'F', 'T' and 'N' Following the Locators Refer to Figures, Tables and Notes

Index

Note: The letters ‘f’, ‘t’and‘n’ following the locators refer to ﬁgures, tables and notes respectively.

A Anderson, P., 247 Abbott, J., 196 Angeles, V., 175, 176, 177 Abdullah, F. H., 164 Announce agency, 203, 207 Abinales, P., 9 AntiErap websites, 206 Aborigines, 250, 256 Anti-Japanese sentiments, 239 Abraham, S., 24, 237 Anti-Marcos groups, 203 Abric, J. C., 22, 47 Anti-pluralist interpretations of Islam, 6 Abubakar, C., 176, 177 Anti-Semitism, 282 Aceh, peace zones established in, 9 Anti-Sikh violence of 1984, 44 Ackerman, P., 195 Anwar, S., 129, 140 Activities node, 200 Apartheid, 293 Adinarayan, S. P., 49 Appiah, A. K., 320 Adorno, T. W., 127 Appleby, R. S., 124 Adriano, L., 174 Applications of peace psychology in Asia, 5, 6, Advaita Vedanta, 302 7, 9, 10, 13 Afrianty, D., 149 Aquino, Benigno, Jr., assassination of, 202, Afshar, H., 177 203 Agarie, N., 229 Aquino, Corazon C., 203 Ahluwalia, N. K., 51 Arab conquest of Sind (711–715), 44 Ahnaf, M. I., 136, 140 Arendt, H., 127 Aho, J. A., 140, 141 Arillo, C., 204, 205 Akbar, M. J., 45 ARMM, see Autonomous Region in Muslim Al-Attas, S. M. N., 157 Mindanao (ARMM) Al-Azhar University (Egypt), 157 Armstrong, K., 126 Al-Faruqi, I., 157 Armstrong, T. L., 54 Al-Ikhtilaf, 130, 134t, 135t, 136–140 Arnado, M., 176, 177 Aliran, 169 Asahi-Shimbun (2006), 240 Ali, T., 124 articles including key terms in, 241f Alliance Party (UMNO/MCA/MIC), 162 Asia as conﬂict area, 221–222 Allport, G. W., 54, 231 “Asian values”, concept of, 310 Al-Mabuk, R. H., 223 Asia’s contribution to world peace psychology Al-Mukmin, H., 163 concept of harmony, 299–300 Altemeyer, B., 54, 127, 259 shame and saving face, 297–299 Aman (peace), 78 diverse cultural know-how, 300–301 Ambon conﬂict in Indonesia, 4, 85 generating systemic change with global “American dilemma,” 27 scope, 296–297 Anastasio, P. A., 233 global terrorism, 297 Andaya, L. Y., 161, 163 global interdependence, 292–294 Anderson, B., 23, 255, 266 humiliation, phenomenon of, 293

323 324 Index

Asia’s contribution to world peace Bashari, L., 136 psychology (cont.) Basu, A., 46 linguistic change of 1757, 293 Basu, J., 51 nondualism and unity Basu, T., 43, 45 infinity symbol, or Möbius Strip (∞), Batistiana, B. S., 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 295 173–192, 301, 315 protecting cultural difference, 300 Baumeister, R. F., 115, 116, 119, 221, 223, unity in diversity 224, 227, 228 harvesting an ontological frame, Bauzon, K., 176 301–303 Beakley, B., 301 use of a large-scale geohistorical lens, Before and After Independence: A Study of 290–292 Racial and Communal Attitudes, 49 DMA, 290 Belief in a just world (BJW), 224, 225 “era of equality in dignity,” 292 BELIEF IN MNLF IDEOLOGY, 185 “era of ranked honor,” 291 Bender, F. L., 290 rise of dualism, 291 Benet-Martinez, V., 22 Asmal, K., 111 Bennink, G. H., 109, 110, 111 Asmal, L., 111 Berkowitz, L., 11 Atsumi, E., 229 Berry, J. W., 24 Atsumi, T., 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 21, 23, 29, 30, 31, Bhargava R., 46 32, 33, 34, 59, 112, 237–247, Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP), 45–46, 47, 59 294, 313 Biculturalism, 27, 28, 30 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Big-China-ism, 261 (ARMM), 176, 190, 192 Bilali, R., 51 Awaking theory of ideology, 256 BJW, see Belief in a just world (BJW) Axial coding, 200, 201 Boeckman, R. J., 225 Azad Kashmir, 66, 77 Boland, B. J., 148 Azra, A., 129, 149, 150, 151, 152 BomboRadyoNetwork,204 Bond, M. H., 22, 279, 294 B Bose, S., 67, 68, 69 Baba, N. A., 68 Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict, 229 Babri Masjid, 14, 45–46, 47, 48, 54 Bourgeoisie (rich capitalists), 276, 282 Bachman, B. A., 233 Bouta, T., 177 Bahrissalim, 151, 153 Boutros-Ghali. B., 74, 76 Bai, C. -Q., 255 Bradbury, T. N., 223 Baileo Foundation, 91 Bradley, F. H., 302 Bajunid, O. F., 153 Brand-Jacobsen, K. F., 290 Baker, W. E., 276 Branscombe, N. R., 232 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad’s ministership, 67 Brass, P., 43, 45, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 68, 71, 72 Baku Bae Market, 97 Brasted, H., 46 Bali bombings, 125 Braun, V., 53–54 Banaji, M. R., 25, 280, 281 Brecke, P., 109, 110, 114 Bandura, A., 195, 196, 214 Bretherton, D., 108, 133 Banerjee, S., 60 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China), 276 Bangsa Moro Army, 175 British colonialism in Malaya, 162 Bangsa Moro Women’s Professional and See also Malay-Chinese relations in Employees’ Association, 176 Malaysia Bannon, I., 177 The British Journal of Psychology, 49 Bano, S., 51 Brown, G., 85, 86, 88 “Bargain of 1957,” 162 Brown, M. A., 299 Bargh, J. A., 284 Brown, R., 54, 229, 231 Bar-Tal, D., 105, 109, 110, 111, 112, 127 Bruinessen, M., 125, 154 Basañez, M., 277 Buber, M., 296 Index 325

Buddha, 243 Chou Fu (animosity toward the rich), 279 Budi (kindness, good deed), 167 Christie, D. J., 3, 8, 9, 21, 51, 55, 100, 132, Buendia, R., 173 133, 165, 167, 289, 293, 307, 308, Bukhari, F., 73–74 314, 316, 319, l 249 Bumiputera (sons and daughters of the soil), Chuang, Y. C., 266 161, 165 Churchill, W., 34 Burns, P., 106 Civil disobedience, 203, 205 Burton, J., 109 Civil Islam, 158, 300, 311 Bush, George (President of US), 79, 139 Clarke, V., 54 Coding procedure, 199 C Grounded Theory, 199 Cagoco-Guiam, R., 175 qualitative software to aid, 199 Cairns, E., 58, 105, 112, 226, 230 Cognitive biases and empathy, reduction of Calling agency, 203, 207, 216 Hewstone and Cehajic’s study, 230–231 Canavan, D., 227 Tam’s study, 230 Capitalism, 29, 124, 162 See also Forgiveness for conflict resolution Capps, L., 178 Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger), 280 Cardinal Sin’s public call for People’s Power, 8 Cohen, D., 226 Cardis,P.A.,223 Cohen, S. P., 93 Castano, E., 229 Cold war, 4, 5, 15, 21, 29, 58, 132, 249, 253, Categorization of science, 238t 266, 289, 308, 311 Cehajic, S., 229, 230, 231, 232, 233 Collective memory for reconciliation purposes Center for Civilizational Dialogue (University and building peace of Malaya), 169 implications, 120–121 The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our literature on reconciliation, 108–112 Future, Eisler (1987), 291 distortion of collective memory, Chang, H., 255 115–116 Chang, M., 24, 249, 250 needs, theories on, 109–110 Chang, M. K., 251, 253, 263 psychological processes, 111 Chapman, A. R., 230 role of collective memory in Chariot march (Rath Yatra), 46 reconciliation, conceptual model, See also Babri Masjid 113f Che Man,W. K., 173, 174, 178 role of memory in reconciliation, Chen,E.C.-H.,297 112–115 Chen Shui-bian, 7, 252, 253, 256 Shriver’s model of reconciliation, 112 Chhaudhry Ahmed Mukhtar (Pakistan’s top-down approach, 110 Defense Minister), 79 trading off memories, 116–120 Chiang Ching-Kuo (Lee Teng-hui’s successor), “community voluntary reconciliation,” 251, 252 117 Chiang Kei-Shek (leader of KMT ), 250 Tanjung Priok case, reconciliation context, Chinese and Malays, similarities, 167–168 105–108 Chinese consciousness, beliefs of, 255 Piagam Islah (“reconciliation Chinese Nationalist Party, Kuomintang (KMT), agreement”), 108 249 Tim Pencari Fakta (fact-revealing Chinese resentments in Malaya, 165 team), 107 Chinese/Taiwanese consciousness, 253–256 Truth and Reconciliation Commission Chinese consciousness, beliefs of, 255 (TRC), 107 domains of conflict, 256 Commission on Elections (COMELEC), 203 Chinese traditional values, 277 Communalism, 45, 46, 52, 69 Chiu, C. Y., 22 Conaway, C. P., 177 Choi, I., 22, 31 “Concerned kiwi,” use of, 26 Chopra, S., 67 Confidence-building measures (CBMs), 76–77 Chopra, V. D., 45 Conflict intervention, strategies of, 76 326 Index

Confucianism, 167, 285, 311 “meta-system of social representations,” Confucian tradition of acceptance of hierarchy, 22 310 social representations theory, 22 Connor, W., 71 “the New Zealand dilemma,” 27 Consciousness, definition, 255 “Consciousness of Being Separate and D Unique,” 258 Dabla, B. A., 73, 74 Consciousness of national identity, 258 Dahlan, H. M., 167 “KMT Legitimacy,” 258, 260t, 262f Dalbert’s theory (2002), 224 “Small but Beautiful Taiwan,” 258 Danziger, K., 132 See also Ideologies and relevant factors of “The Dao,” 302 (study 1) Dasen, P. R., 24 “Conservative-Exclusionist Dasgupta, S., 51 Muslims,” 130 Datta, P., 43 Cooley, F. L., 87 Dawson, P., 66 Corbin, J., 198, 199, 200 Delhi accord, 67 Cory, 203 Delhi agreement, Article 370 in 1952, 67 Coser, L. A., 290 Delhi Sultanate (1211–1504), 44 Coyle, A., 14 Democracy, 4, 6, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 67, 69, 70, Crocker, J., 241, 258 124, 137, 150, 151, 153, 155, 196, Cultural Mechanics of Fundamentalism: 214, 251, 252, 256, 293, 311, 317 Religion as Ideology, Divided Democratic People’s Party (DPP), 249 Identities and Violence in Deng, X., 29, 243, 277 Post-Gandhi India, 53 De Rosa, A. S., 23, 26 Cultural nationalism, 45 Desai, Hitendra, 45 Culture, definition, 7 Design science, 238 Culture/social representations/and Deutsch, M., 127, 227 peacemaking Developing countries “American dilemma,” 27 attitudes towards rich, 279–285 biculturalism, 27 GDP per capita and social cynicism, history as essential ingredient in the correlation between, 279 “imagined community” of income gaps/interclass conflicts/social nationhood, 22–23 unrest, 282–285 “symbolic reserve,” 23 inequality/suspicion of corruption, 279 social dominance orientation, 27 economic development/rise of materialism, social representations of world history 276–279 across 24 societies, 30 income gap/corruption/negative feeling steps to operationalizing social towards rich, 278–279 representations of history modernization, impact on value, step one: ascertain the symbolic 277–278 landscape of history, 23–25 Devos, T., 25 step two: describe discursive repertoires Dey, S., 51 in dialogue with historical symbols, Dharavi (Asia’s largest slum), 52 25–28 Dhofier, Z., 148, 154 step three: operationalizing historical “Dialogical unity” (Martin Buber), 295, 296 representations as legitimizing Diaz-Guerrero, R., 255 myths or group-based ideologies, Dittmar, H., 275 28–31 Dittmer, L., 265 step four: beyond representations to Diverse cultural know-how, 300–301 action: ethics of research as good Divide and rule, British policy of, 4, 44, 60, 87, social practice, 31–32 161, 309 symbolic representations of Divide et impera (divide and rule), 4, 87, 88 culture, 21–22 Dixit, A. K., 319 Index 327

Dixon, D. N., 58 F DMA, see Dualism-Manichaeism- Faaland, J., 163 Armageddon syndrome (DMA) Face (public self-image), 298 Dogra rule, 66, 67 Fair, C., 75 Domingo-Robles, L., 205 Falk, E., 110 Double identity, 249, 253, Falun Gong, 196 257, 258, 262 Fawa’id, Kiai (Islamic religious teacher), 8 Dovidio, J. F., 168, 169, 233 Feillard, A., 153 Downey, J., 195, 196 Fenton, N., 195, 196 Downing, J. D., 196 Ferguson, N., 230 DPP sovereign period, 250 Ferguson’s study on effects of apology, 230 Drew, P., 16 Festinger, L., 280 Dualism-Manichaeism-Armageddon syndrome Fidel V. Ramos (Armed Forces Vice Chief), (DMA), 290 203 Ducados, H., 177 Filipinos, 202, 203, 207 Duckitt, J., 28 Fincham, F. D., 223 Dutch colonization period (1624–1662), 250 First International Conference on Muslim Duvall, J., 195 Education in Mecca in 1977, 157 Fischer, K. W., 298 E Fischer, R., 53 Economic Development Corporation Fisher, J. D., 222 (EDCOR), 174 Fisher, R. J., 100 EDCOR, see Economic Development Fiske, S. T., 232 Corporation (EDCOR) Five beliefs EDSA Shrine, 207 Chinese consciousness, 255 Edwards, D., 54 Indonesian Muslims, 127–128 Edwards, J. A., 222 Flip-flop technique, 199 Effendy, B., 157 “Flying with fraternal wings” (Atsumi), 33 Eidelson, J. I., 127 Forgiveness for conflict resolution Eidelson, R. J., 127 Asia as conflict area, 221–222 Eisler, R., 291 Korea-Japan debate, 222 Ellens, J. H., 54, 126 benefits and risks/costs, 222–223 Embree, A. T., 44 behavioral component, 222 Emperor Hirohito, 243 psychological component, 222 Eng, P., 195, 196 group conflicts and forgiveness, 228–229 Engels, F., 276 interpersonal/group conflicts, 229–230 Engerman, S. L., 299 effects of apology, Ferguson’s study on, Engineer, A. A., 43, 45, 54 230 Enright, R. D., 222, 223 group apologies, 229–230 Enrile, Juan Ponce (Defense Minister), 203, social psychological variables of 204, 205 intergroup forgiveness, 230–233 Enriquez, V. G., 31, 55 cognitive biases and empathy, reduction Epistemic science, 12, 238 of, 230 Epstein, Y., 227 forgiveness towards an out-group, Equality in dignity, era of, 292 230–233 Erap jokes, 206 intergroup contact, 231–232 Ernest, A., 177 recategorization, 232–233 Esses, V. M., 54 TRC, 229 Estrada, Joseph, 206 variables tested for, 228 Estuar, Ma. R. E., 6, 16, 195–217, 301, 313, justice and, 224 318 positive relationships of justice and Ethnonationalism, 71 forgiveness, 224–225 Exline, J. J., 223, 224, 227, 228 belief in a just world (BJW), 224 328 Index

Forgiveness for conflict resolution (cont.) structural peacebuilding: making Dalbert’s theory, 224 governance structures sensitive motives of forgiveness, 225 to communal and local issues, priming of justice on forgiveness, 316–319 effects of, 225f structural violence and the vestiges of theory of Schwartz (1992), 224 colonialism in Asia, 309–310 watermark image of Justitia, 224 tiers of developmental transition, 308 third-party effects: conciliation and “us–them” distinction, 309 retributive justice, 226–227 Northern Ireland conflict, study of, 226 G third party’s mention of victim Gaertner, S. L., 168, 233 responsibility, 227f Galtung, J., 8, 9, 11, 76, 132, 290 social control and, 227–228 Gandhi, M. K., 44, 45, 60 repeated competitions against Gangjee, K., 51 unforgiving and forgiving others, Gardner, M., 49, 50 228f Gastardo-Conaco, C., 24, 31 successful forgiveness, 227 Gaur, S. D., 51 and social control retributive justice, Geertz, C., 22, 154 227–228 Gelfand, M. J., 221 Forgiveness (social-psychological phe- Gellner, E., 251 nomenon), 222 Genocide, 71, 294, 295 anxiety and depression, reduced levels of, Genovese, E. D., 299 223 Gergen, K. J., 132 benefits and risks/costs of, 222–223 Gerstein, L. H., 57, 59 BJW and, correlation, 224 Ghilzai, S., 73 definition of, 223 Ghor (1151–1192), 44 hollow forgiveness, 223 Ghosh, E. S. K., 43, 48, 50, 51 motives of, 225 Giddens, A., 124, 131 partner’s behaviors, effect on, 223 Gini index, 278, 285 psychological component, 222 Global Conflict Resolution through Positioning risk of, 227 Analysis, 16 successful forgiveness, 227 Global interdependence, 292–294 true forgiveness, 223 humiliation, phenomenon of, 293 See also Forgiveness for conflict resolution linguistic change of 1757, 293 Forrester, G., 147 Global terrorism, 297 Foss, D., 195 Global Warming, 243 Freedman, S. R., 222, 223 GNAT, see Go/No-Go Association Test Frenkel-Brunswick, E., 127 (GNAT) Frerks, G., 177 Godhra incident, 47, 48 Friedman, T. L., 292 Godse, Nathuram, 45 Fromm, E., 302 Gold,J.G.,223 Fukuyama, F., 30, 312 Golwalkar, M. S., 54 Fung, H., 297 Gongxi Facai (May you make more money), Future of peace psychology in Asia 277 balancing tradition and modernity, 312–314 Go/No-Go Association Test (GNAT), 281 collectivist values/social violence, 310 Gonzalez, R., 229 Confucian tradition of acceptance of Gooptu, N., 44 hierarchy, 310 Governance, definition, 316 peacebuilding across social layers: Government of the Republic of the Philippines individual, group, and society, (GRP), 173–193 314–316 Greening (Islamization), 88 religious factor in Asian public life, Greenwald, A. G., 280, 281 311–312 Gregory, S., 196 Index 329

Gries, P. H., 29, 35 in modern India, cultural/ Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 277, 278, 279, historical/political/social contexts, 280 44–48 Grounded theory, 198, 199, 201 Babri Masjid, incident, 45–46 GRP, see Government of the Republic of the communalism, 45 Philippines (GRP) death of Gandhi, 45 Gumpert, P., 227 Godhra incident, 46 Gurin, G., 255, 256 Muslim League, 45 Gurin, P., 255, 256 Sangh Parivar, 45 Gurr.T.R.,68 multidisciplinary teams of Indian academics, 49–50 H peace psychological perspective of Habibie, B. J. (President), 89, 107 Hindu–Muslim research, 51–55 Hagiwara, S., 232 The Psychology of the HinduÐMuslim Hajj, 58 Riots, 48 Hakka, 250, 251, 252, 256, 263 suggestions for future research Halabi, S., 168 development and operationalisation of Halim, S., 162, 163 context-sensitive measures, 57–58 Hall, S., 313 interethnic engagement, 55–56 Hamberger, J., 230 symbolic threats, 58 Hamidah, A., 165 urban versus rural India, 57 Han Chinese, 250 towards syncretic cultures, 58–60 Hanke, K., 30 trends in psychological research, Hardin, C. D., 283 contributions central to intergroup, Hardy, C., 126 50–51 Hardy, P., 45 Harmony, concept of, 299–300 ﬁeld study in Dharavi (Asia’s largest Harre, R., 16, 173, 174 slum), 52 Harvey, O. J., 231 study of relative deprivation and Hasan, R., 51 intergroup attitudes, 50 Hassan, M. K., 51 study of religiosity and its correlates, Hastings, S., 115, 116, 119 50–51 Haugerudbraaten, H., 316 study of stereotypes and intergroup Hayami, Y., 174 attributions in south India, 50 Hayes, N., 22 “Ultimate Attribution Error” (Pettigrew), Hazratbal crisis, 67 50–51 He, Y., 29 Hindu Social Identities and Imagined Past: Hefner, R. W., 124, 149, 158 The Face-off Between Ram Temple Heim,S.M.,165 and Martyred Mosque at Ayodhya Henderson, J., 164 (Tripathi ), 52 Heng, P. K., 164 Hindutva, 15, 35, 44, 45–48, 53, 54, 57–58 Herz,J.H.,291 Ho,D.Y.F.,298 Hewitt, V., 69 Hobsbawm, E., 72, 266 Hewston, M., 231 Hofstede, G., 21, 310 Hidayat, N., 136 Hoklo and Hakka immigrants (Han Chinese), Higgins, T. R., 24 250 Hill, P. C., 54, 126 Hoklo (Fu-Kien), Chinese dialects, 250, 256 Hilton, D., 22, 30, 59, 237 “Hollow forgiveness,” 223 Hindu Mahasabha, 45 Holocaust, 23, 232, 239 Hindu–Muslim relations in India (South Asia) Holt, M., 177 Before and After Independence: A Study of Hong, Y. Y., 22 Racial and Communal Attitudes, 49 Hood, R. W., 54, 126 early trends and mainstream developments, Hood, W. R., 231 48–50 Hopkins, N., 23, 46, 266 330 Index

Horikoshi, H., 154 Episode 2: use of active nonviolence Hornsey, M. J., 58, 229 and technology to remove corrupt Horowitz, D., 71, 127 ruler, 206–211 Hsiao, H. H., 253 Hunter, N. D., 317 Huang, C. -C., 255, 256 Huntington, S., 147, 276 Huang, L. L., 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 24, 29, 35, Huo, Y. J., 225 249, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, Husaini, A., 136 261, 265 Hutnik, N., 43, 48, 50, 51 Huang, L.-S., 255 Hwang, I. W., 163 Huismans, S., 225 Hwang, K., 55 Hulme, D., 164 Hwang, K. K., 265 Human agency Hwang, T. S., 249 definition, 196, 197 and technology I interfacing between, 197f IAT, see Implicit Association Test (IAT) shaping of, 213f Ibrahim, Anwar, 196 and use of technology during people power Ide, S., 298 II, 207 “Ideal state” of liberalism, 30 announce agency, 207 Identification, definition, calling agency, 207 255, 256 mobilizing agency, 207 Identity scores of Japanese students, 242f organizing agency, 207 Ideologies and relevant factors of (study 1), street agency, 207 257–263 symbolic agency, 207 “KMT Legitimacy,” 258 virtual agency, 207 measures See also Human-technology interface affection of national identity, 258 Human needs theory, 109 consciousness of national Human rights, 47, 78, 114, 116, 118, 125, 136, identity, 258 140, 142, 153, 155, 196, 202, 214, imagination toward future nationhood, 277, 292–295, 293, 299, 300, 317 258 Human Rights Declaration, Article 1 of, 293 national identity, 257–258 Human-technology interface personality factors related to national across episodes, 212f identity, 258–259 in people power I, 204–206, 204f methods amplified urgency to act, 206 questionnaire from participants, 257 causes and goals, 204–205 results changing minds and action, 205 Bell and M shape, 261–263 creating instability and doubt, 205 differences among national identity, disseminated information to a wider 259–261 audience, 205 See also Taiwan, national identity in formation of identity, 205 Ideologies/personality/political party support formation of organizations and by national identity, 260t, 263f alliances, 205 “Imagined community,” 255 political and social awareness, 204 The immigration period (1662–1683), 250 in Philippine, results Imperialism, 29, 134t, 139, 140 analysis of words, phrase, and Implicit Association Test (IAT), 281 sentences, 199–200 Implicit/explicit self-esteem, 283–284 assignment of attributes for categories, INC, see Indian National Congress (INC) 200 Income gap/corruption/negative feeling axial coding, 200 towards rich, 278–279 Episode 1: use of active nonviolence Gini index of the developing/developed and technology to oust a dictator, countries, 278 202–206 See also Developing countries Index 331

Independence movement Moghaddam’s six-floor staircase to in Aceh, 221 terrorism, 128 in Tibet/Uighur regions, 221 “Radical Muslims,” 129 Indian constitution Article 306A, 67 social constructionist psychology and, Indian National Congress (INC), 44, 45, 52 131–133 India-Pakistan streams of Indonesian Islam, 130 peace talks, 79 types of violence, 130–131 war (1965, 1971), 67 social justice, 138–139 The indigenization period, 250 Indonesian Society for Pesantren and Indonesian Council of Ulama, 125 Community Development, 155 Indonesian Islam, streams of, 130 Indo-Pak peace process, conflict transformation Indonesian Islamic education, interreligious ‘four-point solution,’ 75 harmony/peacebuilding peace strategy: peacemaking and institutions of Muslim education in peacebuilding, 76–79 Indonesia, 148–150 Industrialization process, effects on, 284 madrasahs/pesantrens, 148 Information and communication technologies STAIN/IAIN/UIN, 149 (ICT), 195, 197, 318 Muhammadiyah’s educational network, Infra-humanization, 230 152–153 Inglehart, R., 124, 276, 277 Nahdlatul Ulama: Indonesia’s Pesantren Inoguchi, T., 309, 310 Tradition, 153–156 Institute of Human Services of Interfaith outbreak of communal violence in Community (NGO), 155 Situbondo, East Java, 154–155 Institutionalised riot systems, 56, 60 state efforts in Islamic higher education, Integrated Threat Theory, 51 150 Interclass conflicts, income gaps and social state system of Islamic colleges and unrest, 282–285 universities, 151–152 Interfaith institute Interfidei (Institut Dialog civic education program, 150–151 Antar Iman), Yogyakarta, 155 success of Muslim schools and colleges, Interfaith Spiritual Fellowship, 169 156–159 Intergroup forgiveness, social psychological implementation of Shariah law, variables, 230–233 158–159 cognitive biases and empathy, reduction of, Indonesian Muslims, violence/social justice/ 230 peacebuilding forgiveness towards an out-group, 230–233 Indonesia: state/society religion in tension, Intergroup contact 123–126 “The robbers cave experiment,” preliminary results 231–232 construction of enemy, 135–137 intergroup contact, 231–232 discourse on violence, 137 path model intergroup forgiveness, 231f social justice, 138–139 recategorization, 232–233 recurring themes in three Muslim media reduction of cognitive biases and empathy, regarding enemy/violence/social 230 justice/ intergroup relations, Hewstone and Cehajic’s study, 134t–135t 230–231 religious radicalism, psychology of, Tam’s study, 230 126–133 See also Forgiveness for conflict resolution “Conservative-Exclusionist Muslims,” ‘Interim system,’ 67 130 See also Jammu and Kashmir, political features of peace psychology, 132 violence and peacebuilding five beliefs, 127 International relations theory, 291 gaps, identified, 128 Internet, 126, 165, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, “Liberal Muslims,” 129 208, 209, 210t, 211, 215, method of study, 129–131 275, 315 332 Index

Interpersonal/group conflicts, 229–230 Delhi accord, 67 effects of apology, Ferguson’s study on, Delhi agreement, Article 370 in 1952, 230 67 group apologies, 229–230 ‘interim system,’ 67 In the Minds of Men: The Study of Human Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK), 66 Behaviour and Social Tensions in Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), India (Murphy, Gardner), 49 69 Islah charter, 117, 118 Japan, opening of (1854), 242 Islah (forgiveness), principle of, 312 Japan and Asia, discontinuity between, Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela 241–242 Islam), 125 Japanese students, identity scores of, 242f Islamic radicalism, 124, 128, 129 scales of identity, 242 Islamic separatist movements, 221 See also Japan and China, reconciliation of Islamic Troops Command (Komando Laskar conflict Islam), 125 Japan and China, reconciliation of conflict Islam-ul, K., 73 apolitical representations, 243 Iwai, A., 222 events and figures evaluated in terms of Iyer, P., 9 historical value, 243 discontinuity between Japan and Asia, J 241–242 Jabidah massacre (1968), 175 history in Japan revisited, 239–241 See also Moro women’s participation “Problem/Cognition of History,” 239 during/after MNLF-GRP War “The Nanjing Incident/Massacre,” Jabri, V., 141 239–240 Jackson, E., 151, 153 Yomiuri Shimbun and Asahi Shimbun, Jackson, L. M., 54 influence on Japanese public Jacobsen, C. G., 290 opinion, 239–241 Jaffrelot, C., 45, 46, 54 “Na¨ıve Universalism” Jaggi, V., 50 “talking to the Chinese delegation,” Jakarta-based Center for Pesantren and 245–246 Democracy Studies (CePDeS), 155 “talking to Chinese friend,” 245 Jalal, A., 45 “to help high school students,” 244–245 Jammu and Kashmir, political violence and narrative-design science, 237–238 peacebuilding towards peace in Asia, 246–247 conflict transformation and Indo-Pak peace past and present, 242–243 process history associated with school subjects, ‘four-point solution,’ 75 242 peace strategy: peacemaking and since 20th century, 239 peacebuilding, 76–79 Japanese colonization period, 250 explaining violent separatism Japanese national identity, 240–241 Dabla, Nayak, and Islam-ul (2000), 73 Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform ethnic factor, 71–72 (2001), 239 Kashmiri Pandit Hindus, effect of Japan Teachers Union, 239 violence, 74 Jeelani, A., 73 kidnapping of Rubya Saeed in 1989, 70 Jefferey, P., 58 ‘Primordialism,’ 71 Jefferey, R., 58 sexual abuse, 74 Jeong, H., 75 violence and human suffering, 73–74 Jha, P. S., 46, 68 Kashmir conflict, 66f JKLF, see Jammu and Kashmir Liberation anatomy of political violence, 68 Front (JKLF) Azad Kashmir, 66 Johan Galtung’s Transcend Theory, 9 onset of present crisis, 68–70 Jost, J., 259 partition and accession, 66–68 Judd, M., 174 Index 333

Junichiro Koizumi (Prime Minister of Japan), Khan, W., 65–79 243 Khisbiyah, Y., 10, 13, 17, 123–142, 300, 311, Justitia (ancient Roman symbol of justice), 312 224, 225f Khmer Rouge, Combodia, 283 Khong, C. O., 310, 318 K Khoo, B. T., 164 Kadian, R., 67 Kim, B., 310 Kadtabanga Foundation for Peace and Kim, S., 265 Development Associates, Inc. Kim, S. H., 221 (KFPDAI), 178 King, M., 25 Kagami, T., 222 Kirkwood, S., 26, 28 Kak, M. L., 73 Kitab kuning, 148 Kakar, S., 43, 46, 59 Klandermans, B., 215 Kaku, M., 289 KMT, see Kuomintang (KMT), Chinese Kameda, M., 229 Nationalist Party Kamise, Y., 232 Koh, T., 310 Kao, L., 266 Koon, H. M., 310 Kappen, D. M., 232 Korea-Japan debate, 222 Karcher, W., 154 Treaty on Basic Relations (1965), 222 Karl Marx, 276, 282, 283 “Kristenisasi” or forced proselytization, 135t, Karremans, J. C., 224, 225, 233 136 Kashmir, India/Pakistan clashes over Kronberger, N., 22, 59 possession, 221 Kronstadt, K. A., 159 Kashmir, psychosocial impact of violence on Kumar, R., 43, 48, 50, 51 people, 72–74 Kuomintang (KMT), Chinese Nationalist See also Jammu and Kashmir, political Party, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, violence and peacebuilding 256, 258, 259, 260t, 261, 262, 263, Kashmir Accord (1975), 67 269 Kashmir conflict, 66f Kupwara (village of widows), 73 anatomy of political violence, 68 Kuzel, A., 178, 179 Azad Kashmir, 66 onset of present crisis, 68–70 L organized violence, 69 Lai, T. -H., 250 pro-independence JKLF, 69 Lakoff, G., 48 partition/accession, 66–68 Lal, V., 43, 44, 46 Delhi accord, 67 Lambert, R., 195, 297 Delhi agreement, Article 370 in 1952, László, J., 22, 23, 30, 34 67 Lawrence, B., 24, 76, 77, 237 ‘interim system,’ 67 LDP, see Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK), 66 Lee, D., 165 See also Jammu and Kashmir, political Lee, N., 16 violence and peacebuilding Lee Teng-hui (President of Taiwan in 1996), 7, Kashmiri Muslim uprising, 69 251, 252, 256 Kashmiriyat, 69 Lee, Y. -T., 229 Kashmir Shaivism, 302 Leith, K. P., 227 Kelman, H. C., 93, 94 Lenski, G., 284 Kemmelmeier, M., 310 Lessy, Z., 86, 91 Kenworthy, J., 166 Leung, K., 21, 22, 51, 279 KFPDAI, see Kadtabanga Foundation for Levine, P. A., 299 Peace and Development Associates, Levinson, D. J., 127 Inc. (KFPDAI) Li, J., 298 Khan, S. S., 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 28, 29, Li, M. C., 30, 250, 253 32, 35, 43–60, 308, 309 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 239 334 Index

“Liberal Muslims,” 129, 136 “Bargain of 1957,” 162 Liberman, V., 297 British colonialism, 162 “Library of infamy” (Aho), 140 MacMichael Treaty, 162 Likert scale, 7-point, 252, 259 politics of ethnic identity, 165–166 Lin, C. -L., 266 present scenario, 164–165 Lin, H. L., 251, 263 resentments, Chinese, 165 Lin, T. J., 266 peacebuilding, psychocultural approach Lin, Z. Z., 251, 263 civil society, role of, 168–170 Lindner, E. G., 7, 11, 289–303, 320 common cultural/religious values, Line of control (LOC), 66 167–168 Lingga, A., 174 Vision 2020, 170 Lipkus, I., 223 Malaysian Interfaith Network, 169 Liu, J. H., 21–36 Malaysia Youth and Students Democratic Liu, S. H., 31 Movement, 169 Liviatan, I., 60 Malik, I., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 85–102, LOC, see Line of control (LOC) 153, 311, 315, 318 Long, W. J., 109, 110, 114 Malino II Peace Agreement, 90 Louis, W., 174 Malinowski, B., 22, 266 Ludden, D. E., 43, 45, 54 Malle B. F., 54 Ludlow, P., 301 Malloy, T. E., 222 Luhtanen, R., 241, 258 Maluku conflict, 85 Luis “Chavit” Singson (Ilocos Sur Governor), Maluku war, 89, 93 206 Mamali, C., 53 Lumicao-Santos, A., 205 Mandarin (official language of China), Lund, M., 315 250–251 Lu Xun, see Zhou Shuren (1881-1936) Mandela, 293–294 M Manindigan, 205 McCauley, C., 126, 127, 229 Mann, C., 34 McClure, J., 24 Manzi, J., 229 McCreanor, T. M., 25, 27 Mao (former leader of the Chinese Communist McCullough, M. E., 222 Party), 126, 282–283 McFefries, C., 261 Maori treaty, 26 McGhee, D. E., 281 Maori war, 27, 28 McGuire, J., 46 Margallo, S., 176 Machacek, D. W., 158 Marghoob, M. A., 73 Mackie, D. M., 58 Marshall, M. G., 297 McLernon, F., 226 Martial law, KMT, 250, 251 MacMichael Treaty, 162 Martin, B., 195 MacNair, R. M., 306 Mart´ın-Baró, I., 31 Madjid, M., 108, 118, 152 Marty, M. M., 159 Madrasahs, 148–150, 153–154 Marx, K., 275, 276, 282, 283 Maha Ghosananda (Buddhist monk), 8 Marxism, 283 Mahatma Gandhi, see Gandhi, M. K. Marx’s theory, 276, 283 Mahmud of Ghazni (999–1026), 44 Maslow’s theory of hierarchical human needs, Malacanang, 207 277 Malaya (Free Press), 202 Materialism/post-materialism, 277 Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), 162 Matsumoto, D. R., 298 Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 162 May, R. J., 147, 175, 176 Malay-Chinese relations in Malaysia Mayaram, S., 46 history/nature of Ma Ying-Jeou (President of Taiwan), 250 actions following riots, 164 Meiji Modernization (1868), 242, 243 Alliance Party (UMNO/MCA/MIC), Meiji restoration, 34 162 Meilidao incident (1979), 251 Index 335

Melayu-Zionist, 134t, 136 Mindanao conﬂict situation and MNLF, Mellor, D., 108 background, 174–176 Meraj, A., 73 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mercado, E., 176 Mindanao (ARMM), 176 Merwe, V. D., 109 Bangsa Moro Army, 175 “Meta-system of social representations,” 22 Bangsa Moro Women’s Professional MIC, see Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) and Employees’ Association, 176 Middleton, D., 54 Economic Development Corporation Militant Hinduism, new reincarnation of (EDCOR), 174 Hinduism, 53 Jabidah massacre (1968), 175 Millennium Development Goals Indicators, Organization of Islamic Conference 297 (OIC), 175 Miller, A. H., 255 Southern Philippines Council for Peace Miller, W. I., 293 and Development (SPCPD), 176 Mills, D., 27 Special Zone of Peace and Development (SZOPAD), 176 Mindanao conﬂict situation and MNLF, 174–176 positioning theory, 173–174 research, objectives/method Mindanao Island, 221 data collection/analysis procedures, Ming dynasty, 292 180–181 loyalists, 250 focus group discussions (FGD), Mingnan (Hoklo), 250, 256 180–181 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad from India, 125 KFPDAI, 178–179 Mishra, R. C., 51 narrative method, 178 Mishra, S., 51 participants, 178–180 Mishra, Y., 70 Philippines, Maguindanao, 179f Mitchell, C., 9, 75 questions, 180 MNLF, see Moro National Liberation Front women participants, 180t (MNLF) results MNLF–GRP Final Peace Accord (1996), 173, challenges/frustrations/struggles, 190 189, 191 formation of peace/development of MNLF–GRP War, see Moro women’s communities, 188–190 participation during/after men’s FGD results, 184t MNLF-GRP War participation in MNLF–GRP War, Mobilizing agency, 207 186–188 Modernization theory (Inglehart), 277–278 Peace and Development Communities Moerdani, L. B. (commander of the Indonesian (PDCs), 189 Armed Forces), 106 reasons for joining MNLF, 185–186 Moeschberger, S. L., 58 women’s FGD results, 182t–183t Moghadam, V., 177 role Theory, 173 Moghaddam, F., 14, 16, 128, 229 women during/after war, 176–177 Montiel, C. J., 3–18, 23, 51, 159, 195–217, Morris, M. W., 22, 221 249, 285, 289, 293, 301, 307, 308, Moscovici, S., 14, 21, 22, 33, 47 311, 313, 316, 318, 319, 320 Moten, A. R., 311 Montoya, R., 177 Mother Theresa, 243 Moreno, A., 277 Movement for JUST World, 169 Moriya, T., 222 Mr. & Ms. magazine, 202 “Moro,” 173 Mubarok, A., 108 Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), 11, Mughal Empire (1526–1858), 44 173 Muhammad, H., 156 in Philippines, 5 Muhammadiyah, 147 Moro women’s participation during/after Muhammadiyah’s educational network, MNLF-GRP War 152–153 336 Index

Mujahideen ( Muslim fighter or warrior of 9/11 attacks, 124 Allah), 186 Nisbett, R. E., 22, 31, 226, 297, 310 Mukherjee, H., 164 Nobunaga Oda (1534–1582), 242, 243 n2 Muluk, H., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, Nolan, P. D., 284 85–102, 105–121, 132, 300, 311, Nomothetic science, 12, 237–238 312, 314, 315, 318 Nondualism and unity Murphy, G., 49 infinity symbol, or Möbius Strip (∞), 295 Musharraf, Pervez (President of Pakistan), 75 Nongovernmental organization (NGOs), 73 Muslim League, 4, 45 Noor, N. M., 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, 161–171, Muzaffar, C., 166, 167, 168 296, 297, 307–320 Myers, R. H., 250 Norenzayan, A., 22, 31, 310 Myrdal, G., 27 Norm Violation Theory, 51 Norris, P., 124 N Nosek, B. A., 281 Nadler, A., 60, 109, 111, 112, 120, 222 Nuclear disarmament, 221 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) Nuclear war, 132 Indonesia’s Pesantren Tradition, 153–156 Nur, N. A. M., 164 Muslim social welfare organizations, 147 “Na¨ıve universalism,” 29 O Nakamura, F., 177 Ochs, E., 178 Nakamura, M., 153 Oepen, M., 154 NAMFREL, see National Citizens Movement Ohbuchi, K., 4, 12, 221–233 for Free Elections (NAMFREL) OIC, see Organization of Islamic Conference Nandy, A., 43, 46 (OIC) Nanjing Massacre, 4, 15, 29, 239, 240 Olick, J., 22 in China during World War II, 15 Olympics “Peace Festival,” 221 Narrative science, 238 Omar, A., 164 “Narratives of origin,” 22 O’Neill, T., 79 National Alliance for Freedom of Faith and Open coding process, 199 Religion, 125 nodes, use of, 200 National Bureau of Statistics of China (2005), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), 175 277 Organizing agency, 204, 207 National Cheng-chi University, 253 Oyserman, D., 310 National Citizens Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), 203 P National Institute of Research Excellence in Pacific War, 222, 230, 243 Maori Development and Education, Paez, D., 177 32 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK), 66 Nationalism, 253 Pakistan-sponsored Pan-Islamic propaganda, Nationality formation, definition, 67 68 Native Taiwanese, 250 Palestinian struggle, 196 Nayak, S., 73 Pancasila (five principles of Indonesia), 157 Needs, classification (Burton), 109 Pandey, G., 43, 44, 46, 54 Newman, E., 309, 310 Pandey, J., 50, 51 New Order regime of President Suharto Panexperientialism, 302 (1965–1998), 147 Panggabean, R., 86 New Zealand dilemma, 27 Panikkar, K. M., 48, 49 Ng, S. H., 21, 31, 34 ‘Paradise on earth’ (Kashmir), 65 NGOs, see Nongovernmental organization Pargament, K. I., 222 (NGOs) Park, J., 222 The NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Parker, I., 132, 192 Institute (2004), 240 Parkinson, J., 163 Niens, U., 58, 230 Path model intergroup forgiveness, 231f Index 337

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace kiai (director), 148 Psychology (journal), 18 Pettigrew, T. F., 54, 166, 168, 231, 296 Peace and Development Communities (PDCs), PFP, see People First Party (PFP) 189 Philippine, human-technology interface in Peacebuilding, definition/sub-categories, 76 contributions to peace psychology, Lederach’s (1997) model, 77 215–217 levels of leadership, 77 social movements/civic engagement, Peace by Peaceful Means, 8 211–214, 215–217 Peacekeeping//building/making, 76 method, 197–201 Peace psychology, 4 procedures, 198–201 features of, 132 sample representation, 198 Peace psychology in Asia, nature of nonviolence, technologies in, 195–197 applications of, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13 agentic approach to human functioning, culture and peace psychology, 7–8 196–197, 214–215, 214f Baku Bae,7 communication technologies, role in, Pela-Gandong,7 195 embeddedness of peace and violence in conceptual frame, 196–197 macro-layers, 3–8 internet and websites, modern, 196 interconnectedness of direct and structural procedures peace, 8–11 coding procedure, 199 interfacing direct and structural peace, data analysis procedure, 199–200 10–11 data-gathering procedure, 198 political history and peace psychology, 4–7 selective coding, interfacing and Ambon conflict, 6 modeling, 200–201 Cold War, 5 results, 201–206 divide et impera (divide and rule), 4 See also Human-technology interface impact of WorldWar II, 4 Philippines Indonesian pesantran, traditional Maguindanao, 179f institutions of Islamic learning, 4 People Power movements in, 311 Malaysia’s longtime party in power Phillips, R., 164 UMNO, 6 Philpot, C. R., 58, 229 Nanjing Massacre, 4 Physicalism, 301 Tanjung Priok massacre, 5 Piagam Islah (“reconciliation agreement”), social structures and peace psychology, 108 9–10 Pieris, J., 90 studying subjectivities in macro-human Pinochet, Augusto, 196 phenomena, 11–17 Pir Panjal range (302 paradise on earth) narrative–design peace psychology, 12 “Places of sin” (tempat maksiat), 125 nomothetic and narrative sciences, 12 Pohl, F., 4, 6, 8, 13, 147–159, 300, 311 peace psychology in Asia as context POK, see Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK) saturated and time embedded., Poliakov, L., 282 15–17 Polynesians, 24 Peng, K., 22, 31 Pool, I., 195 Pennebaker, J. W., 46 Poortinga, Y. H., 24 People First Party (PFP), 262 Positioning theory, 173–174 People Power Revolution (1986), 204 ‘Positive peace,’ 78 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 249, 252, Post-Cold War peace psychology, scope of, 255, 265–266, 268t, 270 289 Perception of intergroup relations by national Potter, J., 25, 131 identity, 264t Prakash, S., 67 Perugini, M., 284 Pratto, F., 27, 54, 259 Pesantren gender, 155 Pratyabhijna school (part of Kashmir Pesantrens, 148–149, 153–156 Shaivism), 302 338 Index

PRC, see People’s Republic of China (PRC) types of violence, 130–131 Preah Vihear Temple, 221 See also Indonesian Muslims, violence/ ‘Primordialism,’ 71 social justice/peacebuilding “The principle of acceptability to Maori,” 26 Ren (goodness, humanity), 167 “The principle of respect for property rights,” Republic of China (ROC), 249 26 Retributive justice, 224 “Program Pengembangan Civic Education di Revolution, definition, 300 Lingkungan SMA Muhammadiyah Reychler, L., 316 di Indonesia,” 153 Rheingold, H., 195 “Proletariat” (poor workers), 282 Ricklefs, M. C., 152 Proselytism, 165 Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), 54, 259 Prosperous Justice Party, 158 Rimé, B., 46 Pruitt, D. G., 221 Rique, J., 222 Przeworski, A., 72 Rise of dualism, 291 Psychoticism or neurosis, 126 “The robbers cave experiment,” 231–232 Punyani, R., 46 Robbins, J., 22 Puri, B., 67, 68 Robertson, A., 25, 28 ROC, see Republic of China (ROC) Q Roe, M. D., 105, 112 Qing conquerors, 250 Role Theory, 173 Quantum social science, 301 Romero, C., 227 Quibria, M. G., 316 Ross, L. D., 297 Quintos-Deles, T., 177 Rouhana, N., 108 Quisumbing, M. A., 174 Roy, R., 51 RSS, see Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) R Rubya Saeed, kidnapping of (1989), 70 “Radical Muslims,” 129, 140 Rudman, L. A., 280 Radio Bandido, 204, 206 Rusbult, C. E., 223 Radio Veritas, 204, 205 Rust, M. C., 233 Ramakrishnan, V., 45 RWA, see Right-Wing Authoritarianism Ranked honor, era of, 291 (RWA) Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 45 Ryan, S., 76 Rata, A., 30, 32 Rath Yatra (chariot march), 46 See also Babri Masjid S Rational choice or game theory, 109 Sabili, 130, 136–141 Rawls, J., 283 Sadar-i-Riyasat, 67 Reasons for joining MNLF, 185–186 Saguy, T., 168 Reeves, P., 46 Sakamoto, Ryoma (1835–1867), 242 Reform-openness policy, 266 Samuels, S. M., 297 Reicher, S., 23, 46, 266 Samurais (Japanese warriors), 242–243 Religious radicalism, psychology of, 126–133 Sanford, R. N., 127 “Conservative-Exclusionist Muslims,” 130 Sangh Parivar, 46 features of peace psychology, 132 Saniman, R., 163 five beliefs, 127 Santri (students), 148 gaps, identified, 128 SARA (Suku, Agama, Ras, Antar-Golongan), 5 “Liberal Muslims,” 129 Sarkar, S., 43 method of study, 129–131 Sarkar, T., 43 Moghaddam’s six-floor staircase to Savarkar, V. D., 45 terrorism, 128 Schiavo-Campo, S., 174 “Radical Muslims,” 129 Schmidle, R., 174 social constructionist psychology and, Schudson, M., 115, 116 131–133 Schwandt, T., 14 streams of Indonesian Islam, 130 Schwartz, B., 23 Index 339

Schwartz, J. L. K., 281 “SIPILIS” (secularism, pluralism, and Schwartz, S., 21 liberalism), 136 Schwartz, S. H., 225 Slavery, abolition of, 243 SDO, see Social Dominance Orientation Slocum, N., 174 (SDO) Slovik, L. F., 223 “Security dilemma,” 291 Slugoski, B., 232 Segall, M. H., 24 “Small but Beautiful Taiwan,” 258 Seifert, F., 22, 59 Smart/Globe, 206 SEM, see Structural equation model (SEM) Smith, A. D., 46, 253 SEM of psychological basis and ideology of Smith, E. E., 310 national identity, 262f Smith, E. R., 58 Sen, A., 59 Smith, H. J., 225 Sen, R., 4, 8, 13, 15, 29, 35, 43–60 Smith, L. T., 31 Sen, S., 43 Smith,M.M.,229 September 11 episode, 65, 66 Smith, R., 226 Shaﬁ‘i school of law, 151 Smock, D. R., 312 Shah, A., 12 Snodgrass, D. R., 162 Shah, T. S., 47 Snowball method, 198 Shah Reza Pahlevi, 123 Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), 54, 258 Shalaha, 108 n1 Social identity theory, 33, 265 Shankar, J., 57, 59 Social representations Shao, Y. L., 279 deﬁnition, 22 Shariah law, implementation of of history, steps to operationalizing, 31–32 religious education, role of, 158–159 See also Culture/social representations/and peacemaking Sharma, C., 302 of world history across 24 societies, 30 Sharma, S., 70, 74 Social representations theorists (SRT), 23 Sheikh Abdullah (Prime minister of Jammu Soebahar, A. H., 155 and Kashmir), 67 “Soku”, 296 Sherif, C. W., 231 Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Sherif, M., 231 Development (SPCPD), 176 Shiguan Jiutan, 279 Spalding, L. R., 283 Shih,C.-F.,256 SPCPD, see Southern Philippines Council for Shih (Taiwanese nationalist), 256 Peace and Development (SPCPD) Shnabel, N., 109, 111, 112 Special Zone of Peace and Development Showa era, 34, 243 (SZOPAD), 176 Shriver, D. W. Jr., 110, 112 Speech act theory, 132 Shriver’s model of reconciliation, 112 Srivastava, R., 50 “Shunyata” (emptiness, Mahayana Buddhism), SRT, see Social representations theorists (SRT) 302 Stallworth,L.M.,54 Sibley, C. G., 14, 15, 21–36, 313 State Institutes for Islamic Studies (Institut Sibley, C. S., 25, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34 Agama Islam Negeri [IAIN]), 149 Sidanius, J., 24, 27, 259 State Islamic Colleges (Sekolah Tinggi Agama Siddique, S., 153 Islam Negeri [STAIN]), 149 “Silent memory,” 106 State Islamic Universities (Universitas Islam Sim, J., 222 Negeri [UIN]), 149 Simla pact/agreement (1971), 67 Stein, D. J., 229, 230 Simons, L. M., 205 Stephan, C. W., 57 Singh, A. K., 43, 44, 48, 50 Stephan, W. G., 57 Singh, P., 50, 51 Storz, M. L., 167 Singh, P. P., 68 Strategic Agency, 204 Sinha, D., 50, 51, 55 Strauss, A., 198, 199, 200 Sino-Japanese War (1895), 29, 34, 35, 243, 250 Street Agency, 203, 207 340 Index

Strelan, P., 224, 233 stages in, 250 Structural equation model (SEM), 261 Tajfel, H., 21 “Structural violence,” 285 Takada, N., 4, 12, 221–233 Suara Muhammadiyah, 130, 136–140 Takaku, S., 229 Suharto regime, 107, 116, 124, 157 Takano, N., 239 Sultan Ternate, 87 Takeshima Island, 221 Sun Yat-sen, Dr., 256 Tam, T., 58, 229, 230, 231 Suwa, K., 4, 11, 12, 15, 237–247, 294, 313 Tandava (dance of mass destruction), 44 Symbolic agency, 207 Tanjung Priok Case, reconciliation context, Symbolic biculturalism, 28 105–108 “Symbolic reserve,” 22 See also Collective memory for SZOPAD, see Special Zone of Peace and reconciliation purposes and building Development (SZOPAD) peace Tanner, E., 196 T Taoism, 302 Tahrik (movement), 65 Tarrazona, H. M., 206 Taiwan, national identity in Tausch, N., 51, 56, 58, 166 Chinese vs. Taiwanese consciousness, Taylor, D. M., 50 253–256 Technologies node, 200 colonization of Taiwan by Dutch, Spanish Technology, definition, 197 and Han Chinese, 250 Teichman, Y., 127 double identity, dilemma of, 249 Terrorism, Moghaddam’s six-floor staircase to, emergence and developing of, 252–253 128 components of national identity, 253 Themes for peace psychology in the post–Cold ethnic groups, basis of conflict, 250–251 War environment, 21 KMT’s rule and identity imposed on Theories of conflict, violence and separatism, Taiwanese, 250 70 stages in Taiwan’s history, 250 Theory of benevolent authority, 30 Taiwanese inside- and outside-province, A Theory of Justice (Rawls), 283 structural conflict between, 250–251 Theory of Schwartz (1992), 225 ethnic groups, historical representations/ Theory on evolution of inequality, 284 evaluations, 251–252 Thoresen, C. E., 222 authoritarian to democratic system, 251 Tim Pencari Fakta (fact-revealing team), 107 1979 Meilidao incident, 251 Tint, B. S., 3, 105, 112, 167, 307 geography of Taiwan, 250 ideologies and relevant factors of (study 1) Toengeren, P. V., 100 methods, 257 Tokugawa, Ieyasu (1542–1616), 242, 243 n2 results, 259–263 Tolerance, 17, 125, 133, 134t, 136, 137, 151, imagined future nationhood (study 2) 153, 155, 158, 159, 225, 300, 320 methods, 267 “Tolerant Islam,” 125 results, 267–269 Tradition-Conservatism, 259 stories for, 270–272 Transgression, 58, 223, 227, 228, 233 international relations with US, 265 TRC, see Truth and Reconciliation perception of ethnic inequality, 263–265 Commission (TRC) relations with China (PRC), 265–266 Treaty of Waitangi, 24, 33, 313 Taiwanese Treaty on Basic Relations (1965), 222 consciousness, 256 Triandis, H., 22, 310 vs. Chinese culture, 251 Trijono, L., 91 Taiwanese/Chinese identity of Taiwanese, Tripathi, R. C., 50, 51, 52, 59 changes tracked in surveys, 254f Tripoli Agreement, 175 Taiwan-loving-ism, 261 Trivedi, S., 46 Taiwan’s history Tropp, L., 168, 231, 296 contemporary leaders in, 251 “True forgiveness,” 223 Index 341

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), ethnic factor, 71–72 107, 108, 110, 114, 116, 118, 121, Kashmiri Pandit Hindus, effect of violence, 229, 230 74 Tschudi, F., 290 kidnapping of Rubya Saeed in 1989, 70 Tsunami, 237 ‘Primordialism,’ 71 Tu,W.M.,167 sexual abuse, 74 Turner, J. C., 21 violence and human suffering, 73–74 Two-nation theory (Lee Teng-hui), 256 See also Jammu and Kashmir, political The 228 Incident, 250, 252 violence and peacebuilding Tyler, T. R., 225 Virtual agency, 207 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), 45 U Vision 2020, 170 Uleman, J. S., 266 See also Malay-Chinese relations in UMM, see Universitas Muhammadiyah Malaysia Malang (UMM) Voci, A., 230 UMNO, see United Malays National Volf, M., 300 Organization (UMNO) Vollhardt,J.K.,51 United Malays National Organization (UMNO), 162 W United Nations Military Observer group Wagner, R. V., 3, 100, 126, 133, 167, 307, 316, (India/Pakistan), 66 319 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM), Wagner, W., 22, 46, 47, 52, 53, 59, 60 153 Wahid, Abdurrahman (President of Indonesia), Ury, W., 290, 292 90 US Agency for International Development Wake, J., 101, 102 (USAID), 159 Wakimae Us vs. Them and Gandhi: The Case of (finding one’s place), 298 HinduÐMuslim Conflict in India Walker, R., 25, 30 (Sen), 53 Wallace, H. M., 228, 233 Wang, D., 281 V Wang, F. -C., 251, 256, 263 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (Indian PrimeMinister), Ward, C., 24, 237 75 “War on (Islamist) terrorism,” 141 Vajrayana Buddhism, 302 Webb, T., 299 Vale of Kashmir, 66 Weber, M., 71, 276 Valsiner, J., 43 Weiner, B., 223 Value theory of Schwartz (1992), 225 Wei, W., 250 Van der Merwe, H., 314 Wendt, A., 301 Van Langenhove, L., 16, 173, 174 We or Our Nationhood Defined (Golwalkar, Van Lange, P. A. M., 224, 225, 233 Madhav Sadashi), 54 Varshney, A., 43, 45, 46, 54, 55, 56, 57 Wertsch, J. V., 23, 54 Vayrynen, T., 75 Western political theory (Fukuyama, 1992), 30 Verette, J., 223 Wetherell, M., 25, 131 VHP, see Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) White, B. J., 231 Victim bias/justice bias, 221 White collar workers, 277 Victoria University of Wellington’s School of Whitley, B. E., 259 Psychology, 32 Whitney, G. A., 223 Vienings, T., 314 Wilber, K., 302, 303 Violence Wilkinson, S. I., 43, 45, 54, 55 domestic, direct/structural, 130 Willhelm, A. G., 195 International, direct/structural, 130 Williamson, W. P., 54, 126 Violence, types of, 130–131 Wilson, C., 85 Violent separatism Wilson, M. W., 24 Dabla, Nayak, and Islam-ul (2000), 73 Winslade, J., 173 342 Index

Winter, D. D., 3, 100, 133, 290, 307, 319 articles including key terms, 240f Wohl,M. J. A., 232 and Asahi Shimbun, inﬂuence on Japanese Wong, D. S. W., 31 public opinion, 239–241 Worchel, S., 229 Yoshikawa, M., 295 World Cup Soccer tournament (2002), 232 Yuan, H. -L., 265 World War II, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 29, 30, 34, 242, Yue, X. D., 30 243, 245, 250, 258, 309 Yuval-Davis, N., 165 Wu, N. -T., 251, 256, 263

X Z Xianpin Aifu (rejecting the poor while greeting Zakaria, R., 46 the rich), 280 Zawawi, I., 161, 162, 164 Zechmeister, J. S., 227 Y Zen Buddhism, 302 Yagnik, A., 46 Zerubavel, E., 23 Yamori, K., 239 Zhong, D. P., 277 Yang, K. S., 21 Zhou, F., 9, 10, 11, 12, 275–285, 293 Yasukuni shrine, 30 Zhou, S., 196 Yomiuri Shimbun Zunes, S., 204