Tenth Edition

Criminology TODAY AN INTEGRATIVE INTRODUCTION

Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke

A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 1 19/11/19 3:59 PM For my daughter Nicole.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schmalleger, Frank, author. Title: today : an integrative introduction / Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., Distinguished Professor Emeritus, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Description: Tenth edition. | New York, NY : Pearson Education, [2021] Identifiers: LCCN 2019021145 | ISBN 9780135779019 Subjects: LCSH: Criminology. | Criminology—United States. Classification: LCC HV6025 .S346 2021 | DDC 364—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019021145

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Access Code Card ISBN-10: 0-13-577894-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-577894-4 Rental ISBN-10: 0-13-577901-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-577901-9 Instructor’s Review Copy ISBN-10: 0-13-577888-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-577888-3

A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 2 19/11/19 3:59 PM Brief Contents

PART ONE and Criminology

Chapter 1 | What Is Criminology—Understanding Crime and Criminals 1

Chapter 2 | Where Do Theories Come From?—From Idea to Evidence 27

PART TWO Crime Causation

Chapter 3 | Classical and Neoclassical Thought—Choice or Consequences 53

Chapter 4 | Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior—It’s What We Are 81

Chapter 5 | Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives—Interaction Is Key 101

Chapter 6 | Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior— It’s How We Think 131

PART THREE Crime Causation Revisited

Chapter 7 | Social Structure Theories—It’s Where and How We Live 163

Chapter 8 | Theories of Social Process and Social Development—It’s What We Learn 195

Chapter 9 | Social Conflict and Emergent Theories—It’s How We Relate 235

PART FOUR The Crime Picture

Chapter 10 | Criminal Victimization—It’s Personal 263

Chapter 11 | against Persons—It’s What We Fear 295

Chapter 12 | Crimes against Property—It’s What We Lose 335

Chapter 13 | White-Collar and —Crime as a Job 359

Chapter 14 | Drug and Sex Crimes—Recreational Offenses 389

Chapter 15 | Technology and Crime—It’s a Double-Edged Sword 417

Chapter 16 | Globalization and Terrorism—Our Small World 439

EPILOGUE Future Directions—It’s What’s to Come E-1

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 3 19/11/19 3:59 PM Major Theoretical Developments

Classical School Biological and Psychological/ Biosocial Theories Psychiatric Theories

Classical Criminology Early Positivism Modeling Theory 1810 Franz Joseph Gall Phrenology, scientific 1764 Cesare Beccaria 1890 Gabriel Tarde Imitation understanding of crime through , free will, social contract 1830s Johann Gaspar Spurzheim Brought 1973 Albert Bandura Aggression is learned, phrenology to America aggression is rewarded, disengagement, 1789 Jeremy Bentham Hedonistic social cognition theory, modeling calculus, utilitarianism Criminal Anthropology 1863 Atavism, born Psychoanalytic Criminology Neoclassical Criminology criminals, 1920s– Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis, criminaloids, Italian School 1974 Robert Martinson Nothing-works 1930s Id, ego, superego, sublimation doctrine 1913 Charles Buckman Goring Challenged Lombroso’s theory 1930s August Aichorn Damaged egos 1975 James Q. Wilson Thinking 1939 Earnest Hooton Environment + about crime low-grade human = crime Personality Theory 1986 Clarke & Cornish Rational Criminal Families 1941 Hervey Cleckley Psychopathology, choice psychopath, sociopath 1877 Richard Dugdale The Juke family 1988 Jack Katz Seductions of 1912 Henry Goddard The Kallikak family 1964 Hans Eysenck Traits, supertraits crime, emotions and crime 1915 Arthur Estabrook 1968 DSM-II Antisocial personality disorder 1992 Clarke & Cornish Situational choice, Constitutional Theories Behavior Theory 1925 Ernst Kretschmer Somatotyping situational crime prevention 1900 Ian Pavlov classical conditioning Hormones and Enzymes 1950s– B. F. Skinner Operant 1940 Alan Booth, D. Wayne Osgood, Paul C. Bernhardt, Kevin Beaver, Anthony Walsh, Lee 1970s Conditioning, operant behavior, rewards/ Ellis testosterone, evolutionary ­perspective, evo- , stimulus-response lutionary neuroandrogenic theory (ENA), ­serotonin, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), ­hormones (testos- Frustration–Aggression Theory terone, cortisol, ­norepinephrine), neurotransmitters 1939 J. Dollard Displacement, catharsis (dopamine), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) 1949 William Sheldon Body types, behavioral Cognitive Theory /twins, , human genome 1955 Jean Piaget Stages of human Genetics and Heritability intellectual development 1940 Johannes Lange Twin Studies 1957 Leon Festinger Cognitive dissonance 1968 Karl Christiansen and Sarnoff 1969 Lawrence Kohlberg Stages of moral Mednick Twin studies, heredity, genetic deter- development minism 2011 Nathalie Fontaine and Richard E. 1970 Stanton Samenow and Samuel Tremblay heritability, GxE, epigenetics, gene Yochelson The criminal mindset expression 1979 Roger Shank and Robert Abelson Script theory 1975 Edward O. Wilson Altruism, territoriality, Crime as tribalism, survival of gene pool 1950s John Bowlby Secure attachment, ­anxious resistant attachment, anxious avoidance 1980 Darrell J. Steffensmeier attachment 1994 Adrian Raine prefrontal cortex dysfunction, 1971 S. M. Halleck Alloplastic adaptation, auto- , frontal brain hypothesis, neu- plastic adaptation roplasticity, PET scans 1997 Anthony Walsh Environmental 1995 Linksy, Bachman, Straus Societal stress, of genetic influences aggression 1990s Adrian Raine Brain dysfunction 1998 Donald Andrews and James 2003 Kevin M. Beaver and Anthony Walsh Bonta Criminogenic needs, Biosocial criminology criminogenic domains 2010 Thomas Bernard Gender-ratio problem 2010 Kevin M. Beaver, John P. Wright, and Anthony Walsh Evolutionary theory

A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 4 19/11/19 3:59 PM In Criminology

Social Structure Social Process & Social Social Conflict Theories of Approaches Development Theories Theories

Social Disorganization Social Learning Theory Conflict Theories Victim Precipitation Theory 1920 Thomas & Znaniecki 1939 Edwin Sutherland Differential 1848 Karl Marx The Communist 1947 Beniamin Mendelssohn Displaced immigrants association Manifesto Coined the term “victimology” 1920s Park & Burgess Social 1960 Daniel Glaser Differential identification theory 1916 Willem Bonger Class struggle ecology 1948 Hans von Hentig The 1966 Burgess & Akers Differential 1938 Thorsten Sellin Culture conflict 1930s Social pathology, con- criminal and his victim association-reinforcement centric zones (Chicago 1958 Marvin Wolfgang Some School) 1958 George Vold Political victims are positive 1929 Shaw & McKay 1950s Walter Reckless Containment conflict between groups, precipitators in crime Cultural transmission theory, inner and outer conflict is normal 1968 Stephen Schafer The (Chicago School) containment victim and his criminal 1969 Travis Hirschi Social bond and 1959 Ralf Dahrendorf Conflict is 1973 Oscar Newman normal, destructive change Defensible space self-control: attachment, 1970 Menachem Amir Victim commitment, belief, involvement 1969 Austin Turk Social order contribution to victimization 1982 James Q. Wilson & = pattern of conflict, laws serve George L. Kelling 1970s Howard Kaplan Self-degradation Lifestyle Theory to control Broken windows, 1990 Hirschi & Gottfredson Social 1970 Michael J. Hindelang & ­criminology of place bonds and self-control, general 1970s William Chambliss Power Michael R. Gottfredson theory of crime 1987 Rodney Stark Theory of gaps, crime reduces surplus labor James Garofalo 1995 Charles Tittle Control-balance, deviant neighborhoods 1974 Richard Demographic variables control surplus, control deficit influence lifestyles and Culture Conflict Quinney Contradictions of 1995 Per-Olof H. Wikström capitalism, socialist principles determine victimization risk 1927 Frederic Thrasher Situational action theory Routine Activities Gangs and gang typologies Left-realist Criminology Theory (RAT) 1938 Thorsten Sellin Conduct 1938 Frank Tannenbaum Tagging, 1991 Jock Young & Walter norms, primary conflict, 1970 Lawrence Cohen and dramatization of evil DeKeseredy The new secondary Marcus Felson Motivated 1951 Edwin Lemert Primary , offenders combine with 1943 William F. Whyte secondary deviance Feminist Criminology suitable targets in the Subcultures absence of a capable 1963 Howard Becker Outsiders, moral 1975 Adler & Simon Gender guardian 1955 Albert Cohen enterprise socialization Gangs, reaction formation Cyberlifestyle-Routine 1997 John Braithwaite Reintegrative 1977 Carol Smart Gender bias 1957 Sykes & Matza Activities Theory shaming, stigmatic shaming in criminology Techniques of neutraliza- Dramaturgy 2000s Bradford Reynes, tion 1988 Daly & Chesney-Lind 1960s Erving Goffman Dramaturgy, Billy Henson, Bonnie 1958 Walter B. Miller Androcentricity, crime may impression management, Fisher Merged elements of Focal concerns not be normal discrediting information, total routine activities theory and lifestyle theory to explain 1960s Cloward & Ohlin institutions, disculturation 1989 John Hagan Power-control victimizations that occur in Illegitimate opportunity theory Social Development cyberspace structure, delinquent Peacemaking Criminology subcultures­ 1920s Sheldon & Eleanor Glueck Family dynamics and delinquent 1986 Pepinsky & 1967 Ferracuti & Wolfgang careers Violent subcultures Quinney Restorative , 1960s Marvin Wolfgang Chronic Strain Theory offending 1989 Lozoff & Braswell New 1938 Robert Merton , 1980s David P. Farrington Delinquent Age principles conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, 1987 Terrence Thornberry rebellion Intereactional theory 1995 Jeff Ferrel, Mark S. Hamm, 1982 Blau & Blau Relative 1988 Lawrence E. Cohen and Richard Jock Young, Mike Presdee, deprivation, frustration, Machalek Keith J. Hayward Crime and crime control are cultural 1993 Robert J. Sampson and John H. products; edgework; media loops 1992 Robert Agnew General Laub Life course criminology and spirals, liquid ­ strain theory 1993 Terrie Moffitt Life course 1994 Messner & Rosenfeld persisters, adolescence-limited Convict Criminology American Dream offenders 2001 John Irwin, Ian Ross, K. C. Carceral, Thomas J. Bernard, Stephen Richards Insights from convicted offenders

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New to This Edition xiii Chapter 2 | Where Do Theories Come Preface xv From?—From Idea to Acknowledgments xix Evidence 27 About the Author xx Introduction 28 Today’s Science-Based Criminology 29 The Evolving Science of Criminology 29 PART ONE Crime and Criminology Theory Building 30 Chapter 1 | What Is Criminology— ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Do Violent Video Games Make Understanding Crime Kids Kill? 32 and Criminals 1 The Role of Research and Experimentation 32 Introduction 2 Problem Identification 33 Development of a Research Design 34 What Is Crime? 2 Choice of Data-Gathering Techniques 38 Crime and Deviance 5 Problems in Data Collection 40 What Should Be Criminal? 7 Review of Findings 41 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS What Should Be Criminal? 8 Quantitative versus Qualitative Methods 42 What Is Criminology? 9 Values and Ethics in the Conduct of Research 44 Defining “Criminology” 9 The Impact of Criminological Research on Social Policy 46 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Criminology 9 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY The Stockholm Prize in What Do Criminologists Do? 10 Criminology 47 Theoretical Criminology 12 The Research Report 48 Evidence-Based Criminology 13 Writing for Publication 49 Criminology and Evidence-Based Social Policy 14 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Omar Mateen—American The Theme of This Text 15 Monster 50 Individual Responsibility and the Law 16 Summary 51 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Is Criminology Key Terms 52 Really Just a Form of Academic Excuse Making? 17 Questions for Review 52 The Social Context of Crime 18 Questions for Reflection 52 Making Sense of Crime: The Causes and Consequences of the Criminal Event 18 PART TWO Crime Causation Crime and the Offender 19 Crime and the System 19 Chapter 3 | Classical and Neoclassical Crime and the Victim 20 Thought—Choice or Crime and Society 20 Consequences 53 The Consequences of Crime 21 Introduction 54 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Ross Ulbricht—The New Face of Crime? 22 Major Principles of the Classical School 54 Forerunners of Classical Thought 54 The Primacy of ? 23 The Demonic Era 55 Summary 24 Early Sources of Criminal Law 56 Key Terms 24 The Enlightenment 57 Questions for Review 24 The Classical School 59 Questions for Reflection 25 Cesare Beccaria 59 Jeremy Bentham 60

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 6 19/11/19 3:59 PM Neoclassical Criminology 61 Twin Studies and Heredity 93 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY Three-Strikes Legislation 63 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Rational Choice Theory (RCT) 64 Evidence-Based Policy 94 The Excitement of Crime 65 Sociobiology 95 Situational Crime-Control Policy 66 The Biological Roots of Human Aggression 95 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE The Classical School and The New Synthesis 96 Neoclassical Thinkers 67 Critique of Early Biological Theories of Criminal Behavior 97 Critique of Rational Choice Theory 67 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Richard Benjamin Speck: “Born to Punishment and Neoclassical Thought 68 Raise Hell” 98 Just Deserts 69 Summary 99 Deterrence 69 Key Terms 99 Capital Punishment 70 Key Names 100 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Questions for Review 100 71 Evidence-Based Policy Questions for Reflection 100 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Post-Conviction DNA Exonerations Expose Weaknesses in Judicial System 73 Policy Implications of Classical and Neoclassical Chapter 5 | Biosocial and Other Thought 74 Contemporary Perspectives— WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? The Excitement Interaction Is Key 101 of Crime 75 Introduction 102 A Critique of Classical and Neoclassical ■ |versus The Future of Neuroscience 103 Theories 76 THEORY REALITY Genetics and Crime 103 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Gary Steven Krist: The Einstein of Crime? 77 Future Directions in the Study of Genes and Crime 105 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Crime Pays: Washington, D.C., The Dysfunctional Brain 107 Considers Paying Off Criminals 78 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Is There a Crime Gene? 107 Summary 79 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Modern Biological Theories 110 Key Terms 79 Body Chemistry and Criminality 111 Key Names 79 Ingested Substances and Nutrition 111 Questions for Review 80 Environmental Pollution 112 Questions for Reflection 80 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Exposure to Lead, Other Substances Linked to Crime Rate 113 Psychobiotics 114 Chapter 4 | Early Biological Perspectives Hormones and Criminality 115 on Criminal Behavior—It’s WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Hormones and What We Are 81 Criminal Behavior 117 Low Resting Heart Rate and Crime 118 Introduction 82 Galvanic Skin Response 119 Traditional Biological versus Modern Biosocial Digit Ratio 120 Theories 82 Climate, Weather, and Crime 120 Principles of Biological Theories 83 Biosocial Criminology 121 The Positivist School 84 Gender Differences in Criminality 122 Physical Features and Crime 84 Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory 124 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Early Biological Theories 85 Policy Implications of Biological Theories 125 The Italian School 86 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Jodi Arias—The Petite Killer 126 Constitutional Theories 88 Critiques of Biological and Biosocial Theories 127 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY Positivism: The Historical Statement 89 Summary 128 Criminal Families 90 Key Terms 128 The XYY Supermale 91 Key Names 128 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS President of Philippines Says Questions for Review 129 “Criminals Aren’t Humanity” 92 Questions for Reflection 129

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 7 19/11/19 3:59 PM Chapter 6 | Psychological and Psychiatric PART THREE Crime Causation Revisited Foundations of Criminal Chapter 7 |Social Structure Theories—It’s Behavior—It’s How We Where and How We Live 163 Think 131 Introduction 164 Introduction 132 Major Principles of Sociological Theories 164 Principles of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories 132 Social Structure Theories 165 History of Psychological Theories 133 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Types of Social Structure Personality Disturbances 133 Theories 166 The Psychopath 134 Types of Social Structure Theories 166 Antisocial Personality Disorder 136 Social Disorganization Theory 166 Trait Theory 137 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 138 Evidence-Based Policy 169 Post-Partum Depression 138 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Cognitive Theories 138 Evidence-Based Policy 171 Moral Development Theory 138 Strain Theory 172 Cognitive Information-Processing Theory 140 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY The Criminology of Place, Routine The Criminal Mind-Set 141 Activities, and 173 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS The Pros and Cons of “Broken Evidence-Based Policy 142 Windows” Policing 174 The Psychoanalytic Perspective—Criminal Behavior as ■ THEORY|versus REALITY The Correlation between Rates of Maladaptation 143 U.S. Unemployment, Interest, and Crime 178 The Psychotic Offender 145 Culture Conflict Theory 179 Frustration–Aggression Theory 146 Crime as Adaptation 146 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Like Father, Like Son 184 Criminogenic Needs 147 Attachment Theory 147 Criminal Street Gangs 185 History of Gangs in America 186 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Types of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories 148 Criminal Street Gangs Today 186 Gang Crime 186 Behavior Theory 149 Gang Affiliation 187 Behavioral Conditioning 149 Working with Criminal Street Gangs 188 Social Cognition and the Role of Modeling 150 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Sanyika Shakur—aka Monster Kody Policy and Treatment Implications of Psychological and Scott 189 Psychiatric Approaches 151 Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories 190 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? The Video Game Killer 152 Critique of Social Structure Theories 190 Assessing Dangerousness 153 Summary 192 Predicting Criminality 155 Key Terms 193 Critique of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories of Key Names 193 Crime 155 Questions for Review 193 Criminal Psychological Profiling 156 Questions for Reflection 193 The Psychological Autopsy 158 Insanity and the Law 158 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Andrea Yates—Child Killer 159 Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) 160 Problems with the Insanity Defense 160 Summary 161 Key Terms 161 Key Names 162 Questions for Review 162 Questions for Reflection 162

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 8 19/11/19 3:59 PM Chapter 8 | Theories of Social Process Chapter 9 | Social Conflict and Emergent and Social Development—It’s Theories—It’s How We What We Learn 195 Relate 235 Introduction 196 Introduction 236 The Perspective of Social Interaction 196 Law and Social Order Perspectives 236 Types of Social Process Approaches 196 The Consensus Perspective 236 Social Learning Theory 197 The Pluralist Perspective 237 The Conflict Perspective 237 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Types of Social Process Theories 198 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Social Conflict Theories 239 Social Control Theories 200 Radical Criminology 240 Labeling Theory 207 242 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Human Evidence-Based Policy 207 Trafficking, Illegal Aliens, and the American Dream 243 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Dr. Farid Fata—Prescribing Unneeded Radical-Critical Criminology and Policy Issues 244 Chemotherapy 211 Critique of Radical-Critical Criminology 244 Reintegrative Shaming 212 Emergent Theories 245 Dramaturgical Perspective 212 Left-Realist Criminology 245 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK— Implementing Feminist Criminology 246 Evidence-Based Policy 213 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Policy Implications of Social Process Theories 214 Evidence-Based Policy 247 Critique of Social Process Theories 215 Postmodern Criminology 251 The Social Development Perspective 216 Peacemaking Criminology 252 Concepts in Social Development Theories 216 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Evidence-Based Policy 255 The Life Course Perspective 217 Moral Time 256 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Social Development Convict Criminology 256 Theories 219 Cultural Criminology 257 Laub and Sampson’s Age-Graded Theory 220 ■ Moffitt’s Dual Taxonomic Theory 221 CRIMINAL|PROFILES Theodore John “Ted” Kaczynski—The Unabomber 258 Farrington’s Delinquent Development Theory 222 Narrative Criminology 260 Evolutionary Ecology 223 Policy Implications of Conflict Criminology 260 Thornberry’s Interactional Theory 224 Summary 260 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY Social Influences on Developmental Pathways 225 Key Terms 261 Developmental Pathways 225 Key Names 261 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Questions for Review 261 (PHDCN) 228 Questions for Reflection 261 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Sexual Abuser Claims Victim Status 229 Policy Implications of Social Development Theories 230 Critique of Social Development Theories 231 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Adam Lanza and the Sandy Hook School Shootings 231 Summary 233 Key Terms 233 Key Names 234 Questions for Review 234 Questions for Reflection 234

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 9 19/11/19 3:59 PM PART FOUR The Crime Picture Chapter 11 | Crimes against Persons—It’s What We Fear 295 Chapter 10 | Criminal Victimization—It’s Personal 263 Introduction 296 Homicide 296 Introduction 264 The Subculture of Violence Theory 298 Types of Victims 264 Homicide: A Closer Look 299 Victimization by the Numbers 265 Serial Killers 302 The Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR/ NIBRS) 265 Mass Murder 303 The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 266 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS Why Mass Shootings Won’t Go Comparing the UCR/NIBRS and the NCVS 269 Away 304 Hidden Victims 269 Rape 305 Changing Offense Patterns 270 Theoretical Perspectives on Rape 306 Demographic Correlates of Victimization 271 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Karla Homolka—A Woman Victim-Offender Overlap 273 Rapist? 307 Repeat Victimization 273 Typologies of Rapists 309 The Developmental Victimization Survey (DVS) WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Exotic Dancer and Polyvictimization 274 Claims Rape 310 The Costs of Criminal Victimization 275 Rape: A Closer Look 310 The Physical Impact of Victimization 275 Child Sexual Abuse 313 The Economic Impact of Victimization 276 Types of Child Sex Abusers 313 The Socio-Emotional Impact of Victimization 276 Robbery 316 Secondary Victimization 277 The Lethal Potential of Robbery 318 Victimization as a Risk Factor for Crime 278 Criminal Careers of Robbers 318 Theories of Victimization 279 Robbery and Public Transportation 318 Blaming the Victim: Early Theories of Victim The Motivation of Robbers 319 Precipitation 279 Drug Robberies 320 Victimization and Lifestyle 281 The Gendered Nature of Robbery 320 ■ THEORY|in PERSPECTIVE Types of Victimization Aggravated Assault 321 Theories 284 Stranger Assault 321 Victims’ Rights 284 Assault within Families 322 A History of the Victim 284 Other Forms of Interpersonal Violence 324 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Bullying 324 Evidence-Based Policy 285 Workplace Violence 326 Victims’ Rights Legislation 286 Hate Crimes 328 : Making the Victim Whole Again 288 Stalking 329 Victim Restitution and Victim Compensation 289 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Dylann Storm Roof—The Charleston Social Movements and Victims’ Rights 290 Church Shooter 332 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Bill Cosby—The Public Face Summary 333 of the “Me-Too” Movement 291 Key Terms 334 Summary 292 Key Names 334 Key Terms 293 Questions for Review 334 Key Names 293 Questions for Reflection 334 Questions for Review 294

Chapter 12 | Crimes against Property—It’s What We Lose 335 Introduction 336 Types of Property Crime 336 Burglary 336 The Social Ecology of Burglary 337 A Typology of Burglars 338 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY Ethnographic Research on Active Burglars 339

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 10 19/11/19 3:59 PM The Locales and Times of Burglary 340 365 The Motivation of Burglars 340 Environmental Crimes and Green Criminology 369 Target Selection for Burglary 341 ■ CRIME|versus REALITY Four Division I Coaches Arrested The Costs of Burglary 341 for College Basketball Fraud 369 The Burglary–Drug Connection 342 Scandals, Government Collusion, and Political Corruption 371 The Sexualized Context of Burglary 342 Terrorism and White-Collar Crime 372 Larceny-Theft 343 Causes of White-Collar Crime 372 Shoplifting and Employee Theft 343 Curtailing White-Collar and 375 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS “Flash Robs” Become a Troublesome Organized Crime 376 Trend 345 Prohibition and Official Corruption 378 Flash Mobs and Larceny 345 Activities of Organized Crime 378 Identity Theft 346 Other Organized Criminal Groups 378 Motor Vehicle Theft 348 Eurasian Criminal Enterprises 380 Theft of Car Parts 348 Balkan Criminal Enterprises 380 Joyriders: Car Theft for Fun 348 Asian Criminal Enterprises 380 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Frank W. Abagnale, Jr.—“Catch Me If African Criminal Enterprises 381 You Can” 349 Middle Eastern Criminal Enterprises 381 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Body Parts for Transnational Organized Crime 382 Sale 350 ■ CRIME| IN THE NEWS U.S. Authorities Grapple with the Rise Professional Car Theft 351 of Transnational Criminal Organizations 383 Arson 351 Organized Crime and the Law 384 Fire Setters 351 Policy Issues: The Control of Organized Crime 384 Understanding Property Crimes 352 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Bernie Madoff—Disgraced Persistent and Professional Thieves 352 Financier 386 The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders 353 Summary 387 Property Offenders and Rational Choice 354 Key Terms 387 Receivers of Stolen Property 354 Key Names 388 The Role of Criminal Receivers 354 Questions for Review 388 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Colton Harris-Moore—The Barefoot Questions for Reflection 388 Bandit 356 Summary 357 Chapter 14 | Drug and Sex Crimes— Key Terms 357 Recreational Key Names 357 Questions for Review 357 Offenses 389 Questions for Reflection 358 Introduction 390 History of Drug Abuse in the United States 390 Extent of Drug Abuse 391 Chapter 13 | White-Collar and Organized Young People and Drugs 393 Crime—Crime as a Job 359 Costs of Drug Abuse 395 Introduction 360 Types of Illegal Drugs 396 A Brief History of White-Collar Crime 360 PUTTING CRIMINOLOGY TO WORK—Implementing Understanding White-Collar Crime 361 Evidence-Based Policy 397 Definitional of White-Collar Crime 361 Drug Addiction 398 White-Collar Crime Today 363 Drug Trafficking 398 Corporate and 363 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? His Brother’s Corporate Crime 363 Keeper 400 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY White-Collar Crime: The Initial Pharmaceutical Diversion and Synthetic Drugs 401 Statement 365 Drugs and Crime 401 Narcoterrorism 401

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 11 19/11/19 3:59 PM Social Policy and Drug Abuse 402 Summary 437 Recent Legislation 402 Key Terms 438 Drug-Control Strategies 404 Questions for Review 438 The Drug Legalization/Decriminalization Debate 404 Questions for Reflection 438 WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Gangs, Teenagers, and Peer Pressure 406 Chapter 16 | Globalization and Sex Work 406 Terrorism—Our Small Morals Legislation 407 World 439 A Typology of Sex Workers 407 Introduction 440 ■ CRIME|IN THE NEWS International Sex Traffickers Turn Girls into Slaves 409 Comparative Criminology 440 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) 410 Ethnocentrism 441 Clients of Prostitutes 410 Transnational Crimes 442 Sex Work: A Changing Business 412 ■ THEORY|versus REALITY UN Offense Exiting the Sex Trade 412 Definitions 443 Feminist Perspectives on Sex Work 412 Human Smuggling and Trafficking 443 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Heidi Lynne Fleiss—Madame to Human Trafficking—The Numbers 445 the Stars 413 Human Trafficking—The Perpetrators 446 Legalization and Decriminalization of Prostitution 414 Federal Immigration and Trafficking Summary 414 Legislation 447 Key Terms 414 Terrorism 448 Questions for Review 415 Domestic Terrorism 449 Questions for Reflection 415 International Terrorism 450 Cyberterrorism 450 ■ CRIME|IN THE NEWS “Lone-Wolf” Terrorists Remain Difficult Chapter 15 | Technology and Crime— to Track Down 451 It’s a Double-Edged WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? The Making of a Sword 417 Suicide Bomber 453 Explaining Violent Political Extremism 453 Introduction 418 The Radicalization Process 454 Technology and Crime 418 Countering the Terrorist Threat 456 High Technology and Criminal Opportunity 419 Foreign Terrorist Organizations 457 The Extent of Cybercrime 420 The Future of Terrorism 459 Cybercrime and the Law 422 International Crime-Fighting Organizations 460 The History and Nature of Hacking 423 INTERPOL 460 A Profile of Cybercriminals 424 Europol 460 ■ CRIME|IN THE NEWS Cyberbanging 426 The International Criminal WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society? Criminal Activity Court 460 or Mischievous Gaming? 427 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES The Tsarnaev Brothers—The Boston Cybercrime as a Form of White-Collar Crime 427 Bombers 461 Technology in the Fight against Crime 428 Summary 463 DNA Technology 429 Key Terms 463 Computers as Crime-Fighting Tools 430 Key Name 463 Combating Cybercrime 431 Questions for Review 463 Police Investigation of Computer Crime 432 Questions for Reflection 463 Cybercrime and Internet Security 432 ■ CRIME|IN THE NEWS The Budapest Convention Epilogue: Future Directions—It’s What’s to Come E-1 on Cybercrime 435 Glossary G-1 Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms in the Information Age 435 Notes N-1 ■ CRIMINAL|PROFILES Kevin Mitnick—Hacker Turned Security Name Index I-1 Expert 436 Subject Index I-5

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 12 19/11/19 3:59 PM New to This Edition

The tenth edition of Criminology Today: An Integrative Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Introduction­ continues to offer students a clear, contemporary, Foundations of Criminal Behavior and comprehensive introduction to criminology that encour- New key terms now include postpartum depression and post- ages critical thinking about the causes of crime and crime- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). prevention strategies. The text’s hallmark thematic approach “Cognitive dissonance” has been added to the chapter as a of social problems versus individual responsibility (Is crime a new key term; and the work of Leon Festinger is now discussed. matter of individual responsibility or a symptom of a dysfunc- The link between serious mental illness and violence is fur- tional society?) prompts students to think critically about the ther explored. causes of crime and helps them see the link between crime theories and crime policies. Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories The American Society of Criminology’s Division of Communi- New Chapter Content in the Tenth Edition ties and Place is now discussed. Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? A “Crime and the Economy” heading has been added to A discussion of undocumented residents and federal immigration the chapter. policy is now discussed. Discussion of a new theory that claims that negative eco- A discussion of sanctuary cities is used to illustrate varying nomic conditions and declining business cycles can increase perspectives on crime and deviance. social strain, resulting in heightened rates for certain kinds of Marijuana laws are also offered as an example of varying crimes, has been added to the chapter. perspectives on crime and deviance, and updates are provided Discussion has been added of Richard Rosenfeld’s 2018 on the legal status of marijuana in various jurisdictions. comprehensive study of crime trends. The discussion on the interdisciplinary nature of criminol- A new section on criminal street gangs has been added, and ogy has been updated, and the section on individual responsibil- the term “criminal street gangs” has been made a key term. ity and the law has been expanded. Delinquency theorists Frederic M. Thrasher and William F. Whyte have been added to the chapter. Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? New key names have been added to the chapter, to include Swiss experimentation in the treatment of heroin abusers to Irving Spergele, Elijah Anderson, Frederick M. Thrasher, William F. ­reduce crime commission has been added to the chapter. Whyte, and Malcolm Klein.

Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social The discussion of neuroscience has been expanded to include Development more information on free will. Discussion of the 2017 study by John H. Bowman and Thomas J. Mowen, which sought to compare the influence that criminal Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on peers or family members have on the future behavior of former Criminal Behavior offenders, has been added. The Positivist School has been more clearly defined, and the The “Ban the Box” movement is discussed as it relates to term has become a key term. labeling theory. Identity transformation, as ncessary to facilitate movement Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary away from criminal behavior, is now discussed. Perspectives Discussion of a new study of parenthood as a potential Brain injury and its possible relationship to criminal behavior is turning point in the life course of gang members has been now discussed. added. The discussion of the MAO-A gene and its relationship to criminal behavior has been expanded. Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories A discussion of circadian rhythms and their possible rela- Cultural criminology is now discussed in this chapter, and tionship to criminal behavior has been added. “cultural criminology” has been made a key term.

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 13 19/11/19 3:59 PM The work of Jeff Ferrel, Mark S. Hamm, Jock Young, D. Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes Milovanovic, Mike Presdee, and Keith J. Hayward in the area of The opioid crisis that now faces America is discussed. cultural criminology is now discussed. Drug use statistics have been thoroughly updated. The concept of “moral time” has been further clarified. A study showing how drugs and prostitution contrib- New key terms, such as liquid ethnography, verstehen, edge- ute to the national economy in the United Kingdom is work, carnival of crime, media loops and spirals, and narrative included. criminology have been added to the chapter. The recreational and medical status of marijuana in the United States has been updated. Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization Discussion of the federal government’s Heroin Signature This chapter has been thoroughly revised, with changes too Program has been substantially updated. ­numerous to list. The concept of “sex work” is introduced and explained.

Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons Chapter 15: Technology and Crime A new story now opens this chapter. A new report by the U.S. Department of Justice, describing a The 2018 United Nations report on violence is discussed. typology of cybercrimes has been added to the chapter. The 2017 Las Vegas mass shooting incident is now discussed. Discussion of the 2018 Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Discussion of the FBI’s 2018 report on active shooters has Data (CLOUD) Act has been added to the chapter. been added to the chapter. “Social engineering” has been made a key term, and is now The distinction between situational child molesters and defined. preferential child molesters is presented.

Chapter 12: Crimes against Property Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism A new story now opens this chapter, and discussion of the case The discussion of human trafficking has been substantially up- of Colton Harris-Moore has been updated. dated, including the presentation of new data. A new study of persons convicted under federal human Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime trafficking laws is discussed, offering insight into perpetrators. The environmental crimes of the automobile manufacturer The list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations has been Volkswagen are now discussed. updated. Mention is made of the fact that the concept of white-collar A new section on “Explaining Violent Political Extremism” crime has undergone refinement as focus has shifted to the nature has been added. of the crime instead of the persons or occupations involved.

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 14 19/11/19 3:59 PM Preface

The opening decade of the twenty-first century was filled with criminologists in the twenty-first century are unlike any they momentous events in the United States, including the destruc- have previously faced. tion of the World Trade Center and an attack on the Pentagon It was against this backdrop that the need for a comprehen- by Islamic terrorists, a fearsome recession, and corporate scan- sive revision of Criminology Today emerged. This new edition dals that cost Americans billions of dollars in lost investments. addresses the poignant question of how security and freedom The second decade saw the advent of a relatively large num- interface in an age of increasing globalism. Chapter 16, in par- ber of homegrown terrorist efforts to attack American popu- ticular, provides substantially enlarged coverage of terrorism and lation centers and landmarks, but only the Boston Marathon cyberterrorism, including an overview of many types of terrorist bombings of 2013 were carried out successfully. The crimes groups, such as nationalist, religious, state-sponsored, left-wing, committed by terrorists set a tone for the start of the new cen- right-wing, and anarchist groups. The findings and recommen- tury unlike any in living memory. Homeland security became dations of special committees and government bodies that have an important buzzword at all levels of American government, focused on terrorism in recent years are also discussed, and on- while pundits questioned just how much freedom people line links to the full text of their reports are provided. would be willing to sacrifice to enhance security. Americans The tenth edition, which is now available in a variety of felt both physically and economically threatened as stock mar- print and electronic formats, presents historical and ­modern ket losses were traced to the unethical actions of a surprising criminological approaches with the aid of real-life stories, cadre of corporate executives who had previously been held ­up-to-date examples and issues, and interactive media. Key in high ­regard in the business world and in the communities ­features include where they lived. Soon the media were busily showing a parade of business leaders ­being led away in handcuffs to face trial on charges of crooked accounting. Added to the mix by the beginning of 2020 were shocking WHO’S TO BLAME—The Individual or Society Is Criminology Really Just a Form of Academic Excuse ?Making acts of criminality that emanated from all corners of the world, Three teenage boys were arrested Maine, and in the small charged with town of Hillsboro, ? with beating a a baseball homeless man The first question bat in an underground to death came from cold voice recorder a reporter including mass shootings in the United States; terror attacks in January evening. parking garage toward holding a on Professor digital beating, A surveillance a here? How do you explain this kindHumbolt. of senseless killing?” and the camera captured “What happened youngsters were the watched the video clip on local TV newsidentified. by “Well,” Humbolt began, “it’s not senseless. Crime is a so residents who Because cial event, not Paris, France; depravities of sex tourism involving human traf- the boys were just an isolated juveniles, instance - swarmed a storm And in much youth of individual around a local of controversy crime activity. adults judge’s decision we see patterns and to bind to charge Humbolt felt of co-offending.” them over them as as though he that state law allows for trial in criminal lecturing was hitting court—something as though his stride and ficking; sex acts with minors streaming across the Internet in for serious crimes if the suspected offenders he was in the started were over 14 years of age at the time of the alleged offense. uates. “Criminal behavior is oftenclassroom attributable to with his undergrad- rather Soon opinions than to individual social failings were being choice. the news heard from backgrounds Consider, media arranged many quarters, of these for a moment, real time; Websites like Silk Road selling drugs, hits for hire, to interview and physical young men. the sor, Dr. Roy Humbolt, at a local college ato c seeriminology if he might be abuse Were they profes- while they subjected able to shed some light on the boys’ behavior. violence were growing to at the hands up? Did they of older learn in this instance, siblings or parents? involved Were they, sexual services, weapons, and just about anything else; massive maybe even an initiation intoin some a gang? adolescent Did they feel forced to rite of passage, behave this way because they saw on television of peer pressure? Was it something or in video games that ­copyright-infringement activities like those of New Zealand– played and then decided to reenact?” they might have

“Dr. Humbolt,” the reporter back f asked, bringing rom his reverie, the professor things “even if you based Megaupload; and the theft of hundreds of thousands of are true, find that some isn’t criminology of those making for criminals?” just an exercise in excuse

personal identities. All of this led to an increasingly complex eco- Think About It 1. What do you think of the explanations offered by Professor nomic, educational, online, and social world. Humbolt for the boys’ behavior? Which of his explanations, if any, makes the most sense? How can we know for sure if those explanations are accurate? Criminologists found themselves wondering what new laws 2. What do you think of the reporter’s stinging criticism of the A news conference held to provide insight into a seemingly professor? Is the reporter right that criminology is “just an ex-

Cultural Creative/Alamy Stock photo senseless killing. What value do criminological explanations ercise in excuse making for criminals?” Explain your answer. might be enacted to add additional controls to handgun sales and hold for the understanding of criminal activity? How can we 3. Generally speaking, does understanding absolve responsi- benefit from such explanations? bility? In other words, if we can understand why someone does something, then should we hold him or her less re sponsible for doing it? Why or why not? ownership; and they also focused on the potential harm that the Note: Who’s to Blame bo - xes provide critical-thinking opportunities based on actual cases. criminal mis-use of social media can cause. This last issue con- stitutes a very intimate crime that can literally cause a person to face the loss of his or her social self in our complex and highly technological culture. Focus also shifted to expanding computer capabilities and biotechnologies that, while seeming to hold Who’s to Blame boxes in each chapter highlight the book’s amazing promise to cure disease and reshape humanity’s future, ever-evolving theme of social problems versus social respon- threaten the social fabric in a way not seen since the birth of sibility, a hallmark feature of this text. In each chapter, Who’s the atomic bomb or the harnessing of electricity. Similarly, cli- to Blame boxes build on this theme by illustrating some of mate changes, violent storms such as damaging hurricanes, the the issues that challenge criminologists and policy makers Gulf oil spill, our nation’s desperate need for alternative and today. Each box includes a case study followed by critical additional energy sources, and the instability in the Middle East thinking questions that ask readers to ponder to what extent contribute to a growing awareness that the challenges facing the individual or society is responsible for a given crime.

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 15 19/11/19 3:59 PM THEORY |versus REALIT Ethnographic Research on Active BurglarsY Ethnographic research involving stand a burglar’s active burglars way of life attempts to under achieved and hence offers - as residential in survey research a depth of insight burglars ethnographic research is oftenor dangerous, research costly, and time-consumingrarely. jects by other offenders using official data. were identified so identified. However, by the field Research sub- CRIMINAL The true benefit employed, most workers whom PROFILES that comes from of whom were Wright and Decker to an essential methodological issue commonstudying to active all research endeavors: subjects were ex-offenders. Ross Ulbricht—The New Face of Crime? burglars is related all conducted The interviews the classic on active in the field. Building with the In 2015, issue of how offenders on previous 31-year-old Ross being individuals behave not currently research online Ulbricht, the studied. In when they provide insight incarcerated, marketplace known mastermind behind the case of know they into various Wright federal as Silk Road, the illegal those studying burglars are ing an examination of their motivation,facets of target selection, entryand method, Decker court to was sentenced who are incarcerated, who are the offending spend the rest of in Manhattan Richard active versus of burglars, includ- to forfeit $183,961,921 his life in . note that individuals T. Wright search for in illegal He was also ordered behave and Scott H. valuable goods, firearms, illegal profits. Silk Road, house. differently “in Decker swering and disposal drugs, pharmaceuticals, which offered The researchers the wild” than questions, of goods. killings-for-hire, hacking sex, point to statements in the jail the offenders In addition was created in services, and criminology, made - recent residential burglary offense.were asked to an- the dark Web. 2011 and operated even Edwin Sutherland by two pioneers to reconstruct Participants used on what’s known years ago: and Donald in their most ers and conducted sophisticated and as “Those who Cressey, Defining the eligibility of subjects for research and using field work transactions secretive Web have had more than 30 mated that in untraceable brows- the open know intimate contacts ers are the site, before Bitcoins. Officials that criminals with criminals common practices and raked in over $1.2 billionit wasin sales shut through down, millions of transactionsesti. - and , are not ‘natural’ in were in ethnographic - had nearly a million and that they in police stations, followed in other research. Similar Online, users of must be studied courts, ethnographic strategies Ulbricht used the institutions if in their chapter. They research his true identity was known, thepseudonym media described Dread him as a “virtual crimi they are to be everyday life outside include research projects discussed Pirate Roberts. ting as close understood.”i setting on 30 active in this nal mastermind” Before as possible It is this concern by Paul F. burglars in and an “online mob boss” who became the new face of the tradition of ethnography.to the social world for get- Cromwell and an urban Texas organized - one is studying professional fence by Darrell J. Steffensmeierhis colleaguesii crime. Ulbricht and was AP Images that marks research on to fund a said to have personally Ethnographic discussion of research in this chapter, keep in iimindi the strengths of eth-the $150,000 hit on used his research has . As you read through Investigators a Canadian man creation where already been the said that he who tried to extort research by described nographic research blackmailer’s later followed up him. Richard Wright in Chapter and the four friends. by ordering the bers was discussed. This chapter presentsand furtherScott ethnographic research11, offenders within their native insightssocial and to culturalbe contexts. sible Ulbricht, however, killing of the Decker on armed gained by studying for the crimes that was ultimately by rob- criminal U.S. others committed held respon- Wright and Attorney P through the Decker, this reet Bharara Silk Road lizabeth Wlliams/ the time on the overdoses, says that “Ulbricht portal. E researchers residential burglars. addictions, bears responsibility located and interviewed During Discussion Questions gal drugs sold on Silk Road.”and It other doesn’t foreseeable matter, Bharara said, “that he difor in St. Louis, Missouri. To qualify for inclusion105 in Wright and Decker’s1989, repercussions Silk Road founder, Ross Ulbricht. active residential not personally handle those drugs; neither would a traditional kingpin.of the ille” - research, burglars 1. What is ethnographic research? How does it differ from other to life in prison for creating the anything-goes In 2015, Ulbricht Internet was site sentenced. the offenders Silk Road was the first massive online marketplace for illegal goodsd (1) had to meet types of research in the field of criminology? have committed one of three criteria: and services, a residential they and it provided odds contact, burglary had to ing to a blueprint of a successful (2) define within two 2. Can criminologists learn anything special about burglary by focus- conduct business for other criminals appeal by themselves as weeks prior Katherine autonomously. want- Ulbricht by Donald Trump beforeUlbricht, mid-2018. or a residential to ing on active burglars who are not currently incarcerated—rather B. Forrest At sentencing, presidential pardon burglars, or (3) told Ulbricht federal Judge of Notes be labeled virtual world in which any kind of illegalthat “as business the first could be conducted, than on burglars who are imprisoned? person” to create he had to pay a The case of Ross Ulbricht raises a number i. Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey, the price. Anyone Ulbricht’s who was of interesting questions. Among them are Job: Streetlife and Residential Break-Ins (Boston:Criminology, Northeastern 8th ed. (Philadelphia: University Press, Lippincott, 1994), p. 1970), 5. p. 68, cited in Richard T. Wright and Scott H. Decker, Burglars on the footsteps, said thinking of following out equivocation the judge, needs in ii. that to know clearly the following: Paul F. Cromwell, James N. Olson, and D’Aunn Wester Avary, Breaking and Entering: An Ethnographic Analysis of Burglary (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991). serious consequences.”if In you a footnote break the to Ulbricht’s trial and sentencing,“and with- law this way, there iii. Darrell J. Steffensmeier, will be very 1. What does the conviction of Ross Ulbricht have to say about the the Web site bitbet.us The Fence: In the Shadow of Two Worlds (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1986) took bets (only nature of crime in America today? in Bitcoins, of Notes course) favoring 2. Why did Ulbricht receive such a harsh sentence? . FBI Press Release, “Ross Ulbricht, AKA Dread Pirate Roberts, Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court to Life in Prison,” May 29, press-releases/2015/ross-ulbricht-aka-dread-pirate-roberts-sentenced-in-manhattan-federal-court-to-life-in-prison; and “Silk Ro One Virtual ‘Mob Boss’ Became the New Face of Organized Crime,” News.com.au, July 14, 2015, http://www.news.com.au/technology/o silk-road-how-one-virtual-mob-boss-becamethe-new-face-of-organised-crime/story-fnjwnj25-1227441204850 2015, https://www.fbi.gov/newyork/ ad: How nline/

Theory versus Reality boxes throughout the text showcase Criminal Profiles boxes throughout the text offer insights into selected issues and theories in the field of criminology and the lives and criminal motivations of notorious offenders, such as invite discussion through thought-provoking questions for Ross Ulbricht (founder of Silk Road, the underground Website); consideration. Omar Mateen (the Pulse Nightclub shooter); Jodi Arias, Colton Harris-Moore (the Barefoot Bandit), and Bernie Madoff.

CRIME in th e NEWS THEOR Why Mass Shootings Won’t Go Away Y in PERSPECTIVE Mass | shootings by lone Types of Psychological and Psychiatric Theories phenomenon. To date, the gunmen2017 shooting seem of nearly 600 people (of whom to be a uniquely Psychological and psychiatric theories of criminology are derived from 58 died) American in Las Vegas by the attack. 64-year-old Stephen behavioral sciences Paddock fired Paddock and focus on from a guest is the deadliest such sis. This chapter breaks their discussionthe down individual into a number of areas as Period: resort into a room on the as the unit of analy- 1900–present music festival crowd 32nd floor of a shown in this box. Omar Marteen of more than nearby Theorists: (who is featured 30,000 people. B. F. Skinner, others text) shot in a Criminal In 2016, over 100 people Profile box elsewhere Modeling Theory Concepts: of at the Pulse in this operant behavior, operant conditioning, classical con- them died. Marteen, nightclub in Orlando. ditioning, stimulus-response, reward, punishment who was 29 years Forty-nine This theory states that people learn how to behave by modeling them killed after a police SWAT team forced its oldway at into the timethe building. of the a ttack, was selves after others whom they have the opportunity to observe. In 2012, 20-year-old man, Adam Lanza, - Frustration–Aggression Theory killed 25 people a mentally troubled Period: Connecticut—20 of them childrenat an .elementary young 1890s–present Frustration is a natural consequence of living and a root cause of crime school in Theorists: Mass Newtown, Gabriel Tarde, Albert Bandura, others in this shootings show theory, where no signs of Concepts: when it results from stresscriminal reduction. behavior the U.S. homicide declining, despite imitation, interpersonal aggression, social cognition can be a form rate. “The frequency an overall drop theory, modeling, disengagement of adaptation ate much year of gun violence in to year,” said James does not fluctu Period: 1940s–present Northeastern Alan Fox, a - University. Looking criminology professor shootings back 35 at Psychoanalytic Criminology Theorists: J. Dollard, Albert Bandura, Richard H. Walters in 1976 and 18 years, Fox counted A in 2010, with a 19 such This psychiatric approach, developed by Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Concepts: study of past incidents range of 7 in 1985 frustration, aggression, displacement to be a young man without friendsreveals and a p recently encountered someto 30 humiliain 2003. A memorial to the victims of the Freud, ortrait Gene Blevins/ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo of the mass shooter. emphasizes the tion. He’s aiming for a high body count. Sometimes he copies anotherHe mastends shooting, which claimed the livesOctober of 58 people, 1, 2017, and Las injured Vegas 54 mass6 deviant role of personality behavior as the in human behavior Cognitive Theory others. tation to the social environment.result of dysfunctional and sees shooter or a f - The shooter, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock fired thousands personalities igure from the movies, or maladap- Cognitive when imitating as Colorado s of rounds from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay theory, also the Joker, shooter James Period: known as moral shooters Batman’s sworn Holmes did Casino into a nearby music festival crowd of over 30,000. How can 1920s–present individuals become development are depressed, enemy. Although Resort an criminal when theory, holds that Knoll, a psychiatrist at SUNYthey rarelyUpstate suffer Medical Center. many mass d Theorists: pleted their intellectual development theyfrom havechild- not to adulthood. psychosis, according mass killings be prevented? Sigmund Freud, August Aichorn, others successfully com- Little to James L. Concepts: psychiatric criminology, id, ego, superego, in this portrait, Period: 1950s–present shootings. however, psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, neurosis, psychosis, Mass shooters can help predict buying sublimation, Theorists: rarely talk future mass weapons. Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Roger C. Schank, But many of them about their Fox argues that schizophrenia do undergo exploits in advance. much impossible. preventing these paranoid Robert P. Abelson, Stanton E. Samenow, Samuel Yochelson crimes, as a personality “We’re not calamities is evidenced by Holmes change just before fortress,” he said. “People hate itgoing when to I sayturn this, but it’s true. This kindpretty Concepts: a professor dyeing his their our country into Personality Theor moral development, cognitive-information process- at Bryn Mawr hair orange. Larry of tragedy is one of the unfortunate prices we pay for our freedoms.”one big y should notice these changes andCollege report in them Pennsylvania, to authorities. Burton, This approach envisions a complex set of drives and motives operating ing, scripts, cognitive dissonance criminal mind-set thinks people Other ways from recesses deep within the personality to determine behavior. to address mass Discussion Questions which could shootings might Crime as Adaptation reduce the carnage, be to ban assault Period: ground checks and the imposition rifles, 1. Why have random mass shootings become relatively commonplace 1940s–present for gun purchases. of stricter Criminal activity without a But a mass back- in American society? Theorists: facilitates individual criminal record shooter, like Hervey M. Cleckley, Hans J. Eysenck, many others ment by reducing adaptation might not be identified Paddock, 2. life stresses to the environ- Sources: Seth Cline, “Are Mass Shootings a Fact of Life in America?”and What can be done to prevent future incidents of random mass Concepts: changes. and by prevented from personality, psychopath, sociopath, antisocial person- producing environmental /are-mass-shootings-a-fact-of-life-in-america; Lizette Alvarez, Richard Perez-Pena and Christineshootings Hauser,? “Orlando Gunman was ‘C ality, personality, traits, Five Factor Model, post-traumatic stress Police Say,” June 13, 2016, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/orlando-shooting.htmlUS News & World Report, August 28, 2012, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/08/28 (accessed March 3, 2017); and Doug Criss, “The Las disorder (PTSD), postpartum depression Period: 1950s–present Vegas Attack is the Deadliest Mass Shooting in Modern US History,” CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-attack-deadl Theorists: Seymour L. Halleck, Donald A. Andrews, James index.html (accessed November 25, 2017). Behavior Theory ool and Calm’ after Massacre, Bonta, John Bowlby Arnold S. Linsky, Ronet Bachman, From a Murray A. Straus psychological perspective, iest-us-mass-shooting-trnd/ ual behavior behavior theory Concepts: that is rewarded posits that individ- alloplastic and autoplastic adaptation, criminogenic that is punished will decrease inwill frequency increase. needs, criminogenic domains, attachment theory in frequency and Source: Schmalleger, Frank Criminology. behavior Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper S

addle River, New Jersey ISBN 0132966751.

Crime in the News boxes in each chapter present case ex- amples and pose analytical discussion questions about connec- tions between examples and the chapter topics. Theory in Perspective summary boxes in Parts 2 and 3 out- line the main points of various theories for easy reference and study. In the past few years, crime and criminals have changed in ways that few people had previously imagined would occur, and FRANK SCHMALLEGER, Ph.D. these changes hold considerable significance for each one of us Distinguished Professor Emeritus and for our nation as a whole. It is my hope that this new edi- The University of North Carolina at Pembroke tion, which is available in a number of formats, will help today’s students both to understand the nature of these changes and to find a meaningful place in the social world that is to come. xvi

A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 16 19/11/19 3:59 PM Supplements REVEL for Criminology Instructor Supplements Today, Tenth Edition by Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes content outlines Frank Schmalleger for classroom discussion, teaching suggestions, and answers to Designed for how you want to teach – and how your selected end-of-chapter questions from the text. This also con- students want to learn tains a Word document version of the test bank. Revel is an interactive learning environment that engages students TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives and helps them prepare for your class. Reimagining their content, you maximum flexibility in creating and administering tests our authors integrate media and assessment throughout the narra- on paper, electronically, or online. It provides state-of-the- tive so students can read, explore, and practice, all at the same time. art features for viewing and editing test bank questions, Thanks to this dynamic reading experience, students come to class dragging a selected question into a test you are creating, and prepared to discuss, apply, and learn about criminal justice — from printing sleek, formatted tests in a variety of layouts. Select you and from each other. test items from test banks included with TestGen for quick test creation, or write your own questions from scratch. Test Revel seamlessly combines the full content of Pearson’s best- Gen’s random generator provides the option to display dif- selling criminal justice titles with multimedia learning tools. ferent text or calculated number values each time questions You assign the topics your students cover. Author Explanatory are used. Videos, application exercises, survey questions, interactive CJ data maps, and short quizzes engage students and enhance their PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations offer clear, straight- understanding of core topics as they progress through the con- forward outlines and notes to use for class lectures or study tent. Through its engaging learning experience, Revel helps ­materials. Photos, illustrations, charts, and tables from the book students better understand course material while preparing them are included in the presentations when applicable. to meaningfully participate in class. To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request a free instructor access code. Go to www. Author Explanatory Videos pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an Short 2-3 minute Author Explanatory Videos, embedded in instructor ­access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you the narrative, provide students with a verbal explanation of an will receive a confirming e-mail, including an instructor ac- ­important topic or concept and illuminating the concept with cess code. Once you have received your code, go to the site additional examples. and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.

Alternative Versions eBooks This text is also available in multiple eBook ­formats. These are an exciting new choice for students Point/CounterPoint Videos looking to save money. As an alternative to purchasing the Instead of simply reading about criminal justice, students are printed textbook, students can purchase an electronic ver- empowered to think critically about key topics through Point/ sion of the same content. With an eTextbook, students can Counterpoint videos that explore different views on controver- search the text, make notes online, print out reading as- sial issues such as the effectiveness of the fourth amendment, signments that incorporate lecture notes, and bookmark ­privacy, search and seizure, Miranda, rights, death pen- important passages for later review. For more information, alty and many other topics. visit your favorite online eBook reseller or visit www.­ mypearsonstore.com.

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 17 19/11/19 3:59 PM New Social Explorer Criminal Justice Data Maps Track time-on-task throughout the course Social Explorer Maps integrated into the narrative ask students The Performance Dashboard allows you to see how much time to examine crime and data correlated with socio- the class or individual students have spent reading a section or do- economic and other criminal justice data. Maps also show ing an assignment, as well as points earned per assignment. This differences in state statutes on major issues such as marijuana data helps correlate study time with performance and provides a legalization, the death penalty, and the distribution of hate orga- window into where students may be having difficulty with the nizations across the US. material.

Learning Management System Integration Pearson provides Blackboard Learn™, Canvas™, Brightspace by D2L, and Moodle integration, giving institutions, instruc- tors, and students easy access to Revel. Our Revel integration delivers streamlined access to everything your students need for the course in these learning management system (LMS) environments.

The Revel App The Revel mobile app lets students read, practice, and study— anywhere, anytime, on any device. Content is available both online and offline, and the app syncs work across all registered devices automatically, giving students great flexibility to toggle between phone, tablet, and laptop as they move through their day. The app also lets students set assignment notifications to stay on top of all due dates. Available for download from the App New Student Survey Questions Store or Google Play. Visit www.pearsonhighered.com/revel/ Student Survey Questions appear within the narrative asking to learn more. students to respond to questions about controversial topics and important concepts. Students then see their response versus the responses of all other students who have answered the question in the form of a bar chart. We provide the instructor with a PowerPoint deck with links to each survey and map, making it easy to pull these items up in class for discussion.

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 18 19/11/19 3:59 PM Acknowledgments

A book like Criminology Today draws on the talents and resources Jeff Bry, Minnesota State Community and Technical of many people and is the end result of much previous effort. This College-Moorhead text could not have been written without the groundwork laid Donna Massey, University of Tennessee at Martin by previous criminologists, academics, and researchers; hence, a Chad Sexton, Ocean County College/State University of hearty thank-you is due everyone who has contributed to the New York-Fredonia development of the field of criminology throughout the years, es- I also thank the following reviewers for previous editions: pecially to those theorists, authors, and social commentators who are cited in this book. Without their work, the field would be that Reed Adams, East Carolina State University much poorer. I would like to thank, as well, all the adopters—­ Elizabeth Bondurant, Mercer County Community College professors and students alike—of my previous textbooks, for they Michael P. Brown, Ball State University have given me the encouragement and fostered the steadfastness Gregg Buchholz, Keiser University required to write this new edition of Criminology Today. Bryan D. Byers, Ball State University The Pearson team members, many of whom I have come to Dianne Carmody, Old Dominon University know very well and all of whom have worked so professionally Steven M. Christiansen, Joliet Junior College with me on this and other projects, deserve special thanks. The team Tomasina Cook, Erie Community College includes Faye Gemmellaro, Elissa Senra-Sargent, Holly Shufeldt, Myrna Cintron, Texas A&M University and Heather Taylor. My thanks to the photo researcher Lav Kush Patrick G. Donnelly, University of Dayton Sharma, whose efforts have helped make Criminology Today both at- Ronald D. Hunter, State University of West Georgia tractive and visually appealing. Thanks, too, to the very professional Steven Johnson, Eastern Arizona College folks at Integra, who aided in the production of this text. They Daniel D. Jones, University of Washington include, Gowthaman Sadhanandham, and Abinaya ­Rajendran at John Kirkpatrick, University of New Hampshire Integra for their very capable handling of numerous details. Joan Luxenburg, University of Central Oklahoma My friends and professional colleagues Ellen G. Cohn at Eugene Matthews, Park University Florida International University, Cassandra Renzi at Keiser M. Joan McDermott, Southern Illinois University ­University, and Karel Kurst-Swanger at Oswego State University William McGovern, Sussex County Community College helped in many ways. Dr. Cohn graciously used her deep per- Darrell K. Mills, Pima Community College (East Campus) sonal creativity in enhancing the supplements package and creat- Robert Mutchnick, Indiana University of Pennsylvania ing quality products; she has the exceptional ability of building Michael Pittaro, Lehigh Valley College intuitively on concepts in the text. Thanks also to Bob Winslow Glen E. Sapp, Central Carolina Community College at California State University–San Diego for insight and encour- Jennifer L. Schulenberg, Sam Houston State University agement on a number of important issues and to Jack Humphrey Louis Shepard, West Georgia Technical College at St. Anselm College and Stephen J. Schoenthaler for their valu- John Siler, Georgia Perimeter College able suggestions in the preparation of this new edition. Tamson L. Six, Lock Haven University This book has benefited greatly from the quick availability Dianne Williams, North Carolina A&T State University of information and other resources through online services and in Jeffrey Zack, Fayetteville Technical Community College various locations on the Internet’s World Wide Web. I am grate- Anthony W. Zumpetta, West Chester University ful to the many information providers who, although they are Finally, but by no means least, I am indebted to a small but too numerous to list, have helped establish such useful resources. very special group of contemporary criminologists who have I am thankful as well for the assistance of Prof. Bill ­Tafoya laid the foundation for our discipline’s presence on the Internet. (retired FBI) and Nancy Carnes of the Federal Bureau of Among them are Cecil Greek at Florida State University, whose ­Investigation; E. Ann Carson at the Bureau of Justice Statistics; online lecture notes are massively informative; Tom O’Connor William Ballweber at the National Institute of Justice; ­David of Austin Peay State University, whose Megalinks in Criminal ­Beatty, director of public affairs with the National Victim Cen- Justice site provides an amazingly comprehensive resource; Mat- ter; Kris Rose at the National Criminal Justice Reference Ser- thew Robinson at Appalachian State University, whose Crime vice; Marilyn Marbrook and Michael Rand at the Office of Theory links allow visitors to vote on what they think are the Justice Programs; Mark Reading at the Drug Enforcement Ad- causes of crime; and Bruce Hoffman, whose former Crime The- ministration; and Barbara Maxwell at USA Today. ory site at the University of Washington offers many great insights Many manuscript reviewers have contributed to the devel- into the field. All of these excellent resources were very useful in opment of Criminology Today. I offer my thanks to the following writing this book—and it is to these modern-day visionaries that reviewers for the tenth edition: Criminology Today owes much of its technological depth. Daniel Boudon, St. Francis College

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A01_SCHM9019_10_SE_FM.indd 19 19/11/19 3:59 PM About the Author

Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles as well as Professor Emeritus at The Uni- many books: Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the versity of North Carolina at 21st Century (Pearson, 2021), now in its 16th edition; Juvenile De- Pembroke, where he also was linquency, 9th edition (with Clemmens Bartollas; Pearson, 2014); recognized as Distinguished Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 12th edition (Pearson, 2019); Professor. Dr. Schmalleger Criminal Law Today, 6th edition (Pearson, 2016); Corrections in the holds degrees from the Uni- Twenty-First Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2021); versity of Notre Dame and Crime and the Justice System in America: An Encyclopedia (Green- The Ohio State University; he wood Publishing Group, 1997); Trial of the Century: People of the earned both a master’s (1970) State of California vs. Orenthal James Simpson (Prentice Hall, 1996); and a doctorate (1974) in soci- Career Paths: A Guide to Jobs in Federal Law Enforcement (Regents/ ology, with a special emphasis Prentice Hall, 1994); Computers in Criminal Justice (Wyndham in criminology, from The Ohio Hall Press, 1991); Criminal Justice Ethics (Greenwood Press, 1991); State University. From 1976 to Finding Criminal Justice in the Library (Wyndham Hall Press, 1991); 1994, he taught criminology Ethics in Criminal Justice (Wyndham Hall Press, 1990); A History and criminal justice courses at The University of North Carolina of Corrections (Foundations Press of Notre Dame, 1983); and The at Pembroke, and for the last 16 of those years, he chaired the Social Basis of Criminal Justice (University Press of America, 1981). university’s Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Crimi- He is also the founding editor of the journal Criminal Justice Stud- nal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in ies (formerly The Justice Professional). St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university’s Schmalleger’s philosophy of both teaching and writing can be graduate program in security administration and loss prevention summed up in these words: “In order to communicate knowledge and taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. we must first catch, then hold, a person’s interest—be it student, He has also taught in the New School for Social Research’s on- colleague, or policy maker. Our writing, our speaking, and our line graduate program, helping build the world’s first electronic teaching must be relevant to the problems facing people today, classrooms in support of distance learning through computer and they must—in some way—help solve those problems.” Visit telecommunications. Schmalleger’s Amazon author page at: http://amazon.com/ author/frankschmalleger. Follow his tweets @schmalleger.

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