A Grammar of the Dialect of Oldham (Lancashire)

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^B bEM ADS LIBRARY OF THE UNivERSifY OF California. Gl FT OF

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Class 2i 334- A GRAMMAR

OF THE DIALECT OF OLDHAM

(LANCASHIRE).

DISSERTATION

ZUR

ERLAIsrOUISIG DER 13 OKTORWUrDE

BEI DER

PHILOSOPHISCHEN FAKULTAT DER GROSSHERZOGLICH HESSI8CHEN LUDWIGS-UNIVERSITAT ZU GIESSEN

EINGERETCHT VON

KARL G. SCHILLING

AUS ALTRINCHAM (ENGLAND).

DARMSTADT. G. OTTO'S HOF-BUCHDRUCKEREI.

1906. Genehmigt durch das Priifungskollegium

am 22. I. 1906.

Referent: Dr. Horn. Preface.

It is intended in the present work to add one more to the list of scientific grammars of English Dialects. The general scheme is the same as that followed by Professor Wright in his Grammar of the Windhill Dialect except that I have, like Hargreaves in his Grammar of the Dialect of Ad- made Middle and not Old the lington, English— English starting point of my investigations. It is to Professor Horn of Giessen that I am indebted for the idea of writing the grammar as also for his advice and suggestions on every occasion. — I also take this opportunity to thank Mr. Dronsfield of Oldham for his valuable help in the way of practical information concerning the folk-speech of which he is such an admirable exponent. As the English Dialect Grammar of Dr. J. Wright did not appear until the autumn of 1905, when my grammar was already completed, I was unable to make use of it.

161721 List of Works consulted with Abbreyiations used.

Bjorkman, E. Scandinavian Loanwords in Middle English, Halle 1900—19)2. (Bjorkman.) Ellis, A. J. Early English Pronunciation, vol. V, London 1875. (E.E.P.) Hargreaves, A. A Grammar of the Dialect of Adlington, Heidelberg 1904. (Hargreaves.) W. zur Geschichte der Gutturallaute Berlin 1901. Horn, Beitrage , (Gutturallaute.) Horn, W. Untersuchungen zur neuenglischen Lautgeschichte, Strassburg 1905. (= Quellen und Forschungen 98.) (Unters.) Koppel, E. Spelling Pronunciations, Strassburg 1901. (= Quellen und Forschungen 89.) Lloyd, R. J. Northern English, Leipzig 1899. Luick, K. Untersuchungen zur englischen Lautgeschichte, Strassburg 1896. (Unters.) Murray. New English Dictionary, Oxford. (N. E. D.) Nodal and Milne r. A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Manchester 1875. (Nodal and Milner.) Sweet, Henry. New English Grammar, Oxford 1892. (N. E. G.) Taylor, F. E. The Folkspeech of South Lancashire, Manchester 1901. (Taylor.) Wright, J. A Grammar of the Dialect of Wiudhill, London 1892. Wright, J. The English Dialect Dictionary, London 1905. (E. D. D.) AVindMIl

Bradford,

Adlin^toTi

\. ^^^^

•''' Hyde «* — '

IVIAJfCIJE'STER \ I

~ Altiinjcham \

JScdhyays

INTRODUCTION.

The Municipal Borough of Oldham, the dialect of which I have attempted in the following pages to discuss, is situated in S. E. Lancashire and therefore falls within District 21 as marked in Ellis" E. E. P., vol V. A glance at the preceding map will show that only a few miles separate it from the adjoining county of Yorkshire (West Riding) the nearest large town in that county being Huddersfield, nor is it far from the N. E. extremity of Cheshire and the N. W. corner of Derby- shire, the strip of land round Staleybridge (Cheshire) being included by Ellis in District 21. It may be objected that a town so large as Oldham (population over 100,000) is hardly suited for the purpose of showing a distinct variety of dialect in anything like a pure state, but a reference to Ellis (E. E. P., V. p. 322) will show that he has already referred to Oldham as possessing a particular form of speech distinct from the other towns in the immediate neighbourhood. To say, of course, that the dialect of Oldham is pure would be as untrue as it would be of any other dialect still spoken in Great Britain, but certain causes have worked and are still working which have great influence in preserv- ing the popular speech from too rapid decay. The vast and sudden increase of the population consequent upon the spread of the cotton manufacture at the beginning of last century was certainly a cause for alarm to the lovers of the ancient folk-speech of Lancashire, and it was thought at the time that it would never hold its own against such an invasion 1 - 2 - of foreign elements, but though a large number of new words were introduced they did not succeed in ousting the native forms, rather the reverse, the foreigners learnt the speech of the natives and became assimilated with them in every way, a which is still on in the case of all fresh sett- process going— lers at the present day. For this there are particular rea- sons which I will try to make clear. For the entire district of S. E. Lancashire there is practically only one staple in- dustry, namely that of cotton spinning. Other manufactures are carried on, it is true, but the vast majority of the population is employed in the cotton mills. Moreover not only is male but female labour employed, the cotton operatives are recruited indiscriminately from both sexes. This is very important for the preservation of the dialect, for not only are the male members of the family constantly hearing and speaking the vernacular, but the mothers of the present and future generations also, and no impressions, whether linguistic or otherwise, are so difficult to eradicate as those received in infancy. Add to this that not only are all the foremen in the mills local men who have been bred and born among the dialect-speaking population, but even the wealthy mil- lowners are, as often as not, men who have risen from the ranks and, in every case almost, born in the locality and using the dialect as their habitual medium of conversation. The older generation indeed not only habitually address their hands in the dialect but even speak it among themselves unless strangers are present. It might be supposed, however, that the spread of education would make itself felt to the detriment of the folk-speech. The younger generation can most of them express themselves in literary English if they choose i. e. at the time at which they leave school to go to the mill, but as they are allowed e. to work as half-timers between the ages of 12 and 14 (i. to spend half the day, either the morning or the afternoon, during these two years in the mill) after which they hear hardly anything but dialect at work and in the home, we cannot wonder at the slow progress made by the literary language in the cotton district. - 3 —

The present generation of young men and women in Oldham as well as the other manufacturing towns in Lan- cashire are, it is true, becoming gradually more reticent in the use of the popular speech in the presence of strangers; any attempt, however, to ''talk fine", as speaking literary English is called, among themselves is greeted by the older hands as a mark of snobbishness. Moreover, side by side with this recent gradual exten- sion of the literary language, we have an undercurrent of conservatism in the form of Literary Clubs and Societies whose object it is to preserve the Folk-speech in its pristine vigour. The efforts of these societies are aided by the mag- nificent library of really first-class dialect literature at their disposal from which to select pieces for public readings or recitals and thus to alive the love of the old ~ keep speech among the people. Indeed I think I may say without fear of contradiction that there is hardly any corner of Europe which has produced in comparatively recent years such a phalanx of poetry and prose writers in the dialect as S. E. Lancashire. So great, indeed, is the fame of some of them (Edwin Waugh and Ben Brierley for instance) that their works are not only read and enjoyed in their native county but in other parts of England sufficiently remote from the cotton district. There is yet another factor which tends to preserve the dialects of S. E. Lancashire and that is the exclusiveness of the people. This exclusiveness not only extends to the natives of other counties (notably Yorkshire), but, to a less degree, to all strangers not belonging to the same town and village. A man from Oldham will be laughed at in Hollin- wood (even tho' the distance between the two places is less than a mile and a continuous street connects them), for the use of certain forms peculiar to his own dialect {nohdt [Old- ham] nohd'' [Hollinwood] = only [not but]). The same thing is noticeable in Oldham or Rochdale people away from home. They cling together whenever possible and should they come across a fellow-townsman in their travels they hail him with as much effusion as one Frenchman would hail another in a foreign country. 1* ^ 4 —

Despite this tenacious clinging to the folk-speech, however, the dialect is undergoing a gradual change more especially in the matter of vocabulary. A mere glance at the very full glossary of South Lancashire words edited by M"" F. E. Taylor (Manchester, 1901) will prove this at once. M' Taylor has marked the obsolete words with an asterisk and many words so marked are still to be found in the writings of the latter old. Brierley and Waugh, . being barely 50 years There are, however, other changes taking place of more vital importance. These affect both vocabulary and phono- nology. With regard to the former must be mentioned more especially the gradual filtering in of Yorkshire forms, more particularly from the West Riding, as might be expected owing to its proximity to Oldham. Such words I have care- fully noted in their proper places. The vocabulary has been, however, much more strongly influenced by the neighbouring Lancashire towns of Rochdale (9 miles from Oldham) and Ashton (about 3 miles away). Among Rochdale words one of the commonest is weis = **wash" which is found side by side with the Oldham wes (was). Among Ashton words is a whole group, namely those ending in the literary language in -ing which in the Oldham dialect all appear without a have final ^-sound (e. g. silin = 'shilling' &c), but in Ashton changed ^ into 7]k (e. g. sili'fjk). Between the dialect of Oldham proper and that of the outlying villages which the growing town is gradually ab- sorbing there is, of course, a process of assimilation going on, one or more variants of the same word being often found side by side. Another factor tending to the mixture of the dialects is the spread of dialect literature from one Lancashire town to another. This literature mostly takes the form of little penny books in the vernacular which are eagerly bought and read by the mill-hands. In this manner a large number of Bolton words have found their way into the Rochdale and Oldham dialects despite the fact that Bolton is the centre of a colliery district and that the colliers and the mill-hands have little intercourse in the ordinary way. Perhaps it will cause surprise to those unacquainted with the locality to — 5 —

hear that despite the proximity of Manchester (the distance between Oldham and Manchester is only 6 miles), the Old- ham dialect has been hardly effected at all by the neighbourhood of the great city. The mill-hands employed in the Manchester cotton mills are drawn from a large number of neighbouring cotton towns and form a very unstable part of the population, constantly coming and going. Moreover the mill-owners of Manchester live far out in the suburbs and do not come into contact with their hands

nearly so often as those living in Oldham and the smaller cotton towns, so that one of the chief factors for the preservation of a strong and healtly dialect is missing. Phonologically the most noticeable recent change is perhaps the new pronunciation of such literary English words as there^ where, stairs &c, which should be pronounced

in the pure dialect as fe'', wl^'', stw''2! but are now often

heard as dd'', 109", stSrZ. Mere weak sentence stress will not explain this pronunciation as it is extended to words (such as std^'z) which could hardly be weakly stressed under any circumstances. There now remains to consider the composition of the vocabulary of the Oldham Dialect from the etymological point of view. Few words will suffice here. The vast majority of the words is, as might be supposed, of English origin. The Scandinavian element is not nearly so important as in the neighbouring dialects of Yorkshire where many Scandinavian forms have survived owing to the long Danish settlement. The Celtic element is a little more noticeable in Lancashire than in Yorkshire but, as in the rest of England proper, forms only a very small item in the vocabulary. The French element consists mostly of such words as are found in Middle English, tho' a few have crept in later under the influence of the literary language. PART 1. PBONOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.

SOUNDS OF THE DIALECT. L THE VOWELS.

§ 1. The Oldham Dialect contains the following vowels:

a) Short Vowels: a, e^ i, o, u, ;/, 9.

b) Long Vowels: a, e, «, ^, p, m, 9.

c) Diphthongs: a/, ^i, i9^ au, U9^ qu.

dij 69, oi, qd, id, iS. A short description of the Oldham Vowels follows. ^ represent the spen sounds, e, p respresent the closed sounds.

a) Short Vowels.

a (mid-back-wide) like a in German "Mann", e. g. lad — lad, ar9 = arrow, brast = burst, wats = watch. e (mid-front-wide) as in standard English men, help &c., e. g. neb = peak of a man's cap, ne^ = tender, tventi = a girl.

i (high-front-wide) as in standard English bit, e. g. brid = brid, sit^ = such, sikst = sixth. (mid-back-wide-round) like in the German „Stock", ^= e. g. frozn frozen, mony = many. u (high-back-widc-round) like in standard English put^ e. g. puns = to kick, pun9*' = thunder. «/. This is the same sound as Hargreaves denotes by the It symbol. comes nearer o than u (cp. Hargreaves p. 4), e. g. knm = come, wiis = worse.

9 (mid-mixed-narrow) as e in German „Gabc'', e. g. ar9 = arrow, db& = always, netdd'' = nature.

b) Long Vowels.

a (mid-back-wide) like d in German "Haar" occurs mostly before % e. g. O^m = to mock, d^'k = chest, ask = a water- newt.

'' Note: Hargreaves gives this a before the value ''a" and his a as only occurring where we have ai in the Oldham Dialect. =^ e (mid-front-narrow) as in German "See", e. g. feb^'i gooseberry, get = road, way, leik = to play. t (high-front-narrow) like the i in German "Biene", e. g. — -= dn tedious, grU = to cry, mt night. Q (low-back-narrow-round) as aw in standard English

^^saw^\ e. g. kqv = calf, fqs = cunning, qf = elf, idiot. o) mid-back-narrow-round) like German "so", e. g. bo = == ball, krgp = crept, lop leapt. u (high-back-narrow-round) like u in German "du", e. g. dbun = above, more than, bru = hill, fu = fool.

9 (low-baek-narrow), e. g. kd^'sn = to christen, iV9^ts = to work, jd^'p-bobz = tufts of heather.

c) Diphthongs

ai = a -\- I. The i is high-front-narrow and is long. In the Oldham Dialect there are many words where the vowel sound fluctuates between ai and 9i. In the following the at sound is the more common: abaid = to suffer, flait = to scold, quarrel, naifl = a delicacy, paik = to pick, choose. ei = e -\- I. As above the i is high-front-narrow and == is long, e. g. feit fight, jieis = flesh, weis (or we^) = wash. — 8 —

e. = btds =- 19, pf. dfid*'t afraid, beasts, pld^'ts = perch. au. This sound (or the nearest approximation to it) is represented by llargreaves as ou. He says it is a more open sound than Sweet's ou and lies between his on + au. In the 0. D. it lies nearer e. mid = kaud = — distinctly au^ g. old, cold, hand hold, maudiu'd^'p = mole.

W9, e. g. du9^ = door, 9fu9*' = before, inud'' = more, ku9i = coat. (kwot) — ^w, e. g. r^und round, hqut = without, end'' = our, teun = town. Note: In neighbouring dialects this ^u appears as a.

f3, e. g. b^9^ = bear, stvqd*' = swear.

oi, e. g. dpoint = appoint, loin = loin, soil = soil.

^a, e. g. 6i/^9*' ~ before, /^a^ = four.

wi, e. g. rwm = ruin, suit = suet. 2^. It only occurs in the word piet9'' = theatre.

9i has the same sound as the French eui in feuille^ e. g. ==- 6di7 boil, «^9i7(;? = wild, Udild = child.

II. THE CONSONANTS.

§ 2. The Oldham Dialect contains the following consonants: z. ^1 d, f, g> y, A-, /, w, w, f?, />, r, s, s^ ^, ^, ^, t;, w, z, b It (lip-stop-voice). occurs initially, medially and finally, e. g. blud = blood, abit = habit, rub = rub.

d It occurs in all e. (gum-stop-voice). positions , g. dauto'' = daughter, medsin = medicine, kaud = cold. Note: Hargreaves has also a symbol d to represent the sound of d before r or in a syllable containing r. In the Oldham Dialect this ^ is unnecessary, as under the circumstances d becomes either dd or, more commonly d. f (lip-teeth-open-breath). It occurs in all positions, e. g. fdind find, o/a*" — offer, wdif = wife.

g (back-stop-voice). It occurs in all positions, e. g. gam

= fun, figg'' = figure, leg = leg. j (front-open-voice) like lit. Engl, y in you. It only occurs initially, e. g. jah = yellow, jit = yet. Note: The glide sound of j mentioned by Hargreaves as occurring occasionally in the Adlington Dialect is not found in - 9 - the Oldham Dialect k (back -stop -breath). It occurs in all e. akd^ = tak = take. i*f poi?itions, g. kand = cold, acre, I (gum-side- voice) resembling a German 1 more than a London English one. It occurs in all positions, but is syllabic = == only in unaccented syllables, e. g. levl level, luv love, milk = milk, kll = kill. Of these the second I in levl is syllabic. == m (lip-nasal-voice), e. g. mon = man, simpl simple, kmn = come.

n (gum-nasal-voice). It occurs in all positions, e. g.: mdl = needle, unt9^ = hunter, brazen = brazen, impertinent.

Vocalic n occurs in unaccented syllables only (mostly finally), e. g. hrazn = brazen, /roen = frozen, hrokn = broken.

It is found in the combinations t? (back-nasal-voice). only and when it has the same value as lit. and nk fig f^k = = Engl, ng (in Finger), e. g. sir^g sing, stiiik stink.

p (lip-stop-breath). It occurs initially, medially and finally, = = = e. g. peimd pound, api happy, lomp lamp. r. This sound is described by Hargreaves as gum-open- voice. Initially and medially between vowels it has the same sound as lit. Engl, r in the same position; finally, or medially the preceding vowel becomes what is described by Lloyd as e. "coronal vowel" [cp. Lloyd's "Northern English" § 100 ff.], g. remn = room, knp = creep, beri = berry, kd^s = curse, swia*' = swear. In the last two examples the vowel is "coronal".

s (blade-open-breath) like s in lit. Engl. sit. It occurs in all e. sdrtin = certain besn = basin = positions , g. , , sips ships. s (blade-point-open-breath) like lit. Engl, sh in shall. It =^ occurs in all positions, e. g. iada shadow, busl = bushel, fis = fish

t (gum-stop-breath). It occurs in all positions, e. g. tetm =• town, ball = battle, fdit = fight.

has also a like his it Note: Hargreaves symbol { but ^ is not necessary in the Oldham dialect being perfally well represented either by id or p. — 10 —

p (teeth-open-breath) like th in lit. Engl, thick. It occurs in all positions, e. g. pun9'' = thunder, elpi = healthy, meup = mouth.

d (teeth-open-voice) like th in lit. Engl. this. It occurs in all positions, e. g. dis = this, fa^'din = farthing, brid = breathe.

V (lip-teeth-open voice) like the v in lit. Eng. vane. It occurs in all positions, e. g. veri = very, waivz (wnvz) = wives, luv = love. w (lip-back-open-voice) like Engl, w in water. It occurs initially and medially, e. g. wdin = wine, uns = wish, dwe' = away. z (blade-open-voice) like lit. Engl, z in freeze. It is rare

initially, commoner medially and finally, e. g. zeu?idz/= zounds!, jezi = easy, t§Tz = cheese. ^ (blade-point-open-voice) like lit. Engl, s in pleasure. It mostly occurs in combination with d as dz, e. g. dzdin = join, indMn = engine, ed£ = edge.

Note; Hargreaves has also a sound (p. 7) but in the Oldham Dialect it is indistinguishable from final z. THE SOUNDS TREATED HISTORICALLY.

CHAPTER II. THE VOWELS IN AOOEMTED SYLLABLES.

SECTION I. THE VOWELS CONSIDERED SINGLY. SHORT TOWELS.

1. Spontaneous Development. A. English Sources. §3. — 12

ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE.

lappe lap lap (sb) ME. a from OE. st: masse mas mass c) mast mast mast am am any rafter rafdd'' rafter fat(t) fat fat laddre laddd^ ladder 3) From OE. ea: laste last last (sb) galwes gahsis braces mad mad mad narowe narwe nard narrow I d) ME. a from OE. ea\ ME. a from OE. a: b) chapman tsnp chap ascen, ax to ask t^apmon a purchaser axen chafFare tsafQ'' to haggle attercoppe atdd^'hrop spider laper lada*' lather (y)clad Mad clad (loddO lammasse lamss lammas

B. Scandinavian Sources.

ME. a from. Scandinavian a (o): cratchinge krat^inz refuse of melted lead farand farant(li) hand- a somely cang koT^k grossiping conversa- gabbe gab impudence (ko'ijk) tion gad gad loiter clacke klak chatter haplice aplim haply ragge rag rag

C. Celtic Sources.

ME. a from Celtic a: cam mid kamd cross-tem- brat brat coarse pered ladde lad lad apron lasse las lass.

D. French Sources.

ME. a < French a (a). gallon gahn gallon parische paris parish a) French a in open syllables valeie \ \ valley unaccented in 0. F. vali value / \ value banere band" banner b) French a {a) in closed syl- barel barel barrel lables unaccented in 0. F. bataille bat(e)l battle carry kari kari cacchen kats catch damage damidi damage itsampjdn , champion champion favour favd'' toresemble \tsompJ9n — 13 —

ME. 14

ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. cann kon can slaschen slais slash koni fine conny brave, smais ^) smash candel kondel candle wasshe wais wash. tsons chance chance (wes) ^) (chaunce) Note: ME. asclie gander gander (pi. asches) has not as be {gondQ'') become aU might grand gron{d) grand expected, but es. grant gront grant ME. a -f final r = a^ (graunt) 5) hamme om ham dar dare hamer hammer far far hamme -(- omsakl to hinder gar-en gd^ to force, schaklin compel hand ond hand (ont) war(re) W9' worse. man mon man Note 1: a = mani moni many w -{- ME. wa planke plofjk plank except before I -j~ consonant. ram rom ram swan swan swan ranc rank roTjk wace waken waken spannen spon span wacche wats watch standen stond stand war iva'' war trampelen trompl trample. warm wa^m warm. ^= 4) ME a -f s ai§. Note 2: ME. a + final s has dasshe dai^ dash sometimes become a^ but only in lasshe lais lash certain words e. g. dlas = glass, pais to pour paschen -= down las = lass, as ass. Hut these rasshe rais rash words are also found with a.

1 Skeat "Etymological Dictionary" derives this word from a doubtful Swedish Dialect word smacke. ^ The Rochdale form weis (ex ME. wesschen?) is also found. — 15 —

1. Spontaneous Development,

A. English Sources. §5. ME. OD. NE. ME. e (from OE. e, eo) mostly fremede not akim appears as e in the Oldham Dialect. /rem helfe elv handle of a ME. OD. NE. spade heldd I kempe hempi a man fond '« '^''y »"' helder ] of fighting betere hetdd*' better l^ke leh to leak clemmen klem to starve leng(er) le/qgd^ longer delf delf a stone neb neh peak of a quarry man's cap del fen delv. to dig nesshe nes tender, de- r second licate edis crop 0. E. edisc of meadow weft edits weft anything grass woven 0. E. exen exen oxen welden weld to wield ellerne to boil \ welleu wel eller alder-tree ellarne / wench el ivents a girl.

B. Scandinavian Sources. = ME. e Scandinavian ei eggen eg -on to incite ^'^^^^^ fell fellow dek \ to sprinkle degen eldd'' deg I to cut off holder > rather. eldd''

C. French Sources.

~ I ME. e = e e . remnant a) French , / ^, fente f^''^ of cloth (accented): \ tenten tenter minder (in ar(r)este arest arrest a comence komens commence mill). ME. e — French f e defenden difend defend b) ^, (se effect ifekt effect condary accent): excepcioun eksepsdn exception aventure ventdd' venture election lekhn election beverage hehridz beverage — 16 -

ME. 17 -^

2. Preuch Words. portation from the neighbouring ME. OD. NE. dialect of Rochdale, cp. Hargreaves certain sa'tin certain p. 29. 3. a, b. concern konsa*'n concern ME. OD. NE. conversen konva's converse converten konvd^'t convert fledc flesh, meat desert dizd''t desert \flals\ deserven dizd'v deserve nesshe neis [/?g^] tender determine (litd''inin determine weschen weis[ivaiSf wash diversion divd^'hit diversion tves] merci md^'si mercy merchant (a) md*'th})t merchant Note: The OE. word "Gren- merveil md^'vil marvel del" of "Beowulf" is still met in nerfe nd^'vz nerves the Lancashire Dialects (including preservcii p vis (To preserve = a waterdemon to serclie sd^'ts search Oldham) sermon sd^'nidn sermon frighten children. It appears in the serpent sd'^pdnt serpent form Grindylow (grindilau), servant sd^'vont servant cp. P. E. Taylor "Folkspeech of serven sd^'v serve. S. Lanes" and Nodal and Milner

2. ME. e sometimes appears ''Glossary of the Lane. Dialect" ei before but tliia is an im- 169. as -v, p.

1. Spontaneous Development.

A. Englisli Sources.

§ 7. ME. ME. i usually appears as i.

a) ME. i = OE. i. ME. OD. NE. blind blmt blind brid brid bird hrindl to into brinnen \ fly (up) / a passion child tSilt child

\thllt\ cribbe krih pinfold cwic wik alive, lively 18 —

ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. michel mits much b) ME. 1 sib sib akin singen sing a musical festival sixte sikst sixth spitel spitl a baker's shovel sifen sin since slinken slifik diseased meat slideren slid9*^ slide twinling twindlin a twin pridde prid third wimplen wimpl to ripple as a brook hay put

winrg | together windwunge ivindro before | • housing windelstre windelsfre coarse grass winter winp9^ winter widi ivictsm osiers .willows 19

ME. — 20 —

2. Development in Combination.

§s.

ME. 01). NE. 1. ME. i (u) before r = a) 9' in closed syllables. c) = CD. a'' (Rare). ME. OD. kirnel ka^ndl kernel pirde pa^'d third bir (biir) bd'' velocity, force |>irtig peril thirty. birlen to out pour 2. ME. i + yh (y) before firre + f§*'hohs fir-cones t = I. bobbe hirte rt hurt bright hrit bright hwirl W9''{1) velocity frighten fritn frighten lighten llt(9)nin lightning- mirpren murder mt m9''d9'' f night night rit pirge pd'^dz purge right right schirte srt shirt sight sU sight. stirien sfr stir Note: An apparent exception one-year- stirke strk is formed by the form feit = to { old heifer but this is not wirchen work (vb.) fight, probably wirm worm. derived from ME. Jight^ but fe/it.

8. ME. i i- s ^ IS. b) = 01). er in open syllables. disshe dts dish birrien heri bury fisch fi§ fish miracle merdkdl miracle wisshen wi^ wish. mirie meri merry 4. ME. / iy) = a in the spirit sperit spirit (wirwen) iverit worry. following: (wdrit) firste fnst (fost) first schytel ^ufl shuttle. 21

o. 22 —

D. French Sources. a) ME. 23 —

ME. OD NE. ME. OD. NE.

(lang) long hi^g long 3. a) Before /, s, t, ME. ol (sang) song su}jg song = au. (Strang) struTjg strong-

strong bolle ban bowl (sb.) (tauge) tufig tongs bolster haustd' bolster tonge bolt bant bolt (throng) pru7]g throng colt kaut colt thrung pollen pau to cut (wrang) ruTig wrong. tol tau toll. wrong (roTjg) {ro7jk) b) Before k ME. ol = 0.

Note: is an Ashton im- roijk folk fpk (foh) folk portation, cp. Indroduction. ^olk jok yolk.

1. Spontaneous Development. A. English Sources.

§ 11.

ME. u appears in the OD. as ME. OD. NE. dun ock u and It. It is often difficult to -[- durwk a hedge- decide which is the correct form, sparrow grund grim{d) the latter before ground predominating m, una^t I hund(red) unddH hundred mdd^t 1. ME. u =^ OE. w. Lunden Lundfi London ME. OD. NE. luven luv to love bull but (blf) tough beef pund pund pound bunden bund bound scruf skraf scurf biitd sumhwat sunwt butere butter 9 something butdd ) sumbodi^ sumhri somebody cumen kumn come (p. pi.) to pour kubd^'t tunne tun into cuppe-bord cup-board • liquor casks drunken drunk ^^^^^j^^^j puner pun9'' thunder ( to clip any- |)urh pruf through with dubben dub thing [pru) a smooth wunien wun live edge w under tvundd* wonder. ^ 24 —

ME. OD. NE. ME.

2. ME. u = OE. y. bun del biindil bundle crucche krid^ crutch 25 —

ME. — 26 —

B. French Sources.

u = Fr. it - ME. ME. OD. u {ij). ME. OD. NE. duchesse dutsds duchess humble umhl humble juge d^udz judge Note: Cp. § 7 and %, 27 —

C. French Sources. ME. — 28

OE. — 29 —

B. French Sources.

The vast majority of genuine dialect words from the French show a development of ME. P to e. — I. ME. (i Fr. ai, el -- a) OD. e [e'). Fr. aise aigle eigre pais raison traitier graisse

plaisir raison saison saisir

desaise encreiss- fait faiture plaidier — 30 --

c) = OD. t (literary influence). Fr. - 31 -

2. ME. e = OE. ^ = WG. e final.

a) =- OD. %. OE. ME. he • ^ 32 - 33 -

4. ME. — 34

2. ME. er == aier = OD. ai9*: OFr. ME. OD. NE. quaier qu^r (quaer) ktvaid^ quire.

3. ME. er = Fr. wur — OD. aid''. choeur quer ^ kivaio^ choir.

4. ME. er — Fr. er. — 85 — - 36 - b) — 37 —

§ 24.

In the following words e (from various sources) has had j prefixed. OE. 38 - c) Forms — 89

ME. OD. NE. b) -_ OD. ai or 9L ME. OD. NE. Bible Baibl Bible crie krai faiudl \ cry final final d elite dilait ifdindl) / delight denle dinai laidn \ deny lloun lion diamaund dairndnt diamond (bidu \ glaunt dzcLient giant paint \ . ^ pinte librairie Idibrgri (psint) /F^*^ library pris prdis price Snildflt \ ., . silent «^^®°*- (s9ilenty] (prive) praivdt private resign en rizain resign c) ME. f OD. ai, tigre taigsr tiger avis dlvcLis advice vice vdis vice apetit apstait appetite violent valient violent.

C. Scandinavian Sources.

=-- ME. 1, 01). ai, di. skai \ , skie «ky dfe ddi die sk9i^ ] thrive praiv thrive.

ME. I in Combination.

§ 26.

ME. I -\- r gives the triph- squire skwai9^ squire wir wsid'' wire. thongs aid'' and did'' in the OD. desire dizdid^ desire Note: '^Empire" being a com- empire Empdh' Empire mon name for music halls and fir fire fdid^ theatres it has become an in- hiren hdid'^ hire of the Dialect an has Tren did^n iron tegral part mire mire conformed to the usual Sound schire sdid^ shire Law.

* sdilent is rare, kwdidt is the more commonly used word. 40

1. Spontaneons Development.

A. English Sources.

§ 27.

I. ME. Q becomes U9 in II. In a number of words the OD. ME. q has become 6,

1. ME. q = OE. a. ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. aros dr'Oz arose at-on dtOn atone alone 9lu9n alono boste host boast hot bu9t boat broche hrots broach bon budn bone bothe bu9p both gote got goat {bwop) grote grot groat cloth tludz clothes hop hop hope mone mon moan • g9 [()U) go gu9_ qc ok oak grone yrudn groan so so hom udm(wom)\iomQ (swo) SQ to to toe. lof ludf loaf most mudst most Note; These cases where ME. (mivost) ^ = are due either to nose nUdz nose probably the influence of lit. English or to Qtes «i3^s(«/;o^s)oats that of the western *}{• udp oath adjoining rode ru9d(rqd) road dialects. Cp. Hargreaves § 41. sope sii;?j9 soap III. ME. q = wOj wu. ston s<«:^9« stone b^n hwon bone pos (fw9^((fw2:) those. (budn) 2. ME. q = OE. 0. bothe bwop both (bu9p) CQle kUdl(koil) coal cot kwot coat flote ^^^9^ float rose rii?^; rose (kudt) go smoke smudk smoke(sb.)* gQ gwo (gud) {)rote prildt throat. hoi wol whole * (wul) Note: The dialect word for hom worn home "smoke" as a verb is rlts. (wum) — 41

ME. OD. NE. IV. There still remain a hot tvot hot number of forms with peculiar lode luwd load developments. [liidd) most mwoost most ME. OD. NE.

{md9st) cole koil{kudl) coal ou won one * hQle oil hole (wun) g9 gu (gud) go wonst once ones gon ^ww gone shon sun shone otes wots oats sory suri sorry J)os dm {dudz) those. sope swop soap Note: The forms ''koiV and tode ^w'oa^ toad. '*o/r' are probably importations (tu9d) from the neighbouring West Riding *Note: *The one" is however of Yorkshire. Cp. Wright § 109. t'on.

B. French Sources. close 42

But — 48 —

3. In the following words there is fluctuation between u and u for ME. 0. ME. 44 -

ME. OD. NE. 2. ME. u = OE. before h. dqu \ ME. OD. NE. thou (stressed) [thou bough b^u bough da (unstr)) plough pleu plough. thousand pqus9nt thousand 3. ME. u =- OE M toun tqtm town + ?. withouten widqut without. foul fqul fowl su^e squ sow.

B. French Sources.

1. ME. u AFr. u (o) Note: The form krun = crown, before nasal. is derived direct from the Latin amounte 9mqunt amount corona. bounde hqunddvi boundary 2. ME. u = Fr. ou. count Tcqiint count counte kqunti county- aloue dlqu allow crune krqun crown couche kqut§ couch (krun) doute dqut doubt fount fquntin fountain peuder \ , goun gqun gown poudre mountaine mmniin mountain route r^ut rout. ounce qims ounce round rqund round.

C. Scandinavian Sources. - Sc. u =-- ME. u = OD. qu drnpen drqup droop coure kmd^ and qiid before r. cower, sit down. boun hqun bound

2. Development in Combination.

§ 32.

ME. U -^ r gives a triph- flour flour houre hour thong qiid'^, pouer power hour bower hqii^'' schour shower couard keud'^d coward tour tqio'' tower. coure kqud"^ sit down devoureu dioquif'' devour Note 1. Observe however; flour flqw" flower flour fl9' (flqua") flower. — 45 -

Note 2. In cases where liter- ME. OD. NE. has the OD. has teum ary English «?, toumbe tomb (totn) I also qu (before labial consonants). wound e wqund wound (sb). ME. OD. NE. Cp. Luick, Anglia 16, 501, and drupen drqiip droop for wound roum rqtnn room cp. Horn, Unters., stoupe stqiip stoop p. 34.

1. Spontaneoii.s Development.

A. English Sources.

§ 33.

ME. ii < OE. y always became i (cp. § 25, 2) during the ME. period (of. also iX > i % 7b) but:

B. French Sources.

ME. a = French u and ui b) = OD. u after r, s, dz. has been mostly retained as ju ME. OD. NE. or u in the OD. juse, juce dms juice I. ME. ft =-- Fr. w. (d0jus) prudence pruddns prudence a) = OD. ju. [prjuddns] ME. OD. NE. rude rud rude accuse sccuse dkjUz {rjud) amusen amuse dmjuz siigre Sitg9^ sugar duo due dju (^ugd^) duke duke djuk cruql kruil cruel. excusen eicskjaz excuse juse, juce dzjus juice == OD. {dsus) c) ^u. musike mjuzik musice prudence prjuddns prudence glue dlf'jt glue. (pruddns) refusen refuse rifjuz d) = OD. u. rude rjad rude {rud) sugre Snf/9'' sugar. ST US jus use. (s%^0 — 46 -

ME. a = OFr. ui.a.

a) = OD. jil.

ME. , OD. fruit (frut) frjut ifnlt) nuisaunce njusdns pue pjU pursue p9^sju {p9rsu) suite, seute sjut (sut) suit. -- 47 —

ME. t 48 -

QU.

1. Spontaneous Development.

A. Enerlish Sources.

36.

ME. OD. NE. ME. au appears in the OD. lawe law as q. Iq sawe sq saw. 1. ME. au = OE. a At %. ME. OD. NE. 2. ME. au = OE. a, ea -\- w. drawe drq draw raw rq raw gnawe nq gnaw thawe thaw. hawe + o'n hawthorn porn

B. French Sources.

1. ME. au = Fr. au* 3. In other cases au + nd^ has given aindz (cp. Luick, Anglia auter qte"" altar autour qW author 16, p. 480): autumn autumpne qtdm aungel aind^el angel cause kqz cause. araungeu draind^ arrange.

2. ME. au (a) = Fr a + 4. The following French words Nasal > Q, have for a{u). avauntage 49

2. Development in Combination.

§ 37. = 1. ME. au before ght au. 2. ME. au before f^ v = ME. OD. NE. e or e'. ME. aught aut aught OD. NE. draut sauf safe draught draught se'f naught naut naught sauve se'v save. naughty nauti naughty Note: also == ME. slaughter slauto' slaughter. le'f laugh < Iau7,he < OE. hlcehhan; cp. Horn, the form or gh> f'm lauf le'f Unters. p. 18. == "laugh" (ME. laughen, OE. 3. ME. au = a, however, in: hlahhan (cp. Luick, *'Anglia" 16,

p. 474 and 492 if.). sauvage savidz savage.

OU.

1. Spontaneous Development.

S 38.

ou = 2. du =- OE. ME. {ow) (1. ME. (m) + u\

1. ME. Qu (oiv) = OE. eo 4- w. ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. flowe flo flow blowe, hid blow rowe ro row blewe Note: Note: (stressed) 2;ow growe gr^ grow.

stressed) j

2. Development in Combination.

§ 39.

ME. gu -\- r Note: four four jq"- (unstr) fq9^ (eower) | jqd"- \ your, yure (stressed)}I — 50 -

QU.

1 Sponfaneous Development.

40.

I. ME. qu = OD. 0. 11. ME. qu = OD. au in the 1. ME. qu (qw) = OK a -f w. following. ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. blowe hid blow low lau low crowe kro crow mowe wau [mu, mow kijowe no know muf) slow slo slow soule saul soul. snow snq (snu) snow so we sp sow III. ME. qu ^= u in the throwe pro throw. followinjr. 2. ME. qu (qw) ^ OE. a -f- 5. mowe mil (mau^ mow owen on own. muf) snowe snu snow. - (sriq) 3. ME. qu (qw) OE. ^+ ;. bowe bo bow.

2. Development in Combination

§ 41.

1. ME. qu -\- r/h = anf. brqught coughe kauf cough dough dauf dough tough tauf tough trQugh trauf trough.

2. ME. qu + ght = aut. (= OE. oh). bougthe baut bought — 51 ~

1. Spontaneous Development.

§ 42.

or after = u. ME. ^u = OD. ju ?*, b) OD.

(/ = dzu. ME. OD. NE. schr^we sr^^ shrew. I. ME. ^u — OE. ^aw. c) = OD. o. a) = OD. ju, sch^we (ou) ^0 show. ME. OD. NE. II. ME. OE. eotv d^w rfiw dew ^M OD. f^we ffu few ju. h^we hjtl hew. ^we /i? ewe.

eu. •

1. Spontaneous Development. A. English Sources.

§ 43. ME. eu > OD. u, ME. OD NE. (^

OD. ^^. blew blqu blue reule r^wZ rule. Jew Dm Jew. 4* - 52 -

oi (ui).

1. spontaneous Development.

§ 44.

Nearly all the words in oi (ui) in ME. come from Old French. In the OD. this sound is represented either by oi or di. Cp. Luick, "Anglia" 14, 294 ff. A. French Sources.

--- ME. OD. NE. 1. ME. oi {ui) Fr. oi (ui). noise noiz^ ridiz noise a) = OD. oi. oile dil oil ME. OD. NE. oil^ oistre oiatd^, oyster 9)101 anoye, annoy disdd^ anuye point point, point apointen dpoint appoint pdint avoide 9Void avoid spoile spoil spoil coin koin com vois row, V9is voice. coi koi coy = emploien imploi employ c) OD. 9i. dioi joie joy. moiste moist moist boile, boyle bdil boil oinement ointmdtit ointment joine dz9in join poise, peise poe> to kick puisoun pdizn poison. rejoissen rid^ois rejoice oi other French toilen toil toil (vb). 2. ME. from Sources. b) = OD. oi or di.

broile hroil^hrdil broil OD. oi or 9i. choise t^ois^ tseis choice lain loin J. . ^ dizdpoitit\ ,. loine loin, disapomten rf^^^^/n^/disapomt (OF.logne,

, . . distroi \ , ^ MF. longe) destruien destroy soil ^.^^^^. | soile soil, sdil (sb). joint dzoint, joint (OF. soel, dzdint MF. sueil)

B. ME. oi from Non-French Sources.

boie hoi boy loiteren loitd' loiter. boistrous boistorgs boisterous — 53 —

C. OD. oi from Unknown Sources. ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE.

boi buoy toi toy. ^ foist^fdist to stink

SECTION II.

THE SHORTENING IN THE OLDHAM DIALECT OP ME LONG VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.

§ 45.

1. ME. — 54 -

ME. t 55 —

§ 49. ME. 56 —

2. Before / Consonant. -|- > (/ drodped). a) Before Id, ME. OD. NE.

u > u with of I. dropping folc fok ifok) folk. ME. OD. NE. Note: u remains u. schulder suih''^ shoulder. hulke ulk hulk.

(silde'') d) Before Is. Q > ail with dropping of /. a :> bold baud bold. q with dropping of I fals false. b) Before It fqs

a :> with of /. Q dropping :> ou with dropping of I. faltren falter. fQter bolster boustd" bolster. >- ou with dropping of I. e) Before //. bolt bout bolt. a > q with dropping of /. u '> il with dropping of /. calf culter kiite'' plough- kqv calf. share. f) Before Im. c) Before Ik, a > with a > q (I dropped). q dropping of//. balk bqk log of halm hqm handle of timber. an axe.

II. Vowels before r.

[ar > 9".] ur > a^ dar dd' dare. burre bd'' a sticky er plant, ar :> §'' (very long). hert hrt heart hare h§'^ hare. gers . grass er id*'. lernen learn. (OE. e [o H- /, /]) > a) wldri ir > a) 9'' in closed syllables, weri:; weary. > g^'-. wirchen tvS'^ts work (vb). b) wery wcdH weary. > b) W (rare), kirnel ka^'nel kernel. er (OE. e ^ WG. final) > i9\

here f^'' here. or > n) q''. er eo) > ^"a''. ord ^'^s broken (OE. victuals. ber bi9'' bear.

> b) §\ er before Consonant (Pr.) > I9''. corn ^d^« corn. iers fid'^s fierce. 57

tr > 58 —

VI. Vowels before s. at > — 59 -

k) French a {a) in closed syllables accented in OFr. (AFr.) (§ 3, D, c) ant aunt, isans (fsons) chance.

2. ME. au.

a) French au (§ 37, 3) savidz savage.

§ 53.

Oldham e in most cases corresponds to ME. e,

1. ME. e,

a) OE. e, eo (§ 5, A, a) hetctd'' better, frem not akin, wents girl.

b) Scand. e (§ 5, B) deg cut off, fell fellow. French lekhn c) (^, e, e, accented, (§ 5, C, a) election, feni remnant of cloth.

d) French q^ e, e, secondary accent, (§ 5, C, b) hehrids beverage.

e) OE. a (§ 6, 2) wes wash, (§ 4, 5) es ashes.

2. ME. i before r in open syllables.

a) OE. y (§ 8, 1, b) heri bury, loerit {wd^it) worry.

b) Fr. y (§ 7, C, b) ^er^/; syrup. . e [c) Fr. (§ 7, C, b) sjom^ spirit.]

3. ME. e.

e lest. a) OE. ^g, (§ 45, 1, a) eddd'' adder, les

b) OE. qa (§ 45, 1, b) bet beaten, jiek flea.

c) OE. eo (§ 45, 1, c) hent coarse grass. OE. dream. d) qa {ail -j- i, j) (§ 45, 2) tsep cheap^ drem

OE. flg tlen redi e) {ai + i, /) (§ 45, 3) clean, ready.

f) Fr. ai {§ 45, 4) feznt pheasant, plez9'' pleasure.

4. ME. Q.

a) OE. §0 (§ 45, 5) hrest breast, frend friend. — 5. ME. e q.

a) OE. ^ from WG. a (§ 45, 6) dred dread.

6. ME. f (medium e), in a) OE. ^* open syllables (§ 45, 7) fret fret, weo^ knead. - 60 -

7. ME. at (ei) (§ 50).

' a) OE. e -|- 5 9gen again, against. . OE. ce sed sez b) -\- 7, said, says.

c) Fr. ai tsen chain, plez please.

•

§ 54.

Oldham i mostly corresponds to ME. i. 1. ME. i.

a) OE. i (§ 7, A, a) hrid bird, wik lively, Idst chest.

b) OE. y (§ 7, A, b) hizi busy, mM much, ^hild?'' shoulder. c) Scand. i (§ 7, B) blinkd^'t blind of one eye, kip9'' amorous.

d) Scand. i/ (§ 7, B) hig build. Mink a blow. Fr. I e) i, (§ 7, C) d^ilivs*' gilly flower, nifl to be fastidious.

2. ME. u,

a) OE. w (§ 12, 2) -seMa'- shoulder.

3. ME. e.

a) OE. ^0 (§ 18, 3, d) divl devil, sik sick. — 4. ME. e f.

a) OE. e, X (§ 20, e) isiid instead, ridl riddle.

5. ME I.

a) OE. y (§ 25, 2, d) /?^? little, ^imhl thimble.

b) OE. I (§ 46) wimhri billerry, Wiss^n Whitsunday.

§ 55.

Oldham o mostly corresponds to ME o. 1. ME.

a) OE. (§ 9, A, a) brosti burst, kroft field.

b) OE. eo (§ 9, A, c) jon(d) yonder.

c) Scand. o (§ 9, B) glopn astonish. nokdlz d) Other Teutonic Sources (§ 9, G) lolopin awkward, knuckles. - 61 -

e) French q {6) (accented) (§ 9, D, a) komikdl comical, rokit au outer garment.

f) French q (o) (unaccented) (§ 9, D, b) konset conceit, os try. g) Celtic (§ 9, E) bob to dance about, fog grass after mowing.

2. ME. a.

a) OE. ea (§ 3, 1, d) m9^ lather. b) OE. a before m, n^ ^ (§ 4, 4) mo7i man, ro?w ram. c) Fr. a before w, w, ^ (§ 4, 4) p/o^A: plank. 3. ME. u.

a) OE. ti (§ 11, E, Note) kom (kum) come, sombri sombody. b) Fr. ?^ (§ 11, E, Note) komf9n (kumfdn) comfort.

4. ME. e. ai a) OE. X [Germ, + i^ j] {§ 10, 2, d) swot sweat.

5. ME. q.

a) OE. a (§ 27, 111) ?(;oy;/ (w>//m) home, wot hot. b) OE. (§ 47) broken broken, opn open.

6. ME. aw (a) (§ 36, b, 4).

a) Fr. a bronts (brqnts) branch. stronM {strqncU) strange.

7. ME. p.

a) ME. p (§ 48, 2) 0^9"- other, Mo7idi Monday.

§ 56.

Oldham u mostly corresponds to ME. ti.

1. ME. u.

a) OE. u (§ 11, A, 1) biitdo^ butter, kub9''t cupboard. b) OE. y (§ 11, A, 2) krufs crutch, §ut shut. c) Scand. u (§ 11, B) pufl to breathe with difficulty.

d) Other Teutonic Sources (§ 11, C) slut a slovenly woman.

e) French u (otf) (§ 11, D) buls bulge, mus month.

f) Celtic u (§ 11, E) krud curds. 2. ME. u.

a) OE. y (§ 13, A) pr?fs thrush.

b) French u (§ 13, B) dzust just, stiidi study. — 62 ~

3. ME. p (§ 29, 3) buk (huh) book, luh {lah) look.

a) OE. g (§ 48, 1) hlud blood, stud stood. b) OE. a (§ 48, 1) tupdns, twopence. 4. ME. u.

a) OE. a (§ 49) duv dove, iuv shove. b) OE. U (§ 49) grun ground. c) Sc. u (§ 49) puk puck.

d) A. -French u (§ 49) krund'' [krund*') coroner. 5. ME. a.

a) Fr. u (§ 33, d) sugd {sUgd") sugar.

•

§ 57.

Oldham u to u before corresponds mostly ME. m^ w, ij. 1. ME. u.

a) OE. w (§ 11, A, 1) kumn come (ppl.)., druTjken drunk.

b) OE. y {§ 11, A, 2) bundl bundle [cp. Arch. 106, p. 37]. c) Other Teutonic Sources (§ 11, C) pl\imp straight to the point. d) French o (§ 11, D) gum gum, sum sum.

2. ME. u.

a) OE. «/ (§ 13, A) bundl bundle. b) Fr. u (§ 13, B) umbl humble, punish punish.

3. ME. 0.

a) OE. a (§ 27, III) w'/// whole, wufs oats.

4. ME. g (§ 48).

a) OE. p c??/w done.

5. ME. before ^.

a) OE. a (§ 10, 2) 9^/?^^ along, luTjg long,

[b) Sc.

G. ME. u before m, w, ^.

a) OE. M (§ 49) krum crumb, grun ground. b) Scand. u (§ 49) skum scum.

c) AFr. il (§ 49) A:rww9'' coroner. — 63 -

^•

§ 58.

Oldham o corresponds mostly to ME. i before r in closed syllables.

1. ME. i before r (§ 8, 1).

a) OE. y hd^'l {hg*'!) to pour out, iv9''ts work (vb). b) Scand. y ho'' velocity, force.

c) Fr. u dH hurt, pd^'dz purge.

2. ME. e before r final or in closed syllables.

a) OE. m (§ 6, b) gd^'s grass.

b) Fr. e (§ 6, b) jd^'st hearse, tordhl terrible.

3. ME. before r (§ 10, 1, b).

a) OE. [Kp'^n horn, ynd^p a great quantity. b) Fr. kdrel coral.

4. ME. u before r(§ 12, 1).

a) OE. y wdrit (werit) worry. b) Scand. u by a sticky plant.

II. L n g V o w e 1 s.

Oldham a mostly corresponds to ME. e before r

1. ME. M§ 6, 1 c).

a) OE. a k(V low-lying marsh.

b) OE. ea da^'k blind, {h)a''k listen. c) OE. e sk(Y a rocky place, std^t.

d) OE. eo ka^'v {ko^'v) carve, Id'^n learn, teach. e) Fr. e sa^^tin certain, ma'^si mercy.

2. ME. i before r (§ 8, 1, c).

a) OE. i pa^'d third, pa^'ti thirty. b) OE. y ka^'nel kernel. - 64 -

3. ME. e before r (§ 24).

a) OE. X ja^'li early. 4. 4- ME. a final s (§ 4, 6, Note 2).

a) OE. a diets glass, /as lass. Note: The above are also found with a.

§ 60.

Oldham e mostly corresponds to ME. a when final or before voiced consonants. 1. xME. a.

a) OE. a (§ 14, A, a, 1) ek ache, het hate. '^' b) OE. ea (§ 14, A, b) get gate.

c) OE. re (§ 14, A, c) mepl maple, wet{d)9^ water.

d) Scand. a (§ 14 B) gep gape, gef, way, road. e) Fr. a (§ 14, C) bPJm bacon, /«s face.

2. ME. f.

a) OE. fa (§ 16, A, 1, c) est^'' {espe'') Easter, gret great b) OE. se (§ 16, A, 2, b) se sea, ^^i^s teach. Fr. ei c) ai, (§ 16, B, I) ez ease, egl eagle, e^^'' eager. d) Fr. ^ (§ 16, B, II a) disev deceive, prets preach. Fr. e (§ 18, B, 5, c) ohedidnf obedient, spesl special.

3. ME. e.

a) OE. eo (§ 18, A, 3, c) del devil, lef lief. b) OE. ^ (§ 18, A. 5, b) felt field. 4. ME. e ~ e from W. Germ. a. »

a) (§ 20 A, 1, c) — spets speech. 5. ME. Medium e OE. e in open syllables. a) OE. e (§ 22, b) brek break, spek speak.

6. ME. ai, ei before unvoiced consonants.

a) OE. (§ 34, A, 2) et eight. b) Scand. ce wet weight. c) Fr. ai (§ 34, B) wet wait, tret treat.

7. ME. au before /.

a) Fr. au (§ 37, 2) sef safe. 65

§ 61.

Oldham t mostly corresponds to ME. f.

1. ME. e (from all sources).

a) OE. e, ce (§ 18, A, 1, a) fid feed, gts geese. b) OE. e (§ 18, A, 2, a) t he, tvi we. c) OE. eo (§ 18, A, 3, a) dtp deep, plf thief. d) OE. e {ea + (§ 18, A, 4, a) sJt sheet, sttp9 steeple. e) OE. e (§ 18, A, 5, a) fiU field, jtld yield. 6 f) Fr. (§ 18, J3, 1) 9g7'i agree, Ud^ond legend. g) Ft. ie (§ 18, B, 2) tsif chief,

h) Fr. e (§ 18, B, 5) diyrl degree.

2. i ME. -f ^/ijf {yt) (§ 8, 2).

a) OE. i nit night, rit right. b) OE. eo litnin lightening, hrit bright. c) OE. y. fritn frighten.

3. ME. i 4- s (§ 8, 3).

a) OE i dis dish, fis fish. b) OE. y wis wish.

4. ME. f.

a) OE. ea (§ 16, A, 1, b) ist east, stip steep.

b) OE. ^ (§ 16, A, 2, c) SI sea.

c) French ai (§ 16, B, I, c) fit feat, p/^o^ plead. d) Fr. € (§ 16, B, II, c) 9pil appeal, sis cease.

5. ME. e — e from WG. a.

e a) OE. (§ 20, A, 1, h) gridi greedy, sid seed.

6. ME. Medium e,

a) OE. e (§ 22, c) hrikfost breakfast, lit let.

7. ME. f.

a) OE. ^ (§ 25, A, 2, c) fm shut, tvis wish. «- 66 —

8. ME. at, ei (§ 34, Note).

CB di a) OE. -\~ '^ day. e ltd If b) OE. -{- :^ laid, lay. c) Fr. at plm plain.

* § 62.

Oldham q mostly corresponds to ME. o.

1. ME. before r (§ 10, 1, a). victuals. a) OE. mq^n morning, q^'ts broken b) Fr. kwq^d cord, f(Tiin fortune.

2. ME. H- NE final I (§ 4, 1, Note).

a) OE. a^ ea: q all, kq call, /"^ fall. b) Fr. a: bq ball. The above also appear with o.

3. a / before t ME. + / (§ 4, 2), m, Jc, s, (§ 4, 3).

a) OE. a, ea /r^t? calf, qv half.

(/i)^m handle of an axe, mqt malt.

b) Fr. a: fqs sly, cunning.

4. ME. ^ before r (§ 28, 2).

a) OE. hq^n born. 5. ME. au. law. a) OE. a + ^ (§ 36, A, 1) drq draw, /^ thaw. b) OE. a, m + w? (§36, A, 2) r^ raw, pq c) Fr. aw (§ 36, B, 1) qta'' altar, qf9tn autumn.

d) Fr. a -f Nasal (§ 36, B, 2) brqnts branch.

•

§ 63.

Oldham o mostly corresponds to ME. qu.

1. ME qu, slow. a) OE. q -i- w {^ 40, I, 1) krp crow, slq ^ on own. b) OE. + 5 (ii 40, I, 2)

c) OE. + 5 (§ 40, I, 3) bo bow. — 67 —

2. ME. a + NE. fiDal / (§ 4, 1).

p all, kp call, /p fall. Note: The above also appear with q.

3. ME. q (§ 27, II).

a) OE. a 9rp2! arose, ^^o^ goat. b) OE. hop hope. c) Fr. brpts broach, nptis notice.

4. ME. ou.

a) OE. eo -f- w (§ 38, 1) blp blow.

b) OK p -\- w (§ 38, 2) flg flow, rp row.

5. ME. + Ik {§ 10, 3, b).

a) OE. ofok ifok) folk. b) OE. eo jpk yolk.

§ 64.

Oldham «l mostly corresponds to ME. p.

1. ME. p.

a) OEj. P (§ 29, A, 1, a) brum broom, clu do.

b) OE. a (§ 29, A, 1, b) hu who, wmn womb. c) Fr. (§ 29, B) 9^nf?? approve, muv move.

2. 1^ I final or before ME. + Z, 6?, M§ 12, 2).

a) OE. u kiifg'' ploughshare, pfl pull. b) Scand. u buda'' boulder.

3. e ME. {§ 18, A, 3, e).

a) OE. eo cljul devil.

4. ME. a,

a) Fr. II (§ 33, B, I, a and b) dms juice, jus use. b) Fr. ui (§ 33, B, II a and b) frut fruit, s;W suit.

5. ME. ou (rare).

a) OE. p (§ 38, 2, Note) gru grow.

6. ME. qu (§ 40, 3).

a) OE. a -\- w mu mow, 5W?^ snow. 5* — 68 —

7. ME. qu.

a) OE. fa + w (§ 42, I, a and b) fju few, sru shrew. b) OE. eow (§ 42, II) ju ewe.

8. ME. e?/. OE. eow a) (§ 43, A, 1, b) nju new, ju yew. b) OE. eot<; after r (§ 43, A, 1 c) hru brew, ^rw grew. Note: These also with appear <^?/.

c) OE. iw (§ 43, A, 2) 5p/ii spew.

d) Fr. eu (§ 43, B, 1, b) thru Hebrew. e) Fr. iu {§ 43, B, 2) Dm Jew.

§ 65.

Oldham 5 only occurs before r,

1. ME. « 4- r (§ 6, 1, a).

a) OE. g, 60 A:9''« churn, dd'n darn. &9''m barm, /la''^ heart. r 2. ME. i -f (§ 8, 1) in closed syllables.

a) OE. y hd^'l to pour ont, w^^'m worm. b) Scand. y bo'' velocity, fd''hobz fircones. c) Fr. u 9*'t hurt, p9"dz purge. Note: The above also occur with d.

3. ME. + r (§ 10, 1, b).

a) OE. k9''n corn, pTn thorn. b) Fr. frtin.

4. ME. w 4- r (§ 12, 1).

a) OE. u hd^'st wood, grove, irTts work.

b) Scand. u bo'' a sticky plant, {h)9'' to purr. Note: The above also occur with 9.

5. ME. a + r {§ 15).

a) GE. a ft'' fare, sto" stare. - 6. ME. f f 4- r (§ 21, 2).

a) OE. ce wd'' were, wT (wta'') where. — 69 -

7. ME. Medium e -h r (§ 23, 1, c).

a) OE. e hd^ bear, p^'' pear.

8. ME. u + r (rare) (§ 32).

a) Fr. ou: fy (fl^jud'') flower.

9. ME. ai (ei) + r (§ 35).

a) OE. ce -f- 5: sfa^'z (stWz) stairs. b) Sc. ei dart (de'ri) dairy, da"" their. Fr. ai c) (ei) JY fair, [jq'' pair.

•

III. Diphthongs.

§ 66.

1. M.E. a -^ s (§ 4, 5).

a) OE. a wais. b) OE. w lai§.

c) Scand. a (?) /?a?s to pour down. d) Fr. a slais slash.

2. ME. 6 -h 6- (§ 6, 2) (rare).

a) OE. 3d flais [fleisj flesh, meat.

3. ME. t (literary influence).

a) OE. I (§ 25, A, 1, b) isaim chime, laif life. Note: In the above forms 9i is also found.

OE. I (§ 25, A, 1, c) ivait white, waiz wise.

b) OE. p (§ 25, A, 2, b) bcnl bile, praid pride. OE. stail ^a*/ tile. c) I", y -f 5 (§ 25, A, 3) stile,

d) OE. eo + 5 (§ 25, A, 4) lai to tell lies.

e) Fr. i (§ 25, B, b) falndl final, paint pint. Note: In the above di also found.

Fr. i (§ 25, B, c) dilait delight, prais price.

f) Scand. i (§ 25, C) praiv thrive.

4. ME. au -h ndz, ns (§ 36, B, 3).

a) Fr. aindzdl angel, dains dance. - 70 -

QU.

§ 67.

Oldham au corresponds mostly to ME. au before ghi.

1. ME. au (§ 37, 1).

a) OE. a -\- w aut aught. b) Sc. a + /i drant draught.

2. ol t ME. before /, st, (§ 10, 3, a). a) OE. hau bowl, pau to cut.

3. ME. q + / before d (§ 28, 1).

a) OE. a, ea bihaud behold, faut fold. sand sold.

b) OE. said sole.

4. ME. qu particularly before ght (§§ 40, II and 41, 2).

a) OE. a -{- w {§ 40, II) saul soul. b) OE. oh (§ 41, 2) haul bought, dauh^ daughter.

ei (e').

§ 68.

Oldham ^ {ex) mostly corresponds to ME. a when final or before unvoiced consonants.

1. ME. a (§ 14, A, a, 2).

a) OE. a ne'm name, te'l tale. b) OE. ea (§ 14, A, b) e'l ale, ie'd shade.

c) OE. ce {^ 14, a, c) ble'd blade, re'vn raven.

d) Sc. a (§ 14, B) f/e'z gaze.

e) Fr. a (§ 14, C) e'bl able, fe^'bl feeble.

2. ME. e + s (Rochdale influence) (§ 6, 2).

a) OE. a tcH^ wash.

b) OE. ce fleis flesh, meat.

c) OE. e mis tender.

3. ME. q.

a) Fr. ai (§ 16, B, b) e'z ease, re'zji reason. — 71 —

4. ME. ai (ei).

a) OE. e (^) + 5 (§ 34, A, 1) tie' clay, de^'zi daisy. tle'm obe' b) Fr. ai (ei) (§ 34, B) claim, obey.

c) Sc. ei (§ 34, C) gre^dli properly, suitable.

5. ME. au before f, v (§ 37, 2).

a) Fr. au se'v save. en.

§ 69.

Oldham ^u mostly corresponds to ME. u.

1. ME. u:

a) OE. u (§ 31, A, 1) dqun dowD, /?(^ws house. b) OE. before /^ (§ 31, A, 2) bqu bough.

c) OE. w -h 5 (§ 31, A, 3) /(^w/ fowl, s^w sow.

d) Fr. u (o) before nasal (§ 31, B, 1) dmeunt amount.

e) Fr. on (§ 31, B, 2) 9l^u allow, keuts couch.

f) Sc. u (§ 31, C) hqun bound, drqup droop.

2. ME. eu.

a) OE. eoiv (§ 43, A, 1, a) hl^a blew, tr^up truth.

b) Fr. eu (§ 43, B, 1, a) hlqu blue.

e^.

§ 70.

Oldham e9 corresponds to ME. e -\- r. r 1. ME. ^ + (§ 23, 1, b).

a) OE. e bed'' bear, ped'' {pe'^) pear.

2. ME. e -I- r (§ 19, 1, b).

a) OE. ^ -{- r wedri {wwri) weary.

19.

§ 71.

Oldham id mostly corresponds to ME. e from various sources.

1. ME. q.

a) OE. fa (§ 16, A, 1, a) bl^m beam, didf deaf.

b) OE. dd (§ 16, A, 2, a) tlwn clean, liest least. 7'>

c) Fr. ai (§ 16, B, I, b) plidz please, ridzn reason. Note: The above also occur with e.

d) Fr. e (§ 16, B, II, b) hldst beast, resldo receive.

e) Fr. ee (§ 16, B, III) swl seal, vidl veal.

2. ME. e.

a) OE. c (§ 17, A, 1, b) hridd breed, spldd speed. b) OE. eo (§ 17, A, 3, b) kn9p creep.

c) OE. e (fa) (§ 17, A, 4, b) nidd need, slidv sleeve.

d) EV. ne (§ 17, B, 4) hldf beef, pidpl people.

e) Fr. ie (§ 17, B, 5, b) gridf grief.

Fr. ie before r (§ 19, 2, 1) fld^'s fierce, pid'' pier. -~ 3. ME. ^ q from W. Germ. a.

a) OE. e, ^ (§ 20, A, 1, a) hnop breath, slidp sleep.

4. ME. Medium e.

a) OE. e (§ 22, a) mac? knead, triad tread. Note: The above also appear with e.

5. ME. ai, ei (rare) (§ 34, C, Note).

a) Fr. ai tsidti chain.

• ^ le.

§ 72.

Oldham ie is only found in the single word 'piHd'^ theatre (§ 18, B, 3) ex ME. theatre^ French theatre.

OI.

§ 78.

Oldham oi mostly corresponds to ME oi,

1. ME. oi.

a) Fr. oi (§ 44, A, 1, a) dpoint appoint, dzoi joy.

b) Fr. (§ 44, A, 2, b) loin [bin) loin.

c) Fr. oe (§ 44, A, 2, b) soil (sdil) soil.

d) Uncertain sources (§ 44, B, c) boi boy, buoy.

2. ME. before I (§ 27, IV).

a) OE. kail (kudl) coal, oil hole. — 73 ~

00.

§ 74.

Oldham ^^ mostly corresponds to ME. q before final r in certain words,

1. ME. ^ -V r final (§ 28, 2). Note: These words are also found with ud.

2. ME. ow 4- r final (§ 39).

a) OE. fo f^d'^ four, jqd"' your.

§ 75.

Oldham ue corresponds mostly to ME. ^.

1. ME. q, a a) OE. (§ 27, A, I, 1) dlmn alone, gm go. b) OE. (§ 27, A, I, 2) kml (koil) coal, rudz rose. c) Fr. (§ 27, B) kuat (Jcwot) coat, rudst roast.

2. ME. 0.

a) OE. p (§ 29, A, 2) s/?waw spoon, tu9p tooth. b) Pr. q (§ 30) pii^^ poor.

3. — ME. e f.

a) OE. $ (§ 20, A, 1, d) pld^ hair.

4. ME. t(, before r.

a) OE. ?/ (§ 32) dUd"" (dr) door.

§ 76.

Oldham ui corresponds to:

1. il ME. + e (§ 33, B, I, e).

a) Fr. ue kruil cruel.

2. ME. ni (§ 44, d).

a) Fr. wi ruin ruin, s?^/^ suet. - 74 -

91.

§ 77.

Oldham di mostly corresponds to ME. i.

1. ME. i.

a) OE. I (§ 25, A, 1, a) /^iVa/ find, maz'/ mile.

b) OE. y (§ 25, A, 2, a) ^^ic? hide, mdis mice.

OE. c?r9?: c) r, y + 5 (§ 25, A, 3) dry, t9i tie.

d) OE. m H- 5 (§ 25, A, 5) ^a^ fly. e) OE. go + ; (§ 25, A, 4) a/ eye. f) Fr. i (§ 25, B, a) fdin fine, wa/s nice.

2. ME. o/.

0% a) Fr. (ui) (§ 44, A, 1, b) nnz noise, 6aj7 boil.

3. ME. i.

i a) OE. (§ 7, a) tsailt (tsllt) child.

IV. Triphthongs.

ai9.

§ 78.

Oldham at9 mostly corresponds to:

a) Fr. i + Vowel (§ 25, B, b) lai97i lion. Note: The above is also found with 9(9.

b) OE. ^ H- r (§ 26) sai9- shire. c) Fr. i -\- r {§ 26) skwaid*' squire.

2. ME. e before r.

(§ 19, 2, 2) kwaid'' quire. (§ 19, 2, 3) toaia- choir.

(§ 19, 2, 4, a) fraid'' friar. (§ 19, 2, 5, b) inkwaid*' enquire. — 75 —

eu0.

§ 79.

Oldham ^nd corresponds to ME. u before r.

1. ME. ii + r (§ 32).

a) OE. u b^u9^ bower, squ9^ shower. b) Sc. ti kqud'^ sit down.

c) Fr. ou flqud"^ flour.

d) Fr. oe pqud'^ power.

• OI^ (very rare),

§ 80.

Oldham ot9 corresponds to:

1. ME. oi + Vowel (§ 44, A, 2, a).

a) Fr. oi roiol royal.

§ 81.

Oldham 9id corresponds mostly to ME. I before r.

1. ME. i + r (§ 26).

a) OE. % did'^n iron, wdid*^ wire.

b) OE. y fdid'^ fire, mdid'' mire. c) Fr. % Empgid'' Empire (Theatre). CHAPTER III.

THE VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. SHORT VOWELS.

82.

ME. unaccented a shows two ME. OD. NE. crustade kustdH custard developments: 1. it becomes 9, (sk) 2. it disappears. mustard mustdH mustard. 1. a d. 2. a) Unaccented ME. a some- a) In unaccented initial syllab- times disappears initially. les followed the by principal amende mend mend accent. aprentice prentis apprentice ME. OD. NE. L. ad + lot lotm9nts allotments. aboute dhqut about -f ment abufen 9bun above b) Unaccented ME. a disap- afsered afraid pears between certain conso- agate 9get in action nants. agein 9geu^ dgin against agreer 9gn agree. cristal kristl crystal hospital (fspitl hospital In b) syllables preceded by the metal metl metal accent. principal principal prinsipl principal.

ks^'smds \ c) Unaccented a disappears bet- Christ(es)- krismds Christmas masse [ ween accented and secondary kesmjs J bastard hastd''t bastard syllables. busard huzd^'t butterfly cumpanie kumpni company couard kqud*'t aoward sepr9t separate. —- 77

ME. e has become o or i, under certain circumstances it has also disappeared.

1. ME. — 78 -

ME. i either remains as i in ME. OD. NE. radishe radU radish unaccented syllables or is dropped. schilling §ilin shilling. 1. a) ME. i (y) remains finally. ME. OP. NE. c) ME. i remains in initial syl- emti em(p)ti empty lables followed by the prin- half-pen i qpni half-penny cipal accent. mani moni many distreine distren distrain sely sili silly. distresse distres distress ME. i remains in final un- b) disturbe distd^'h disturb. accented syllables when pre- 2. ME. i is between ceded by the principal accent. dropped principal and accent. coming kiimin coming secondary finisshe fini§ finish peni- pensp penny- punische punis punish wurthe worth.

ME. in unaccented syllables 2. ME. > 3 in final syllab- is 1. retained or 2. > a, or 3. dis- les after the principal accent. appears. ME.

1. ME. is retained initially, though it sometimes > 9. ME. OD. NE. obeien ohe' (dhe') obey observe ohsd^'v observe opinioun opinjdn opinion {dpmjdn) — 79 -

LONG YOWELS.

§ 88.

MF. a in unaccented syllab- 2. ME. a > i before d^. les becomes or i. .9, ME. OD. NE.

1. ME. a > 9. langage larigwid^ language savids ME. OD. NE. sauvage savage. conestable konstdhl constable special spes9l special.

ME. OD. NE. ME. q in unaccented syllables has become 9 or i. paleis pahs palace. (pal^s) 1. ME. q > 9.

ME. OD. NE. 2. ME. f > i, harneis «''was harness cru^l krquil cruel. (harn^s)

ME. e in unaccented syllables has become either d or t, or has disappeared.

1. ME. 80 —

ME. I in unaccented syllables 2. ME. I > i. o or became or i^ disappeared. ME. OD. NE. compaignie kumpni company 1. ME. I > 0. musike mjimk music ME. OD. NE. promTsen promis promise. * velTm vehni velmm 3. ME. ^ disappears between venim vendm* venom. certain letters (.sw, tn). * These are rare words in the basin hesn basin dialect. curtin k§''tn curtain

reisTn rezn raisin.

ME. q becomes either 9 or o, 2. ME. Q > when it has or disappears in unaccented syl- a secondary accent. lables. ME. OD. NE. cataloge katdog catalogue 1. ME. > 9 in final un- Q dialoge ddidlog dialogue. accented syllables. 3. > or ME. q r^, disappears ME. OD. NE. between the principal and the treasure. (tresor) treSd'' secondary accents.

historic ist(9)ri history memorie mem{d)ri memory victclrie vikt{d)ri victory.

ME. ME. u becomes a or disappears.

1. ME. u> 9 m unaccented final syllables. ME. OD. NE. colour kuh'' colour favour favour ~ SI -

n u i in ME. > a, / or u. 2. > unaccented syllables in: 1. ?i > 9 in unaccented syl- ME. OD. NE. lables in. minute minit minute. ME. OD. NE. H mesure measure 3. > ju in secondary syl- nature nature lables in: avenue aven]u avenue pasture pasid'' pasture. value valju value vertu virtue.

DIPHTHONGS.

ai\ ei.

§ 84.

ei in ei i. ME. ai, unaccented syl- 2. r/^\ > lables has become a or t or has ME. OD. NE. disappeared. chimnee tsimbli chimney foreine furi7i foreign 1. ei > 9. ai, fountain e piuntin fountain ME. OD. NE. touail tquil towel. conseil counsel kqimsdl 3. ME. ai, ei disappears bet- [kqunsil) ween certain consonants. duzain duz(d)n dozen Remain Bomdn Roman bataile hatl battle hotel boil bottle travaille trav{9)l travel. (bokl) certain sg^tn certain, Note: Some of the above also (sd^'tin) appear with i or drop the diph- sodein sudn sudden thong. vitaille witlz victuals.

au. * ME. au in unaccented syl Note: In certain combi- lables becomes 9. nations this 9 almost disappears. ME. OD. NE. A notable exception to the almaunde qmond almond above rule is giaunt dhi9nt giant NE. marchaunt m(l''ts{9)nt* merchant ME. OD. servaunt sa^v{9)nt servant. orenge orindj orange. 6 — S2 -

eu, eu.

in ME. <^w, m unaccented syllables remains as ju or «. ME. OD. NE. corfeu curfew neveu nephew Hebreu %bru Hebrew.

Ol, ou, ou do not occur in unaccented syllables, except in some cases of weak sentence stress.

B. Weak Syllables.

§ 85.

1. The ME. syllable we (NE.

= o\v) has become weakened to 9 in the OD. ME. CHAPTER IV.

THE CONSONANTS.

I. LABIALS.

86.

ME. OD. I. Initially p has been pre- NE* served. Septembre Septembd'' September ME. OD. NE. simple simpd simple upwarde upo^dz upwards. path yap path peni yeni penny p is dropped: plaie, pleie yAe^ play a) Before b. pot pot pot kubdH pound pqund^ pound cupborde cupboard berie razbri pund rasp + raspberry. proud prqud proud P) In the combination mpt. p^s pes peace empti(emti) emti empty puddiug piidn pudding tempt Jemt tempt. piire pjii9^ pure put put^ pdt put. ME. p has become b in the TI. Medially. following:^ babtdiz spqke spek speak baptisen baptize lobstd'' lobster sparwe spar9 sparrow lopster sperit sperit spirit pibbel-ston pebl pebble. appel ap9, ap-pd apple (OE. papel- chaumpioun isompjdn champion stan?) gospel go^pdl gospel III. Finally /) always retained. paper pap9^ paper 1. In ME. final whispere wisp9* whisper. position. April(l)e April April ch^p tsip^ tstdp cheap popler popld^ poplar dep dip^ dt9p deep purpre pa''pi purple h^p hfp^ htdp heap

>) Cp. Bradley, M. L. Q. I, 27. 6* - 84

ME. OD. NE. ME. hemp hemp hemp scharp sa^'p sharp.

2. In NE. final position. cuppe kup cup helpe elp help - 85

§ 88.

I. a) Initially / is usually retained.

ME. OD. NE. fader fe'dd"' father fmde fdind find fiesch meat flats ^ fleis flesh, flie fin fly fot fut foot foreine furin foreign.

P) Initial / has become v (an importation from the literary language, originally dialect of Kent): fane (Kent. 86 —

§ 89.

ME. V = OD. V in all ME. OD. NE. positions. m I. eveninge evening Initially. ever r ever ME. OD. NE. given gin given verreijVerrai ven very oven un oven vertu virtue over over vers ves verse va'^s, po(v)re poor. vois vois voice vauddz viage voyage. III. a) Finally (NE. final (au!) position). Note: Initial v > in: / douve vecche fifs vetch.

II. a) Medially. fever feed"" fever h^ven evn heaven livre livd'' liver river rivd*' river seven sevn seven wives waioz wives.

b) Medial v has been dropped in: — 87 —

ME. OD. NE. 2. In unaccented Syllables. wrestlen rasl, rosl wrestle ME. OD. NE. wringe rhjg wring swich, sits^ suts such, write rait write swuch writhe roid writhe Before Vowels. wripan ridn twisted. b) 1. before velar Vo- Note: An initial w has been Dropped wels and in unaccented prefixed before ME. q cp. § 27, III. syllables. II. Medially. a) Before Velar Vowels.

{q)Isq (al)so. a) Consonant -\- w. — The groups (al)swa

dw, sw^ tw p) In unaccented syllables. qhz a) preserve the w in the OD. alway always answare answer before velar vo- qnso'' except, p) bacward bakd'^dz backwards wels and in unaccented syl- botswain hosn boatswain lables. foreward fordd forward «) grundes- grunsl groundsel wilie dwellen divel dwell houswTf uzi housewife dwarf, dwCVf dwarf dwerf peni-wurth yendp pennyworth. dwindle dwindle dwindle swap swap a stroke 2. w has been inserted be- swelten swelty sultry fore a vowel in;! swete swlt sweet langage langwidz language. swote swot to sweat twine twdin twine III. Finally w has always twinklen twinkle twifjkl dropped in NE. final position being- twist twist twist. weakened to d. This is due to the unaccented p) position.

1. Before Velar Vowels. arwe ard arrow barwe hard barrow hwo > ho u who medwe medd meadow hwora > Um whom schadwe §add shadow horn widwe wid9 widow hw^as>ho8 ilz whose wilwe wih willow swa sQj so^ so so ^elwe jah yellow. swerd sq^'d sword two tu two Note: ME. fehnve^ however, [)wong poi] thong. appears mostly as feli.

* Cp. Koppel "Spelling Pronunciations" p. 23, — 88 —

hw (wh).

§ 83.

ME. hw {wh) has either dis- ME. appeared totally (cp. p. 87, a, P) or become w. It only occurs initially. hw > w. ME. OD. NE. what wot what 89

II. DENTALS. t

§ 85.

ME. t has remained in all ME. positions.

I. Initially. ME. OD. NE. tale Wl tale time tdim time toun t^un town tour t^ud^ tower tunge tuYig tongue.

II. Medially. steir stld^^ std'^ stair straw stre' straw bataile hatl battle curtin kd^trid'' curtain fitlock, fetlock fetlock fetlack pertriche pa*'trid0 partridge.

In many words where t occurs before r (dr), it becomes td or p. This rule is not so invariable however as in the neighbouring dialects (cp. Hargreaves § 74, 2). beter betdo'' better

(betd'') creature krep9^ creature [kretd"^) ktitdo^' of a l^a hoop cutten + leg } barrel used leg {kut9*'' as a hoop to leg) play with Eater Asp9''^ Easter Espd"- 90 —

ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. bot hot boat Cp. Whit- msn(di) Whitsun- holt haiit bolt sundei day. bat at hat Note: In some of the above areste drest arrest words t often r bote hut boot becomes (also in berate hrasi burst ME. gete)^ that is to say when they chiste tsist, kist chest stand before a vowel. faute fault faut lete lev let fighte fdlt fight. gete ger get put p9r put. Fiual (ME. aud NE.) t has been assimilated to s. preceding A final t has been added b^ste htdst (pi. beast (sometimes in LME.) to the follo- hids) wing. ' krus\n^ . auncien(t) ensdfit ancient cruste J Ikru' crust kr9s . I f^saun(t) fdznt pheasant . [stsez tirann(t) tArdtit tyrant giste dzois (pi. joist ones once dsoisiz) wunst^ W9nst leste les lest giser gizifrt gizzard nest niz (pi. nest. niziz) {gizd^'n) herce hrst hearse (nist) scurf skruft scruff snevien snift sniff Final t has been dropped be- tiffen tift good order. fore a word beginning with a consonant. Note: The forms against and whilst are not found in the dia- biite h9\bo\ bat hut I6te le let lect. They are dgiyi and wdil with- put po put out st as in ME.

86.

I. Initially ME. d has re- ME. mained in the OD.

ME. OD. NE. day, dai de' day

, dauncen dQns^ \ dains.donsr^^^^ — 91

II. Me dially. 4. ME. d between Yowel and 1. ME. d has been preserved. r > d, ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. body, bodi bodi body bladdre bledd^ bladder bridel hrdidl bridle (l>led9'') cinder, sifidd'' cinder (didder) did9^ to tremble sinder fader father fodder gardin ga'^drtj garden fodo*' fodder gci'^din gadere gadd'' gather jaundis jqndis jaundice laddre ladd^ ladder (jannis) [laddQ'') medicine medsin medicine moder mudd^ mother kindle kindl kindle poudre peudd^ powder kidnere kidni • kidney (pqud9'') medle niedl meddle. w^der wedd'' weather.

2. Intervocalic d in unaccen- ME. d after Consonant -\- r ted syllables has become r. generally becomes dd-, ddr > ddr^ ani anibri eny, -f- anybody and dr > dr^ cp. bledo^^ bledd^ = bodi "bladder" and lads'^^ ladda'' = nobodi ttobri nobody "ladder" above. sum, som sumbri somebody. bodi + glendd^ to stare 3. d after n has disappeared (glendd*') lindd'' to tie up by assimilation medially in the {lindd"^) combinations tidn. nds^ ndf^ ndl, wonder tvimda^ wonder nds {wundd'') answare ^«sa% answer hundred unddred^ hundred onso'' undred groundswell gry^nsel groundsel childre tsildy children. ndf graund 4- ^ron/'e'Vfa'' grandfather III. Finally. fader ME. d has a) remained as lonlqrt landlord d or b) become t under certain ndl conditions or c) has disappeared. candel konl candle In trendelen trunl trundle a) 1. ME. final position. nedle ml needle balled baud bald ndn bqrd bid^'d beard brandnewe bron-nju brandnew blod blud blood haboun- abundus abundance. cold kaud cold dance glad dlad glad. 92

ME. NE. 2. In NB. final position. op. ME. OD. NE. behinde hehint behind almaunde qmdnd almond (bihmt) cloude tl^ud cloud beyonde bijont beyond ende end end blind blint blind child tsilt child kn^de ntdd^ md knead tsdilt^ ladde lad lad feld fidlt^ flit field old and old. fold faud fold for(th)ward fordt forward b) Final d > t 1. in the pre- (fordd) terite and past participle of hand, bond ont hand many verbs and 2. a large inwarde itid'^t inward number of other words. londlord lonlqH landlord 1. solide solit solid axede akst asked thousand pqusdnt thousand toward hopede opt hoped tud''t(t(fd)io^^YdL lokede lukt looked wisard wizdH wizard word Wd'^t word. passede past passed crabbe Jcrabt ill-tempe- For further examples with ed red + explanations cp. Horn "Guttural- crencled krhjklt crinkled laute" p. 38 fF. dased de'zt dazed favoured favd^t favoured c) d has disappeared after n in grisel + ed grizlt grizzled the following (see also above). hanged avigt hanged and an and open + ed opont opened bunden bun semede semt seemed constipated funden fon, fun found smorthered smuH smothered grand gron grand teried tarit tarried ground grun ground blended blendit blended. wunden wun wound. 2. Note: d has not been inser afraried afid^'t afraid ted in: awkward qkd^'t awkward bakward hakd^'t backward boun bqim bound (adj.) band bant band, string leue Ian lend.

th, (p)

§ 87. ME. 1. Initially p has remained except in unaccented words and sometimes before w. 1. p has remained. ME. OD. NE. thawe p-^ thaw 93 —

2. Initial p ^ d m unaccen- ME. OD. NE. ted in unaccented words. nothing nupi/ijg, nothing ME. OD. NE. nupirik mouth mouth that dot that mqup di thee path pap path toth tup tooth pei de they treuthe trqup truth. their deo'' {dd'') their thenne den then 2. Id the unaccen- there dl9^^ de'' there following ted word "> d. pin d9i[n) thy, thine p this dis this with wid with. |)0U, pu dqu thou pos du9Z those. 3. thw > thw or w. Note: Used interrogatively, the pwytel pwitl, wlflwh'ittle 2"** pers sing, appears as td e. g. pwyten pw9it to cut es'id = "hast thou"P wil-to? wilt pwaken pwak^ivak thwack. thou? This is a process of assimilation to the preceding t. Note 1 : ME. pwong has lost It even becomes t in such it IV before o: combinations as ''^Wotdst ^W?" = pwong pof^g thong. What dost thou say? Note 2: NE. thwart (< ON. II. Medially and Finally. pvert) is seldom found in the dia- 1. remained, p lect. The same thing applies to helthe ! y elpi healthy the derivatives of this word.

th, (d).

§ 88.

1. ME. p (d) has remained ME. 01). NE. brethe hrid breath medially and in NE. final position. smothe smud smooth. ME. OD. NE. brother hrud'9*' brother Note 1: d > p however in: either e/d^'' either ferthing fWdin farthing bothe bilop both lather lodd'' lather benqthe bimdp beneath. nouther nodd*' neither bathe he'd bathe Note 2: Concerning plural bothe hud booth forms mqups &c. cp. Accidence. — 94 —

2. = d. ME. OD. ME. J) {d) l^E. ME. OD. NE. swathele swadl swaddle. aforthe dfo^'d afford Note: kud fithel j^rf/ fiddle (could) > OE. shows morder md^'dd'' murder coupe same analogical for- (md^'dd'^) mation as in lit. Engl. spither spdidd^ spider clothes {spQidd^) iludz clothes.

§ 89.

Initially. 2. ME. s has remained in simple and in compound words. ME. OD. NE. certain sa/'tin certain sand sond sand salt sqt salt sp^ke spe'k speak ston sfuQn stone handsom ansdm handsome

issel. isel\. . .„ him-self

,. me-self mis{s)el \ mis{s)eni ^P^^^ in-slde insdid inside.

Finally.

1. ME. s has remained a) iu in words ending 5, and P) in the ending of the Nom. PI. and the Gen. case, when an unvoiced consonant precedes. 1. face, fas fes face gfs gts geese kiss kis ^ kiss mous mens mouse vois vois voice. ~ 95 -^

4. 5 has been added during ME. OD. NE. the ME. period (original plural hospitalle q^'spiil hospital forms). lossoun lesn lesson sauce -\- sosid0^ ME. OD. NE. sausage. age sosindz9^ belwe(s) haliz{iz) bellows braces galwes galeziz 2. ME. s (= Fr. 5) + i > s. smal-pokke smqpoks small-pox mision mtsn mission trewes tr^us truce. nesn nacion J nation nacioun Note: ME. s = French s: pacient pesnt patient

1. French voiceless s remains special spfsl special stacion ste's7i station as 5. siicre, siigre sugd'' sugar basin besn basin (Lat. d^um assume. counseil Jcqunsil counsel assumere)

§ 90.

ME. z occurs medially and Note: finally.

I. Medially ME. z remains unchanged. ME. OD. NE. besom hlzrn besom frosen frozn frozen husbonde(?) uzbmt husband f^saun fez?)t pheasant prisoun prizn prison.

II. ME. z has remained in

NE. final position.

(as)sise S9tZ size chese tsiz cheese qse + y jezi easy plqse plez please wise umz wise. — 96 —

§ 91. ME. I. Initially ME. s has remained. ME. OD. NE. schadwe §ad9 shadow schip sip ship schutte sut shut schort §Q^t short.

II. Medially ME. § has also remained. bisshop bisdp bishop buschel bust bushel cuishin kwiHn cushion musheroun musr^um mushroom. III. Finally.

1. ME. s has remained in a) ME. and p) NE. final positions.

a) busch bus {bids) bush ^1 ^

III. Finally.

1. ME. ts remains in accented syllables (NE. final position). ME. - ^6 -

Note: n has, however, been Note: n has been inserted

dropped initially in the following medially in: words, it being falsely thought to ME. OD. NE. to the indefinite belong article. messager mesind^d^ messenger ME. OD. NE. passager pasind^d'' passenger sauce-age sosindh"' nadder, ata^ poison sausage. adder Cp. Luick, Archiv CXIV, 76. n apron ap9*'n apron noumpere umpdie'' umpire. III. Finally. 11. Medially. 1. In ME. final position. kne nl knee In stressed n is kuQwe nq know a) syllables guar ncirlt cross-tem- retained. pered boun hqun prepared, snaw snq^ sno snow ready, snoute snqut snout man, mon mon man binede hinidp beneath kwm enemi inimi quen queen enemy win iD9in wine. honest onist honest moni moni many p) In unstressed syllables or peni; peni penny words n is dropped.* almande qnidnd almond bench bents bench m % ID counte k^unt count an a an, a. ground ground, ground * In some cases the n is still grun(d) hunte(r) ynt9*' hunter retained by analogy with inflected {unpQ'') forms, cp. Koppel, Archiv CIV. mountain e mquntin mountain round r^und round brazen hrazn brazen straunge strqndz strange. iren did^n iron 9pen opn open 2. n has been dropped. oven un oven.

a) In the combination In. 2. In NE. final position usu- kilne Ml kiln retained. milne mil mill. ally bitwen e bitmti between • P) In the combination mn. canne kon can, may autumpne qtdm autumn chaine tsidn chain columne kobm column droune drqim drown dam(p)ne do7n damn foreine furin foreign ymp(n)e im hymn. grene grm green. — 99 -

§ 95.

I. Initially. ME. I has re- a) Before Labials (^, /, m). mained unchanged in the OD. ME. ME. OD. NE. lamb lam^ lorn lamb large la^'d^ large lede M lead level levl level litel litl little long loTig long lord Iqrd lord lond lond land love luv love.

II. Mediallv.

a) Consonant + /. blame hleJm blame blod hlud blood cl^ne tlin clean cler clear • flesch flais, fleis flesh, meat flour fl';^U9^ flour flour fl<^U9^^ fid'' flower glad dlad glad glorie dlqri glory place pies place ' pleie pie' play sl^pe slip sleep.

b) Before Yowels (and w). colour kuld'' colour delit dilit delight Engeland Iriglond England felawe fell fellow folwe fohi^) follow galwes gahsis braces wilwe wib{'') willow.

c) Before Consonants.

ME. I has been dropped: a) before Labials, P) before Gut- turals, 7) before Dentals. - 100 -

ME. 101

c) Before Consonants.

a) ME. r has been much weakened, but mostly retained, cp. § 2, "r". ME. OD. NE. arm 102 — = vowel. Moreover an r is often a) 9^t guin t{9) qu9r-aus? ''Are inserted between two words in a you going to our house?" when the first ends and sentence, b) I won fid tg bord^ d silin dtu the second begins with a vowel, = "he wanted to borrow a or even sounded after a weakly shilling or two." word ending in a vowel, even c) wlv got 9 bo-n-ard^ = "we when no word beginning with a have got a bow and arrow." vowel follows. Examples^

App e n dix.

ti\ di. ME. OD. NE. ME. ti^ di do not become ts^ dz in the OD., except some forms rupture rdptd^^ rupture influenced by the lit. language (cp. Scripture Scrip so' Scripture Horn, Unters. p. 86 and following). (ad) venture vent9^, venture ME. OD. NE. ventdd*' creature creature questioun kwestpn^ question kwestsdn kretdd'' tune tjun, tsun tune fortune f(ftin fortune soudiour sciudh*'^ soldier [fartin) sdd09*' fournitiire forniUd'' furniture Indian Indzdn Indian. nature nature netdd'' Note; For duke i&c. cp. picture picture § 33.

III. GUTTURALS.

§ 97. ME. I. Initially.

a) k preserved, except in certain combinations. ME. OD. NE. calf kqv calf can kon can c5ld kaud cold crepe krip creep — 103

OD. NE. ME. P) k preserved. knowe no know ME. OD. NE. knlf naif knife. scabbe skab scab scars skat's scarce > tl. Y) M scurf skruf scurf aker akd"" acre clem men tlam^ tlem to famish acorn akd^'n acorn cl^ne tUen clean because hikoz because cloth cloth c tlqp licour likg^ cloude tl^ud cloud liguor huckstere ukstd'' huckster clokke tlok clock encrees inkris increase. clout tlqiit rag.

i) kl > tl (cp. I, i). S) ME. kw (qu) has mostly been — inclinen intbin incline preserved in the OD. It cokel kotl cockle occurs initially and medially. pikel -J- 8 pitlz pickles sikel sitl sickle 1. kw preserved. twincle twintl twinkle. quake kwek quake Note: The qvalite kwaliti quality following hyper- kwd^'tdd' qvarter quarter literary forms are occasionally found quasi kwlzi qualmish in the OD. quen kwm queen hotel qvuestioun kweUdU question qviete kwdigt quiet quishin kwlsin cushion. (OFr.cuissin)

2. In a few isolated cases initial kw ^ w or tw. - 104 —

J 98.

ME. g has remained un- ME. OD. NE. narl changed, except initially before (gnarl) gnarl gnaste nas gnash. I and n. ^

Note: The following words I. Initially. are of Scandinavian origin: a) g preserved. gift gift ME. OD. NE. git get gamen gam fun giv give forget forget gold gaud gold fo^'giv forgive. gras gras^ go^s grass girl, gerl grl girl II. Medially g is preserved. gesse ges guess. ago(n) ^9^ ago p) gl > dl. beginne bigin begin forget fd'-get forget glad dlad glad agr^e 9gri agree glas dlas glass biigle hjugl bugle glorie dlori glory gingle dzifigl jingle. gloppned dlopnt terrified dlent a glenten look, III. Finally g is preserved. glance. fig fig fig 7) g is dropped before n. leg leg leg bagge hag bag gnawe nq gnaw nagge nag horse gnat nat gnat pegge peg peg.

x' (tc/i-laut).

§ 99.

ME. X ^^'^ disappeared, the ME. OD. NE. nit preceding vowel being lengthened : night night rlt ME. OD. NE right right sight sit sight bright hrit bright weight weH weight. fight fn fight light lit light — 105

§ 100. ME. CD. NE. ME. gh occurs medially and dioq^f dwarf finally. dwergh inough inUf^ inu enough I. Medially. plough plu plough has before t. a) ME. gh dropped (plow) ME. CD. NE. rough ruf, ru rough slau aught aut aught slough sldf^ slough braid do bro;te brought ] doughter dautd^ daughter (stressed) I ^, . though So 'though feahte faut fought naught natit naught (unstr.) i naught -hy nauti naughty thuruh pruf^pru^^ through slaughter slautd"^ slaughter prdf thought paut thought. tough tauf tough trogh trauf, trof trough. p) gh -\- t = ft in the following. draught drauft draught. Note: The forms of substan- (draut^ tives and adjectives without / are drdit) derived from the oblique cases II. Finally. (cp. Koppel, Archiv 104). 1. ME. gh appears as f or is 2. The of OE. into dropped. Most words in the dia- change / k is found in: lect appear with both forms. bough huf, hdf, bough fl^ (OE. = fle% flek flea, (bow) hu fl^ah) chough tsauf chough For see dough dauf^ dof dough explanation Horn, dof Gutturallaute, p. 94.

J-

§ 101. NE. I. Initially. ME. OD. ^elde jtdld yield 1. ME. 5, y (/) from OE. 2;elle jel yell sources has remained in the OD. 5elwe jah yellow ME. OD. NE. 7\r W year l\ je ye ^erd jW^d^ jd^'d yard 5^ jcii yes, yea yesterday jestd^di yesterday

^ The form J^ruf (prdf) is noted by Taylor as obolescent. — 106

ME. 107 -

ME. OD. NE. cp. mqantiTig = mountain, kd'^ting nothing nupin nothing (kd^'tno^) curtain (hyperliterary schilling silin shilling. English). Also in: Similarly f^g has been inserted among smun among. in the word mili7jgtd''i = mili- is sometimes Note: ^j wrongly tary. put for n Sit the end of words,

§ 103. ME. OD. NE. ME. 'i]k remains both medially and finally. dank dafjk dank monk moijk monk I. Medially. drinke drifjk drink ME. OD. NE. sinke sifjk sink anker 07]kd^ anchor stinke sthjk stink. ankel 0')]k{d)l ankle conqueren ko7]kd^ conquer In the combination ngth the drunken druf^kn drunken OD. has often T^kp. uncle unkl uncle.

length le^y^kp length II. Finally (ME. and NE. strength stre}]kp strength. final position). bank horik bank

IV. ASPIRATE.

§ 104.

ME. OD. NE. ME. h has mostly disappeared. hous house — It only occurs initially and qus * hundred und9^ hundred. medially when sounded at all. t, undd^'t

I. Initially. * Note: When the word is ME. OD. NE. strongly stressed, an initial h is e apn happen happen sometimes sounded. her €9^ hair Hyperliterary hero i9ro hero forms with an etymologically un- honest onist honest justifiable h are also frequent e. g.' — 108 -

ME. OD. NE. ME. OD. NE. appel hapl apple enhabiten inabit inhabit asse has ass. reherce ri-d^'s rehearse.

II. Medially. Note: Medial h is hardly ever sounded. behave bi-e'v behave behinde bi-aind behind Note: For the prefixing ofj\ (bihont) after the dropping of A, cp. § 16, 2. PART. 11. ACCIDENCE.

CHAPTER V. NOUNS.

I. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL.

§ 105.

a) Ordinary Plural Endings.

The usual method of forming the plural in the OD. is by the addition of s, z or iz.

1. Plural in s. Nouns ending in a voicless consonant other

s : than s, s, add to form the plural, e. g. hruh (brook), bruks; Jcat

(cat), kats'j top (top), tops; ruf (roof), rufs. 2. Plural in z. Nouns ending in a vowel or voiced consonant other than z or i, add z to form the plural, e. g.: k^u (cow), kquz'^ fidi (fly), fldiz-^ flud*' (floor), flud^z-^ kitlin (kitlen), kitlinz.

3. Plural in iz. Nouns ending in 5, s^ z ov z add iz to form the plural, e. g.: las (lass), lasiz\ fes (face), fesiz [observe, however,

^us (house), pi. quziz]; mats (match), matsiz; nudz (nose), nu9ziz-^ brid^ (bridge), brid£iz.

b) Final Stem-Sound (Stammauslaut).

1. Nouns ending in / preceded by a vowel or I change the / into e. V, g.: hif (life), hivz; ndif (knife),— ndivz; plf (thief), pivz; woif (wife), wdivz'^ ?y;w// (wolf), wulvz. Exceptions: ufs (hoofs); rufs

(roofs); stafs (staffs); tlifs (cliffs).

Note: Nouns ending in If have changed the/ into v in the Sing, by analogy with the plural, e. g.: ov (half), qvz; kqv (calf), kqvz. — 110 —

2. Nouns ending in ^ sometimes change the ^ into d (p is usually— preserved), e. g.: mqnp (mouth), tnqiidz; tr^up (truth), trends; but bap (bath), baps-, pdp (path), paps &c.

Note: The p has dropped in the pi. form tlqz (clothes).

c) Plurals formed otherwise than by ,^-suffix.

1. Plurals in n. Plurals in n are still found in: t (eye), m; S2^ (shoe), sm; oks (ox), (jksdn^ or eksdn (almost obsolete, cp. Taylor).

2. Plurals in 9^ The only one still remaining is : ^sa«7^ (child), tsildd^.

3. Plurals with "Umlaut": fut (foot), fit; gus (goose), gis\

Iqus (louse), his-, mqus (mouse), mdis\ tup (tooth), tlp-^ man^ mon (man), men. — Observe: wumdu (woman), wimin.

4. and Plural are alike in the bi9S =^ Singular — following: beast, beasts^; es (as) = ash, ashes; /?^ fish, fishes; §Tp = sheep. Nouns expressing time, space, weight, measure and number, when preceded by a cardinal number, have singular and plural alike, =- c. g. : foiv mimp five months; siks wik = six weeks; sevn moil = seven tun -- three eH = miles; prt— tons; pqiind eight pounds; fd9^ {f^ud*') ^uns four ounces; ten skod^ = ten score; ilevn joTd = eleven yards, &c. ^= 5. Nouns used only in the plural: aksinz (askings) --- banns of marriage; boddmz sediments; lits = lights (lungs) of animals; mezlz = measles; sidd^'z = scissors; trquziz = trousers; turigz = tongs. Note: A double plural is found in gahziz = braces.

II. FOKMATION OF THE GENITIVE.

The Genitive is formed as in the literary language: qud*" mudd^'z == ^us = our mother's house; jo'' wentsiz ats your girl's hats.

1 Cp. § 85, III. — Ill -

CHAPTER VI. ADJECTIVES. COMPARISON.

§ 106.

I. Regular Comparison. The Comparative is formed by the addition of -9^ and the Superlative by that of -ist to the Positive. This rule is not coDlined to adjectives of one or two syllables only as

in lit. mu^ mu9st also and often are English, ^ (mUist, mwost) may be, — — used together with the forms in -9'' and -ist, e. g. : pik pikd"^ — — pikist; kruil — kruih'' kruilist; bjutiful hjdtifuh^ bjutifulist. Any of the above may also be compared with mu9^, muist^ e. inud'' kruil — muist kruil or with muist and the ter- g.: -^ mu9^^ — mination 3% -ist, e. g. : 7nu9^ pikd'' muist pikist (Contamination; cp. Paul, Principien^ p. 139, Horn, Anglia-Beiblatt XVI, 136). — — II. 'Irregular Comparison: had, il (bad, ill) ivus^ Wd'^ — — let — wusi'^ —far^ fd^ (far) fd^'dd'^^ fq*'d9''— f9*^dist^— fq^dist-^ (late) lete' letist^ last-, litl (little) les {litth'') lidst\ moni (many), mit^ — mtW — nl9*' noi — (much) — mudst^ muist^ mwost; (near), (nigh) mdr9^^ n9i9^^ noT nwrist^ n9i-ist^ nekst.

CHAPTER Vir. ARTICLE.

§ 107.

The definite article is p, d or rarely t\

\. p is commonly used before unvoiced consonants, e. g.: the into the town the the cow. p^parson parson ; i^ptqtin ; p'poip pipe; p'kqu

2. d is commonly used before voiced consonants, e. g.: dtop-ed-hre^u at the top of the hill; iddoTk in the dark; dgardn9'' the gardener. 3. t is sometimes used, where p might be expected, e. g.: oftsmel = off the smell. — 112 —

The above rules are by no means invariable. Of the three forms, p is much the commonest.

Note 1: The form {typ given by Hargreaves is not found in the OD.

Note 2 : In expressions denoting anger or surprise, the fuller forms dd (or di before vowels) is used, e. g.: u dd devlz did""? who the devil is there? u-ot dl el aH duhi? what the hell art thou doing?

The in definitive article is o both before vowels and consonants e. g.: 9 qus a house, d mon a man.

CHAPTER Vni. PRONOUNS.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 108. First Person.

Sing. Plur.

Nom. a, q {a o, 9) wi (ys)

Obj. wf, [mi) us, uz [dz). Second Person.

Nom. da^ (da^ ctd^ t^) jq, jo (J9)

Obj. dt (di) jq, jo (jd). Third Person. Masc.

Nom. % {i) Obj. im Tern. Nom. de" (di) Nom. u {ii) Obj. dem^ um^ {dm ^m). Obj. r (9") Neut.

Nom. it Obj. it Note: In the above Table the forms in brackets are unaccented. - ua -

EXAMPLES. — The Nom. Case. — First Person: o (a) dun-nq, hut i duz. I don't but he mi sumot tet = me to u akst mi know, does; gl give something eat; — tvtd'' i wd\ an a taud d" — she asked me where he was and I told her. wi sannd ev (av) td nok sd ofn = we shall not have to knock so often; mun us = dost thou think? Iz taud us wi {ds) sirjg. piyksta? must we sing, mun {mdn) = he's told us we must gu go. — Second Person: da mq''nd or da nnm-nd thou must not; Wid"" a''t(d) guin? = Where art thou going (to)? |The form -ta, -td is only enclitic]; an oni on p oni on it? = have any of you any of it? jo mun (vidn) tel us (as) = you must tell us. — In the dialect the second person singular is still used for ordinary intercourse except to strangers or superiors, though in Oldham jq and jo is not always used even then. Third Person: For the Masc. Sing there is only one form i whether in accented or unaccented position: e. g. i nqs wot a mm = he knows what I mean; wots i want? = what does he want? — In the Fem. Sing, OE. heo has regularly developed to u, («) thus heo > heo (transposition of accent) > ho > {h)u: e. g. uz wdHsin dt Skots = she is working at Scott's (mill): I taud 9'' 9z u'd dftu (aftu) gu = he told her she would have to go. — In the Neut. Sing, there is only one form it e. g. tnun {mdn) us giv it im = must we give — it to him? Plurals: dd" non s^utdd = they are not suited (= pleased), gi(v) it dm = give it them (thrash them)!

The Objective Case. 1. The Objective is regularly used instead of the

Nominative case after the verb "to be" in all persons, sometimes even before it,

: = e. g. its mi, di, im, &c. = it is I, thou, he, e. g.: im dn mi'z palz he and I are partners.

2. The Objective case is often used reflexively, e. g. : Iz plein im = he is e. of playing (i. out work), K^ud"^ di d^un wdil a pau di jUd' = sit down while I cut your hair; est(9) dond di {sen)? = have you dressed yourself? 3. The Objective case is also used as subject when the subject of the principal sentence is separated from the verb by a subordinate sentence, e. g. : dem 9Z da minz w¥nt (woznt) dw {dd') no au. — Those you mean weren't there at any rate, cp. Sweet NEG. § 1085.

2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 109.

I. Conjoint. Sing.: mdi (nii)^ da (di), iz, d'' {9^),

Plur.: (^M9% us, jq*" (;V), dd*' {dd''). The forms in brackets are the unaccented ones.

Note: Hargreaves has a form u)9r as unaccented form of ^wa'", but I have never come across it in the OD.

EXAMPLES: dats m9i at == that's tak dn — my hat; (tek) traps 9n hi of\ = take your things and be off! l saud iz wats 9n 9'" hru9ts aw 9 = he sold 9 — 114 — his and her brooch livz watch as well; u (wunz) in ^ud"" qus = she lives at our house: win bin etin us porits — we have been eating our porridge; an jo gotn Ja" {jor) bras, ladz? = have got your money, lads!

II. Absolute. Sing.: m9in, ddin^ iz, 9% its. Plur.: qud^z^

* Note: The older forms eud^'n and jqrn are now obolescent.

is EXAMPLES: dat jq'^z? = is that yours; jai, its ^ud^'z = yes, it's ours; N^u, il non get 9 peni d mdin =^ No, he '11 not get a penny of mine.

3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 110.

Sing.: 1. misel^ misSn; 2. disil, ctisen-^ 3. iz-sel, iz-sSn^ o^'sel, d'^sen^ itsel (is-sSl)^ itsen (is-sen). 1. Plur.: qursel{z), PursSn^ us-sel{z)^ us-sen; 2. jq^sel{z), jq^sen-^

3. do^'sSlz, dd^'sen.

The Accent is always on the second syllable. The plural forms can be used with or without the ending z.

4. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 111.

Sing.: dis (this); dat (that); Jow (yon). Plur.: diz (these); dem^ duz (those); jon (you); dis, dtz are often followed by t9^ = here; dat, dem and duz by to'' = there.

EXAMPLES: dis id" feli'z gqmlds = this fellow here is half-witted; dem did"" poritdz iznt wup tupens — Those potatoes aren't worth twopence, dem is used more frequently than duz.

5. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 112.

Masc. and Fem. Nom. Obj.: U9? u? Gen.: U9Z? uz? Neut.: wot'i wits^

EXAMPLES: Hz diQ""? who is there? Hz iz it? its non Bilz. — Whose is it, it is not Bill's; wits wilt9 ev {av)? Which will you have?

6. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 113.

Masc. and Fem.: a^, w(9), wot. Neut.: 9z., wot.

When the antecedent is not expressed, u (ud) and wot are used, e. g.: tak (tek) wot dds{t) got = take what you' ve got; i nos u i mim gi{v) it tu = he knows who he must give it to. - 115 -

When the antecedent is expressed, dz and wot are used for all genders,

6, g.: it wd"" se'm las 9z a sld dfud"' = it was the same lass that I saw before; im wot taud mi — he that told me; ddm kquz 9z vral' saud = those cows that were sold.

7. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

§ 114.

sum (some), snmhri (somebody), sum9t (something), 9nuf^ 9nu D (enough), tiipri (a few), evri^ ivri (every), (all), ani (any), anibri (anybody), moni (many), ton (the one of two), aut (anything), naiit

(nothing), els (else), siU (such), qdd^^ e'dd^ (either), nqdd^ (neither), uds*' (other), no (no), non (none, often used in sense of not).

CHAPTER IX. NUMERALS.

§ 115.

Cardinals: won^ tu^ prt, fqd^-^ fdioy siJcs, sevn^ alt (e't), ndiriy ten, (i)levn, twelv, pd^'tin (pa^tln), fqj^tm, fiftm, undd^t, dqusdnt.

Ordinals: fust (fost), seknd, pd^'d {pa^d), fq^p, fift^ sikst, sevnt, eitdj &c. Adverbial wonts tdims. Numerals: y twdis, prdis, pri tdimz^ fod^

In Composition we have tupri = "two or three", i. e. a few: Uz gotn a tupri p^und sumwid'' = she's got a few pounds somewhere.

CHAPTER X. VERBS.

I. FORMATION OF TENSES. A. STRONG VERBS.

§ 116. Strong Yerbs from their Preterite by Ablaut (Gradation). Fol- lowing the example of Wright and Hargreaves, I have arranged them as far as possible into classes as in Sievers' "A. S. Grammar". 8* no 117 —

Inf. 118 — 119 —

B. WEAK VERBS.

I. Preterite and Past Participle in dd {id). Inf. Pret. P. P. fret (fret) fretdd (fretid) fretdd lltid lit (light) lUid {let) {let) melt (melt) meltdd meltdd sUt (suit) sut9d (sutid) sutsd {sutld) tret (treat) tretdd {tret id) tretdd {tretid) wit (wet) mtdd witdd aud (hold) auded auddd,

II. Preterite and Past Participle in d.

a) Verbs in which the vowel remains unchanged: hrti (brew) hrud hrud W (hear) %9''d Wd le, It (lay) led led mak (make) med med ru (rue) rud rud sBj se (say) sed sed so (sow, sew) sod son so (shew) ^od son S'2 (shoe) sud sud t§u (chew) tsud tsUd. b) Verbs which change the vowel and add d to the stem;

sel (sell) saud saud

tel (tell) taud taud tim (teem, pour out) temd temd.

c) Verbs which change the vowel and have d in the stem: hlid (bleed) hied hied hrld (breed) hred hred fid (feed) fed fed,

III. Preterite and Past Participle in -t, d in the stem: a) Verbs with unchanged vowel and original ^, 1.

it (hit) it it host (cost) kost kost kut (cut) kut kut nit (knit) nit nit 0% d^-t (hurt) on, dH ort, dH put, pdt (put) put, pdt put, pdt swlot (sweat) swet swet. Note: swi9t seems to be an importation from Yorkshire, cp. Wright § 381 — 120 —

Inf. Pret. Past. Part.

2. bend (bend) bent bent bild (build) but but send (send) sent sent skrat (scratch) shrat skrat spend (spend) spent spent. 3. wed (wed) wed wed.

b) Verbs with unchanged vowel which add t to the stem 1. elp (help) elpt elpt hats (catch) kat§ katst Ms (kiss) kist kist rets (reach) retst retU sits (seek) sitH sitst §ek (shake) sekt iekt sep — sap (shape) §apt sapt sev (shave) §eft seft wei§ (wash) w^^§i wB'st Wd^ts (work) taa^'tst wd^'tst. 2. bry^n (burn) bry,nt brunt lan{d) (lend) lant lant Imi (lean) le'nt le'nt smel (smell) smelt smelt spel (spell) spelt spelt spd (spill) spUt spUt spdU (spoil) spnlt spdUt Sdin (shine) §dint §9int wakn (waken) waknt waknt.

c) Verbs with Vowel Change and original t in stem: mit (meet) met met.

d) Verbs with Vowel Change which add t to the stem; bdi (buy) bririg (bring) dridm, dridm - 121 -

Inf. Pret. - Past. Part.

pip (peep) -pept pept slip (sleep) slept slept swlp (sweep) swept swept teHs (teach) te'tst {taut) te'tU [taut) pir^k (think) J)aut paid.

II. VERBAL ENDINGS.

§ 124.

Present. The first person singular has no ending, the second

and third person singular ends in s (after voiced sounds e) and is in or iz after the spirants s, 0, s, if. The plural mostly ends sn throughout, but the first and third person are sometimes the same as the third person singular, while the second person has no ending. Present Sing. 1. elp [help) wd^'t^ [work) 2. elpS W9*'tS92! 3. elps Wd*'ts9z

Plur. 1. elpdn (elps) ivd'^tsdn [w9'^ts9z)

2. elpdn {elp) wd^'thn [wd^'ts)

3. elpdn {elps) wdHson {wd^'tsdz) Preterite elpt wd^tst Imperative elp wd^'ts Infinitive elp wd^ts

Present Participle elpin*^ wd^'tsin'^' Past Participle elpt wd^'tst. * For -in < ing in the Pres. Participle, cp. § 62, lib.

The Subjunctive Mood has disappeared except in certain phrases, e. g. "«/ a (0) W9^ d*" = *'if I were you". The future, the perfect tenses and the passive voices are formed as in literary English. -- 122 ~

Tab'le of Tenses.

Tense - 123 —

Preterite.

Pret. kud or kdd kud or kod &c. &c.

Negatively.

Pres. a, o kondt or (kq^'nd)* Pret. a, o kudnd{t).

Note: In Oldham proper the forms are kondt and kudnt, in HoUinwood, a southern suburb, kond'' and kudnd''. The form Aj^^'nc^ is rare.

Interrogatively. Present.

Sing. 1. kon (or kn) a? Plur. kofi (or A:w) i^i, ws, as? 2. A:ow (or kn) da, td?* kon (or kn) /o, /a? 3. A;ow lY? de? (or kn) z, il, kon (or ^w) (fe, (fi, * Note: The enclitic form t9 is the one preferred in Oldham.

Interrogative-Negatively.

1. konot a, o? kondt wi? 2. kontno?* kondt jo^ je?

3. kont"^ t u, it? kondt de^ di^ dd? * Note: The contracted forms in the 2nd and S^d pers. Sing. = kud is sometimes used in the Infinitive e. g.: a jus td kud

'^I used to be able (to do it)".

2. Dare.

Pres. • Pret.

a do*' = I dare a dd'' = I dared

a dd^nt, dd^'nd = I dare not a dd^'snt = I dare not dd^'a? ^= dare I dd^'a'^ =^ dared I

dd^nt^ dd^'snt a? = dare I not. dd^'snt a? did I not dare? — The preterite and past participle dS'^d challenged, e. g.: I dd^'d im td — hum ^ut 9n fdit he challenged him to come out and fight.

3, Shall. Present- Affirmatively. Sing. Plur. 1. sal a, 0, (form as, os) wi s(d (weak form wis \t before vowel])* 2. da^ dd sal [das) jd sul or san (Jds) 3. f, u^ sal, §ul {is, us) di, de sal, sul, san (dis). * Note: In the first pers. plural of the affirmative form the strong form seldom occurs. — 124 -

Negatively. Sing. Plur. a, sand, &c. wi sand^ &c.

Interrogatively.

1. sal a^ 0? sal or san wi^ U9, ds? 2. salt9? sal or saw jo, J9? 3. sal u? or t^ ^ ial san de, cti, de'^ In the plural the form saw is preferred.

Interrogative-Negatively. ^atidt 0? &c. a, san9{t) wi^ m.s, os? &c.

Preterite. Affirmatively.

I rt, sud, S9 wi sudj hd da sud^ ^dd jOf J9 sud^ sdd

f, w, it sud, Sdd d9^ di §ud, sod.

Negatively.

a, siidntj hdnt &c. wi sudnt^ §ddnt &c.

Interrogatively. Slid Sdd 0? J a^ &c. siid^ hd tvi^ ws, 9S? &c.

Negative- Interrogatively. iudnt^ sddnt a? &c. sudnt^ sadfit wi? &c. The weak forms are generally used only with pronouns.

4, May. Present. a me (mi) &c. wi me (mi) «fec. Preterite. a met &c. wi met &c.

Note: The use of kon for me in the present, found in the neighbouring dialect, does not extend to Oldham (cp. Hargreaves, § 116).

For the Interrogative mon^ mun^ m/dn is used for the Present tense, o. g.; Sing. Plur.

mon a? &c. mon {mim^ mdn) tvi^ us, 9S &c. c. think? g.: man dS sifjg, pifjksta? = may (or shall) we sing, do you Preterite. met a? &c. met wi &c. - 125 —

Negatively.

Sing. Plur.

a mono (1 may, must not) tvi wono mdtidt a? wdnd{t) tvi?

Note: The Adlington form mutnt is not found in the OD., cp. Hargreaves § 116. 5. Must.

To express the lit. Engl, miist^ the Scandinavian munn^ maun is used: strong form mon^ weak form www, nwn the forms of the first person singular and plural are as follows:

Sing. Plnr. a, mon {mun, mdn) wi mon

a, mdn9 (I must not) wi mdnd mon mdn a? mdu ds? J (must I?)

mQnot o, 0? (must I not?) m9n9l 9S?

Note: The Adlington form mq''nd is rare in the OD. Also the weak form itidn is regularly used negatively.

For the Preterite the same forms are used as above, but the form met is also used occasionally in the same sense.

G, ouffht.

ant is uninflected for all persons; observe: a autnt or Jidnt =1 — out I ought not; autnt a or didnt a ant? ought I not?

7. Have.

Pres. Strong Form az?, a, an; weak ov, 9, m.

Pret. Strong Form ac?; weak 9d.

Before consonants the form a or 9 are always used, tho' a is commoner, = e. g.: as a (a) dun inau I shall have done presently; but il av it dfua' 9ts = luTfjg he will have it before (its) long. — In both Pres. and Pret. the vowels disappear in the weak forms when — = preceded by the nominative of the personal pronouns, e. g.: qv 1 have, win we have; ad aln im = I had seen him. Sometimes the verb disappears altogether,

e. g. : de mad dm = they have made them; wi lost it = we have lost it. This is the case before vowels mostly cp. tain etn it = we have eaten it. The z of the second and third person singular becomes s before voiceless consonants : e. g. : astd? = hast thou! — 126 -

Affirmatively. Present. Sing. Plur. 1. a av; qv wi av; win {wiv) 2. da azj daz ddz jo a^?, aw; jm^ J9n 3. it f, w, az'j tz^ uz^ its de, di, dd av^ aw, din. Preterite.

1. a ad; dd, qU, gd wi ad; wid 2. da ad; dad, dad &c.

Infinitive av, a, d. Present Participle avin. Past. Participle ad, od.

Negatively. Present. 1. a an9 wi and

2. da, dd aznd jo, jd and

3. I, u, it aznd de and. Preterite. a adnd wi adno. Note: The Adlington forms differ considerably from the above, cp. Har- greaves § 119. Interrogatively. Present.

1. av a? an wi'^ {av wi?) 2. {az da?) asid^ an, av jo, jd?

3. az I, u, it? an, av de, di, de? The an form is much commoner in the OD.

Preterite. ad a? &c. ad wi? &c.

Interrogative- Negatively.

1. andt a? and{t) wi? andt wi?

2. astud? a7td(t) jo? jd?

3. aznt %, or azn9 t, u &c. andt di? Preterite.

adnt a? &c. adnt wi? «&c.

The Plural forms of the Present given above are only used with the personal pronouns. In all other cases the forms of the second and third person = singular are used thus: az, dz (s), e. g.: az dent wenthz gun worn? have those — 127 — = girls gone home? dem dW ladz dz bin feHin those lads have been fighting. The same forms are also used with the first pers. sing when combined with a relative, e. g. : its ml dz dz fon it — It was I who found it.

8, Be,

Affirmatively. Present. Sing. Plur.

1. d am-j Q/w; am wi «% w^'', W9^ (t9^t 2. da d^\ dqUj da a^t; jo^ je a''; Z^'', je*' it its 3. I, u^ iz] ie, uZy de, di, de a''; dS''^ dg^. Preterite.

1. a W9^^ W9^ wi^ wi W9^^ wd^ = we were

2. da W9*'(t) &c. 3. t W9^^ W9^.

Infioitive 5^, hi.

Pres. Part. \h%'in\. Past. Part. bin.

Negatively. Present.

1 . not or am, om not, non wV^ wd"' not., not., non

2. ds^'t not., n9t or 7idn /o"", p'^ not, ndt^ non 3. its ndt or dd^ t2!, uz., not., non ds'', not, ndt, non. Preterite.

a, wd^'nt, W9*'nt &c. wi^ Wd^'nt &c.

Interrogatively. Present. 1. am «, 0? S^ wi or us?

2. a^o? {an da?) or jo or ]d? 3. it? iz, /, u, or de, di, de? Preterite. wr, we"- a? W9% tv9'' wi, us? &c. W9n9^ (wdn da?) &c.

Interrogative-Negatively. Present. 1. amti? amta? a^nd{t) wi? 2. ann9? a'-nt p (Jo)? 3. Z7P] h % ^t? a^n9{t) di? - 128 -

Note: The forms in brackets are the less common. A comparison of these forms with those of Adlington and Windhill show the intermediate stage occupied by the OD. very well. Preterite. Sing. Plur.

w§''nt a^ 0? &c. W9''nt wi, us? The above forms of the present are used only in combination with the

: = pronouns, in other cases the B*"** sing is used, e. g. dem ^uziz iznt let jet those houses are not let yet; dd^'z sum on dm dz duznt no no difr?nt = there are some of do not know better dd^'z sum 9z kn ndvd'' et = there them who any ; feliz inuf are some fellows who can never eat enough.

The Vowel disappears, or is assimilated to the foregoing vowel of the = subject in the weak forms of the present, e. g.: dd'^ at it dgen they are at it — = again am {om) non redi jet. I am not ready yet. —

.9. Will,

Present: strong form wil^ weak d^ which loses its vowel in combination with pronouns. Preterite: strong form wud^ weak form dd which also loses its vowel in combination with the pronouns, e. g.: ad (od) lan{d) di d iupri silin but a kondt die (dju) hqid it nqu = I would lend you a shilling or two, but I cannot do without it now.

Affirmatively. Present. Sing. Plur. v ,*

1. a, wil', aZ, ql, ol wi wil-^ wU^ wll, win

2. da wil\ daul^ d(^ul jo^ J9 tvil\ jol^ pi., jon

it if I de del. 3. *, u^ wil'j tl, ul, d^^ di^ wil; del^ dil^

Note: Of the above plural forms win., jon, dil are the most used.

Preterite, &c. a, wudj Wdd; qd., ad, dd &c. wi wild., W9d; wid., wid

Negatively. Present.

1. a win9, al non tvi witia, wil non &c.

2. (fa, dd wind, dal^ ddl non &c.

Preterite.

a, wudnt &c. wi wudnt &c. — 129 —

Interrogatively. Present. Sing. Plur. 1. wil a, 0? win wi?

2. wiffa, ivilto? win jo, jd?

3. wU t, w, it? win di?

Preterite.

1. wud a^ 0? wud ivi, ms, ds^ 2. wud da, t9? «&c. wud jo^ p &c.

Interrogative -Negatively. Present.

1. windt^ wini a^ windt, wint wi? 2. wiltna? wino p?

3. wint %, u, if^ win9 di?

Note: The shortened form wint is preferred for the 1»* and S^d pers. sing., the form wmdt for the l^t pers. plur., and the form wind for the 2nd and 3rd pers. plur. Preterite.

1. wudnt a? ivsdnt a? tvudnt wi?

For the 1** pers Sing, and Plur. in all the interrogative forms, the verb shall (q. v.) is sometimes used.

/O. Do.

do as an independent verb is conjugated like any other verb. In the Preterite did is used for all persons Sing, and Plur.

Affi — 130 —

Interrogatively. Sing. Plur. 1. dil a, 0? (wi? 2. du2; da? dust{d)? dun^ dsn \ jo, p?

3. duz i^ u, W^ ^c?e, di?

Interrogative -Negatively. dun9t a? dfYnt a? dundt wi &c. duznt da? dundt na?

diiznt^ diindt ?, u^ it? Pres. Part.: duin. Past. Part.: dim^ dgn. In the form dustd = dost thou? the 9 is sometimes dropped before consonants thus dust no? = dost thou know?

Note : The Verb do is not used so frequently to ask questions as in literarj' = English, e. g.: mid a siyg, piyksta? should I sing, dost thou think? Appendix. ADVERBS.

§ 125.

in Adverbs of Manner and Degree mostly end -/t, e. g.: a^'dli = hardly, qk9*'tli = awkwardly. In siio^'U the stress is on the suffix. =^ ^= apn perhaps; qu = how; qu-iver = however; 9n q (d)

and all, too, as well.

Notes: 1. On the use of eu: a dun5 ez ^u Ht matd^'z = I don't think it is of much consequence. In interrogative sentences "how" is often replaced by wits r^d? thus unts rqd (rod) man ds bigin? = how must we begin? 2. On the use of aw q (o): i toil dat 9n q = "he will that, and no mistake" (strengthening sense). =^ qhz, ohz = always; fu too, also; sq (so) = so, but u wd*' ^= dat mad she was so angry. veri = very, often replaced by sum thus: t tvo'' sum mad^ I W9'' = he was very angry (that) he was; veri m?*" almost, W9i? = why? wtl = well (Interjection woU) ?» **Also" is expressed, as seen above, by tu and gn q. "Thus by dis rqd^ or dat rod = "this road" or "that road". — 131 —

Adverbs of Place: oniwto'' = aDywhere; Td'' = here; Jow = = dw'' ^ = yonder; sumww'' somewhere; {vtd'') there; ww"^ {w9'') where? =^ Adverbs of Time: ev9''^ ivQ'' = ever; jet yet; justd^dB' (jusp9^dB') = yesterday; nqu = now; niv9^ = never; oft = often; sin = since; sm = soon; tdde' = to-day; t^mq^n {t'mo*'n) = to-morrow; == td7iTt (fnlt) = to-night; den = then; inau presently; iven — when. Affirmative and Negative Particles: a^, jai^ a = yes; == ndii, nqii (stressed) no (unstr.) no; wow, not = not (also wa^, 7it when unstressed). PREPOSITIONS.

§ 126.

aft9^ {afdd^) = after; 9/0^9% dfuo^ = before; bi = by; hi-int, ::= bihont = behind; d^un = down; 9, 9v (only before vowels) of; =^ -—- gb^ut = about; bqut without; obun above; dgen = again; == =^ ggin = against; oly^Tjg along; dtnuvig = among; bisdid besides; ^= 9Stid 9 = instead of; f9^ = for; fro from; i/i, i = in {i is more into n9i = used, even before vowels); = into; w^r9*', near; but ob9t = except \ob9^ m Plollinwood, see map]; nobot^ wo^^** (Holl.) = only; =: — ^= on^ on; 09"' over; sin since; t9^ til = to, as far as (e. g. ivi went vert ni9^ til Audom. = we went almost as far as Oldham);~ pru {pr9f^ pf^f) = through; nnd9'^, und9^ = under; up, op up; wi = with. CONJUNCTIONS.

§ 127.

but = but; bikos, kos = because (sometimes koz); 9n = and;

92 = that (dat is never used as a conjunction); if^ iv = if; fioda*" ^= {nQd9^) = neither; qd9^, od9^^ ed9^ = either; W5*' than, always used in iz nd'^ mi = he is than comparisons^ cp. bigo^ — bigger I; W9il = until cp. ivi tmn ivtt (tvet) W9il i kumz we must wait until he comes.

For explanation cp. Horn, Archiv CXIV, 360.

9* — 132 —

SPECIMENS. '

Sam o T>iiki^ Ku9^%Hp (Brierley).

cti Sam. d:e^U'9*'t swilin hot qut aud kretg^, Mary, iz dat jo, Sam.? S. 9 hit dpaud to^'mit. Eu a^t9, aud ivent^?

M. Om 9Z rU 9Z fqd^ 'pendp o kopd^. Eu d'' jo, Sam? S. Wei, da siz, mi tsins getin noT mi gaH^^z n^^ it plst9^hi, on e fll d hit se'ki op9 mi props; hdt om s^und dhqut^p hcL^vel 9n kw9if

ledis 9hqut''pJ9d. da Inks pr9im aud damzel. En d^'p t^ilda"?

hi M. 6, din q getin wed ohot qtw'' Ser9, on ul no luTjg fd^ uz km^tin veri drl.

• a*' 9 S. di, 9i, wot sil9*'t 9 S9ns 9n daut9"'z in Iq ast getn? de ov far9ntli mak? M. Midlin. Til ev qu9^ went^9Z 9^ wed t9 kolJ9^z getin gud we'd^iz, 9Z 9 h9t de kn e't well q de getn., gn qu9^ Dzo wed manti- mak9'', h9t u azn9 mit§ wa^'k hikoz wentsiz 9h^ut i9^ 9n higan du.in d9^ on so .in.

hi t9 S. 0, d9H getin kw9it 9mut]gp kwaliti, a je*", de^td la^nin tqk f9in nekst 9n getin 9 tinklin hoks ipqus, do 9 pitjk d9l fiijg9^z 9^ re'd9'' t9 wcL^'k prqiid f9*' t9 du mits miilsik 9 dat suQ^t. . r Ke''d9* mjusik 9z hin mu9*' i d9i rqd. Wot su9^t 9V 9 tsap az p'' Sh'9 getn?

9 M. q, iz kwaliti gre'dli, qu9*' Ser9^z fell iz^ i W9''z 9 wats 9n g9Z int9 Ba"^ Parh'-z.

S. 91, diiz i U'9'' 9wats? A dun9 hik dat. niv9^ niu 9 mon jet

9t wq9^ 9 wats h9t i went tu fast, t W9*' SU9'^ t9 galop wen t

* The translations are as nearly literal as possible. — 133 —

SPECIMENS.

Sam of Ducky's Courtship (Brierley).

S. You are swilling your (pig) sty out, old creature. M. Is that you, Sam? S. A bit of the old turnip. How are you, old wench? M. As right as four penny-worth of copper. How are you, Sam? S. Well, you see, my chin is getting nearer my garters than it used to be, and I feel a bit shaky upon my props (legs) but I'm sound about the kernel and quite laddish (juvenile) about the head. You look prime, old damsel. How are the children? M. Eh, they have all got wed (married) but our Sarah, and she will not be long, for she is courting very busily. S. Yes, yes. What sort of sons and daughters-in-law have you got? Are they of a good make? (= are they respectable). M. Middling. Two of our wenches are wed to colliers, getting good wages, but they can eat nearly all they get (earn) and our Joe has wed a mantle-maker, but she has not much work because the wenches about here have begun doing their own sewing. S. Oh, you are getting among the quality (fine folk) I hear, you will be learning to talk fine (speak lit. Engl.) next and (be) getting a tinkling-box (piano) into the house. Though I think your fingers are rather too work-proud for to do much music of that sort. Cradle-music has been more in your road (line). What sort of a chap has your Sarah got? M. Oh, he's a quality indeed (a grand person) is our Sarah's sweet- heart, he wears a watch and goes into Bar Parlours. S. Oh, does he wear a watch? I don't like that. I never knew

a man yet that wore a watch, but (he) went too fast, he was

sure to gallop when . he should have walked, and get to th^ — 134 -

Slid 9 dn ev iz i wqkt, get tdpend hunt no tdim^ a/i az fd'' guin intd Ba'' Pa^'h^'z, a niva*' sq mils sens ktim qut 9 did". Iv di 9 9 getn hit jud'^ op9 dd" top lip 9n d f9in ws^d 9" tu i d9" mqup en kn tik9l 9 bcL'^ 7ne'd bqut getin d klqut op said op jed, de pinkn de" evrihodi wen de9'' nohdi 9tp se'm t9im. Oni dqun on 9m spesli if dd'' ats iz gresi dn d9'' jud" ez 9ili 9Z p'midl dv 9 ka^'twil, 971 d9^- trquziz klat9H dd bopm., dn dd'' dikiz 9hqut 9V 9 d9'' p'koh'' me'ri-gaud 9n 9z moni ri^jgz on fifjg9*'z 9Z 9d 9 mak d d'dg-t^idn^ wudno giv skqdin d krdbz /a'' d icul kenil- fuL 9 sits-blk welps.

II.

Kum worn t9 'di tsilds^ 9n niT (Waugh)^.

1. Od dzust mendid p'^fdid" wi 9 kob Aud Swadl dz brant di nju iuti dd^'z sum n9is hekn kohps opob dn d kwq^t 9 hel posit ip un ov brant di top kwot dust no fe" prens kumin dqun oeri drl 9n pa^pstUdn'z 9Z wdit 9Z nju snQ ky,in tvom td di tsildd'' en mi,

2. wen a put litl Sali td bed

u krdid koz 9^ fe'd9'' wd'^nt dl9^

so kist flitl pif^g dn sed dad brifjg 9r d ribin frop fT 9n giv dr d^ del eyi sy,m ragz

dn d ndis li{l wdit kotn ho dn kist 9r dgen\ but u sed

9Z u wantid td kis di dn g.

3. 9?i Dik tu^ ad. sits wa^'k wi im

9fu9*' k9d get im up std^z; da taud im ded hririg im d drom

^ The same poem may also to be found in Hargreaves p. 114. — 135 —

end of his tether in no time, and as for going into Bar Parlours. I never saw much sense come out of there. If they get a bit of hair on the top of their lip and a fine word or two in their mouth and can tickle a bar-maid without getting a blow on the side of the head they think they are everybody when they're nobody at the same time. I'm down on them especially hair is if their hats are greasy (if they use hair-oil) and their as oily as the middle of a cartwheel, and their trousers are dirtied (ragged) at the bottom and their dickies (shirt fronts) about the colour of a marigold (yellow) and as many rings on their fingers as would make a dog-chain. I would not give a scalding of crabs (the smallest trifle) for a whole kennel-full of such like whelps.

II.

Come home to your children and me (Waugh).

1. I've just mended the fire with a cob. Old Swaddle has brought your new shoes. There are some nice bacon collops on the hob, And a quart of ale posset in the oven: I've brought your top-coat, do you know. For the rain's coming down very persistently And the hearth-stone's as white as new snow Come home to your children and me.

2. When I put little Sally to bed,

, She cried (be)cause here father wasn't there; So I kissed the little thing and I said, You'd bring her a ribbon from the fair; And I gave her a doll and some rags.

And a nice little white cotton ball; And I kissed her again; but she said That she wanted to kiss you and all.

3. And Dick, too, I had such work with him Before I could get him up stairs; You told him, you'd bring him a drum, — 136 —

I sed wen W se-in iz prg'^z den I liiki i 7ni fes on i sed

ast hogov'ts ten and 9 nd dad 9n f krdid til iz m wd*' Jcwdit red I hiks di som (sum) ivil dez jon lad

4. dt lurig lefjgp o git 9m le'd stil 9n a^'knt foks fit 9t went h9i so 9i9''nt mi tlUdz rit wil

9n ayjgd dm opme'dn td drai wen od mendid di stoki/iz 9n sS'^ts sit dqun t9 nit i mi tsW 9n reli did fil re'ds" 9''t mon om Onli wen dqu a*'tn9 did''.

5. ov 9 dram 9n o trompit fa'' Dik

ov 9 ja/'d d bl'iii rihin f9'" Sal or a buk ful 9 bahz 9n 9 stik dn som haka dn paips fd^ wisel ov braut di d nju kap td-de'

but ohz briijgz sumdt fd"" dl ov braut di som kofi dn te'

iv del fit i mi pokit^ del st.

6. God bles di mi Ids; ol gd tvom dn ol kis di dn isildd'' p rqund da noz 9z wtdrevd'' o rom

om fe^n td get bak t9 paud grqund okn du wi d krak or 9 dlCis

okn du wi 9 hit 9D 9 sprt but ov no gre'dli komf9''t mi Ids eksep wi jon t^ildd^ dn dl. — 137 -

He said when he was saying his prayers; Then he looked in my face and he said: Have the boggarts (evil spirits) taken hold of my dad? And he cried till his eyes were quite red, He likes you very well, does yon lad.

4. At the long length (= at last) I got them laid still And I hearkened (to) the folk's feet that went by; So I ironed all my clothes right well, And I hanged them on the maiden to dry; When I mended your stockings and shirts, I sat down to knit in my chair; And I really did feel rather hurt, Man, I am lonely when you are not there.

5. r ve a drum and a trumpet for Dick; r ve a yard of blue ribbon for Sal, I' ve a book full of pictures and a stick And some tobacco and pipes for myself; r ve brought you some coffee and tea, If you '11 feel in my pocket, you '11 see; And I've brought you a new cap to-day But I always bring something for thee (you).

6. God bless you, my lass; I '11 go home, And I '11 kiss you and the children all round; You know that wherever I roam, I'm glad to get back to old ground; I can do with a crack (joke) over a glass, I can do with a bit of a spree; But I've no real comfort my lass. Except with yon children and thee (you). — 138

Index to Part. I (Phonology pp. 6-108).

Note: The words appear in their NE. forms except when there is no word in lit. English corresponding to the dialect word in form; they are then printed in italics in the ME. form. The numbers refer to the pages on which the words occur.

A already 13. arrange 48. bake 13, 103. a 98. also 87. arrest 15, 90. bald 91, 99. abide 7, 38. altar 48, 66. arrow 6, 7, 11, 58, halk 13, 56. able 27, 70, 84. alter 99. 82, 87, 100. balke 99. about 76, 84. always 7, 13, 87. art 101. ball 13, 66, 100. above 7, 76. among 22, 107. ash 14, 96. balm 99. abundance 91. amount 44, 71, 88. ashes 59. ban 11, 58. accuse 45. amuse 45. ask 12, 58. band 13, 92. ache 26, 64. an 98. asked 92. bank 13, 107. acorn 11, 103. ancestors 48. ass 14, 108. banner 12, 79. acquaint 103. ancient 90. assume 95. baptize 83. acre 9, 13, 103. anchor 107. at 89. barm 16, 68. adder 53, 59, 98. and 92. atone 40. barrel 12, 58. advantage 48. angel 48, 57. 69 attercoppe 12, 58. barrow 82, 87. advice 39. ankle 11, 107. aught 49, 70, 89, 105. basin 9, 27, 80, 95. affair 47. annoy 52. aunt 48, 59, 89. bastard 76. afford 94. answer 87, 91. author 48. bath 11, 84. afraid 8, 76, 92. ant 88. autumn 48, 66, 98. bathe 13, 93. after 11. any 12, 58. avenue 81. battle 9, 12, 81, 84, again 55, 60. anybody 91. avoid 52. 89. against 55, 60, 76. appeal 30, 65. aware 106. be 31, 32 agate 76. appear 34. away 10. beam 27, 71. ago 104. appetite 39. awkward 82, 92. bean 27. agree 32, 65, 76, 104. apple 83, 108. awl 37. bear (sb) 33, 36, 57, ale 26, 70, 100. appoint 8, 52, 72. axe 11. 84. all 13, 55, 66, 67, 99, apprentice 76. bear (vb) 8, 36, 56, B. 100. approve 43, 67. 69, 71, 101. allotments 76. April 83. baby 13. beard 30, 91. allow 44, 71. apron 13, 98. back 11. beast 29, 72, 84, 90. almond81, 92,98, 99. arise 38. backward 82, 87, 92 beasts 8. alms 88, 99. ark 7. bacon 27, 64. beat 27. alone 40, 73. arm 101. bag 104. beaten 53, 59. along 22, 62. arose 40, 67. bailiff 85. beauty 79. — 139

because 82, 103. bleach 97. braces 95. bush 96.

beds 94. bleed 30. branch 48, 61, 66, bushel 9, 96. bee 31. blended 92. 96, 100. busy 18, 60. beech 30. blew 51, 71. brandnew 91. but 84, 90. beef 83, 72, 85. blind 17, 92. brass 11. butcher 79, 96. been 32. hlinken 18, 60. brat 12, 58. butter 23, 61. before 8, 41, 42, 73, blob 21. brazen 9. 13, 98. butterfly 76. 85. blood 8, 54, 62, 84, bread 27. buy 38. begin 104. 91, 99. break 36, 64. buzzard 24. behave 108. blot 21. breakfast 36, 65. C. behind 92, 108. blow 49, 50, 67. breast, 53, 59. behold 41, 70. blue 51, 71. breath 34. cabbage 97. belch 96. boast 40. breathe 10, 34, 72, 92. cage 27. helder 15. boat 40, 87, 90. breeches 30. cake 26. belief 86. bob 22, 61. breed 30, 72. calf 7, 13, 56, 66, 85, believe 32. bobbin 21. brew 51, 68. 99, 102. bellows 58, 95. body 84, 91. bride 88. calke 13. belong 22, 57. hoglen 22. bridge 18, 97. call 13, 66, 67, 100. bench 96, 98. boil (sb) 38. bridle 91. calm 99. beneath 93, 98. boil (vb) 8, 52, 74, 84. bright 20, 57, 65, catmnid 12, 58. hent 53, 59. boisterous 52. 104. can 14, 98, 102. be-oiit 8, bold 41, 56, 99. brindle (up) 17. candle 91. bequeathe 103. bolster 23, 56. bring 100. cang 12, 13, 58. bere-tUn 16. bolt 23, 56, 90, 99. broach 40, 67. cap 11. berry 9, 100. bone 40. hrodden 22. care 101. besom 95. book 43, 62, 84. broil 52. careless 27. better 15, 59, 89. books 94. brook 43, 103. carry 12, 100. between 98. boot 90. broom 42, 67. cartridge 97. beverage 15, 59, 77. booth 93. hrok 21. carve 16, 63, 101. beyond 92. born 42, 57, 66. broken 9, 54, 61. case 27. Bible 39. borrow 100. brother 54, 93. castle 11, 77. bier 35, 57, bosom 54, 88. brought 50, 105. catalogue 80. big 60. both 40, 93. brow 7, 43. catch 12, 58. higgen 18. bottle 81, 103. brown 43. cats 94. hiker 18. bottom 21. bulge 24, 61, 104. cattle 79. bile 38, 69. bough 44, 71, 105. bull 23. caudle 14, 79. bind 38. bought 50, 70. bullock 78. cause 48. Ur 20, 63, 68. boulder 25, 67. bunden 92. cease 30, 65. bird 6, 17, 60, 101. bound (adj) 92, 98. bundle 24, 25, 62. certain 9, 17, 63, 81, hirlen 20, 63, 68. bound (vb) 23, 44, 71. buoy 53, 72. 94. bishop 96. boundary 44. burlen 25. chafe 85.

bitch 97. bow (sb) 50, 66. burn 101. chaffer 12, 58.

black 11. bow (vb) 43. burst 6, 11, 21, 60, chain 47, 55, 60, 72, bladder 91. bower 44, 75. 90, 101. 96, 98. blade 26, 70. bowl 28, 70. burre 25, 56, 63, 68. chair 47. blame 27, 99. boy 52, 72. bury 20, 59. chalk 96. 140 — champion 12,48, 83. cloud 43, 92, 103. costrelle 22. custard 76. chance 14,48,59,96. clout 43. couch 44, 71. cutten -f leg 89. cwic 60. change 48, 96. cloven 21. cough 50. 17, chap 12, 58, 96. club 84. counsel 81, 95. D. chapman 12. cluck 21. count 44, 98. dab 13. cheap 27, 53, 59, 83. clue 51. countess 77. cheek 31. cnorre 22. county 44. daft 11, 58. 69. cheer 34, 57. coal 40, 41, 72, 73. cow 43. dairy 47, 71. cheese 10, 95. coat 8, ^, 41, 73. coward 44, 76. daisy 46, chemise 94. coc 21. cower 44, 75. damage 12, 58, 88. cherry 94. cockle 103. coy 52. damn 98. chest 18, 60, 90. cod 21. crab 11, 84. dance 48, 69. 90. chew 51. coffin 85. crabbed 92. danger 48, 97. chief 32, 65. coin 52. crack 11. dank 107. craft 85. child 8, 17, 74, 92. cold 8, 9. 91, 99, 102. dare 14, 56, 90. children 91, 101. colok 22. cramp 24. dark 16, 63. chime 37, 69. colop 21. cranky 13. darn 16, 68. chimney 81. colour 80, 99. cratchinge 12. dash 14, 58, 96. chit 19. colt 23, 99. creature 89, 102. daughter 8, 50, 70, choice 52. column 9S. creep 9, 31, 72, 100, 90. choir 34, 57. comb 54, 84. 102. day 46, 47, 66, 90. chosen 7. 21 come 7, 9, 23. 24, crept days 94. chough 105. 61, 62, 88. crib 17. dazed 92. Christ 38. comfort 25, 61, 78, crikke 19. dead 27. 92. christen 7. 85. crinkle 19, deaf 27, 71. 60. Christmas 76, 89. comical 22, 61. croft 21, deal 28, 90, 100. chuffe 24. coming 78. crooked 103. dear 33. churn 16, 68. commence 15. crop 21. death 27. cinder 91. company 76, 80, 88. crow 50, 66. debate 27. clack 12. complain 46. crown 44, 100. deceit 77. 79, 99 clad 12. conceit 22, 61. cruel 45, 73, deceive 29, 64, 77. 79. claim 46, 71. concern 17. cruelty deed 35. crumb 62. clay 46, 71. conny 14. 55, deep 31, 65, 83. clean 28, 53, 59, 71, conquer 107. crust 24, 90. deer 33. 61. 99, 103. consequence 103. crutch 24, defend 15, 85. clear 34, 99. constable 79. cry 39. defy 85. clem 15. converse 17. crystal 76. degen 15, 59. 67. clemmen 103. convert 17, 22. culler 25, 56, degree 33, 65. climb 37, 84. cook 43. cup 84. delay 46. 83. climbed 21. cool 42, 100. cup-board 23, 61, delf 85. clinken 18, 60. cop 21. curd 101. delight 39, 69, 77, clock 103. copper 21. curds 24, 61. 99. clod 21. coral 22, 63 curfew 82. deliver 82. close 41. cord 22, 66. curse 9. delph 15. cloth 103. corn 22, 56, 68, 101. curtain 80, 89, 107. delve 15. clothes 40, 94. coroner 55, 62. cushion 96, 103. deny 39. 141

desert 17. dreary 33. elf 7, 13. fault 90. deserve 17. drift 19. ellerne 15. favour 12, 13, 80. desire 39. drink 107. elsin 16. favoured 90. destroy 52. drive 86. Empire 39, 75. fear 35. determine 17. driven 17. employ 52. feast 29. devil 31, 32, 60, 64, droop 44, 45, 71. empty 78, 83. feat 29, 65. 67. drought 43, 50. end 92. feature 29. devour 44. drown 98. enemy 98. February 84. dew 51. drum 25. engine 10, 97. feeble 70. dialogue 80. drunk 23, 62. England 99, 106. feed 30, 65. diamond 39. drunken 107. English 57. feel 30. did 18. dry 38, 74. enough 55, 105, 106. feet 30. didder 91. dubben 23. enquire 34, 74. fellow 15, 59, 87, 99. die 39, 90. duchess 26. entice 82. fent 15. digge 19. duck 55. equal 103. fente 59. dillen 18. due 45. escape 27, 77. fetch 21, 97. din 18. duke 45. evening 35, 86, fetlen 16. disappoint 52. dumb 84, 90. event 77. fetlock 89. disease 29. dun + ock 23. ever 86. fever 33, 86. dish 20, 65, 96. dwarf 87, 105. ewe 51, 68. few 51, 68. distrain 78. dwell 87. exception 15. fiddle 94. distress 78, dwindle 87. excuse 45, 95. field 32, 04, 65, 92. disturb 78. exen 15. fields 94. E dive 38. eye 38, 74, 106. fierce 33, 34, 56, 72. diversion 17. eager 29, 64. fifth 85. F do 42, 67. eagle 29, 64. fig 104. does 94. ear 30, 37, 101. fable 27. fight 7, 9, 20, 90, doff 85. early 37, 64. face 27, 64, 94. 104. dole 100. earnest 16, 37. fail 46. figure 8.

done 54, 62. earth 37. faint 46. fill 100. 62. dongen earth-bobs 7. fair 47, 64. final 39, 69. doom 42. ease 29, 47, 64, 70. fake 47. find 8, 37, 74, 85. door 73. 8, 43, east 28, 65. fall 13, 6(), 67, 100. fine 38, 74. double 90. Easter 28, 64, 89. false 7, 13, 56, 66, finger 106. doubt 44. easy 10, 37, 95. 99. finish 78. dough 50, 105. eat 36, 37. falter 13, 56. fins 17. dove 55, 62, 86. edge 10, 97. fame 27. fir-bobs 68. 71. down 43, edisc 15. fan 11. fire 39, 57, 75, 101. dozen 81. eel 35. far 14. first 20, 101. 21. effect 15. dozing farand 12, 58. firre -t- bohbe 20. drake 26. 15. egg- on fare 27, 68. fish 9, 20, 58, 65, 96. 77. (54. 18. drapery eight 46, farthing 10, 93, 106. fisken i gig 105. draught 49, 70, either 93. fashion 13. five 37, 85. 66. draw 48, elbow 84. fast 11. flea 53, 59, 105. dread 34, 53, 59. election 15, 59. fat 12. flecked 16. dream 88. 27, 53, 59, eleven 77. father 85, 91, 101. fledge 97. -- 142 —

flesh 7, 17, 69. 70, frog 21. gizzard 90. grig 19. 85, 96, 99. frozen 6, 9, 95. glad 91, 99, 104. grin 101. ftinder 18. frumenty 101. glass 14, 64, 104. grind 37. flitch 97. frumplen 24. glenten 104. grip 19. float 40. fruit 46, 67, 100. glistren 19. griskin 18. flood 54. full 25, 55, 100. gloom 42. grizzled 92. 57. floor 43, fun 104. glopnen 21, 60. groan 40. flour 44, 75, 99. furniture 89, 102. glory 41, 99, 104. groat 40. f flower 44, 49, 57, 67, glove 54, 86. ground 23, 43, 55, 99. G. 69, glue 45. 62, 92, 98. 24. flux gab 84. gnarl 104. groundsel 87, 91. 106. fly 38, 74, 85, gdbhe 12. gnarled 98. grow 49, 67. fodder 54, 91. gad 12. gnash 104. guess 16, 104. foyge 22, 61. gallon 12. gnat 104. gum 24, 63. foist 58 gallop 78. gnaw 48, 104. gums 42. fold 41, 70, 92, 99. gallows 12, 58, 99. go 40, 41, 73 H. folk 21, 23, 56, 67, game 8, 11, 58. goat 40, 67. 99. gander 14. gob 22. habit 8, 84. follow 21, 99. gape 24, 64, gold 99, 104. hair 35, 73. fond 21. garden 91. golden 41. half 13, 00, ao, 99. food 42. garen 14. gone 41. half-penny 78, 85. fool 7, 43, 100. gate 26, 64. good 54. halm 13, 56, 66. foolish 85. gate 28, 64. goose 42. halter 13. foot 85. gather 91. gospel 88. ham 14. for 22. gathering 77. gossip 84. hammer 14, 88. foreign 81. 85, 98. gaze 26, 70. gown 44. hamshackle 14. forget 104. geese 30, 65, 94. grand 14, 92. hand 14, 92. forgive 104. i^emer 88. grandfather 91. handsome 94. forgiven 22. general 97. grant 14, 48. hanged 92. fortune 22, 66, 68, OE. gescyldru 18. grass 16, 56, 63, haply 12. 89, 102. get 90, 104. 104. happy 9. forward 21, 82, 87, giant 39, 81. grave 26. hard 101. 92. gift 104. graze 26. hare 27, 56. fought 50, 57, 105. giglot 18. grease 29. hark 16, 63. foul 43, 100. gildre 18. great 28, 64. harness 79. found 92. gilly-flower 19, 60, gredil 101. harp 101. fountain 44, 81. 85. greedy 35, 65. hat 11, 90. four 8, 49, 57, 73. gilte 17. green 30, 98, 100. hate 26, 64. fowl 44, 71. gimhire 18. greipilc 47, 71. hawthorn 48. free 100. gimlet 19. GrendeL 17. hay 46. freeze 31. gingelinge 19. greten 30. hazel 13. fremede 15, 59. gingerbread 19. grew 51, 68. he 31, 65. fret 58, 59. girl 104. grey 46. head 28. friar 34, 74. girt 16. grief 33, 72. heal 28. friend 53. give 104. grieve 38. healthy 10, 93. frighten 20, 65. given 86. griffin 85. heap 28, 83. 143 —

hearse 16, 63, 90. houses 77. join 10, 52, 97. lade 26. hearses 77. housewife 87. joint 52. lady 26. heart 16, 56, 68. how 43. joist 90, laid 47, m. heat 28. huckster 103, jolly 85. laik 47. heath 28. hukken 24. joy 52, 72. lain 47. heaven 86. hulk 56. judge 26, 97. lake 28. Hebrew 51, 68, 82. humble, 26, 62, 84, juice 45, 67. lamb 84, 99. hedge 97. 88. just 26, 61. lammas 12. helder 15, hundred 23, 77, 91, justice 26. lamp 9, 48, 88. helf 15. 101, 107. land 99. K. help 84. hunter 9, 98. landlord 91, 92. hemp 84. hurren 25, 68. Jcaiken 47. language 79, 87, 106. herb 84. hurst 25, 68. kebben 16. lantern 13. here 38, 56, 101. hurt 20, 63, 68. kempe 15. lap 12. het 53. husband 84, 95. ker 16, 63. large 99. hete7' 16. hussy 55. kernel 20, 56, 63, lash 14, 69, 96. hew 51. huzzy 85. 101. lass 12, 14, 64. hide (vb) 38. hymn 98. kettle 77, 103. last 12. high 106. key 46, 102. lather 12, 58, 61, 03. I. higher 16. kick (vb) 52. laugh 49, 57. himself 94. ice 38. kidney 91. law 48, 66. hinge 57, 97. idle 38. kill 9. lay 47, 66. hipping 19. if 106. kiln 18, 98, 102. lead (sb) 53. hire 39. impen 18. kind 38. lead (vb) 28, 99. history 80. in 98. kindle 91. leaf 28. hive 88. inch 96. king 106. leak 15. hoarse 41, 101. incline 103. kippen 18, 60. lean 28. hobeler 22. increase 29, 103. kitchen 96. leap 28. hold 8, 41. Indian 102. kitelen 19. leapt 7. hole 41, 72. inhabit 108. kiss 18, 94. learn 16,56,63,101. holiday 54. inside 94. kist 17. learning 106. home 40, 61, 88. instead 35, 60. knave 26. least 28, 71. honest 98. inward 92. knead 35, 53, 59, 72, leave 28. hood 54. inwards 17. 92, 102. leg 8, 104. hoof 42. iron 39, 75, 98. knee 98, 102. legend 32, 65. hook 43. island 38. knew 51. lend 92. hope 40, 67. itch 106. knife 103. length 107. hoped 92. knob 84. lest 53, 59, 90. J. hopper 22. know, 50, 98, 103. lesson 95. horn 22, 63. jail 97. knowledge 97. let 65, 90. horse 101, 104. jaundice 91. knuckles 21, 25, 60. level 9, 77, 99. hospital 76, 95. jealous 80. library 39. L. hot 41, 61. Jew 51, 68. lie- 18. hound 43. jingle 104. labour 13, 80, 84. lice 38. hour 44. joharde 22. lad 6, 12, 92. lie 38, 69. house 43, 71, 107. jobbin 22. ladder 12, 58, 91. lief 31, 64. — 144 —

life 37, 69, 85. mantle 13, 58. miracle 20. nation 95. 19. 98. mire 75. lift many 6, 14, 78, 39, nature 7, 27, 81, 89, liggen 17. maple 26, 64. misery 77. 102. light 104. marble 101. mission 95. natural 78. 65. 100. lightening 20, marry moan 40. naughty 49, 105. likely 17. marvel 17. moist 52. nay 47. line 38. Mary 100. Monday 54, 61. near 30. ling 18. mason 27. monk 107. nearer 16. lion 74. 12. 39, mass mood 42. neb 6, 15. 103. liquor mast 12. moon 42. need 32, 72. listen 89. 89. 43. master moor needle 9, 34, 35, 91. little 38, 60, 77, 99, matches 77'. moppe 21. 97. 103. matter 89. more 8,41, 57, 101. neigh 46. liver 86. may 46. morn 66. neither 93. load 41. 47. mayor morning 22. nephew 16, 82. loaf 40. me 31. mor^ 22, 63. nerves 17. 83. 41. lobster meadow 87. most 40, nesshe 6, 15, 17. 70. lodge 22. meal 35, 36. mot 21. nest 90. loin 8, 72. mean (adj) 28. mother 42, 43, 88, new 51, 68. loiter 52. mean (vb) 28. 91, 101. nice 38, 74 lollm 21, 60 measure 81, 95. mould-warp 8. niece 32.

lotnpe 21. meat 88. mountain 44, 88, 98, nifle 19, 60. London 23. meddle 16, 91. 107. nigard 18. 106. 25. long 23, 62, 99, medicine 8, 91. mourn night 7, 20, 65, 97, longer 15, 106. meet 30. mouth 10, 88, 93. 104. look 43, 62. memory 80. mouse 43, 94. nimble 84. looked 92. mend 76. move 43, 67. nine 38, 106. lopren 22. menske-ful 96. mow 67. nip 19. lord 42, 90. merchant 17, 81, 96. much 18, 60, 88. nobody 78, 91. loud 43. mercy 17, 63. muck 24, 25. noise 52, 74, 97. louse 43. merril 16. mum 24. nook 103. love 9, 10, 23, 86, 99. merry 20, 100. murder 20, 25, 94. noon 42. loves 94. messenger 98. muscle 103. Northwich 97. low 50, 70. metal 76. tntisel 61. nose 40. lug 24. mice 38, 74. mushroom 96. nothing 93, 107. micele 18. music 45, 80. notice 67. M. midge 97. mustard 76. now 43, 50, 97. mad 12, 58, 97 might 88. muzzle 24. nuisance 46. Maggie 97. mild 37. my 88. O. maiden 46. mile 37, 74, 77. myself 94. maintain 46. military 107. oak 40, 103. N. make 13, 103. milk 9. oats 40, 41, 62. malt 13, 66. mill 18, 98, 100. nail 46. obedient 33, 64. man 9, 14, 57, 61, mind 38. naked 26. obey 46, 71, 78. 88, 98. mine 37. name 26, 70, 88, 97. observe 78. mane 26. minute 81. narrow 12, 58. odd 21. — 145

of 85. pea 94. potato 89. R.

offal 21. peace 29, 47, 83. pound 9, 23, 43, radish 78.

offer 8, 85. pear 36, 57,69, 71. 83. rafter 12, 58. often 89. pebble 83. powder 91. rag 12, 103. oil 52. peg 104. power 44, 75. rail 47. ointment 52. penny 83, 98. praise 95. rain 46, 100.

old 8, 41, 92. pennyworth 78, 82, pray 47. raisin 80. once 41, 90. 87. preach 29, 64, 97. ram 14, 57, 61, 38. one 41. pens 94. preserve 17. rank 14, 57. open 21, 54, 61, 98. people 33, 72. price 39, 69, 100. rash 14. opened 92. perch 8, 16. pride 38, 69. raspberry 83. opinion 78. pew 46. priest 100. raven 26, 70. orange 81, 97. pheasant 53, 59, 90. primrose 19. raw 48, 66. orchard 22. 95, 101. principal 76. reach 28. ort 22, 56, m. philosopher 101. prison 95. read 100. ossen 22, 61. pick 7. private 39. ready 53, 59. ostrich 97. pickles 103. promise 80. reason 29, 53, 70, other 54, 61. picture 102. proud 83. 72, 100. ounce 44. piece 32. prove 42. receipt 29. our 8, 101. pier 33, 72. provender 22. receive 29, 33, 72. out 43. pikin 19. prudence 45. red 53. oven 86, 98. pint 39, 69. puck 55, 62. refuse 45, 95. over 42, 73, 86. pipe 37. pudding 83. regular 80. owl 43. pismire 19 puff 24. rehearse 108. owlet 55. piss-a-bed 19. puffen 61. rein 47. own, 50, 66. place 27, 99. pull 25, 67. rejoice 52. oyster 52. plain 47, 66. punch 24. religion 97. plank 14, 61. punish 26, 62, 78. require 103. play 46, 83, 99. pure 83. resign 39. pain 47. plead 29, 65. purge 20, 63, 68. rib 84. paint 47. please 29, 53, 55, purple 77, 83, 101. ribbon 19. pair 47, 69. 60, 72, 95. pursue 46. rich 100. palace 79. pleasure 53, 59, 95. put 83, 90. riddle 35, 60, 77, 94. palm 13. plecke 16. ride 37, 100. paper 13, 83. plenty 79. Q. ridge 97. parish 12, 58. plough 44, 105. quake 103. rift 18. particular 80. plum 55. quality 103. rigge 18. partridge 89. plump 24, 62. qualmish 103. right 20, 65, 104. paschen 14, 69. point 52. quarrelling 77. rinele 18. passed 92. poison 52. quarter 103. ring 100, 106. passenger 98. poll 23, 70. queen 98, 103. rippen 18. passion 13. pool 42. question 102, 103. riven 18. pasture 81, 89. poor 43, 73, 86. quick 103. river 79, 86, 100. path 83, 03. poplar 83. quiet 38, 103. road 40, 42. patient 95. posset 22. quilt 103. roar 41. pay 46. pot 83. quire 34, 74. roast 41, 73, 75. 10 - 146 -

rochet 22. scum 55, 62. shove 55, 62, 86. snake 26. roggen 21. scunneren 24. shred 53. snekke 16. roket 61. scurf 23, 101, 103. shrew 51, 68. sniff 90. Roman 81. scythe 37. shroud 43, 100. sni'^en 19. roof 42, 100. sea 28, 64, 65. shunt 24. snout 98. room 9, 45, 88, 100. seal 30, 72. shut 24, 25, 61, 96. snow 50, 67, 98. root 42, 100. seam 28. shuttle 20, 25. so 40, 87. rop 21. search 17. sib 18. soap 40, 41. rose 40, 73. season 29. sick 32, 60. soften 89. rough 55, 57, 105. sedge 97. sickle 103. soil 8, 52, 72. round 8, 44, 98, 100. see 31. side 37. sold 41, 70. rout 44. seed 35, 65. sight 20, 104. soldier 102. row (vb) 49, 67. seek 30, 97. sign 38. sole 55, 70. rub 8. seemed 92. silent 39. solid 92. ruck 24. seize 29. silly 77, 78. some 25. ruckelen 24. separate 76. simple 9, 19, 83, 88. somebpdy 23, 25, 61, rude 45. September 83. since 18. 78, 91. rue 51. serke 16. sind 19. somewhat 23, 82. ruin 8, 78. sermon 17. sing 9, 18 song 23. rule 51. serpent 17. singer 106. soon 42. rupture 102. servant 17, 81. sink 107. soot 43. rye 38. serve 17, 101. sissen 19. sop 21.

seven 86. sixth 6, 18. sore 41. S. shade 26, 70. size 95. sorrow 100. safe 49, 57, 64. shadow 9, 82, 87, 96. sker 16, 68. sorry 41. said 55, 60. shame 13. sky 39. sought 50. sail 46. shanks 21. slash 14, 69. soul 50, 70, 100. salt 13, 94. sharp 84, 101. slaughter 49, 105. south 43. same 26. shear 36, 57. sledge 16. sow 44, 50, 71. sand 94. sheep 34. sleep 34, 72, 99. spade 26. sausage 95, 98. sheet 32, 65. sleeve 32, 72. span 14. savage 49, 57, 59, sheriff 85. slide 18. spare 27. 79. shift 18. slink 18. sparrow 83. save 49, 57, 71. shilling 7, 8, 107. slough 57, 105. speak 36, 64, 83, 94. saw 48. shine 37. slow 50, 66. spear 36. say 46. shipp 96. slut 24 61. special 33, 64, 79, says 55, 60. ships 9, 94. slutch 24. 95. scab 103. shire 39, 74. small 13. speech 35, 64. scarce 103. shirt 20. small-pox 95. speed 30, 72. school 42. shoe 42. smash 14. spew 51, 68. scJiocken 22. shone 41. smell (vb) 88. spider 94. scissors 19, 95. short 96. smithy 18. spink 18. scoperell 21. should 99. smoke (sb) 40. spirit 19, 20, 59, 83. Scripture 102. shoulder 25, 56, 00. smooth 42, 93. spite 38. scrog 22. show 51. smother 88. spitel 18. scruff 90. shower 44, 75. smothered 92. spoil 52. 147 — spoken 54. sudden 81. then 93. tithe 38. spoon 42, 73. suet 8, 73. there 93. titten 19. spread 28, 100. sugar 45, 62, 95. perf 16. toad 41. squire 39, 74. suit 46, 67. they 47, 93. toast 41. stair 89. sum 24, 62. thief 31, 65, 85, 92. tobacco 82. stairs 47, 57, 69. sup 55. thimble 38, 60, 84. toddle 21. stand 14. sure 101. thine 93. toe 40. staple 26. swaddle 94. thing 106. toil (vb) 52. star 101. swallow (vb) 82. think 18. token 54. stare 27, 68. swallowing 106. third 18, 20. told 41. start 16, 63. swan 14. thirty 20, 63. toll 23, 55. starve 16. swap 87. this 10, 93. tomb 45. station 95. swear 8, 9, 36. thong 87, 93. to-morrow 100. steak 47. sweat 28, 61. thorn 22, 68, 92. tongs 23. steal 35, 36, 100. sweet 30, 77, 87. those 40, 41, 93. tongue 89. steam 28. sweJten 87. thou 44, 93. too 42. steel 34. swilling 106. though 105. took 43. steep 28, 65. swim 88. thought 50, 105. tool 42. steeple 32, 65. swine 37. thousand 44, 92. tooth 42, 73, 93. stile 38, 69. sword 87. thread 34. tough 50, 57, 105. stink 9, 107. sworn 42. threat 53. toward 82, 92. stir 20. swot 87. thrive 39, 69. towel 81. stirk 20. syllable 19. throat 40. tower 44, 89, 101. stood 54, 62. syrup 19, 59, 78. throng 23. town 8, 9, 44, 89. stool 42, 100. through 23, 105. toy 53. T. stone 40, 94. throstle 21, 89. trample 14. stoop 45. take 9, 13, 103. throw 50. travel 81. strange 48, 61, 97, tale 26, 70, 89, 100. thrush 25, 58, 61. tread 35, 36, 72. 98. talk 13, 99. thumb 55, 84, 88, 92. treasure 80, 95. treat stranger 97. taper 26. thunder 7, 10, 23, 29, 47, 64. straw 89. tarried 92. 92. tree 100. stream 28. teach 28, 64. thwack 93. tremble 19, 84. street 34, 100. tear (sb) 30. thwart 93. trestle 16. strength 107. tear (vb) 36. thwittle 19. trindil 18. strife 38, 85, 100. teeth 30. pwyten 93. trollin 21. strike 37. tell 100. tick 19. trough 50, 57, 105. strive 38. tempt 83. tickle 19. truce 95. strong 28, 106. tenten 15, 16. tie 32, 38, 74. trumpet 25. stronger 106. terrible 16, 63. ti^en 90. trundle 24, 91. struck 22. terrified 104. tiger 39. truth 51, 71, 93. stubble 24, 77. that 93. tile 38, 69. tumble 84. study 26, 61. thaw 48, 66, 92. timber 84. tune 102. stump 25. theatre 8, 32, 72, time 37, 88, 89. tunne 23. succeed 33. 101. tin en 38, 65. twelve 85. such 6, 18, 87. thee 31, 93. tip 19. twine 87. suck 55. their 47, 69, 93. tit 19. twinkle 87, 103. 10* — 148 —

twinling 18. waken 13, 14. Whitsunday 54, 60, working 106. twist 87. walk 99, 103. 90. world 16.

twitter 19. walten 13. who 42, 67, 87. worm 20, 68. two 87. war 14, 86. whole 40, 62, 100. worry 20, 25, 59, 63. 14. two-pence 54, 62. warm whom 42, 87. worse 7, 14, 101. tyrant 90. warrant 86. whose 42, 87. worsted 101. was 86. wide 38. worth 101. U. wash 7, 14, 17, 59, widow 87. would 86, 99. umpire 88, 98. 69, 70, 96. wield 15. wound (sb) 45. uncle 107. watch 6, 14. wife 8, 37, 85. wound (vb) 92. up 25. water 26, 64, 86, 89. wife's 94. woven 54. upwards 83. way 46. wikir 19. wrap 86. use 45, 67, 95. we 31, 65. wild 8, 37. wrechen 86. weak 47. willow 82, 87, 99. wrestle 87. wear 36. wimbil 19. wring 87. valley 12. weary 33, 56, 71. wimplen 18. write 37, 87, 100. value 12, 81. weather 91. wind 37. writhe 87. vane 85. weather-cock 85. windelstre 18. tvripen 87. vat 85. weave 36. windwunge 18. wrong 23. veal 30, 72. wedge 97. wine 10, 38, 86, 98. wunien 23. veil 47. weed 31. winter 18, 89. vellum 80. week 86. wippen 19. Y. venom 80. weft 15. wire 39, 75. yard 105. venture 15, 102. weight 46, 64, 104. wise 38, 69, 95. ve 105. verse 86. well 15. wish 10, 20, 38, 65, yea 105. very 10, 86, 100. wench 6, 15, 59, 96. 86, 96. year 105. vetch 19, 86. were 35, 57, 68. wisk 19. yell 105. vice 39. what 88. with 93. yellow 8, 87, 105. victory 80. wheat 28, wider 19. yesterday 105. 81. victuals wheel 81. widi 18. yet 8, 106. violent 39. when 88. without 44. yew 51, 68. virtue 81, 86. where 35, 68, 88. wives 10, 86. yield 32, 65, 105. vixen 85. which 88. wizard 19, 92. yolk 23, 67, 99. voice 52, 86, 94. while 37. wolf's 94. yon 106. volume 22. whimberry 54, 60. womb 42, 67. yonder 21, 60. voyage 86. whirl 20. wonder 23, 91. you 49. whisper 83. wood 86. young 106. W. whistle 88, 89. word 86, 92, 101. your 49, 73, 106. wade 26. white 38, 69, 88. work (sb) 16, 101. Z. wa^es 86. whittle 93 work (vb) 7, 20, 25, wait 47, 64, 86. Whltstare 54. 56, 63, 68. zounds 10. — 149 —

Table of Contents.

Page Preface Ill List of Works consulted with Abbreviations used IV Map V Introduction 1

Part I: Phonology.

Chapter I. Sounds of the Dialect 6 THE SOUNDS TREATED HISTORICALLY.

Chapter II. The Vowels in Accented Syllables 11 Section I. The Vowels considered singly: Short Vowels 11 Long Vowels 26 Diphthongs 46 Section 11. The Shortening in the Oldham Dialect of ME. Long Vowels and Diphthongs 53

Section III. Summary of the ME. Vowels in Combination . 55 Appendix to Chapter II. Sources of the Oldham Vowels:

I. Short Vowels 58 II. Long Vowels 63 III. Diphthongs 69 IV. Triphthongs 74 Chapter III. The Vowels in Unaccented Syllables: Short Vowels 76 Long Vowels 79 Diphthongs 81 Weak Syllables 82 Chapter IV. The Consonants: I. Labials 83 II. Dentals 89 III. Gutturals 102 IV. Aspirate 107 — 150 -

Part II: Accidence. Pago Chapter V. Nouns: I. Formation of the Plural 109 II. Formation of the Genitive 110 Chapter VI. Adjectives Ill Chapter VII. The Article Ill Chapter VIII. Pronouns:

1. Personal . .- 112 2, Possessive 113 8. Reflexive 114 4. Demonstrative 114 5. Interrogative 114 6. Relative 114 7. Indefinite 115 Chapter IX. Numerals 115 Chapter X. Verbs: I. Formation of Tenses 115 A. Strong Verbs 115 B. Weak Verbs 119 II. Verbal Endings 121 Anomalous Verbs 122 Appendix. Adverbs 130 Prepositions 131 Conjunctions 181 Specimens 132 Index to Part I (Phonology) 138

Table of Contents .* . . 149 Lebenslauf.

Am 16. Marz 1867 wurde ich, Karl Georg Schilling, evan- gelischer Konfession, als Sohn des Schuldirektors Georg Wilhelm Schilling zu Altrincham in der Grafschaft Cheshire, England, geboren. Bis zu meinem 15. Jahre besuchte ich meines Yaters Schule, spater ging ich nach der Manchester Grammar School. Im Jahre 1884 bezog ich das Aberystwyth College der Uoi- versitat Wales und wurde im Jahre 1886 an der Universitat London immatrikuliert. Im Jahre 1902 wurde ich als Lektor des Englischen an der Universitat Giessen bestellt, wo ich zur Zeit tatig bin. Zu gleicher Zeit habe ich vom Oktober 1902 bis zum August 1905 an der Universitat Giessen studiert. Vor- lesungen habe ich wiihrend meiner Studienzeit besucht bei den verehrten Professoren und Dozenten Prof. Dr. 0. Behaghel, Prof. Dr. Behrens, Prof. Dr. W. Horn, Lektor Goetschy und Lektor Thomas. Ihnen alien spreche ich an dieser Stelle meinen Dank aus. Zu ganz besonderem Dank bin ich Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Horn verpflichtet, der mich zu meiner Dissertation an- geregt und mir stets mit seinem Rat zur Seite gestanden hat.

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