LONDON, SATURDAY, MAY 6, 1837. [1836-37.

of the external air into the lungs ; or, in general language, suffocation, by whatever LECTURES means it is caused, whether by hanging, or or ON by drO1l’1lÎng, by smothering. Hanging is one mode of suffocation, for MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, when the body is suspended during life by a cord or rope passed round the neck, the NOW IN COURSE OF DELIVFRY trachea is compressed, and respiration is AT THE suspended. The symptoms attending hang- ing have been detailed by those who have UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. been imperfectly hanged, and have been BY PROFESSOR A. T. THOMSON. re-animated. WEPPER relates a case of a man and a woman, who, having revived after hanging, stated that the sensation they ex- LECTURE XXXI. perienced was simply that of passing into a profound slumber; and the same loss of RODIES FOfrVD Df.An.—.D/t 1))’odiieed bi, consciousness was experienced by a gentle- asphyxia; effects of hanging; obsf1’/tctior. man who took a fancy to ascertain the fact of the circulation in the brain; recorerie: upon himself, and who, says Lord BACON, qfter hanging. Eâdences of a body haring in detailing the case, would have fallen the been hung while alive. I1’hetlier the hang. victim of his curiosity, if a friend had not ing was suicide or murder. Whether arm cut him down. In a case mentioned by ir4.sl)h y xiated pel’son; not found suyended, MORGAGNI, flashes of light were seen before died by hanging. Strangulation without the eyes before consciousness departed. hanging. Can suicide be committed by The external symptoms, however, would strangling? lead to a different conclusion. When a criminal is hanged, the first apparent effect ’GEXTLEMEN:—The subject to which I is an ineffectual attempt at inspiration, have now to direct your attention, is the which is sometimes followed by convul- duty of the medical jurist in reference to sions. inquiries respecting bodiesfound dead. There are four circumstances, connected I have already stated to you the appear- with death from hanging, which require to ances by which natural death is to be ascer- be attended to in forming a decision on tained. Our present subject refers solely to cases of death from supposed hanging. death, arising from violent causes. These Three of these may be regarded as acces- consist of various kinds of asphyxia;- sory causes, in conjunction with the fourth, namely, hanging, st/’angulation, drowning, our immediate cause, namely, suffocation. smothering, wounds, burning, stay-vatioit, and The accessories are, death from lightning. ’ 1. Compressing of the blood-vessels. As to asphyxia, it embraces whatever sus- 2. Compressing of the nerves. pends directly the function of respiration, 3. Dislocation of the cervical vertebra*. whether mechanical or chemical; but as That suffocation is the immediate and the consideration of the latter comes more principal cause of death by hanging, has properly under toxicology, it is to the for- been several times experimentally demon- mer that we have at present to direct our strated. GREGORY opened the trachea of a attention. The mechanical causes, how- dog, and passed a cord round the neck of ever, of asphyxia, involve chemical pheno- the animal, above the opening, and sus- mena, and it is on these chiefly that the pended him by it. He continued to live death of the patient depends. and respire, but when the cord was placed The interruption of these chemical phe- below the opening, he quickly perished. nomena, so far as concerns our inquiries, Sir B. BRODIF. hanged a dog, and as soon as depends on whatever obstructs flip uassaee it became insensible, he opene 1 the trachea No 714. 210 below the ligature, upon doing which the ascertained, closely resembles that which animal breathed, and its sensibility re- results from the division of the eighth pair turned. It is only by supposing that the of nerves ; and as this excellent physiologist asphyxia is incomplete, that we can imagine found that a guinea pig, in which he passed the possibility of the circulation being re- a ligature under the trachea, and after a newed, and the brain relieved ; and that we little time removed it, was found dead next can account for some of the cases of re- morning, he concludes, that a person re- covery after criminal execution by hanging. covering from the immediate effects of A man of the name of JOHN SMITH,who was hanging, may afterwards die of the injury executed at Tyburn, on the 24th December, done to the par vagum. If we take this 1705, was cut down in fifteen minutes, in fact into account, aud, also, that persons consequence of the arrival of a reprieve, who have recovered from hanging have and was recovered by veneasection. Gover- been for a long period afflicted with ringing nor WALL was long in dying, in conse- in the ears, there is reason for thinking quence of which a particular examination that one cause of the total suspension of of his throat took place; and the difficulty respiration is the pressure of those nerves was found to have been owing to an ossified which regulate the respiratory function. portion of the trachea resisting the pressure The compression of the trachea, in the first of the rope. place, causes a suspension of respiration; 1. With regard to compression on the in the second, the pressure on the blood blood vessels, something like apoplexy oc- vessels, and nerves of respiration, is the curs ; thus, the countenance becomes red immediate cause of the total failure of the and livid, and often a bloody mucus issues function. from the mouth and nose ; the eyes are red 3. In many instances there is a laceration and projecting, the eyelids generally open, of the larynx or trachea; the vertebrse of and the tongue, not unfrequently, thrust the neck are also occasionally luxated, out of the mouth, and sometimes wounded chiefly owing to rupture of the ligaments of by the convulsive action of the jaws. All the neck, in which case, also, there is likely of these symptoms closely resemble those to be compression, or nipping, of the spinal of death from apoplexy. It might be sup- cord. It is said, that two noted execu- posed, that the compression of the jugulars, tioners at Paris, whose victims perished in in preventing the return of blood from the different manners, being questioned as to head, would produce accumulation in the the cause of this difference, stated, that one brain ; but it is now admitted, that no accu- of them produced a luxation of the first cer. mulation of blood in the brain is essential vical vertebra from the second, and a con- for apoplexy, which arises from obstructed sequent laceration of the trachea, by placing circulation, whatever may be the cause, the knot of the cord under the ear, and giv- In hanging, it cannot be doubted that this ing a rotatory motion to the body on push- occurs, because the arteries which supply ing it from the ladder; whilst the other the chief part of the blood to the brain are placed the knot at the back of the neck, also compressed, and the supply of blood to and let his victim fall gently, and without it is thus cut off. It is true, that during the rotatory movement. It is not unusual suspension, the brain may be supplied by for those who suffer from hanging, to void means of the inter-vertebral vessels ; and the urine, to pass faeces, to eject semen, and thus it might be presumed that an accumu- to display an erection of the penis in articulo lation might take place ; but the obstruc- mortis. tion is sufficient to explain the effect on the In post-mortem examinations of the bodies brain, which is incapable of receiving auy of persons who have been hanged, indepen- additional quantity of blood, so that, in dently of luxations of the vertebrae and truth, the vessels cannot be overloaded. If lacerations of the cartilages and the trachea, the arteries be distended beyond their ordi- the lungs are found livid and expanded, and nary diameter, the veins must be in an the trachea is often filled with bloody froth ; equal ratio more empty than usual, a state the right cavities of the heart are gorged with of things not likely to occur during life. It blood, whilst the left is nearly empty, and is, nevertheless, contended, that the brains the blood, which often remains fluid, followss of executed criminals have displayed extra- every incision of the scalpel; the pulmonary vasated blood amongst the membranes, and cells are distended, and, as in cases of smo- sanguineous congestions, so that, at least, thering, the lungs do not collapse when the we are authorised to conclude that apo- chest is opened. Although, in general, the plexy sometimes occurs. This appearance, face is full of blood, and dilated, yet some- however, of venous congestion, is the result times it remains pale, and presents few in- of arteries emptying themselves into the dications of cerebral obstructed circulation. veins after death. The shoulders are usually raised, from the 2. That a compression of the nerves strong effort made to inspire before the chiefly supplying the respiratory organs asphyxia supervenes : frequently ecchymo- also takes place, is undoubted ; and the ses are observed upon them, extending to appearance in the lungs, as Sir B. BRODIE the breast and down the arms; the fingers 211

are usually bent, the nails are blue, and the time elapsed from the hour of death, if often the hands are clenched. known, until the body be cut down, should Such are the effects of hanging, and the always be taken into account in deciding appearances presented on dissection of the whether an act of suicide or of murder have body. Three questions present themselves been committed. If no previous strangula- for investigation, as those likely to be in- tion appear to have taken place, a most de- quired into on an inquest, or in a court of cisive evidence is found in the condition of justice, on a trial for suspicion of murder the lungs; for, if the body have been hung up from finding a body suspended. 1. Whether after death, the appearances which I have the person was hanged whilst alive, so that described as being characteristic of death the suspension of the body by the neck was by suffocation, do not present themselves. the cause of death ; or, whether it was hung 2. With regard to the second question,- up after death? 2. Whether the hanging is Whether the person have hung himself or an act of suicide or of murder? ’3. Whether been hung by others, the absence of the a body found not hanging was killed by appearances of any struggle indicates that hanging ?’t hanging has been an act of suicide, as it is 1. The first of these questions is one of very unlikely that any one would quietly great importance. If the person was alive submit to be hanged against his will, if not when hung, the mark of the rope round the legally condemned to be so as a punishment neck is generally very conspicuous, in a for a crime; on the contrary, such an act deep, livid, depressed circle; if the body could not happen without great resistance be hung up after death, the discolouration being made by the sufferer. The import- on the neck is comparatively slight; and ance of attending to these circumstances is the same difference is perceived between the well illustrated in a case quoted by FODERE, mark on the neck of a person hung up alive, from the 11 Causes C6]bres," and translated and that on the neck of a person merely by Dr. BECK,-the well-known case of CALAS suspended after death, as I described to and his son. you exists between a contusion on the body But although the appearances noted in of a person knocked down during life, and that case indicate suicide, yet you must also blows inflicted on a dead body. But some recollect that bruises and wounds on the fallacy might be supposed to arise in this body do not always bear testimony of force case, if the person were quickly cut down, having been employed. A person may swing and if the body were examined within six himself with violence, with the view of hours from the time of cutting it down. In this speedily destroying himself, and may thus event, the mark has been found to be simple be wounded. Dr. MALE relates the follow- depression, without change of colour; ing case in point:—" An apprentice boy, after, however, the body cools and stiffens, working alone in an attic, tied one end of a the rope-mark acquires a brownish tint, and rope loosely round his neck, probably with- this deepens till it appears as if the skin out any intention of destroying himself, and had been scorched; but there is not always twisted the other round the projecting top any ecchymosis in the vicinity of this mark. of a door, the planks of which were irregu- In a case of an insane person who hung lar, and somewhat apart. A small stool on herself in one of the gardens of the Hospital which he stood slipped from under him, of Salpetriere, these exceptions presented and when he fell forwards he struck his themselves, and under the rope-mark the cel- temple against the corner of a box, which lular tissue was dry and compressed, so as to cut him to the bone; he lay along the floor, form a brilliant white band a line and a half his head and shoulders only elevated a few in breadth. inches above it, and in this state he perish- If the person have been previously stran- ed. The master of the boy, who was from gled and then hung up, to lead to the sup- home when the accident happened, was ac- position that he had destroyed himself, in cused of having first murdered and after- such a case, as Dr. MALE remarks, there wards suspended the boy; but, from the are two distinct circles produced by the appearances on dissection, the turgid ves- cord in the two processes; one below, hav- sels of the brain, the broken thyroid carti- ing the appearances usually indicated when lage, the blue nails, and the clenched hands, a person is hanged alive, and the other in confirmation of important circumstantial above it, such as is caused by the suspen- evidence, exonerated the master, who was sion of a weighty body, by the neck, after properly acquitted of all blame by the coro- death ; or, below this upper rope-mark we ner’s jury. find deeply-impressed marks of the fingers. But suicides have been been known to with appearances of resistance having been inflict wounds upon themselves, and after- made. The clothes, also, are usually torn, wards destroy life by hanging. Dr. HAFN and the hair is dishevelled; but fallacy mentions the case of a young clergyman, may arise in such a case, for sometimes the who first partially cut his throat, and then rope is put twice round the neck by sui- hung himself in the vestments of his omee, cides, and a double mark is thus produced. which he had arranged for that purpose. These circumstances, therefore, as well as In this case, without circumstantial evi- 212 dence, it would have been impossible to As the medical practitioner is generally divest oneself of the idea that murder had the first person called in on such occasions, taken place. all these particulars should be noted by him. A very instructive case is related by In doing this, if the body should be found FODERE, which I shall quote to you before in a brothel, although suspicion may be the close of this lecture, to show the neces- strongly excited, yet he must not permithim. sity of the utmost caution in examining self to be influenced by it in examining into cases in which there is any difficulty in the causes of the death. It is a fact, not determining whether murder or suicide very honourable to human nature, that per- have been committed. sons have permitted themselves to be hung, In those who hang themselves, owing to for a few minutes, as a mode of exciting the the clumsy mode in which the work is ac- venereal appetite, and if the courtezan be complished, the appearances in the lungs drunk, or stupid, she might unintentionally differ from those found in the lungs of per- exceed the time, and fatal asphyxia thus sons hanged by others. From the pressure follow. In an examination of the body of a of a badly-adjusted rope, the cheeks, lips, sailor who was found hanging to the top of eyes, and tongue are generally also more a bedstead, in a house of ill fame, in East swollen; and, as the death is more pro- Smithfield, it was proved, on trial, that his tracted, in consequence of the ligature not hands were tied behind his back, and that wholly interrupting the transit of air, the a handkerchief was drawn over his eyes, lungs are less gorged with blood, and con- and fastened by what is termed a sailor’s tain much less gaseous matter. There are, knot. It was, therefore, evident that he also, more apoplectic appearances in the could not have hung himself, but a sailor brain, from the death being less rapid. In was concerned in the murder; this man, the those properly hanged, Dr. GouwYN found keeper of the brothel, and a woman of the two hundred and fifty cubic inches of air in name of HUGHES, were tried for it, found the lungs. Now, this quantity is never guilty, and executed. found in cases of hanging by suicides. In 3. With respect to the last question,- the state of the lungs in,natural death, the Whether a body found not hanging was average quantity is 109 inches. killed by hanging ? As it is possible that When doubt exists, every minute circum- few external signs may be present, it is stance relative to the condition of the body important, in making a dissection, that we when found should be noted down; the sur- draw a proper distinction between the effects rounding objects, and their state, both in of hanging and those of apoplexy, smother- relation to their usual appearance and to ing, drowning, and carbonic acid. The dis- the body; the manner in which the rope is tinction in the first case depends on the state fixed, and, in fact, every circumstance, how- of the brain; in apoplexy,the extravasation ever minute, should be recorded. The ne- of blood into its substance, or its cavities, cessity of recording the position of articles or its effusion between the membranes, or near the body is well demonstrated by a the effusion of serous fluid not corresponding case recorded by Dr. GORDON SMITH, which with the condition of the lungs, their gorged happened in Northamptonshire in 1821 :- state, the congestion of blood in the right " A girl, 13 years of age, was swinging alone side of the heart, and their not collapsing in a cow-house, and near the swing hung a when the chest is opened, afford strong sus- rope with a noose in it, for the purpose of picion that that disease, not suffocation by drawing up slaughtered sheep. As the poor hanging, has been the cause of death. In girl swung backwards her head got through smothering, the same state of the lungs which the noose of this cord, she was dragged out occurs from hanging presents itself on open- of the swing, and was thus actually hanged." ing the body, and if the struggle to escape The position of the body is often remark- have been great, the vessels of the head will able ; in some cases of suicide the rope, or not only be found full of blood, and the handkerchief, is so long that the feet might sinuses distended with the vital fluid, but a rest on the floor, and the knees are, there- section of the brain will exhibit an unusual fore, either bent under the body, or the number of red points, and, occasionally, limbs are thrown forward, so that they rest effusion of serum is found in the ventricles, on the heels, and leave the whole weight of and on the base of the brain. Hence, in the body on the rope. The Prince de CONDE, such a case, if no external mark of the rope who hung himself in August, 1830, was appear, the difficulty of distinguishing be- found suspended from a window-shutter, tween smothering and hanging is very great. with his feet touching the ground and his When no struggle has taken place, all the knees bent; and a prisoner, who was found vessels of the brain remain in a natural state, hanging to the bars of a window in one of and no diilictilty presents itself. In burking, the Continental prisons, was in a sitting which is a modification of smothering, the position, and with his hands tied together, pressure on the thorax, by forcing nearly the yet there was no doubt of the suicide." whole of the air out of the chest, the circu- lation is arrested, that no time is Annales de Hyg. pub. et de Med. Leg. t. v p. so quickly 156. afforded for accumulating blood in the e- 213 nous system ; the body, in that case, presents death, for although in every instance erect- no discolouration of the skin, unless on the tion takes place in the act of hanging, yet, face, around the mouth ; nor yet, always, en- an hour or two afterwards, this state has gorgeiiieiit of the pulmonary vessels ; there disappeared, or a semi-erection only exists., is no difficulty, therefore, of forming a diag- 5. The corresponding appearances in the nosis in this case. In drowning, as I shall brain and lungs perceived on dissection. afterwards describe to you, the state of the Strangulation, another cause of sudden brain is perfectly different from that pro- death, is a modification of hanging. In duced by hanging ; the face is pale, and both, the cause of the fatal issue, is external much frothy mucus is found in the trachea, pressure on the trachea, so great as to pre- bronchial tubes, and air cells of the lungs, vent the passage of the air into, and its exit and, also, some water, which is never found from, the lungs; but as, in strangulation, in in bodies of those who have been hanged the ordinary acceptation of the word, there alive. In cases of fatal asphyxia, from car- is no suspension of the body, thence it dif- bouic acid, there is gorging of the cerebral fers from hanging in several particulars. vessels, and those of the lungs, which also Much, in these cases, depends on the man- appear as if emphysematous, and other ap- ner in which the strangulation has been pearances occur which render the diagnosis effected, and the degree of resistance made difficult if the body be examined too soon after ,, by the sufferer. If a ligature, or a rope, or death. In many instances, however, of poi- a handkerchief, have been employed, or the soning by carbonic acid, no rigidity of the bow-string, as in Turkey, the mark left is body takes place ; but, except for the mark generally lower and more horizontal than of the ligature, some distortion of features, that which is produced in hanging; but, if the which always accompanies hanging, the fingers have been the means used to compress bent fingers, and the clenched hands, suf- the trachea, the evidence is more decisive, focation by carbonic acid closely resem- because the death is then likely to be more bles death produced by hanging. The protracted, and the extent of the violence diagnosis in this case is always doubtful, more obvious and diffused. and ought to be delivered with caution : ’’, In some instances, instead of the circular it is altogether more akin to apoplexy than mark round the neck, irregular ecchymosed to hanging. In inquiring, atso, into the II spots are found, occasionally corresponding case of bodies supposed to have been suffo- with the marks of the fingers of the rzaurderer ; cated we must recollect that a person may be and if, in addition to these traces of vio- killed by any hard substance getting into lence, the results of struggling be observ- the gullet, and sticking there so as to cause ed on the limbs and chest, there can be sullocation, and ignorant persons may grasp little doubt that death was the consequence the throat with the intention of pushing of strangulation. It is scarcely possible to down the substance. I was once called to suppose that one man can strangle another see a boy who droppod down dead whilst with his hands, unless lie throw his victim eating his dinner. On examining into the upon the ground, and press also upon his cause of death, a large piece of beef, which chest, in which case, besides the bruises the boy had attempted to bolt, was found and coagulated blood in the neck, the lungs sticking in the throat, and this so completely are found almost empty, a state the oppo- obstructed respiration as to cause the fatal site of that which occurs in hanging. issue. Substances may also be impacted The body of General PtcHecr.o, (whom I in the glottis, as was the case with the cele- knew well, and who was strangled in prison brated poet ANACREON, who lost his life in Paris, it was supposed by the order of from a grape stone lodging there when he BUONAPARTE, who was then first Consul,) was quatling some new wine. Care must, was found lying in bed, on the left side, in therefore, be taken to leave no part of the an easy attitude, the knees bent, and the air tubes or their entrances I1nexamined. arms lying naturally by the side. A black The most prominent diagnostic signs, and silk handkerchief was twisted round the those to be depended upon, are the follow- neck by means of a stick passed under it, ing :- and which had torn the cheek in its rota- 1. The mark of the cord, seen either at tion. REMER, who thus describes the case, first, or appearing after a few hours have doubts whether it was murder :—" J’accorde elapsed. que ce genre de mort n’est que tres rare- 2. The distortion of features, and the con- ment le resultat d’un suicide, mais je doute traction of the muscles which raise the que sur cette seule consideration, et sans shoulders. I autres preuves plus fortes, on puisse abso- 3. The fingers bent, the nails blue, and lument atlirmer qu’il y a uu meurtre."* ’ the hands firmly clenched. The question whether the marks seen, as 4. The erectile state of the penis, with if of a ligature, were produced during life, the emission of semen, and the expulsion of is one which must be tried by the same urine and fæces. The absence, however, * See some remarks M. in Ander· of this is no the conclu- by Guyen sign proof against sons’s Med. Quar. Journal, vol. ii., p. 151. sion that hanging has been the cause of t Ann. de Hyg. Ad. Med, lig. iv. p. 180. 214 tests as in cases of supposed hanging. If With regard to the question, can stran- there be fractures of the vertebra of the gulation be an act of suicide ? we might, « neck, but no dislocations, there is reason for priori, reply, that it is impossible, as the as- supposing that the death was effected by phyxia which is caused by strangulation must strangulation rather than by hanging; ne- deprive the man who attempts it of all con. vertheless, this admits of a fallacy, as trol over his muscular energies; and, con- occurred in the case of Sir EDMUND GOD- sequently, the act could never be completed; FREY, who was murdered on the 12th of yet cases are recorded which appear oppos- October, 1677, by strangulation. A hand- ed to this opinion. Dr. DESGRANGES, of kerchief was twisted round his neck, but on Lvons, relates a case of a man found in a the supposition of one of the murderers, that hay-loft, who had strangled himself by the purpose was not effectually accom- means of a handkerchief, tightened by a plished, the neck was violently twisted stick; and Dr. DUNLOP relates another, on round, and dislocation produced. Some- I the authority of a surgeon of the navy, times, when the hands are employed, one which occurred on board a ship of war in small bruised spot only is perceptible on India. A Malay tied a handkerchief round the neck. METZYER mentions an instance his neck, and with a small stick twisted it of this kind. A young officer was strang- several times, and then secured it from un- led in bed by a soldier. The surgeon of twisting, by placing the stick behind his the regiment, who examined the body, could ear. However extraordinary such a de- find one small spot only, which was ex- termined resolution to commit suicide may plained by the confession of the murderer, be, there can be no doubt that, when the that he had killed his victim by violent resolution to commit self-destruction is pressure with his thumb on the trachea. once taken, and the means are fixed upon, "A young man, eighteen years of age, no want of voluntary power to execute the and named BARTHOLOMEW POURPRE, was determination is ever found absent ; on the found dead, and hanging on a tree, at seven contrary, the various means adopted by the o’clock in the evening, on the 12th of Au- suicide to secure his purpose are most ex- gust, 1736. A surgeon, who examined the traordinary, and are rendered credible only body, certified that he had been strangled. by the extent and respectability of the tes- His father had married a second wife, who timony in support of their employment. was on very ill terms with the young man, and had produced frequent quarrels and and threats of murder between disputes, DIVISION OF THE TENDO-ACHILLIS FOR them. was Suspicion, therefore, excited, THE CURE OF DEFORMED FOOT. but its probability was destroyed by the idea that a father would not murder his own To the Editor LANCET. son, and also from the circumstance that he of TIIE was fifty-two years old, and his son eigh- SIR:—The attention of the « Royal DIedico- teen, in full health and vigour. On this Chirurgical Society," has lately been di. reasoning the father was acquitted, and the rected, by a paper from Mr. Whipple of Ply- son was deemed to have hung himself. An mouth, to the division of the tendo-achillis in order having, however, been made to pre- certain deformities of the foot, and I see pare a statement of the suicide, and the that, by some of the members, that operation case being carried up to the parliament at is considered to be, occasionally, not devoid Aix, the attorney-general discovered such of serious consequences. On the other facts in the statement of the surgeon, as led hand, there are some who regard it as a him to believe that POURPRE had not de- proceeding which is simple in execution, stroyed himself; it was mentioned, not only unattended by danger, and productive of by him, but by other witnesses, that the speedy and permanent benefit. No one, I mark of the cord, instead of being at the should imagine, can read the testimony upper part of the neck, was at its lower which Dr. Little has lately offered in its part, just above the shoulder, and that the favour, without inclining to the latter opi- teeth were knocked in, and bloody. The nion. He remarks, " that it must ulti. parliament, therefore, from these facts, de- mately take its place in our class-books of cided that the father had strangled him, and surgery;" and " that success, based on had put his foot in the mouth of his son, numbers of ’facts, will speedily prevail." either to prevent the cries, or to hurry on the With a view, then, of placing on record strangulation. The suspension, they de- another case in which it has been success- clared, was subsequent to his death. Whe- fully performed, without the occurrence of ther the father was guilty or not, we may, at any untoward symptoms, I beg of you to least, say with FODERE, that two facts are find space in an early number of your Jour- well established in this case ; first, that the nal for the following statement:- son had been strangled before being hung; W. Linton, a robust, healthy child, now and second, that the strangling had been three years old. I was present at his birth, done others." and noticed the before quitting his by _ deformity Within one month I * Fodere, vol. iii, p. 152, cited from Louis._ mother’s apartment.