DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Table of Contents Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean Table of Contents Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean Table of Contents UNEP - International Environmental Technology Centre United Nations Environment Programme This Source Book will also be issued as a volume in the IETC Technical Publication Series by UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka/Shiga, Japan, 1997. Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment General Secretariat, Organization of American States Washington, D.C., 1997 Table of Contents Preface List of acronyms http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/begin.htm (1 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM] Table of Contents Part A. Introduction 1. Background 2. Objectives 3. Organization of the source book 4. How to use the source book 5. Survey methodology 6. Summary of the findings 7. Recommendations Part B. Technology profiles 1. Freshwater augmentation technologies 1.1 Rainwater harvesting from rooftop catchments 1.2 Rainwater harvesting in situ 1.3 Fog harvesting 1.4 Runoff collection from paved and unpaved roads 1.5 Runoff collection using surface and underground structures 1.6 Flow diversion structures technical description 1.7 Water conveyance by marine vessels 1.8 Water conveyance by pipelines, aqueducts, and water tankers 1.9 Artificial recharge of aquifers 1.10 Pumps powered by non-conventional energy sources 2. Water quality improvement technologies 2.1 Desalination by reverse osmosis 2.2 Desalination by distillation 2.3 Clarification using plants and plant material 2.4 Disinfection by boiling and chlorination 2.5 Filtration systems 3. Wastewater treatment technologies and reuse 3.1 Wastewater treatment technologies 3.2 Wastewater reuse http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/begin.htm (2 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM] Table of Contents 4. Water conservation 4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation 4.2 Small-scale clay pot and porous capsule irrigation 4.3 Automatic surge flow and gravitational tank irrigation systems 4.4 Dual water distribution 4.5 Other water conservation practices Part C. Case studies 5.1 Rainwater harvesting in Honduras 5.2 Fog harvesting in Chile 5.3 Underground dams in Brazil 5.4 Seawater/brackish water desalination by reverse osmosis in the British Virgin Islands 5.5 Recycling of industrial effluent in Jamaica 5.6 Treated wastewater reuse scheme in Barbados 5.7 Clay pot and porous capsule irrigation in Brazil Part D. Annexes Annex 1. Acknowledgments Annex 2 List of participants in the Lima and Barbados workshop A. List of participants in the Lima workshop (19-22 September 1995) B. List of participants in the Barbados workshop (24-27 October 1995) Annex 3 Contributions by workshop participants A. Workshop on alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in Latin America B. Workshop on alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in the Caribbean Annex 4 Table of conversion factors for metric and english units http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/begin.htm (3 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:06 PM] Preface Preface The Latin American and Caribbean countries have seen growing pressure on water resources, with increasing demand and costs, for agricultural, domestic and industrial consumption. This has brought about the need to maximize and augment the use of existing or unexploited sources of freshwater. There are many modem and traditional alternative technologies for improving the utility and augmenting the supply of water being employed in various countries, but with limited application elsewhere due to the lack of information transfer among water resources managers and planners. The Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean was prepared by the Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (OAS) as part of the joint United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Water Branch and International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) initiative to provide water resource managers and planners, especially in developing countries and in countries with economies in transition, with information on the range of technologies that have been developed and used in the various countries throughout the world. This information was gathered through surveys carried out on a regional basis - in Africa, Western Asia, East and Central Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Small Island Developing States. The results, including this Source Book, will be compiled into a Global Source Book on Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation to be used throughout the countries of the world. It is hoped that the technologies summarized here will be useful in the sustainable development of the countries of Latin America, the Caribbean and other regions. Richard Meganck Walter Rast Kirk P. Rodgers Director Deputy Director (Freshwater) Director International Environmental Water Branch Unit of Sustainable Technology Centre United Nations Development and United Nations Environment Programme Environment Environment Programme Nairobi, Kenya Organization of American States Shiga, Japan Washington. D.C.. U.S.A. Latin America and the Caribbean - Map NO 3453 United Nations http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch01.htm [4/14/2000 12:36:08 PM] List of acronyms List of acronyms $ U.S. dollars ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers (U.S.) ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers (U.S.) AWWA American Water Works Association (U.S.) CATHALAC Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (Costa Rica) CEHI Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (Saint Lucia) CEPIA Centro de Proyectos Integrales Andinos (Peru) CESTA Centro Salvadoreño de Tecnología Apropiada (El Salvador) CIAS Centro de Investigación Agropecuaria Salcedo (Peru) CIDIAT Inter-American Center for Development and Environmental and Territorial Research CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa CMI Caribbean Meteorological Institute CONAF Corporación Nacional Forestal (Chile) CONICET Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Argentina) CPATSA Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semi-Árido (Brazil) CREA Centro de Reconversión del Azuay, Cañar y Morona Santiago (Ecuador) CRL Consumer Research Laboratory (U.K.) DAEE Departamento de Agua y Energia Elétrica (Brazil) DGRH Dirección General de Recursos Hídricos (Honduras) EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazil) ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (of the United Nations) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) FUDECO Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Región Centro Occidental (Venezuela) GS/OAS General Secretariat of the Organization of American States IADIZA Instituto Argentino de Investigación de las Zonas Aridas IDA International Desalination Association IDB Inter-American Development Bank IDRC International Development Research Centre (Canada) IETC International Environmental Technology Centre (of the United Nations Environment Programme) IHH Instituto de Hidráulica e Hidrología (Bolivia) http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch02.htm (1 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM] List of acronyms IICA Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura IICT Instituto de Investigaciones de Ciencias Técnicas (Argentina) IIDSA Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Social del Altiplano (Peru) INADE Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo (Peru) INCYTH Instituto Nacional de Ciencia y Técnica Hídrica (Argentina) INDRHI Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (Dominican Republic) INIAA Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria y Agroindustrial (Peru) INRENA Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (Peru) INSIVUMEH Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (Guatemala) ISA Instituto Superior de Agricultura (Dominican Republic) IWRN Inter-American Water Resources Network MARNR Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (Venezuela) NAPHCC National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Cooling Contractors (U.S.) NGO Non-governmental Organization NRECA National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (U.S.) OMM Organización Meteorológica Mundial PAHO Pan American Health Organization PELT Proyecto Especial Lago Titicaca (Peru/Bolivia) PISA Proyecto de Investigación de Sistemas Agropecuarios Andinos (Peru) PIWA Programa Interinstitucional de Waru Waru (Peru) PROMAF Programa Manejo de Agua a Nivel de Finca (Dominican Republic) SNEP Service National d'Eau Potable (Haiti) UAEM Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Mexico) UFRN Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (Bolivia) UNA Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Peru) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development USDE/OAS Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment, Organization of American States USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VITA Volunteers in Technical Assistance (U.S.) WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorologial Organization http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch02.htm (2 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM] List of acronyms http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch02.htm (3 of 3) [4/14/2000 12:36:09 PM] http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/p000.GIF http://www.oas.org/usde/publications/Unit/oea59e/p000.GIF
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Irrigation and Erosion/Flood Control At
    1 IRRIGATION AND EROSION/FLOOD CONTROL AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE ANDES W. van Immerzeel and R.J.Oosterbaan Published in ILRI Annual Report 1989, p. 8 – 24 International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) Wageningen, The Netherlands On website: https://www.waterlog.info public domain, latest upload 20-11-2017 Table of contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................2 2. Land Use without Irrigation.......................................................................................2 3. Irrigation Prospects ....................................................................................................5 4. Field Irrigation Concepts and Practices .....................................................................7 5. Participative Action by the Communities................................................................10 6. Flood Control...........................................................................................................13 7. Erosion Control........................................................................................................14 8. Conclusions..............................................................................................................16 2 IRRIGATION AND EROSION/FLOOD CONTROL AT HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE ANDES 1. Introduction Interesting developments in irrigation and the control of floods and erosion are taking place in the Andean mountain range of Peru. They are increasingly
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Management Transfer in Mexico
    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 6 | Issue 3 Rap, E. and Wester, P. 2013. The practices and politics of making policy: Irrigation management transfer in Mexico. Water Alternatives 6(3): 506-531 The Practices and Politics of Making Policy: Irrigation Management Transfer in Mexico Edwin Rap International Water Management Institute, Cairo, Egypt; [email protected] Philippus Wester International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Nepal; [email protected], and Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article argues that policy making is an interactive and ongoing process that transcends the spatio- temporal boundaries drawn by a linear, rational or instrumental model of policy. We construct this argument by analysing the making of the Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) policy in Mexico in the early 1990s, focusing on different episodes of its re-emergence, standardisation, and acceleration. During this period a standardised policy package was developed, consisting of a set of specific policy technologies to effect the transfer to Water Users’ Associations (WUAs). These technologies were assembled in response to geographically dispersed trials of strength: experiments, consultations and clashes in the field, and negotiations at the national and international level. A newly installed public water authority increasingly succeeded in coordinating the convergence and accumulation of dispersed experiences and ideas on how to make the transfer work. Our analysis shows how this composite package of policy technologies worked to include a network of support and to exclude opposition at different levels, while at the same time stabilising an interpretation of policy-related events.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Atmospheric Water Generators on Small Tropical Islands - a Case Study on Koh Rong Sanloem, Cambodia
    MSc Program Environmental Technology & International Affairs The feasibility of Atmospheric Water Generators on small tropical islands - A case study on Koh Rong Sanloem, Cambodia A Master's Thesis submitted for the degree of “Master of Science” supervised by Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Mario Ortner Tiziano Alessandri, BA BA 01304845 Vienna, 17.06.2021 Affidavit I, TIZIANO ALESSANDRI, BA BA, hereby declare 1. that I am the sole author of the present Master’s Thesis, "THE FEASIBILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATORS ON SMALL TROPICAL ISLANDS - A CASE STUDY ON KOH RONG SANLOEM, CAMBODIA", 70 pages, bound, and that I have not used any source or tool other than those referenced or any other illicit aid or tool, and 2. that I have not prior to this date submitted the topic of this Master’s Thesis or parts of it in any form for assessment as an examination paper, either in Austria or abroad. Vienna, 17.06.2021 _______________________ Signature Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Abstract Water scarcity is an increasing global issue and the need for clean drinking water is set to increase with a growing global population and the effects of climate change. Small tropical islands, when not having a natural spring, cannot rely on groundwater since the freshwater lenses are merely a very thin layer, floating above the underlying seawater. Due to changes in in sea level as an effect of climate change, these lenses are predicted to further decrease. Often the only source of drinking water on small islands is importing it in bottled form. This is not only inefficient in terms of energy footprint and price, but also creates a waste problem that these islands usually fail to adequately address.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: Good Practice Examples
    SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors PREFACE Population growth, rapid urbanisation, more water intense consumption patterns and climate change are intensifying the pressure on freshwater resources. The increasing scarcity of water, combined with other factors such as energy and fertilizers, is driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. Wastewater reuse is an excellent example that naturally explains the importance of integrated management of water, soil and waste, which we define as the Nexus While the information in this book are generally believed to be true and accurate at the approach. The process begins in the waste sector, but the selection of date of publication, the editors and the publisher cannot accept any legal responsibility for the correct management model can make it relevant and important to any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, expressed or the water and soil as well. Over 20 million hectares of land are currently implied, with respect to the material contained herein. known to be irrigated with wastewater. This is interesting, but the The opinions expressed in this book are those of the Case Authors. Their inclusion in this alarming fact is that a greater percentage of this practice is not based book does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University. on any scientific criterion that ensures the “safe use” of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, United Nations University Institute for Integrated with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources wastewater use.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Water Desalination Status TER DESALIN a in the Mediterranean Countries REPORT on W a in the MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES (2011) DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA SERIE
    PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOENERGÍA EN ZONAS RURALES DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA DIVULGACIÓN SERIE 04 AREAS RURAL IN PRODUCTION BIOENERGY SERIE DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS 04 PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOENERGÍA EN ZONAS RURALES ZONAS EN BIOENERGÍA DE PRODUCCIÓN PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOENERGÍA EN ZONAS RURALES DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA DIVULGACIÓN SERIE 04 AREAS RURAL IN PRODUCTION BIOENERGY SERIE DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN RURAL AREAS 04 PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOENERGÍA EN ZONAS RURALES ZONAS EN BIOENERGÍA DE PRODUCCIÓN Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario www.imida.es TUS TA TION S A Report on water desalination status TER DESALIN A in the Mediterranean countries REPORT ON W IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES (2011) DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA SERIE SERIE DIVULGACIÓN TÉCNICA Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario Consejería de Agricultura y Agua de la Región de Murcia REPORT ON WATER DESALINATION STATUS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES Dr. Juan Cánovas Cuenca Chief of Natural Resources Department Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (Murcia- Spain) September, 2012 Primera edición: febrero 2013 Edita: © IMIDA. Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario Consejería de Agricultura y Agua de la Región de Murcia Juan Cánovas Cuenca Jefe del Departamento de Recursos Naturales D.L.: MU 1103-2012 Imprime: O.A. BORM Camino Viejo de Monteagudo, s/n 30160 Murcia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Junta Central de Usuarios Regantes del Segura which funded the publication of this work as a book. Also, Mr. Ian A. Newton Page (The English Centre - Torre Pacheco) for his linguistic support. I N D E X Page ABBREVIATIONS 1 PREFACE 3 CHAPTER I: WATER, A WORLD-WIDE CONCERN 5 CHAPTER II: WATER DESALINATION 7 1.
    [Show full text]
  • An Economic Assessment of the Global Potential for Seawater Desalination to 2050
    water Article An Economic Assessment of the Global Potential for Seawater Desalination to 2050 Lu Gao 1,* ID , Sayaka Yoshikawa 2, Yoshihiko Iseri 2,3, Shinichiro Fujimori 4 ID and Shinjiro Kanae 2 1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-6 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan 2 School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-6 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (Y.I.); [email protected] (S.K.) 3 Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 4 Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-03-5734-2190 Received: 25 August 2017; Accepted: 2 October 2017; Published: 6 October 2017 Abstract: Seawater desalination is a promising approach to satisfying water demand in coastal countries suffering from water scarcity. To clarify its potential future global scale, we perform a detailed investigation of the economic feasibility of desalination development for different countries using a feasibility index (Fi) that reflects a comparison between the price of water and the cost of production. We consider both past and future time periods. For historical validation, Fi is first evaluated for nine major desalination countries; its variation is in good agreement with the actual historical development of desalination in these countries on both spatial and temporal scales.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016-Mollinga-Veldwisch-Waa
    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 9 | Issue 2 Mollinga, P.P. and Veldwisch, G.J. 2016. Ruling by canal: Governance and system-level design characteristics of large-scale irrigation infrastructure in India and Uzbekistan. Water Alternatives 9(2): 222-249 Ruling by Canal: Governance and System-Level Design Characteristics of Large-Scale Irrigation Infrastructure in India and Uzbekistan Peter P. Mollinga Department of Development Studies, SOAS University of London, London, UK; [email protected] Gert Jan Veldwisch Water Resources Management Group of Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] ABSTRACT: This paper explores the relationship between governance regime and large-scale irrigation system design by investigating three cases: 1) protective irrigation design in post-independent South India; 2) canal irrigation system design in Khorezm Province, Uzbekistan, as implemented in the USSR period, and 3) canal design by the Madras Irrigation and Canal Company, as part of an experiment to do canal irrigation development in colonial India on commercial terms in the 1850s-1860s. The mutual shaping of irrigation infrastructure design characteristics on the one hand and management requirements and conditions on the other has been documented primarily at lower, within-system levels of the irrigation systems, notably at the level of division structures. Taking a 'social construction of technology' perspective, the paper analyses the relationship between technological structures and management and governance arrangements at irrigation system level. The paper finds qualitative differences in the infrastructural configuration of the three irrigation systems expressing and facilitating particular forms of governance and rule, differences that matter for management and use, and their effects and impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Policy and Standards for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: a Latin American Perspective
    ______________________________________ WELL Study A Review of Policy and Standards for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Latin American Perspective Task No: 68 Part II Dr Anne Peasey, Dr Ursula Blumenthal, Prof. Duncan Mara and Prof. Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios June 2000 Task Management & Quality Assurance by: Dr Sandy Cairncross London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK WEDC, Loughborough University, UK E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ ______________________________________ Table of Contents Executive Summary… ....................…………………………………………………………...4 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................6 1.1 Wastewater Reuse ...........................................................................................................6 1.2 Standards for Wastewater Reuse .....................................................................................6 2. Wastewater reuse in Mexico ..........................................................................................8 2.1 Extent of Reuse in Mexico.................................................................................................8 2.2 Wastewater treatment in Mexico .....................................................................................10 3. Current policies for wastewater reuse and treatment in Mexico ...............................12 3.1 Wastewater reuse policy.................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations
    UNITED NATIONS UNEP(DEPI)/ MED WG.417/Inf.17 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN 14 May 2015 Original: English MED POL Focal Points Meeting Malta, 16-19 June 2015 Joint Session MED POL and REMPEC Focal Points Meetings Malta, 17 June 2015 Final Report for Activity 1.3.2.1 Assessment of potential cumulative environmental impacts of desalination plants around the Mediterranean Sea For environmental and economic reasons, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies. UNEP/MAP Athens, 2015 Sustainable Water Integrated Management (SWIM) - Support Mechanism Project funded by the European Union FINAL REPORT FOR ACTIVITY 1.3.2.1 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DESALINATION PLANTS AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Version Document Title Author Review and Clearance 1 Final Report Hosny Stavros ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE Khordagui Damianidis ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DESALINATION and PLANTS AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Vangelis Konstantianos ACTIVITY 1.3.2.1 .....Water is too precious to Waste Sustainable Water Integrated Management (SWIM) - Support Mechanism Project funded by the European Union Table of Content Table of Content ................................................................................................. 1 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... 3 List of Figures .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making Water
    MAKING WATER Desalination: option or distraction for a thirsty world? This report was prepared for WWF’s Global Freshwater Programme by Phil Dickie ( www.melaleucamedia.com ) June 2007 Contents Making water................................................................................................................................. 4 Option or distraction for a thirsty world .................................................................................. 4 The Freshwater Crisis................................................................................................................... 9 Water, water everywhere. Nor any drop to drink.................................................................... 9 The revolution in manufactured water ..................................................................................... 11 More and more a matter of membranes ................................................................................. 11 Desalination: The environmental impacts ................................................................................ 13 Processing habitat – intake issues .......................................................................................... 14 The brine issue ....................................................................................................................... 15 Keeping the membranes clean ............................................................................................... 18 Watering the greenhouse: the climate change implications of large scale desalination
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Dominant Sources and Tracks of Moisture for Summer
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres RESEARCH ARTICLE Understanding the Dominant Sources and Tracks of Moisture 10.1029/2017JD027652 for Summer Rainfall in the Southwest United States Key Points: Srijita Jana1,2 , Balaji Rajagopalan1,2 , Michael A. Alexander3 , and Andrea J. Ray3 • The leading source of moisture varies depending on the part of the region 1Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, • Land is an important source of 2 3 moisture during the summer season Cooperative Institute of Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, NOAA • Large-scale circulation features are Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA consistent with major pathways of moisture Abstract We investigated the moisture sources and tracks that enable summer rainfall over the four-state Supporting Information: southwestern U.S. region of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah by employing a high-resolution • Supporting Information S1 Lagrangian particle tracking model. Six locations were selected—Cedar City (Utah), Grand Junction • Table S1 (Colorado), Eastonville (Colorado), Laveen (Arizona), Redrock (New Mexico), and Melrose (New Mexico) • Table S2 —together, they represent six spatial regions of summer precipitation for the Southwest. Moisture tracks – Correspondence to: were generated for all the rainy days at these stations for the historical period 1979 2013. Tracks were S. Jana and B. Rajagopalan, generated for a 3-day period ending with the day of rainfall, which were then used to identify the [email protected]; source of moisture, pathway or trajectory, and the modulation along the track. The four major sources of [email protected] moisture—Gulf of California, Gulf of Mexico (GoM), land, and the Pacific Ocean—were identified as responsible for summer rainfall over southwestern United States.
    [Show full text]
  • New Insights on Managing Drylands
    Sustainable Management of Marginal Drylands SUMAMAD: Figure 1. Experimental plots (SI BZ1 and SI BZ4) treated with artificial recharge of ground water and the control plot Drylands Managing On Insights New Figure 2. Hippos in a pond FigureFigure 5. 2. Targeted Soil Investigationgrazing locations (1: (left) Al Qanees, and 2: measurement Khraqah, 3: Wadi Om of Laila, vegetation cover (Right) at and 4: Om Al Fotos) in Al Barrah area. initial stage. SI (BZ1) Control 2 3 4 SI (BZ4) SI (BZ1) 2 New Insights On Managing Drylands Eighth International Workshop Alexandria (Egypt) The SUMAMAD Project is funded by the Flemish Government of Belgium Sustainable Management of Marginal Drylands New Insights On Managing Drylands Eighth International Workshop Alexandria (Egypt) 6–9 November 2010 1 Sustainable Management of Marginal Drylands THE WORKSHOP ORGANIZERS New Insights On Managing Drylands Eighth International Workshop Alexandria (Egypt) 6–9 November 2010 THE INSTITUTIONAL PARTNERS The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO or any of the specialized agencies of the United Nations system.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2012 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization New Insights On Managing Drylands 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Man and Biosphere Programme Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences Preface 1, rue Miollis, 75352 Paris 15 SP, France Fax: (33-1) 45 68 58 04 By Thomas Schaaf, MAB-UNESCO 7 http://www.unesco.org/mab Managing Sustainability of New Quinoa Production Systems through Farming Systems Management and Market Insertion.
    [Show full text]