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Small Wild Cats: the Animal Answer Guide This Page Intentionally Left Blank Small Wild Cats the Animal Answer Guide Small Wild Cats: The Animal Answer Guide This page intentionally left blank Small Wild Cats The Animal Answer Guide James G. Sanderson and Patrick Watson The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2011 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sanderson, James G., 1949– Small wild cats : the animal answer guide / James G. Sanderson and Patrick Watson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9884-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8018-9885-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8018-9884-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8018-9885-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Felidae—Miscellanea. I. Watson, Patrick, 1947– II. Title. QL737.C23S235 2011 599.75—dc22 2011000460 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible. Spontaneous activity and sensitivity are the special character- istics of animal life, and the cats are well endowed with both these powers. The perfection of their organs of movement and that of the very substance of their bones and muscles, as well as the great perfection of their special senses is widely recognized. Some have objected, however, that the activities and sense perceptions of certain other beasts are, in their own various ways, as highly developed as are those of the Felidæ. Only through the possession of perfectly formed bones and muscles, of a delicate sense of hearing, or of far-reaching vi- sion do antelopes, hares, and such creatures escape their car- nivorous pursuers. But then, they use their organization for escape. The organization of the cats may then be deemed superior, not only because it is excellent in itself, but because it is fitted to dominate the excellences of other beasts. Thus considered, the Carnivora rank first amongst mammals, and the cats rank first amongst the Carnivora. Moreover, much may be said in favor of cats being the highest of mammals if man is consid- ered merely in his animal capacity—in which alone he can be brought into comparison with other organisms. But whether or not this eminence be allowed to the cat, there can be no question that it is the most highly developed form of carnivo- rous mammalian life—the most perfect embodiment, the es- sence, of a beast of prey. Such, then, is certainly the cat’s place in nature. St. George Mivart, The Cat, 1892 This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii 1 Introducing Small Cats 1 What are small cats? 1 What is the difference between small cats and big cats? 7 How many kinds of small cats are there? 9 Why are small cats important? 10 Where do small cats live? 10 Why are there only domestic small cats on Madagascar, Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand? 12 How are small cats classified? 13 What characterizes the major groups of small cats? 16 When did small cats evolve? 18 What is the oldest small cat fossil? 19 2 Form and Function of Small Cats 20 What are the largest and smallest small cats? 20 How fast does a small cat’s heart beat? 22 Can small cats see color? 24 Are small cats capable of retracting their claws? 27 Can small cats swim? 27 How far can small cats jump? 28 Are small cats capable of climbing? 31 Are small cats’ tails the same? 32 Do small cats have whiskers? 32 How sensitive is a small cat’s sense of smell? 36 What is special about a cat’s sense of taste? 37 Can you determine whether a fossil small cat was terrestrial or arboreal? 39 3 Small Cat Colors 40 Can small cats be black? 40 What causes the different coat colors of small cats? 40 Why does the length and thickness of small cat’s coat vary? 41 How are hair colors determined genetically? 43 Is there a reason for the patterns on the coat? 44 Are there age-related differences in coat color? 46 Are there seasonal changes in coat color? 47 Is there much geographic variation in small cat species? 47 4 Small Cat Behavior 50 Are small cats social? 50 Do small cats fight? 51 How smart are small cats? 51 Do small cats play? 53 Do small cats talk? 54 How do small cats avoid predators? 54 5 Small Cat Ecology 55 Where do small cats sleep? 55 Do small cats migrate? 56 How many small cat species can coexist? 58 Are small cats equally distributed throughout the world? 59 How do small cats survive in the desert? 60 How do small cats survive the winter? 61 Do small cats hibernate? 62 Do small cats have enemies? 63 Do small cats commit infanticide? 63 Do small cats get sick? 64 How do small cats influence vegetation? 64 6 Reproduction and Development of Small Cats 66 How do small cats reproduce? 66 How long are female small cats pregnant? 67 Where do mother small cats give birth? 68 How many babies do small cats have? 71 Are all littermates equally related? 71 How long do female small cats nurse their young? 72 How fast do small cats grow? 72 How long do small cats live? 73 7 Foods and Feeding of Small Cats 75 What do small cats eat? 75 How do small cats hunt? 78 Do small cats hide or bury food? 81 How often do small cats eat and drink? 83 Do small cats scavenge? 83 viii Contents 8 Small Cats and Humans 84 Do small cats make good pets? 84 Should people feed small cats? 85 Do small cats feel pain? 85 What do I do if a find an injured or orphaned small cat? 86 How can I become a better observer of small cats? 87 How do I know whether I have small cats in my backyard? 88 Why are small cats important? 89 9 Small Cat Problems (from a human viewpoint) 90 Are small cats pests? 90 How are small cats kept away from people, livestock, and poultry? 91 Are small cats vectors of human disease? 92 10 Human Problems (from a small cat’s viewpoint) 94 Are small cats endangered? 94 Will small cats be affected by global warming? 97 Are small cats ever invasive species? 98 Do people hunt and eat small cats? 99 Why are some small cat skins so valuable? 101 Why do small cats get hit by cars? 102 11 Small Cats in Stories and Literature 103 What roles do small cats play in religion and mythology? 103 Are some small cats considered bad luck? 108 What roles do small cats play in popular culture? 109 Are there popular sayings about small cats? 112 How are small cats incorporated into poetry? 113 How are small cats incorporated into literature? 118 12 “Small Catology” 121 Which species are best known? 121 Which species are least known? 123 How do scientists recognize individual small cats? 126 Appendix: Small Cats of the World 129 Bibliography 131 Index 139 Contents ix This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Many friends and colleagues share our enthusiasm for small wild cats. Our interest has been brought about by an increase in our understanding of small cats worldwide. As our knowledge expands, concern regarding the future of small cats is justified. The number of people interested in the conservation of small cats has likewise grown and will continue to grow as more people become familiar with these small, beautiful, and secretive top predators. We hope our book brings the world of small wild cats to an even greater audience and leads to an increase in awareness of the plight faced by these cats in their everyday lives. Understanding leads inevitably to ap- preciation and ultimately to protection. The information presented here represents the accumulated knowledge gained by many past and present naturalists and scientists from all over the world. It is impossible and unnecessary to thank them all. However, some deserve special thanks for influencing our understanding of the world we live in and enabling us to work on small cat conservation more effec- tively. JGS thanks Ian Anderson, Kennon Dickson-Hudson, the late John Eisenberg, Grant Harris, Larry D. Harris, Darla Hillard, Rodney Jackson, Charlie Knowles, Mike Moulton, Patsy and Cleve Moler, Stuart Pimm, Fiona and Mel Sunqiust, Ron Thompson, and all his colleagues and friends of the Feline Conservation Federation, IUCN Cat Specialist Group, Small Wild Cat Conservation Foundation, University of Arizona Wildcat Re- search and Conservation Center, and Wildlife Conservation Network. During our efforts to write about small cats, we were guided by Vincent J. Burke, executive editor at the Johns Hopkins University Press, who suc- ceeded in helping us overcome whatever hurdles were in our path. PW thanks two special friends, Michael Hutchins and the late Kailash Sankhala, for their support, knowledge, and help. Finally, JGS thanks his spouse and partner in conservation, Joan L. Morrison, for sharing his enthusiasm for the natural world where both the mighty and the small coexist in harmony and want nothing more than to be left alone to live out their lives.
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