DOCSLIB.ORG

Barents Sea Lme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Barents Sea Lme 5/18: LME FACTSHEET SERIES BARENTS SEA LME tic LMEs Arc BARENTS SEA LME MAP 18 of Central Map Arctic Ocean Franz Josef Russia Land (Russia) Greenland Svalbard LME Novaya Zemlya (Norway) (Russia) Russia Iceland Norway Iceland 5 "1 ARCTIC LMEs Large ! Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are defined as regions of work of the ArcNc Council in developing and promoNng the ocean space of 200,000 km² or greater, that encompass Ecosystem Approach to management of the ArcNc marine coastal areas from river basins and estuaries to the outer environment. margins of a conNnental shelf or the seaward extent of a predominant coastal current. LMEs are defined by ecological Joint EA Expert group criteria, including bathymetry, hydrography, producNvity, and PAME established an Ecosystem Approach to Management tropically linked populaNons. PAME developed a map expert group in 2011 with the parNcipaNon of other ArcNc delineaNng 17 ArcNc Large Marine Ecosystems (ArcNc LME's) Council working groups (AMAP, CAFF and SDWG). This joint in the marine waters of the ArcNc and adjacent seas in 2006. Ecosystem Approach Expert Group (EA-EG) has developed a In a consultaNve process including agencies of ArcNc Council framework for EA implementaNon where the first step is member states and other ArcNc Council working groups, the idenNficaNon of the ecosystem to be managed. IdenNfying ArcNc LME map was revised in 2012 to include 18 ArcNc the ArcNc LMEs represents this first step. LMEs. This is the current map of ArcNc LMEs used in the This factsheet is one of 18 in a series of the Arc>c LMEs. OVERVIEW: BARENTS SEA LME The Barents Sea is a large shelf area (about 1.5 million km2) located at high la=tudes between about 70 and 80°N to the north of Norway and Russia. The mean depth is about 230 m and the maximum depth in the western Barents Sea is about 500 m. The boIom topography is complex with several larger and smaller banks and deeper trenches and basins in between. Dominant features are the Svalbard and Franz Josef Land archipelagos located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the Barents Sea, and the Great Bank and Central Bank in the central part. The Atlan=c water on its way to the Arcc Ocean flows with one branch around the Barents Sea and with another branch across the Barents from southwest to northeast. This flow paIern dictates the oceanographic and biogeographic characteris=cs of the Barents Sea LME. Large areas of the northern and eastern Map: The Barents Sea LME. Source: AMSAIIC Report Barents Sea are typically ice-covered in winter. Most of the ice is annual ice which The inflowing Atlan=c water is rela=vely mild and forms seasonally, but mul=-annual ice is found in the gives boreal condi=ons in the southern part of the northern Barents Sea where it is partly advected in Barents Sea, while cold Arcc water resides over from the Arcc Ocean. The minimum ice extent is most of the northern part. The boreal and Arcc usually in late August or September when the whole regimes are separated by a sharp oceanographic of the Barents Sea may become ice-free in warm polar front in the western part of the Barents Sea. years. The maximum extent of the sea ice usually The small pelagic fish capelin, which is a key occurs in April, when it extends south to about component of the food web of the Barents Sea, 75-76°N in the western Barents Sea. The thickness of migrates across this boundary and integrates the the annual ice which forms during winter is about 1 southern and northern parts in a funconal m in the central areas at la=tudes 75-76°N, while ecological sense. Other migratory species such as being about 1.5 m at around 79°N. polar cod, harp seal and beluga contribute also to the ecological integra=on. "2 ! MARINE MAMMALS The Barents Sea is an important area for marine majority of them moving into the Barents Sea mammals. A total of about 25 species have been seasonally where they feed largely on capelin, recorded from the area, including rare visitors. The herring and krill. Beluga or white whale is a common total includes 7 species of baleen whales, 10 species species in the northern and eastern Barents Sea and of toothed whales, 6 species of seals plus walrus, and in the White Sea. The main preys of belugas in these polar bear. Nine of the species are ice-associated: areas are polar cod and coregonid whitefish. There is bowhead whale, beluga whale, narwhal, walrus, considerable uncertainty regarding the size of the ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal, hooded seal, and populaNons of belugas in the Barents and the White polar bear. All these species except hooded seal are Seas, it has been esNmated up to 20.000 belugas. year-round residents of the Barents Sea. Two more Historically they have been harvested, with catches seals, harbour seal and grey seal, and two toothed of about 1,500 individuals annually when the catch whales, harbour porpoise and white-beaked dolphin, was at its highest during the 1950s and 60s. In 1999 are also year-round residents but in the open water commercial whaling was banned and there is now areas of the southern Barents Sea (and at Svalbard only a limited subsistence harvest. for one populaNon of harbour seal). Narwhal occurs with a small populaNon (esNmated at HumpBack whale (about 500 individuals) and fin about 200 individuals) in the northern Barents Sea. whale (about 1700 individuals) use the Barents Sea There are limited observaNons and knowledge about as a seasonal feeding area. Both these species may this populaNon. In addiNon to the arcNc species remain in the northern feeding areas during winter, beluga and narwhal, other toothed whales occur in although there is uncertainty about the extent to the Barents Sea mainly in the open waters. White- which this takes place. Both species are known for beaked dolphin is distributed mainly in the following capelin on their spawning migraNons as an southwestern and central parts of the sea and may important stock for their pray. Blue whale was occur seasonally with about 25,000 individuals. severely depleted by the commercial whaling which White-sided dolphin also occurs in the Barents Sea started off Finmark in the late 1860s. Up to 1904, with roughly similar number of individuals. about 3,500 blue whales may have been killed in north Norwegian waters. Blue whale is listed as Killer whale occurs in the Barents Sea but in fairly endangered and the present abundance in the low numbers. Most killer whales are found in the northeast AtlanNc is probably in the few hundreds as Norwegian Sea to the south and west where they indicated by low but regular sighNngs. feed on herring of the Norwegian spring-spawning stock. Harbour porpoise are common in the Bowhead (or Greenland right whale): The southern Barents Sea. They are widely distributed Spitsbergen (or Svalbard-Barents Sea) stock of but occurs most concentrated in the coastal areas bowhead whales is considered ‘CriNcally Endangered’ along the southern shores of the Barents Sea. The by IUCN. A research in 1992 considered that any distribuNon of harbour porpoise extends north to the remaining stock probably numbered in the low 10s. A Bear Island and the waters of the southwestern large populaNon used to feed on ArcNc zooplankton Svalbard. Ringed seal follows generally the seasonal in the northern Barents Sea prior to their severe rhythm of the ice, being most abundant in the ice depleNon by whaling in the preceding centuries. The edge region and into the pack ice during summer and bowheads of the Spitsbergen stock counted up autumn. The main breeding habitat is stable first-year 100,000 individuals prior to extensive whaling which ice containing irregular features such as pressure started in 1611. More than 100.000 bowheads were ridging or frozen chunks of ice that facilitate snow esNmated killed during 300 years of whaling, most of accumulaNon. Ringed seals maintain breathing holes them from about 1650 to 1750 – mostly in the by using the strong claws of their foreflippers. They Greenland Sea. The relaNvely consistent and regular excavate lairs in compacted snow-drihs over the sighNngs of bowheads at Svalbard and Franz Josef breathing holes, and individual seals use a complex Land suggest that the stock could be larger than in of several lairs in an area, providing shelter from the 10s, possibly of the order of 100 whales. weather and predators, such as polar bears. The populaNon size of ringed seals in the Barents Sea is The Minke whale stock is esNmated to be about 85 not well known but has been given as the order of thousand individuals in the Northeast AtlanNc, the 100 thousand individuals. "3 Harp seal ! is the most common and abundant marine Gray seal (or grey seal) is a relaNvely large North mammal in the Barents Sea ecosystem. Seals of the AtlanNc species found with three main populaNons two laier stocks occur in the Barents Sea. They feed in the Northeast AtlanNc, Northwest AtlanNc, and on a variety of prey, taking broadly what is available the BalNc Sea. They have a characterisNc long head in their areas of distribuNon. They feed mainly on with a ‘Roman profile’ reflected in the LaNn species small fish and pelagic crustaceans, and the main name (grypus) which means ‘hook-nosed’. Gray seals prey are krill, amphipods, capelin, polar cod and usually dive to moderate depths and feed largely at herring. The total annual food consumpNon by the the sea floor on a variety of fish species and Barents/White Sea harp seal populaNon has been cephalopods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Satellite Ice Extent, Sea Surface Temperature, and Atmospheric 2 Methane Trends in the Barents and Kara Seas
    The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-237 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Discussion started: 22 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Satellite ice extent, sea surface temperature, and atmospheric 2 methane trends in the Barents and Kara Seas 1 2 3 2 4 3 Ira Leifer , F. Robert Chen , Thomas McClimans , Frank Muller Karger , Leonid Yurganov 1 4 Bubbleology Research International, Inc., Solvang, CA, USA 2 5 University of Southern Florida, USA 3 6 SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway 4 7 University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA 8 Correspondence to: Ira Leifer ([email protected]) 9 10 Abstract. Over a decade (2003-2015) of satellite data of sea-ice extent, sea surface temperature (SST), and methane 11 (CH4) concentrations in lower troposphere over 10 focus areas within the Barents and Kara Seas (BKS) were 12 analyzed for anomalies and trends relative to the Barents Sea. Large positive CH4 anomalies were discovered around 13 Franz Josef Land (FJL) and offshore west Novaya Zemlya in early fall. Far smaller CH4 enhancement was found 14 around Svalbard, downstream and north of known seabed seepage. SST increased in all focus areas at rates from 15 0.0018 to 0.15 °C yr-1, CH4 growth spanned 3.06 to 3.49 ppb yr-1. 16 The strongest SST increase was observed each year in the southeast Barents Sea in June due to strengthening of 17 the warm Murman Current (MC), and in the south Kara Sea in September. The southeast Barents Sea, the south 18 Kara Sea and coastal areas around FJL exhibited the strongest CH4 growth over the observation period.
    [Show full text]
  • 5.2 Barents Sea Ecoregion – Fisheries Overview
    ICES Fisheries Overviews Barents Sea Ecoregion Published 29 November 2019 5.2 Barents Sea Ecoregion – Fisheries overview Table of contents Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Who is fishing ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Catches over time ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Description of the fisheries........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Fisheries management ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Status of the fishery resources ..................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Norway in Respect of Areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea Executive Summary
    Continental Shelf Submission of Norway in respect of areas in the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea Executive Summary 50˚00’ 85˚00’ 45˚00’ 40˚00’ 35˚00’ Continental shelf 30˚00’ 30˚00’ 200 nautical mile limit of Norway beyond 200 nautical 85˚00’ 25˚00’ 25˚00’ 20˚00’ 20˚00’ miles 15˚00’ 15˚00’ 200 nautical mile limits of other states 10˚00’5˚00’ 0˚00’ 5˚00’10˚00’ Bilateral maritime boundaries between Water depth Norway and other states 0 meter Computed median line between 500 meter Norway and the Russian Federation 1000 meter Western 80˚00’ Nansen Basin Preliminary line connecting continental 1500 meter shelf outer limit points of Norway and the Russian Federation 2000 meter Outer limit of the continental shelf 2500 meter beyond 200 nautical miles 3000 meter 2500 meter isobath 3500 meter 80˚00’ Yermak BARENTS Land boundaries between states 4000 meter Plateau Boundary between 200 nautical mile 4500 meter SEA 75˚00’ zones of Mainland Norway and around Svalbard 5000 meter 5500 meter Land Svalbard Continental shelf outer limit points Norwegian territory 60 nautical mile distance criterion Sediment thickness criterion Land, undifferentiated Knipovich Ridge Loop Greenland Hole Point of the Russian Federation 75˚00’ 70˚00’ GREENLAND SEA Bjørnøya 65˚00’ 70˚00’ Mohns Ridge Jan Mayen 60˚00’ NORWEGIAN 50˚00’ Lofoten Jan Mayen Fracture Zone SEA Basin Iceland SEAVøring Spur Jan Mayen Micro Continent Banana Hole Plateau Banana Hole 65˚00’ 45˚00’ Vøring Russian Federation Norway Plateau Basin 40˚00’ Iceland Finland 35˚00’ 60˚00’ 30˚00’
    [Show full text]
  • The Sanderling on Wilson's Promontory by Roy P
    Vol. 3 OCTOBER 31, 1970 No.8 The Sanderling on Wilson's Promontory by Roy P. Cooper*, Melbourne Although overseas books on ornithology have described the Sanderling, Calidris alba, as being "common on almost every ocean beach in the world", this does not apply, from the published records, to Australia. On this continent they are classed as rare species and they appear to return each year to a favourite area, where they may be seen in small flocks varying from five to two hundred birds. The main areas are at Boat Harbour, south of Sydney; several places from Port Phillip to Portland, in western Victoria : Goolwa Beach (200 birds) and at Pondalowie Bay in South Australia; also recorded in Western Australia and in Queensland. In the Australian Bird W ate her, 3:243, some of the observations recorded by the team who is carrying out the Survey of the Birds of Wilson's Promontory, were published, revealing the occurrence of the Sanderling in that area; the first records for eastern Victoria. This distribution is somewhat similar to that of the nesting groups. An Arctic breeder, the Sanderling nests within the Arctic Circle, in the tundra climatic zone. Although this zone extends around the Arctic Ocean, in northern Canada, Greenland, Europe and Asia, and the bird nests "within a mile or two of the coast", it appears to breed in very selected areas, and there are large gaps between the groups. It breeds on some of the Arctic islands of Canada; also along the north-western and north-eastern coasts of Greenland; in Spitsbergen; and in Siberia on Taymyr Peninsula, New Siberian Islands and Liakof Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Peeps and Related Sandpipers Peeps Are a Group of Diminutive Sandpipers That Are Notoriously Hard to Tell Apart
    Peeps and Related Sandpipers Peeps are a group of diminutive sandpipers that are notoriously hard to tell apart. They belong to a subfamily of subarctic and arctic nesting sandpipers known as the Calidridinae (in the sandpiper family, Scolopacidae). During their migrations, when most residents of North America have the opportunity to watch them, mixed flocks of calidridine sandpipers scurry about on mudflats, feeding at the edge of the retreating tide, or swarm aloft, twisting and turning like a dense school of fish. These traits, in a group of birds that look so much alike to start with, give bird watchers nightmares. Fortunately for Alaskans and visitors to our state, Alaska is an excellent location to view and identify calidridine sandpipers. The early summer breeding season is the easiest time of the year to distinguish the various species, not only because they are in breeding plumage and are more approachable than at other times of the year, but also because each species performs a characteristic courtship display with unique vocalizations. For the avid birder, Alaska has the additional attraction of being one of the best places in North America to view exotic Eurasian species. General description: Three peeps are abundant summer residents and breeders in Alaska—the least, semipalmated, and western sandpipers (Calidris minutilla, C. pusilla, and C. mauri) [all lists in order by size]. Another four species from Eurasia may also be seen—the little, rufous-necked, Temminck's, and long-toed stints (“stint” is the British equivalent for peep) (C. minuta, C. ruficollis, C. temminckii, C. subminuta). These seven species range from 5 to 6½ inches (15-17 cm) in length, and weigh from 2/3 to 1½ ounces (17-33 g).
    [Show full text]
  • Sunset Sanderlings
    SANDERLING MOLT Digital photography leads to novel insights about the presupplemental molt of the Sanderling NOTE: All live Sanderling photos in this article are PETER PYLE from the spring of 2019 at Ocean Beach or Fort Fun- San Francisco, California ston Beach, San Francisco, California. Except for Fig. [email protected] 8, all photographs and figures by © Peter Pyle. This is publication #628 of The Institute for Bird Populations. 30 BIRDING | AUGUST 2019 fter moving to San Francisco’s Sunset District in Jan. 2019, I had to find some new local patches, Ocean Beach quickly becoming one of them, and I would head down the hill two or three mornings per week Aon my way to work. Although my original goal was to analyze formative/first-alternate1 feathers in gulls, the Sanderlings soon captured my attention. They were a nutty bunch, hun- dreds of them, running up and down and across and over, chasing each other at top speed, squabbling over mole crabs, and ganging up on small dogs. When big dogs went after the Sanderlings, the Common Ravens came to their rescue, at- tacking the canines and driving them off. Sometimes, for no apparent reason, the Sanderlings freaked out and flew out to sea, a behavior known as “silent dread” in gulls. At other times, dozens or hundreds tended “gardens,” probing patches of heavily bill-pocked sand, indistinguish- able from the rest of the beach, but undoubtedly harboring some favored morsels of food. Then there was the morning, in the middle of January, when I noticed a plucky Sander- ling sitting atop the crosswalk sign at Pacheco Street and the Great Highway, about 100 meters from the ocean, sing- ing! It struck me that the Ocean Beach Sanderlings have perhaps acquired the human behavioral eccentricity of These Sanderlings are “tending a garden” at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, on May 6, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon and Oxygen Fluxes in the Barents and Norwegian Seas
    Carbon and oxygen fluxes in the Barents and Norwegian Seas: Production, air-sea exchange and budget calculations Caroline Kivimäe Dissertation for the degree philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen August 2007 ISBN 978-82-308-0414-8 Bergen, Norway 2007 Printed by Allkopi Ph: +47 55 54 49 40 ii Abstract This thesis focus on the carbon and oxygen fluxes in the Barents and Norwegian Seas and presents four studies where the main topics are variability of biological production, air-sea exchange and budget calculations. The world ocean is the largest short term reservoir of carbon on Earth, consequently it has the potential to control the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and has already taken up ~50 % of the antropogenically emitted CO2. It is thus important to study carbon related processes in the ocean to understand their changes in the past, present, and future perspectives. The main function of the Arctic Mediterranean, within which the study area lies, in the global carbon cycle is to take up CO2 from the atmosphere and, as part of the northern limb of the global thermohaline circulation, to convey surface water to the ocean interior. A carbon budget is constructed for the Barents Sea to study the carbon fluxes into and out of the area. The budget includes advection, air-sea exchange, river runoff, land sources and sedimentation. The results reviel that ~5.6 Gt C annually is exchanged through the boundaries of the Barents Sea mainly due to advection, and that the carbon sources within the Barents Sea itself are larger than the sinks.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodcock Research Group &Lpar;IWRB&Rpar;
    Woodcock Research Group (IWRB) MONICA SHORTEN East Gate, Old Castle Road, Salisbury, WiltshireSP1 3SF, UK Citation: Shorten, M. 1975. Woodcock Research Group (IWRB). Wader Study Group Bull. 15: 12. The exasperatingWoodcock Scolopax rusticola is a 'fringe measurementsof bill length and central tail feathers, ex- species'amongst waders and waterfowl and woodland game, pressedas a ratio, allow adultmales and females to be con- and tendsto be neglectedin any group study.Woodcock fused: the best that can be done without dissection is to use enthusiastsare perhapsas odd and solitaryas the bird they the formula of Stronach, Harrington & Wilkins which have chosen,and the new Woodcock ResearchGroup of reducesthe probabilityof error to 28%: IWRB is strivingto flush someand induce flocking behav- iour. -0.2952 x bill length + 0.1566 x centraltail featherlength: [...] It seemsthat the occasionalWoodcock does get ringedby if greaterthan -8.3640 = male (72% correct),and theWSG - a total of five wasrecorded for 1974- thankyou, if less than -8.3640 = female (75% correct). TRG andHumber! The captureand ringing of this bird dur- ing its breedingseason really separatesthe men from the Birds in their first twelve monthsafter hatchingmust be boys,yet thereis a greatneed for 600-700, mainly pulli or excluded,and this can be done by examiningthe tips and juveniles,to be ringedin the BritishIsles each year. It has proximaledges of theouter primaries (ragged outline on first not beenmet since 1935 (763 pulli) and the averageyearly years;smooth on olderbirds, at leastuntil April) andthe ter- total, including FGs on migration, has been about 30 in minal lighter bar on primary coverts(broader and browner recentyears with pulli averagingabout 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Knot Endangered STATUS Endangered Nova Scotia Calidris Canutus Rufa
    9 Red Knot Endangered STATUS Endangered Nova Scotia Calidris canutus rufa Fewer than 15, 000 of the rufa subspecies are left in the wild. Some visit coastal Nova Scotia during migration in the summer and fall. Winters in southern South America. Population Range Habitat Their wintering grounds and habitat during migration consist of coastal areas with large sandflats or mudflats, where they can feed on invertebrates. Peat banks, salt marshes, brackish lagoons and mussel beds are also visited. They breed in the arctic in barren habitats like windswept ridges, slopes and plateaus. Y E L S A L A G D E A R N G A C © S K R A P Species Description , L L L L I I H H R R E E V The Red Knot, rufa subspecies, is a medium-sized (25-28 cm) shorebird V A A C C N N A with a small head and straight, thin bill. In their non-breeding plumage, A N N N N E E R they have a light grey back (with white feather edges), grey-brown breast R B B © © streaks, white underparts and grey legs. Juveniles are similar in appearance but have a black band along the inside of the white feather edge, buffy Red Knots migrate through Nova Scotia along the coast in the summer underparts, and green-yellow legs. In their breeding plumage, they have a and fall. Adults in faded breeding plumage are observed in July and August, brilliant chestnut red breast, neck and face, white underparts, dark legs and a brown back with reddish, tan and black streaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Shorebird Habitat Conservation Strategy
    Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture Shorebird Habitat Conservation Strategy May 2007 1 Shorebird Strategy Committee and Members of the Joint Venture Science Team Bob Gates, Ohio State University, Chair Dave Ewert, The Nature Conservancy Diane Granfors, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bob Russell, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bradly Potter, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Mark Shieldcastle, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Greg Soulliere, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cover: Long-billed Dowitcher. Photo by Gary Kramer. i Table of Contents Plan Summary................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... 2 Background and Context ................................................................................................. 3 Population Status and Trends ......................................................................................... 6 Habitat Characteristics .................................................................................................. 11 Biological Foundation..................................................................................................... 14 Planning Framework.................................................................................................. 14 Migration and Distribution........................................................................................ 15 Limiting
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union and the Barents Region
    The European Union and the Barents Region lt) (W) ........... v - . ww f () I '"../'::!")/-) -) U 'Ll7 n../c- V t./i ::I -, t../d' ~, <-?•'' )/ '1 What is the European Union? Growing from six Members States in 1952 to 15 by The European Commission, headed by 20 Commis­ 1995, the European Union today embraces more than sioners, is the motor of European integration. It 370 million people, from the Arctic Circle to Portugal , suggests the policies to be developed and also from Ireland to Crete. Though rich in diversity, the implements them. The Commission is the executive Member States share certain common values. By instrument of the European Union. It sees to it that the entering into partnership together, their aim is to Member States adequately apply the decisions taken promote democracy, peace, prosperity and a fairer and situates itself in the middle of the decision-making distribution of wealth. process of the European Union . The Members of the Commission operate with a clear distribution of tasks. After establishing a true frontier-free Europe by For example, Mr Hans van den Broek has overall eliminating the remaining barriers to trade among responsibility for external relations with European themselves, the Member States of t he European Countries and the New Independent States. Union have resolved to respond to the major economic and social challenges of the day - to The European Parliament represents the people of establish a common currency, boost employment and Europe. It examines law proposals and has the final strengthen Europe's role in world affairs. In so doing, word on the budget.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 O/O Criterium 28, 33 Actitis Hypoleucos, See Also Common
    Index 1o/o criterium 28, 33 133-139, 160, 161, 165, 167, 180, 192, 201, broad-billed sandpiper 244 Actitis hypoleucos, see also common sandpiper 29 202,205,216,224,233,265,280,281,293, brood patch 242, 252, 279 Actitis macularia, see also spotted sandpiper 286 296, 318, 328, 344 brood, of shellfish 23, 231, 236-239, 242, 252, adultery 283 Bay of Dakhla 12 257,258,273,279,287,289,293,295-298,334 AEWA, see African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement Bay of Fundy 12, 13, 15, 224 brooding, of chickens 242, 260, 296 African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement 342 Belgium 11, 233 Briinnich 27 air speed 100 benthic fauna 122, 124, 125, 323, 330, 332, 336 Buccinum undatum, see also whelk 329 Alaska SO, 54, 105, 144, 252, 273, 277 Berg River Estuary 125 buffer hypothesis 269 algae 11, 19, 20, 73, 179, 329, 330 Bijag6s Archipel 95, 124, 125, 137 bullfinch 169 ambient temperature 129, 155, 157, 208, 255, bill length 188, 195, 201, 202, 203, 225 Burry Inlet 313, 333 256,260 bill shapes 85 butterfly flight 281 Ameland 210, 340 biodiversity 334, 335, 342 calcium 17, 107, 156, 162, 173, 184, 188, 193 American black brent goose 29 biomass 21, 24, 122, 170, 175-177, 195,209-211, calcium, protective layer 184, 192 American golden plover 261 213,227,228,229,301,319,321,323,330, Calidris alba, see also sanderling 28, 46 American razor clam 21 332, 333 Calidris alpina, see also dunlin 28, SO amphipod, see also Corophium volutator 21-24, Black Sea 13, 68 Calidris canutus, see also red knot 28, 31, 44 119, 159, 166, 172, 173, 177, 181-184, 196, black-bellied brent goose
    [Show full text]