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British Women's Travel Writings in the Era of the French Revolution BRITISH WOMEN’S TRAVEL WRITINGS IN THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION by TSAI-YEH WANG A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham April 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis intends to investigate how educated British women travellers challenged conventional female roles and how they participated in the political culture in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. Part One will discuss those who tried hard to challenge or to correct traditionally-defined femininity and to prove themselves useful in their society. Many of them negotiated with and broadened the traditionally defined femininity in this age. Part Two will take Burke and Wollstonecraft’s debate as the central theme in order to discuss chronologically the British women travellers’ political responses to the Revolution controversy. When the Revolution degenerated into Terror and wars, the Burkean view became the main strand of British women travellers’ political thinking. Under the threat of Revolutionary France and during the Napoleonic Wars, a popular conservatism and patriotism developed in Britain. Part Three will use the travel journals of the women who went to France during the Amiens Truce and after the fall of Napoleon in 1814 to analyse the formation of British national identity and nationalism in this period. In the end, these educated British women both stimulated and contributed to the formation of British political and cultural identity at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is difficult to overstate my gratitude to my Ph.D. supervisor, Professor Peter Jones. His inspiration, sound advice and academic experience have been invaluable to me. I also wish to express my deep appreciation to Dr. Jeng-Guo Chen, Associate Research Fellow of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, for numerous stimulating discussions whether in Edinburgh, in Montpellier, or in Taipei, and for his professional suggestions throughout my Ph.D. study. Special thanks are due to Professor H. T. Dickinson, Emeritus Professor of School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. He devoted his precious time to read my thesis and to make many constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Melinda Haunton. She has been the first reader of my drafts and proofread them for me for the past six years. The informal support and encouragement of many friends have been indispensible, and I am particularly indebted to Wai-Chi (Michael) Fong, Hsuan-Ying Tu, Linda Hsieh, Meng Liu, Fang-Chen Yu and Yue-Ping Yu. Finally, I owe the utmost gratitude to my family: my parents, Miao-Hsiung Wang and Te-Hui Wang, twin sister, Tsai-Hua Wang and younger brother, Tsai-Han Wang, for their full support, materially as well as emotionally, their understanding and never failing faith in me. They are my source of strength during the writing of this thesis throughout these challenging years. This research was funded by a Ph.D. Dissertation Fellowship from the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange. BRITISH WOMEN’S TRAVEL WRITINGS IN THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION CONTENTS Introduction 1 Part One. Women’s Travel Writings and Female Roles 1. Mary Wollstonecraft, Eighteenth-Century Femininity and her Pursuit of Liberty and Equality 31 2. Challenging Female Roles and Femininity 62 Part Two. Travel and Revolution 3. The Burke-Wollstonecraft Debate 90 4. The Revolution Controversy (I): 1789-1792 128 5. The Revolution Controversy (II): 1792-1794 164 6. The Revolution Controversy (III): A Case Study of the Russell Sisters 192 7. The Revolution Controversy (IV): 1794-1802 216 Part Three. Images and Napoleon 8. Sketches of Napoleon Bonaparte and Post-Revolutionary France during the Peace of Amiens: 1802-1803 257 9. Political Reponses to Napoleon: 1814-1815 296 Conclusion 337 Appendix A 349 Bibliography 351 INTRODUCTION The development of feminism gives us new ideas about the society and the world we live in and offers new perspectives for looking at the world that we had thought and had been taught was right. The concept of separate sexual spheres, that is, of men being active in the public realm while women were confined to the domestic space, prevailed in academia in Taiwan until recent decades. Many historians were influenced by the research of British and American scholars in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the impressive studies of Nancy Armstrong, Leonore Davidoff, Catherine Hall, Mary Poovey and Elaine Showalter.1 They used this concept to analyse eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British society, and to deduce that women were restricted to a limited sphere, thus developing their own narrative genre and history. As my knowledge of history increased, however, I began to doubt that it was effective to look at historical practice via this approach. It is remarkable that the bulk of the secondary literature about the Revolution debate and British political ideology between 1789 and 1815 is based on men’s accounts. Nevertheless, the lack of women’s voices in the secondary literature did not mean that women did not actually respond to the great events of their day. This thesis seeks to bring out that, women’s 1 See Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction : a Political History of the Novel (New York ; Oxford, 1987); Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English middle Class 1780-1850 (London, 1987); Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen (Chicago, 1984); and Elaine Showalter, A Literature of Their Own : British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing (Princeton, 1977). 1 voices, though not as loud as men’s, could indeed be heard in the contemporary literary public. Some of their opinions were influential. Moreover, when we come to study the life and works of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), a liberal thinker of the late eighteenth century, who has been claimed by today’s feminists as a leading heroine of western feminism, we find that she was one of the most influential thinkers in the discussion of the French Revolution, of the British constitution, of liberty and of men and women’s natural rights. It is beyond question that Wollstonecraft participated in the development of British public opinion at the end of the eighteenth century. Thus, while some feminist researchers tend to differentiate between men and women in history, and to condemn the social environment, which was constructed by men, as the only reason for females’ suffering and silence in history, I came to the view that we should not omit women’s voices. They were growing louder especially from the late eighteenth century, in the forging of important issues of the day and national identity, as many historians and literary critics such as Anne K. Mellor and Linda Colley have argued in the past two decades.2 As I shall explore throughout the thesis, a growing numbers of educated and politically literate British women who regarded themselves as capable of and having a responsibility to discuss the issues of 2 See Anne K. Mellor, Mothers of the Nation: Women's Political Writing in England, 1780-1830 (Bloomington, 2000) and Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (2nd edn., London, 2005). 2 political and social reform and who revealed the love of their country in various forms of writing. They joined the discussion of important issues with men, and had a certain influence in it. This thesis, therefore, intends to investigate how these educated British women challenged conventional female roles and how they participated in and, for some women writers whose works were received well in public, influenced the creation of political culture in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. The primary sources for this thesis derive from British women travellers’ voluminous writings, including their journals, diaries, letters and memoirs, written during and after their journeys to France between 1789 and 1815. Some of these sources were written in other European nations, such as in Italy, Germany and Belgium, but they still reveal the authors’ ideas about the conflict posed by the Revolution and the political chaos it bought. I shall use these sources as well. The thesis will also refer to contemporary political pamphlets, especially the works of Edmund Burke (1729-1792) and Mary Wollstonecraft, in order to discuss the political ideas of these women travellers, and how their minds changed as they experienced life in France. A. Literature Review When we come to study the subject of ‘travel’ in the eighteenth century, the general picture which we have of the Continental tour and of tourists is of a male world. The 3 role of female travellers is often neglected. Several interesting and detailed pieces of research on eighteenth-century British travellers in Europe and their investigations of the manners, living conditions and past glories of the western Europe have been made by scholars such as Jeremy Black, Christopher Hibbert, John Lough, Constantia Maxwell, William Edward Mead, and Geoffrey Trease. The primary focus of the research, however, has been on men: men are the spectators and (foreign) women are the spectacle.3 It is only recently that there has been any focus on women’s travel accounts.
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