to a

record deal. The only thing I can do for you, young lady is give you

(golden buzzer)

CONTESTANT 5 (7 AUGUST 2018)

1. Simon: how are you Flaujae?

2. Flaujae: I‟m feeling good

3. Simon: fantastic, so let‟s remind everyone around tonight who you have

met who you are?

4. Flaujae: I‟m Flaujae from savannah, Georgia. I‟m 14 years old and I‟m a

rapper. I did a song about gun violence it‟s called guns down.

5. Simon: lets pick up that because I think it‟s important that you telling

everyone what you told us on the first day we met. If you don‟t mind.

6. Flaujae: my dad his name was camouflage, he was a rapper up-coming and

he was gonna be signed to universal records, but two days before he was

gonna sign the contract he got murdered and my mom was pregnant with

me. My whole goal is to continue my father legacy, I feel like he died too

early that‟s what I feel and I feel like he had a dream and he had things he

wanted to do. So I‟m do it for him

7. Simon: okay flaujae, what is this song are you gonna do today? You wrote

it?

8. Flaujae: yes, it‟s an original. It‟s called I can‟t lose

9. Simon: tell me what‟s it about?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 10. Flaujae: it‟s just about my life like what I‟ve been through to get here and

to be in this position on AGT.

11. Simon: well done flaujae

……………………….……….perform…………………………………….

12. Mel B: Oh God I just think them the way that you write it comes from the

heart and I love you.

13. Howie: you are a wow and it‟s not somebody wrote a song. It‟s not

somebody who sing a song. It‟s somebody who lives a song and teaches us

a lesson and you‟re a star, what a wonderful moment.

14. Simon: here the good news, we provide a platform, you do a hard work.

I‟m not an expert but I think you, the lyrics, the tracks everything feel real

and I didn‟t say that a lot of the times. I appreciate you I really like you.

15. Howie: I‟m blown away and I was blown away by your audition. I mean

I‟ve goosebumps and I‟m shaking a little bit because I want to tell you

something at 14 years old, you‟ve the kind of authenticity and honesty that

some artists never achieve in their entire lives. You‟re not given a chance

to have a relationship with your father, you were not given a chance then

and I want to make sure you get a chance now.

CONTESTANT 6 (6 JUNE 2018)

1. Simon: hi how are you? What‟s your name?

2. Mandy: Mandy Harvey

3. Simon: and who is this?

4. Mandy: my interpreter

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Simon: what‟s your name?

6. Sarah: Sarah

7. Simon: okay Mandy, so I think I‟ve worked this out. So you‟re deaf?

8. Mandy: yes I lost my hearing when I was 18 years old

9. Simon: wow. And how old are you now?

10. Mandy: 29

11. Howie: so, it‟s ten years wow.

12. Simon: Mandy how did you lose your hearing, if you don‟t mind me asking?

13. Mandy: I have a connective tissue disorder so basically I got sick and my

nerves deteriorated.

14. Simon: so you were singing before you lost your hearing?

15. Mandy: yeah I‟ve been singing since I was four, so I left music after I lost my

hearing and then figured out how to get back into singing with muscles,

memory using visual tuners and trusting my pitch.

16. Howie: so your shoes are off because you are feeling the vibration, is that how

you are following the music?

17. Mandy: yeah I‟m felling the tempo, the beat through the floor.

18. Simon: and mandy, what are you gonna sing?

19. Mandy: I‟m gonna sing a song that I wrote called try.

20. Simon: okay, can you tell me what is it about?

21. Mandy: after I lost my hearing I gave up but I want to do more with my life

than I just gave up.

22. Simon: okay, well look, this is your moment and good luck.

23. Mandy: okay

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA …………………………performance………………………………………….

24. Simon: Mandy I think you don‟t need a translator for this. (golden buzzer)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA