MARCH 2009

SINOSTEEL MIDWEST CORPORATION LTD WELD RANGE IRON ORE PROJECT SHORT‐RANGE ENDEMIC ASSESSMENT

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SINOSTEEL MIDWEST CORPORATION LTD WELD RANGE IRON ORE PROJECT SHORT‐RANGE ENDEMIC ASSESSMENT

[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment

Document Status

Approved for Issue Rev Author Reviewer/s Date Name Distributed To Date

W. Ennor, 1 M. Davis 20/03/09 M. Davis W. Ennor 20/03/09 T. Souster

ecologia Environment (2010). Reproduction of this report in whole or in part by electronic, mechanical or chemical means including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, in any language, is strictly prohibited without the express approval of Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Ltd and/or ecologia Environment.

Restrictions on Use

This report has been prepared specifically for Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Ltd. Neither the report nor its contents may be referred to or quoted in any statement, study, report, application, prospectus, loan, or other agreement document, without the express approval of Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Ltd and/or ecologia Environment.

ecologia Environment 1025 Wellington Street WEST PERTH WA 6005 Phone: 08 9322 1944 Fax: 08 9322 1599 Email: [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND...... 1

1.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 3

1.3 SURVEY OBJECTIVES...... 4

1.4 OVERVIEW OF SHORT RANGE ENDEMISM IN AUSTRALIA ...... 4

2 SURVEY METHODS...... 7

2.1 DETERMINATION OF SURVEY SAMPLING DESIGN AND INTENSITY...... 7

2.2 SURVEY TIMING ...... 7

2.3 SITE SELECTION ...... 7

2.4 SITES AT WELD RANGE SOUTH...... 8

2.5 SAMPLING METHODS...... 13

2.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA...... 17

2.7 TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE ...... 17

2.8 IMPACT RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 17

2.9 SURVEY TEAM ...... 17

3 RESULTS...... 19

3.1 ARACHNIDS (PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA, SUB CLASS: ARACHNIDA)...... 19

3.2 MILLIPEDES AND CENTIPEDES (PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBCLASS MYRIAPODA)...... 22

3.3 CRUSTACEANS (PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBCLASS CRUSTACEA)...... 23

3.4 SNAILS (PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA, SUBCLASS GASTROPODA)...... 23

4 SURVEY LIMITATIONS ...... 29

5 DISCUSSION...... 31

5.1 IMPACT RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 31

5.2 THREATENING PROCESSES...... 31

6 HABITAT ASSESSMENT...... 36

6.1 BASE CASE ...... 36

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6.2 OPTION ONE...... 37

6.3 OPTION TWO...... 38

7 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS...... 41

8 REFERENCES...... 43

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TABLES

Table 2.1 – General Vegetation Types at Weld Range South...... 8

Table 2.2 – Site Characteristics at Weld Range North...... 9

Table 2.3 – Summary of Weld Range South and North Survey Effort...... 14

Table 3.1 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected at Pitfall Trapping Sites 1‐22...... 25

Table 3.2 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected at Pitfall Trapping Sites 22‐44...... 26

Table 3.3 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected from Foraging Sites...... 27

Table 5.1 – Risk Assessment for Disturbance at Weld Range ...... 33

Table 5.2 – The Definitions Used in the Determination of the Biological Impact Risk Assessment...... 35

Table 6.1 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species...... 37

Table 6.2 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species ...... 37

Table 6.3 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species...... 38

Table 6.4 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species ...... 38

Table 6.5 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species...... 39

Table 6.6 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species ...... 40

FIGURES

Figure 1.1 – Location Map of Weld Range Project ...... 1

Figure 1.2 – Western Murchison Subregions and Surrounds: Eastern Murchison (MUR1), Western Murchison (MUR2); based on IBRA Version 6.1 (Thackway and Cresswell 1995)...... 2

Figure 2.1 – Map of Pitfall Sites at Weld Range ...... 15

Figure 2.2 – Map of Foraging Sites at Weld Range...... 16

Figure 3.1 – The Shield‐back Spider Idiosoma nigrum. Adult female (A), spider plugging the burrow lumen with its sclerotised abdomen (B), trap door with twig‐lining; 5 cent coin in the left top corner is shown for scale (C) ...... 21

Figure 3.2 – Adult Male Specimen of the Barychelid Spider; Aurecocrypta sp.)...... 22

Figure 3.3 – Female Specimen of Cethegus sp...... 22

Figure 3.4 – Locations of SRE Species Collected at Weld Range ...... 28

Figure 4.1 – Observed Species Accumulation Curves for Weld Range.eld...... 29

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ACRONYMS

List all acronyms used in the report here. Format alphabetically as follows:

DEC Department of Environment and Conservation

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPBC Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1950

SRE Short‐Range Endemic

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sinosteel Midwest Corporation (SMC) is planning to develop an iron ore mine at Weld Range (the Project) 85 km southwest of Meekatharra and 65 km northwest of the town of Cue. At present two pits are planned (Beebyn and Madoonga) from which SMC plans to produce 15 million tonnes of iron ore per annum for a period of approximately 9 years. In 2006, ecologia Environment (ecologia) was commissioned by SMC to undertake a baseline survey of invertebrate fauna at Weld Range to identify the potential impact of the mine development to Short Range Endemic (SRE) invertebrate species.

Forty five invertebrate species of interest were collected from the Weld Range SRE survey. These included 15 species of mygalomorph spiders, 10 species of centipedes, eight species of scorpions, six species of pseudoscorpions, four species of isopods one species of millipede and one species of land snail.

Although there was a high level of uncertainty about the specific identity of most species, very few were likely to represent SREs. The most important species identified as either being likely to represent SRE species or belonging to the category of protected fauna under the 1950 Wildlife Conservation Act were the Shield‐back Spider Idiosoma nigrum (Schedule 1 species; Mygalomorph spider), Aurococrypta lugubris (Mygalomorph spider), Cethegus ‘fugax complex’ (Mygalomorph spider), Pleuroxia sp. (land snail) and Antichiropus sp. ‘Weld Range’ (Millipede).

Although the taxonomic status of Pleuroxia sp. and Antichiropus sp. ‘Weld Range’ needs to be clarified by experts at the WA Museum, it is likely that the species are SREs. However, records of both species exist outside the Project impact footprint, therefore the species will be only partially impacted by the Project.

An assessment of the habitats likely to be exploited by the potential SRE species was undertaken to determine how much the populations would be impacted by the proposed development. This focused mainly on the vegetation communities where the specimens were collected and surrounding areas. The expected impact on each of the potential SRE species is as follows: • 10.6% for Antichiropus

• 8.2% for Cethegus ‘Hampton Hill’

• 5.1% for Cethegus ‘MWMB’.

• 5.1% for Pleuroxia sp

Results from the follow‐up surveys targeting the mygalomorph spiders Idiosoma nigrum, Aurecocrypta lugubris, and Cethegus ‘fugax complex’ are presented in separate reports.

Table ES1 – Summary of Total Survey Effort Number of Foraging Time Area Number of Sites Sites Traps (mins) Weld Range South 29 1‐29 290 116 Weld Range North 15 30‐44 150 60 Total 44 1‐44 440 176

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Ltd (SMC) is conducting mineral exploration, engineering, environmental and economic studies for the feasibility to mine iron ore at Weld Range (the Project) in the Western Murchison area of Western Australia (Figure 1‐1).

Figure 1.1 – Location Map of Weld Range Project

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The Project is located approximately 85 km southwest of Meekatharra and 60 km northwest of Cue and has high grade outcrops over a 60 km strike length. The current resource represents 6 km of the strike length with a target reserve of a minimum of 124 million tonnes. Mining is planned to occur at two open‐cut pits (Beebyn and Madoonga) from which the SMC plans to ship 15 million tonnes per annum over approximately 9 years.

The Weld Range lies in the Murchison Biogeographic Region, Western sub region which lies within the Eremaean Botanical Province or the arid zone of Western Australia (Figure 1‐2).

Figure 1.2 – Western Murchison Subregions and Surrounds: Eastern Murchison (MUR1), Western Murchison (MUR2); based on IBRA Version 6.1 (Thackway and Cresswell 1995)

Geologically, the Weld Land System is located within the Murchison geological province, within the Yilgarn Craton. The System is described as rugged ranges and ridges of mainly Archaean metamorphosed sedimentary rocks supporting Acacia shrub lands (Curry et al. 1994). It is 350 km2 in area and includes the Weld Range and Jack Hills systems.

The tenements that form the basis for the Weld Range Iron Ore project cover a series of hills that rise approximately 250 m above the surrounding plains. The range is some three kilometres wide and extends for approximately 60 km in length from southwest to the northeast. The range consists of a series of parallel ridges with deep incised valleys.

The climate of the project area is described as semi arid with a summer and winter rainfall bimodal pattern. The average annual rainfall, as recorded from historical data at Meekatharra airport, is 236

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment mm falling over an average of 46 days however, there is considerable annual variation (BOM 2007). The average maximum summer temperature is 39°C reaching up to 45°C and the winter temperature is 19°C up to 30°C. The minimum temperatures on average range from 24°C in summer to 9°C in winter (BOM 2007). Humidity is low with morning relative humidity reaching approximately 60% and afternoon relative humidity quite often dropping below 20%. Pan evaporation is on average 3560 mm/annum at Meekatharra Airport. The pan evaporation drops to 114 mm on average in June and rises to an average of 505 mm in January. Thus pan evaporation always exceeds rainfall resulting in an area that is extremely dry (SRK 2007).

In 2006, SMC commissioned ecologia to conduct a baseline survey of invertebrate fauna at Weld Range in order to identify the potential impacts on the Short Range Endemic species occurring in the impact area.

1.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

The Environmental Protection Act 1986 is “an Act to provide for an Environmental Protection Authority, for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution, for the conservation, preservation, protection, enhancement and management of the environment and for matters incidental to or connected with the foregoing.” Section 4a of this Act outlines five principles that are required to be addressed to ensure that the objectives of the Act are addressed. Three of these principles are relevant to native fauna and flora:

• The Precautionary Principle

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation.

• The Principles of Intergenerational Equity

The present generation should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future generations.

• The Principle of the Conservation of Biological Diversity and Ecological Integrity

Conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity should be a fundamental consideration.

Projects undertaken as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process are required to address guidelines produced by the EPA, in this case Guidance Statement 56: Terrestrial Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact in Western Australia (EPA 2004), and principles outlined in the EPA’s Position Statement No. 3 Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an element of Biodiversity Protection (EPA 2002).

Native fauna in Western Australia are protected at a Federal level under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and at a State level under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act).

The EPBC Act was developed to provide for the protection of the environment, especially those aspects of the environment that are matters of national environmental significance, to promote ecologically sustainable development through the conservation and ecologically sustainable use of natural resources; and to promote the conservation of biodiversity. The EPBC Act includes provisions

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment to protect native species (and in particular prevent the extinction, and promote the recovery of threatened species) and ensures the conservation of migratory species. In addition to the principles outlined in Section 4a of the EP Act, Section 3a of the EPBC Act includes a principle of ecologically sustainable development dictating that decision‐making processes should effectively integrate both long‐term and short‐term economic, environmental, social and equitable considerations.

The WC Act was developed to provide for the conservation and protection of wildlife in Western Australia. Under Section 14 of this Act, all fauna and flora within Western Australia is protected; however, the Minister may, via a notice published in the Government Gazette, declare a list of fauna taxa identified as likely to become extinct, or is rare, or otherwise in need of special protection. The current listing was gazetted on the 5 August 2008.

1.3 SURVEY OBJECTIVES

SMC commissioned ecologia to undertake a baseline biological survey of the invertebrate fauna of the study area as part of the environmental impact assessment for the project.

The EPA’s objectives with regards to fauna management are to:

• maintain the abundance, species diversity and geographical distribution of Short Range Endemic terrestrial invertebrate fauna; and

• protect Specially Protected (Threatened) fauna, consistent with the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.

Hence, the primary objective of this study was to provide sufficient information to the EPA to allow assessment of the impact of the project on the invertebrate fauna of the area, thereby ensuring that these objectives will be upheld.

Specifically, the objectives of this survey were to satisfy requirements documented in EPA’s Guidance Statement 56 and Position Statement No. 3, thus providing:

• a review of background information (including literature and database searches);

• a baseline inventory of Short Range Endemic (SRE) fauna species occurring in the study area, incorporating recent published and unpublished records;

• an inventory of species of biological and conservational significance recorded or likely to occur within the project area and surrounds;

• a review of regional and biogeographical significance, including the conservation status of species recorded in the project area; and

• a risk assessment to determine likely impacts of threatening processes on SRE fauna within the study area.

1.4 OVERVIEW OF SHORT RANGE ENDEMISM IN AUSTRALIA

Endemism refers to the restriction of species to a particular area, whether it be at the continental, national or local level (Allen et al. 2002). Short range endemism refers to endemic species with

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment restricted ranges, which in Western Australian is currently defined as equal or less than 10,000 km2 (100 km x 100 km) (Harvey 2002).

Such taxa are usually invertebrates, as these are more likely to display poor dispersal abilities and display a more defined or restrictive biology which would promote their isolation and eventual speciation. It is important to note that the potential SRE groups listed in this review are not exhaustive, and that invertebrates are historically understudied and in many cases lack formal descriptions. Reliable taxonomic evaluation of these species has begun only relatively recently and thus the availability of literature relevant to SREs is still scarce. It must be also stressed that the precautionary principle, as adopted by the EPA / DoE under Section 4a of the Environmental Protection Act 1986, is currently a guiding principle of this literature review.

1.4.1 Processes Promoting Short Range Endemism

Short‐range endemism is influenced by numerous processes which generally contribute to the isolation of species. A number of factors, including the ability and opportunity to disperse, life history, physiology, habitat requirements, habitat availability, biotic and abiotic interactions, and historical conditions, influence not only the distribution of a taxon, but also the tendency for differentiation and speciation (Ponder and Colgan 2002).

Isolated populations of both plants and animals tend to differentiate both morphologically and genetically as they are influenced by different selective pressures over time. Additionally, a combination of novel mutations and genetic drift promote the accumulation of genetic differences between isolated populations. Conversely, the maintenance of genetic similarity is promoted by a lack of isolation through migration between the populations, repeated mutation and balancing selection (Wright 1943). The amount of differentiation and speciation between populations will be determined by the relative magnitude of these factors, with the amount of migration generally being the strongest determinant. Migration is hindered by poor dispersal ability of the taxon as well as geographical barriers to dispersal. Thus, those taxa that exhibit short‐range endemism are generally characterised by poor dispersal, low growth rates, low fecundity and reliance on habitat types that are discontinuous (Harvey 2002).

Islands have been traditionally considered any relatively small body of land completely surrounded by water. However, their primary biological characteristic ‐ an extended period of isolation from a source of colonists ‐ is common to many situations on continents. Habitats such as mountains, aquifers, lakes and caves are essentially islands exhibiting unique environmental conditions in comparison to the surrounding landscape, which often impedes migration and thus gene flow.

A number of habitats in Australia contain short range endemics because they are surrounded by geographic barriers. The historical connections of habitats are also important in determining species distributions and often explain patterns that are otherwise inexplicable by current conditions. Many SREs are considered to be relictual taxa (remnants of species that went extinct elsewhere) and are confined to certain habitats and, in some cases, single geographic areas (Main 1996a). Relictual taxa include species from as long ago as Gondwanan periods (180‐65 million years ago) and have a very restrictive biology (Harvey 2002).

In Western Australia, relictual taxa generally occur in fragmented populations, from lineages reaching back to historically wetter periods. For example, during the Miocene period (from 25 million to 13 million years ago), the aridification of Australia resulted in the contraction of many areas of moist habitat and the fragmentation of populations of fauna occurring in these areas (Hill 1994). With the onset of progressively dryer and more seasonal climatic conditions since this time, suitable habitats

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment have become increasingly fragmented. Relictual species now generally persist in habitats characterised by permanent moisture and shade. These are maintained by high rainfall and/or prevalence of fog, whether induced by topography or coastal proximity, or areas associated with freshwater courses (e.g. swamps or swampy headwater of river systems), caves, or microhabitats associated with southern slopes of hills and ranges, rocky outcrops, deep litter beds, or various combinations of these features (Main 1996a, 1999). As a result, these habitats support only small, spatially isolated populations, which are further restricted by their low dispersal powers typical for all SRE species.

1.4.2 Current knowledge of the Short Range Endemic Species at Weld Range

No records on SRE fauna at Weld Range exist at present. In general, however, potential SRE groups or organisms expected to be found at Weld Range include molluscs, millipedes, arachnids (mygalomorph spiders, scorpions and pseudoscorpions) and crustaceans (isopods) (Harvey 2002).

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2 SURVEY METHODS

The survey methods adopted by ecologia have been developed in consultation with senior Western Australian Museum (WAM) staff and other local experts. Currently, the Environmental Protection Authority’s Guidance Statement No. 56 (EPA 2004) and Position Statement 3 (EPA 2002), provides no specific instructions on the expected design of SRE surveys. Thus the temporal and spatial replication attained with the systematic pitfall trap approach and the effort attained with foraging activities is at the discretion of the environmental consultant conducting the SRE survey.

2.1 DETERMINATION OF SURVEY SAMPLING DESIGN AND INTENSITY

Despite a long history of research, our current understanding of the species composition of SRE is limited. The lack of standardized methodologies permitting accurate estimates of species richness, abundance and spatial variation has impeded comparative ecological studies. Methodological issues, such as the number of samples needed to characterize spatial patterns of species richness and abundance within a particular site are discussed.

Prior to the development of survey methods, a review was undertaken of factors that would maximise the success of collecting samples which were representative of the SRE invertebrate fauna of the Weld Range. The most important factors identified were timing of sampling and site selection.

2.2 SURVEY TIMING

The majority of SRE species tend to be most active during the cooler months when they are less prone to desiccation, thus the survey was instigated during winter and spring. Specifically, the areas Madoonga, Beebyn and Hampton Hill (further referred to as Weld Range South) were surveyed from August 2006 to November 2006, while Weld Range North was surveyed five months later from April 2007 to August 2007.

2.3 SITE SELECTION

As discussed earlier in Section 1‐4, SRE invertebrate taxa are found in specific microhabitats. These habitats were the focus of the survey effort while broad scale habitats were not considered to be relevant for a SRE survey. The microhabitats preferred by SRE species are generally areas that maintain a high level of moisture in the environment, such as hilltops and southern facing slopes, areas of deep leaf litter accumulation and permanent shade, under large logs, in caves and their entrances and in springs and permanent water bodies

In order to narrow the focus of the sampling, aerial photographs were initially examined for southern facing slopes, gullies and permanent water bodies. On‐site personnel who knew the area intimately were also interviewed regarding the presence of such habitats.

The sites at Weld Range South and Weld Range North contained a number of vegetation types and geological landforms which resulted in a number of microhabitats. During our site selection we attempted to sample the majority of microhabitats which were likely to contain SRE species (i.e. south facing slopes, drainage lines and areas with dense shady vegetation). Twenty nine sites were selected at Weld Range South and further 15 sites were selected at Weld Range North (Table 2‐1 and Table 2‐2).

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2.4 SITES AT WELD RANGE SOUTH

Table 2.1 – General Vegetation Types at Weld Range South (comprising areas of Hampton Hill, Madoonga and Beebyn; localities of sites 1‐29)

Vegetation typical of ridge tops (Sites 1, 22 ‐ 24 and 28) Scattered to open Acacia aneura var. aneura / A. aneura var. intermedia tall shrubs, over sparse to moderately dense Thryptomene decussata / Eremophila latrobei medium shrubs, over sparse to open Ptilotus obovatus var. obovatus low shrubs, over scattered Goodenia tenuiloba herbs and mixed grasses.

Vegetation typical of the mid slopes (Sites 3, 5, 13 ‐ 16 and 29) Isolated Grevillea berryana low trees, over Acacia aneura var. aneura / Acacia sp. Weld Range tall shrubs, over Acacia exocarpoides medium shrubs, over sparse to open mixed Eremophila spp. / Thryptomene decussata / Ptilotus spp. low shrubs, over scattered Sida excedentifolia dwarf shrubs, over sparse mixed grasses.

Vegetation typical of lower slopes (Sites 25 ‐ 27) Scattered Acacia aneura var. aneura / Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla tall shrubs, over scattered Eremophila forestii / Senna glaucifolia low shrubs, over scattered Sida spp. / Solanum lasiophyllum low shrubs, over scattered to moderately dense Aristida contorta grass.

Vegetation typical of flats/plains (Sites 2, 4, 6 – 12 and 17 – 21) Scattered Acacia aneura var. aneura / Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla tall shrubs, over scattered Eremophila forestii / Senna glaucifolia low shrubs, over scattered Sida spp. / Solanum lasiophyllum low shrubs, over scattered to moderately dense Aristida contorta grass.

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Table 2.2 – Site Characteristics at Weld Range North. Each individual site was photographed to show the different habitat characteristics

Site 1

Medium‐small slope, sparse small tree cover (<25%), no herbs and very little shrub cover. Very rocky with some dead trunks. E/NE facing slope

GPS

0589466

7038673 Site 2

Hilltop. Large rocks projecting from surface. Little soil. Trees <20% cover to 3m tall. Some shrubs (<10%) and herbs (60%).

GPS

0589391 7038361

Site 3

Barren west facing slope. Small tree (<25% cover) with lots of leaf litter underneath. Some log and stick debris. Small stones.

GPS

0589295

7038499

Site 4

Western facing medium slope. Sparse small tree cover, same shrub cover. Many small stones. Very little herb cover.

GPS

0589348

7038130

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Site 5

Along riverbank next to track. Small tree and shrub and herb cover. Sandy substrate with some logs and rocks. ~25% shade and vegetation cover.

GPS

0589466

7038671

Site 6

Medium slope, West facing barren rocky slope. 20% tree cover to 2.5m. 100% of kitter cover under trees, otherwise bare. Very rocky with termite mounds and some logs/sticks debris.

GPS

0589331 7037597

Site 8

Hilltop and slope. Large boulders/slabs. Some trees (<10% cover) but with more understorey. West facing, little shade. Buckets in amongst rocks.

GPS

058863

7035710

Site 9

Hilltop breakaway (flat). Priority plant species present. Bands of rock overlain by small rocky. Little soil. Low shrubs to 1m. Taller trees (3m) in pockets of deeper soil.

GPS

0588826

7035538

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Site 10

Elevated plain site (flat). Sparse open country. Site in area of large Eucalyptus trees and some shrubs. Sand with some pebbles.

GPS

0588335

7035809

Site 11

Riverine/Floodplain. Open with trees to 5m. Some shrubs and herbs. Course depositional sand.

GPS

0586100 7032450

Site 12

Breakaway site below ridge and before plain. Only sparse trees to 5m. Some leaf litter‐ lots of small stones and rocks. Shallow cemented soil.

GPS

0586955

7031843

Site 13

Midslope of Ridge. Very strong medium slope near bottom. Trees to 3m (<15% cover). Some small shrubs, little soil and herbs.

GPS

0587045 7031834

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Site 14

Small trees to 2m (<15% cover). Some shrub cover, no herbs. Large rocks and some boulders. Hard parched soil. Shade ~15%

GPS

0587222

7031787

Site 15

Riverine Plain. Granite. Riverine site bordered by outcropping granite/sandstone. Low trees to 2.5m, few shrubs and some herbs. Depositional sand‐ course.

GPS

0586684

7034349

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2.5 SAMPLING METHODS

The survey was undertaken using systematic pitfall trapping and opportunistic foraging (i.e. hand collecting) at each site. Systematic sampling refers to data methodically collected over a fixed time period in a discrete habitat type, using an equal or standardised sampling effort. The resulting information can be analysed statistically, facilitating comparisons between habitats. Twenty nine sites were established at Weld Range South and 15 sites were established at Weld Range North (i.e. total of 44 sites).

Ten pit‐fall traps were placed within each of these sites and these remained open for the entire three‐months sampling period. The contents of the traps were removed and the trapping liquid was replenished every four weeks for the duration of the sampling period. In addition, an hour of opportunistic foraging occurred at microhabitat sites selected in proximity to the pitfall trapping sites. Total survey effort is presented in Table 2‐3.

2.5.1 Systematic Sampling: Pitfall Trapping

A total of 44 pitfall trap sites were established. Each site comprised ten (10) invertebrate pitfall traps, which were placed in suitable microhabitats (i.e. areas under shade‐bearing shrubs, within the shade of larger rocks, on river banks and south facing hill slopes).

Each trap consisted of a two litre ice‐cream container (150 x 150 x 95 mm), containing a 1000 ml solution of Ethylene glycol (99.8 %) / Formalin (2‐4 % of total volume) and a few drops of unscented detergent for break the superficial tension. This solution euthanizes collected animals and fixes tissues. To minimise the chance of vertebrate by‐catch, each trap was roofed with a plastic bucket lid positioned 3 cm above the soil surface and weighed down with rocks and/or branches.

2.5.2 Opportunistic Sampling: Hand foraging

Hand foraging was conducted at all 44 sites. Each opportunistic site was contained within a 10 m by 10 m quadrat and included both minor and major vegetation associations. An opportunistic site was considered completed after 30 minutes of foraging by two people (1 person hour). A total of four person hours were spent foraging at each trapping site within the project area.

Specifically, foraging included lifting of rocks for scorpions, pseudoscorpions and snails, raking leaf litter for millipedes, centipedes and Mygalomorph spider burrows, searching at the base of large shade bearing trees and old decaying logs and cracking open portions of larger logs and debris for pseudoscorpions, centipedes, millipedes and isopods.

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Table 2.3 – Summary of Weld Range South and North Survey Effort Site at Weld Range South Number of Pitfall Person Hours Foraging and North Traps 1 4 10 2 4 10 3 4 10 4 4 10 5 4 10 6 4 10 7 4 10 8 4 10 9 4 10 10 4 10 11 4 10 12 4 10 13 4 10 14 4 10 15 4 10 16 4 10 17 4 10 18 4 10 19 4 10 20 4 10 21 4 10 22 4 10 23 4 10 24 4 10 25 4 10 26 4 10 27 4 10 28 4 10 29 4 10 30 4 10 31 4 10 32 4 10 33 4 10 34 4 10 35 4 10 36 4 10 37 4 10 38 4 10 39 4 10 40 4 10 41 4 10 42 4 10 43 4 10 44 4 10 TOTAL 176 440

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550000 560000 570000 580000 590000 Legend 7039639 32 30 !(!( !( 31!(3334 Pitfall Trap Sites !( !( 3536 !(!( BFS Base Case Infrastructure

39 Pits and Dumps !( !(38 !( 37

44 !(

40 !( 4243 !( !(!(41 11 !(

13 10 !( !( 7029639 14 !( 12 !(

16 !( 9 !( 29 !( 15 !(

8 !(

24 !(

7019639 23 !( 22 6 !( !( 5 7 !( !( 3 4 25 !( !( !(

2 1 !( 20 28!( !( !( 21 !( K 2726 !(!( 19 17 !( 18 !( 0 3 6 !( Kilometres Absolute Scale - 1:170,000

Figure: 2-1 Drawn: SG Project ID: 710 Date: 12/02/09 Weld Range Coordinate System Pitfall Trap Sites Name: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: GDA 1994 A4 550000 560000 570000 580000 590000

7040000 Legend !( Foraging Sites BFS Base Case Infrastructure Pits and Dumps

7030000 75 73 !(66 6971!( !(!( !(!(64 62 60

58 67 !(!(!(65 5557 56 !( 59 48 5263 !( !( 50 !(61

4549

7020000 !(!(!( !( 47 51!(!(!(53!( 44 !(!( !(46

2933 !(!( 27 !(!(!(31 24!(!(!( 28 20!(!(!(25 21!( 23 22 19 !(!( 9!( 14 458 13!( 17 !(!(!(!( !(!( !( K 3 76 15 37 34!( !(!(!( !(3635 32 0 3 6

Kilometres Absolute Scale - 1:170,000

Figure: 2-2 Drawn: SG Project ID: 710 Date: 12/02/09 Weld Range Coordinate System Foraging Sites Name: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: GDA 1994 A4 [Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment

2.6 ANALYSIS OF DATA

The taxonomic and morphologic species and sample location of each sampling point was entered into a database. Sample order was randomized 45 times to obtain a mean species accumulation curve in order to determine the degree of completeness of our samples.

2.7 TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

The invertebrates collected during the survey were identified to class and order level by ecologia scientists and then sent to the specialists listed below, who provided species level identification and relevant ecological information.

Person Associated Establishment Invertebrate Expertise Millipedes and Dr Mark Harvey Western Australian Museum Pseudoscorpions Dr Erich Volschenk ecologia Environment Scorpions Shirley Slack‐Smith Western Australian Museum Molluscs (Land Snails) University of Western Spiders (Mygalomorphae Prof Barbara Y. Main Australia except Barychellidae) Dr Robert Raven Queensland Museum Spiders (Barychelidae)

2.8 IMPACT RISK ASSESSMENT

A risk assessment was undertaken to determine potential impacts arising from the proposed project development on invertebrate fauna and the residual impacts following the implementation of management strategies identified in this document (Section 4‐1). The significance of the risks is classified as either “High” (site/issue specific management programmes required, advice/approval from regulators required), “Medium” (specific management and procedures must be specified) or “Low” (managed by routine procedures).

2.9 SURVEY TEAM

Person Position Dr Magdalena Davis (nee Zofkova) Manager Invertebrate Sciences Jarrad Clark Senior Invertebrate Zoologist Melissa White Level 2 Invertebrate Zoologist Gilbert Whyte Level 2 Invertebrate Zoologist

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3 RESULTS

3.1 ARACHNIDS (PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA, SUB CLASS: ARACHNIDA)

3.1.1 Scorpions

A total of 37 scorpion specimens were collected at Weld Range during the course of the survey. These were identified as belonging to six species within two families.

Most of the smaller specimens belonged to the Buthidae family, which included four species of Lychas (L. splendens, L. sp. nov H, L. marmoreus and L. jonesae) and two species of Isometroides (I. sp. 1 and I. sp. 2).

Lychas splendens is widespread across the south of Western Australia and is found throughout much of the wheat belt. It is typically known from a range of semi‐arid habitats. Lychas sp. nov. ‘H’ is known to occur in a wide range of habitats in the southern Pilbara region. Lychas marmoreus ‘splend’ and L. jonesae are also relatively well known species and have been collected from several habitats throughout the wheat‐belt. All four of these species are unlikely to be short‐range endemic species as their distribution patterns are widespread.

Isometroides sp. 1 and I. sp. 2 are new species in the genus. Neither of these species has been taxonomically described in literature. The geographical range of these species is not documented and therefore their status as SRE species cannot be determined.

Two species were collected which belonged to the Urodacidae scorpion family. This is Australia’s largest scorpion family and contains many large species. The species collected were Urodacus yaschenkoi Birula and also a new species of Urodacus (Urodacus sp. ‘Weld Range’). Urodacus yaschenkoi is found over much of arid Australia (Koch 1977), where it constructs deep burrows in red sand dunes (Koch 1978), and therefore it is not an SRE species. Urodacus `weld range` is a new species in the Urodacus genus and therefore its status as a short range endemic species is presently unknown.

In summary, the most abundant species collected during the survey was L. splendens, which occurred at most sites (Table 3‐1). The least collected species was Isometroides sp. 1, which was identified from only two specimens at two separate sites. None of the scorpion species at Weld Range can be identified as SRE as those with known distributions are too geographically widespread, and there is a paucity of knowledge for the undescribed species.

3.1.2 Pseudoscorpions

The pseudoscorpion fauna at Weld Range was found to consist of several species of Olpiidae and a single species of Garypidae. The Olpiid genera included one species of Indolpium, two species of Beierolpium, one species of Austrohorus and an unknown species. Indolpium sp. was collected at a number of sites throughout the Weld Range (Table 3‐1 and Table 3‐2). The specimens comprise a single species and are extremely similar to specimens collected from other regions of Western Australia. Based on our current levels of knowledge, it appears that this species is not an SRE species.

Beierolpium “sp. Weld Range 8/2” is a small pseudoscorpion species which was collected at a number of sites throughout the Weld Range and appears to have not been previously collected. The species

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment can be recognised by the presence of eight trichobothria on the fixed chelal finger and two trichobothria on the moveable chelal finger. There is a record of an Australian species in the same genus with similar trichobothrial patterns which is found near Pannawonica, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, but this species appears to differ on a number of other morphological features and is likely to represent a different species. Beierolpium sp. “Weld Range 8/4” is a species even smaller than Beierolpium sp. “Weld Range 8/2” and was also collected at a number of sites throughout the Weld Range. It appears not to have been previously collected.

Austrohorus sp. is a small pseudoscorpion species collected at a number of sites throughout the Weld Range and appears to be very similar to other specimens of Austrohorus collected elsewhere in the mid‐west region.

A single nymphal specimen of Synsphyronus sp. (family Garypidae) was collected. Due to its immaturity, it was impossible to provide an indication whether this species has been previously found in Western Australia.

A single male specimen of a peculiar olpiid pseudoscorpion was also collected from a single site at Weld Range. This specimen lacks the diagnostic morphological features characteristic of other olpiid genera found in Australia, and may represent a new genus. Comparisons with the olpiid fauna of Asia will be necessary to ascertain the status of this strange new species.

In summary, due to a lack of current knowledge of Australian olpiid pseudoscorpions, it could not be determined with certainty if any of the species collected at Weld Range were SRE.

3.1.3 Trap‐door Spiders (Mygalomorphae)

Several Mygalomorph species were collected at Weld Range which included Idiosoma nigrum Main, Anidiops sp., Eucyrtops sp. A ‘Weld Range’, Eucyrtops sp. 6, Aname sp. A ‘Weld Range’, Aname sp. B ‘Weld Range’, Aname sp. ‘unidentified’, Cethegus ‘fugax complex’, Missulena insignis, Missulena sp., Chenistonia tepperi Hogg and Aurecocrypta sp.

Eight male specimens and two juveniles of I. nigrum (Figure 3‐1) were collected from within the project area. The species is protected at a state level, currently listed as a ‘Schedule 1, ‘vulnerable’, and thus it was the most important species found within the project area. The presence of I. nigrum at Weld Range is of special interest as it indicates that the species’ geographic distribution extends further north than previously known. This species shows considerable population variation throughout its geographic range and particularly along the northern and eastern boundaries. Recent extensive mapping, completed by ecologia, showed that Weld Range contains the largest population of I. nigrum in Australia. The distribution of the population occurs across the length of the range, with the majority of individuals being concentrated at the northern end of the range. The findings of this survey are described in a separate, detailed report to SMC.

Six male specimens from the Barychelidae family were collected, all of which were identified as being a single species in the genus Aurecocrypta (Figure 3‐2). The taxonomic expert Dr. R. Raven, who identified the specimens, suggested that the species was probably Aurecocrypta lugubris Raven, however identification was tentative because the type specimens for the species are female. The type specimens were collected at two localities, between Chittering and Pearce Air Force base (31°30'S, 116°00'E) and at Katers Island off the Kimberley coast. Male specimens have not been described for the species and therefore could not be compared with the males from Weld Range. The sexes of most Barychelids are morphologically different with the males becoming much longer legged, more spinney and developing specialised mating structures to prevent the females from

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment killing them during mating. The males from Weld Range may belong to A. lugubris or a new undescribed species within the genus. Without further sampling for female specimens, it could not be determined whether this species was actually A. lugubris or a new species for the genus. The findings of a follow‐up survey targeting A. lugubris are described in a separate, detailed report to SMC.

Specimens of curtain‐web spider identified as belonging to the genus Cethegus (Figure 3‐3) were collected from pitfall traps and also by hand foraging. Although the specimens were originally thoughts to be Cethegus fugax, recent molecular research has shown that they actually belong to a new, undescribed species of Cethegus. The findings of a further research on the genetic composition and taxonomic identity of this species are described in a separate, detailed report to SMC.

The specimens identified as belonging to the genera Anidiops, Eucyrtops and Aname are species that could not be identified to species level and are therefore either dissimilar to other specimens observed by the taxonomic expert or otherwise taxonomically undescribed. Without species level identification, it is not possible to determine if these species are SREs.

The presence of Anidiops at Weld Range is interesting as this observation marks the southern limit of the known distribution of the genus. Anidiops has a greater distribution than Eucyrtops, which tends to be much rarer.

A single specimen of Missulena insignis Cambridge was collected. This is a common species found across Australia in a range of habitats and is therefore not considered to be a short range endemic species. A second species belonging to the genus Missulena was also collected which could not be identified to species level.

Two specimens of Chenistonia tepperi Hogg were collected from separate sites. This species has a wide southern distribution which extends southward from Geraldton to the coast and eastward through the wheatbelt and goldfields into the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. There are fewer records of this species in the north of the state than the south. This species does not represent an SRE species.

B C A

Figure 3.1 – The Shield‐back Spider Idiosoma nigrum. Adult female (A), spider plugging the burrow lumen with its sclerotised abdomen (B), trap door with twig‐lining; 5 cent coin in the left top corner is shown for scale (C)

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A B

Figure 3.2 – Adult Male Specimen of the Barychelid Spider; Aurecocrypta sp. Dorsal (A) and Ventral (B)

A B

Figure 3.3 – Female Specimen of Cethegus sp. (A) and its Nest (B)

3.2 MILLIPEDES AND CENTIPEDES (PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBCLASS MYRIAPODA)

3.2.1 Millipedes

The millipede fauna of the Weld Range was found to consist of a single species of Antichiropus (Paradoxosomatidae). Numerous samples of Antichiropus millipedes were present in the samples. However, only the males were identifiable due to the distinctive morphology of the male gonopods.

The specimens represent a new species that have not been previously recognised or sampled. The genus Antichiropus contains only a handful of named species, but there are in excess of 110 undescribed species across Western Australia (M. Harvey, pers. comm.). As female and juvenile millipedes do not have any morphological features that can be used to recognise individual species, the specimens from Weld Range were only tentatively identified as the same species. However, the likelihood of all of these specimens representing the same species is extremely high.

This species is likely to be a short‐range endemic species, which may be restricted to Weld Range. Samples from surrounding areas are required to assess its full distribution.

3.2.2 Centipedes

Several species of centipedes from the orders Geophilomorpha, Scuttigeromorpha and Scolopendramorpha were collected.

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The Geophilomorpha are a soil dwelling group with very thin, elongated bodies. The specimens in this family were identified as belonging to the genus Mecistocephalus.

The Scuttegeromorpha are a group of fast moving species with long spindly legs commonly referred to as house centipedes. The single species collected was identified as Thereuopoda longicornis Fabricius.

The Scolopendramorpha is Australia’s largest order of centipedes, which contains many of the larger, more robust species. Species collected during the survey included Scolopendra morsitans, Scolopendra laeta Scolopendra sp., Cormocephalus sp., Cormocephalus westangelasensis, Ethmostigmus rubripes and Arthrorhabdus mjobergi.

Very little information is available regarding the distributions of any of these species and it is therefore difficult to determine with certainty if any of them are SRE.

3.3 CRUSTACEANS (PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, SUBCLASS CRUSTACEA)

3.3.1 Isopods

A large number of isopods were collected during the survey and these included species belonging to four genera within two families ‐ Armadillidae (Buddelundia, Spherillo, Cubaris) and Phillociidae (Laevophiloscia). The greatest number of specimens collected belonged to the Armadillidae family and were described by the taxonomic expert S. Judd (Curtin University) to have a strong resemblance to species in the Buddelundia genus. The Weld Range species closely resembled the Buddelundia species found north of Perth, which are common in dry areas such as coastal and arid areas.

Specimens likely to belong to the genus Spherillo were collected within the project area. This is a common genus in Australia but no species are currently described from WA. The species collected at Weld Range are therefore likely to be new, undescribed species.

A few specimens likely to belong to the genus Cubaris were also found at Weld Range. Cubaris is a very large genus in the Armadillidae family, which is found mostly in the southern hemisphere. Species in this genus tend to be more cryptic and so it is not surprising that they are less well known than those previously described. The specimens collected at Weld Range are almost certainly new species.

Finally, specimens belonging to the genus Laevophiloscia were found in the project area. Laevophiloscia is very common in WA, with many species occurring in drier areas. Most members of this group are highly mobile, which often infers that they have widespread distributions.

Unfortunately, there is a paucity of knowledge for many invertebrate groups in Western Australia, including terrestrial isopods. As none of the isopod species could be identified to species level, it cannot be determined if any of them are short range endemic species.

3.4 SNAILS (PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA, SUBCLASS GASTROPODA)

A single snail species was found during the Weld Range survey. Nine specimens were collected in pitfall traps and twenty one specimens were collected during foraging (Table 3‐1 and Table 3‐2). The snails were identified as belonging to the genus Pleuroxia. This genus is known in Western Australia from the Murchison District and from an area east of Esperance. Outside Western Australia the species also occurs in many of the ranges of Central Australia. Two species ‐ Pleuroxia abstans Iredale and Pleuroxia bethana Solem – have been recorded from the Murchison district while no

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Pleuroxia abstans is known only from an area slightly inland from the mouth of the Murchison River. The shell of the snail is depressed, widely‐umbilicate and strongly ribbed Specimens are only known from sub‐fossils. Pleuroxia bethana is known from the Geraldton‐Mullewa area between the Murchison River and Ellendale Pool (south‐east of Geraldton). Compared with P. abstans, it has a more globular shell with a narrower umbilicus and less pronounced ribs. In shell shape, it resembles the South Australian species P. everardensis (Bednall, 1892) and P. carmeena Solem, 1993, both from the Everard Ranges, but lacks the colour bands distinguishing those species and differs in details of shell sculpture. Similar shell differences distinguish this species from other WA species along the south‐eastern coast.

The specimens collected during the Weld Range SRE survey are likely to belong to the Pleuroxia genus and are most similar to specimens of P. bethana. They differ from P. bethana in that they have slightly more elevated shells, a smaller umbilicus and closer, less definite axial ribs. The microsculpture on the shell surface between the ribs also appears to differ in density between the two species.

No species in this genus have been recorded from the inland areas of Western Australia, however, it is important to consider that this may be due to a lack of sampling at Weld Range rather than an absence of the species. Because of the differences between the Weld Range specimens and P. bethana, it is also difficult to determine definitively if they are the same species. Differences between the specimens may be attributed to interspecific variation (i.e. especially if the species has a larger distribution than previously thought). However, the large distance between the known habitats of P. bethana and the Weld Range, and the preference these species have for rock‐ associated habitats separated by theoretically impassable flat sandy habitats indicate caution is required when determining if they are two separate populations of the same species or two separate species.

In the absence of a definite identification for the Weld Range specimens, the biology of this group of invertebrates indicates that this species is likely to be a Short Range Endemic. This is because most terrestrial land snails that occur in rocky habitats are incapable of dispersing on substrates such as sand, as it causes them to become desiccated and die. Weld Range is a largely isolated landform surrounded by sandy Mulga plain and therefore the snails which occur there are likely to be geographically restricted. The Pleuroxia species collected from Weld Range is therefore likely to be an SRE species.

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Table 3.1 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected at Pitfall Trapping Sites 1‐22. SRE and / or Especially Protected Species are Highlighted in Orange

Sites Class Order Family Genus Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Actinopodidae Missulena insignis 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Actinopodidae Missulena sp. 1 1 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Barychelidae Aurecocrypyta lugubris 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Dipluridae Cethegus fugax complex 4 3 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Anidiops manstridgei Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Anidiops sp. 1 1 1 1 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Arbanitis sp. Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Blakistonia sp. 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Eucyrtops sp. 1 2 1 1 1 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Idiosoma nigrum 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname mainae Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname sp. 112 1 1 41 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Chenistonia tepperi 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Kwonkan sp. 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Teyl sp. Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Garypidae Synsphyronus `sp.` Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Austrohorus `sp.` 1 1 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Beierolpium `sp. (8/2)` 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Beierolpium `sp. (8/4)` 2 1 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Indolpium `sp.` 1 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae unknown unknown 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Isometroides sp. 1 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Isometroides sp. 2 1 1 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas Jonesae Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas marmoreus Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas sp. nov. H 1 1 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas splendens 1 111111111 Urodacus sp. nov. ‘Weld Arachnida Scorpiones Urodacidae Range’ 111 Arachnida Scorpiones Urodacidae Urodacus yaschenkoi 11 11 Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalus sp. 1 1 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Otostigminae Ethmostigmus rubripes 11 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Cormocephalus brachycerus 1 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Cormocephalus westangelasensis 31 1 11 1 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Scolopendra laeta 31 161 1 1131 14 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Scolopendra sp. 1 1 2 1 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae Arthrorhabdus mjobergi 121 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae Cormocephalus sp. Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae Scolopendra morsitans 1 1 1111611 1 Chilopoda Scutigeromorpha Scutigeridae Thereupoda longicornis 11 1 Diplopoda Polydesmida Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus sp. `Weld Range` 111 Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Buddelundia sp. 10 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 1 1 1 1 1 Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Cubaris sp. 1 1 Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Spherillo sp. 1 1 1 Isopoda Onicidea Phillociidae Laevophiloscia sp. 10 1 111 Mollusca Pulmonata Camaenidae Pleuroxia sp. 1

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Table 3.2 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected at Pitfall Trapping Sites 22‐44. SRE and / or Especially Protected Species are Highlighted in Orange

Sites Class Order Family Genus Species 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Actinopodidae Missulena insignis Arachnida Mygalomorphae Actinopodidae Missulena sp 1 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Barychelidae Aurecocrypyta lugubris 41 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Dipluridae Cethegus fugax complex 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Anidiops manstridgei 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Anidiops sp. Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Arbanitis sp. 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Blakistonia sp. Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Eucyrtops sp. 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Idiopidae Idiosoma nigrum 121311 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname mainae 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Aname sp. 1 Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Chenistonia tepperi Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Kwonkan sp. Arachnida Mygalomorphae Nemesiidae Teyl sp. 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Garypidae Synsphyronus `sp.` 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Austrohorus `sp.` 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Beierolpium `sp. (8/2)` 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Beierolpium `sp. (8/4)` 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae Indolpium `sp.` 1 1 1 Arachnida Pseudoscorpionida Olpiidae unknown unknown Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Isometroides sp. 1 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Isometroides sp. 2 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas Jonesae 1 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas marmoreus 111 Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas sp. nov. H Arachnida Scorpiones Buthidae Lychas splendens 11 1 Urodacus sp. nov. ‘Weld Arachnida Scorpiones Urodacidae Range’ 11 Arachnida Scorpiones Urodacidae Urodacus yaschenkoi Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae Mecistocephalus sp. 1 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Otostigminae Ethmostigmus rubripes Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Cormocephalus brachycerus Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Cormocephalus westangelasensis Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Scolopendra laeta 1 111 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendramorphidae Scolopendra sp. 1 5 2 2 2 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae Arthrorhabdus mjobergi 1 Cormocephalus Chilop oda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae sp. 18113 Chilopoda Scolopendramorpha Scolopendridae Scolopendra morsitans 5 111 Chilopoda Scutigeromorpha Scutigeridae Thereupoda longicornis 11 Diplopoda Polydesmida Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus sp. `Weld Range`11111 2 Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Buddelundia sp. 1111115 Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Cubaris sp. Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Spherillo sp. 1 1 Isopoda Onicidea P hillociidae Laevophiloscia sp. Mollusca Pulmonata Camaenidae Pleuroxia sp. 1 7 June 2010 26

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Table 3.3 – Invertebrate Taxa Collected from Foraging Sites. SRE Species are Highlighted in Orange

Foraging Sites Class Order Family Genus Species 1 2 18 19 21 25 30 31 38 39 45 47 62 65 71

Mollusca Pulmonata Camaenidae Pleuroxia sp. 1 2 1 8 7 2

Isopoda Onicidea Armadillidae Buddelundia sp.1811121 Diplopoda Polydesmida Paradoxosomatidae Antichiropus sp. `Weld Range` 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

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550000 560000 570000 580000 590000

7040000 Legend !( !( Antichiropus !( !( Aurecocrypta sp. !( Cethegus sp. !( Pleuroxia sp. !( Idiosoma nigrum

BFS Base Case Infrastructure !( Pits and Dumps

7030000 !(

!(

!( 7020000 !(!( !( !(!( !(!( !( !(!( !( !( !( !(!( K !(!(!( 0 3 6

Kilometres Absolute Scale - 1:170,000

Figure: 3.4 Drawn: SG Date: 03/11/09 Weld Range Project ID: 710 Coordinate System Unique Map ID: S054 SRE Locations Name: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: GDA 1994 A4 [Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment

4 SURVEY LIMITATIONS

The efficiency of an SRE survey can be limited by a number of factors. Prior to conducting a survey it is important to identify the correct habitats in which to sample (those which contain SRE species) and also to determine which collecting methods are appropriate for the species that these habitats are likely to contain. Timing of the survey is also important because some species are only active at certain times of the year (most SRE species are active during the cooler, wetter months when they are less prone to desiccation).

A large number of sites were selected at Weld Range due to the large number of different habitats present. These sites were selected because they appeared to possess habitat characteristics which were consistent with those likely to contain SRE species. Pitfall trapping was implemented in each of these sites because the majority of SRE species that were likely to occur were ground dwelling. Hand foraging at each site also ensured that more cryptic species would also be collected. The survey was conducted during the colder, wetter months when SRE species are more active.

The large number of invertebrate species collected during the survey seems to indicate that preparations made prior to the survey succeeded in ensuring that the SRE communities of Weld Range were adequately sampled. The majority of SRE groups expected to be found at Weld Range were collected in sufficient abundance as to assume that a large proportion of the SRE fauna was sampled (Figure 4‐1).

50

48

46

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42

40

38

36

34

32

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Species Number 24

22

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10

8

6

987654321 1413121110 15 1716 18 242322212019 25 2726 28 313029 32 3433 35 3736 38 414039 42 4443 45 4746 48 5049 Number of sampling stations

Figure 4.1 – Observed Species Accumulation Curves for Weld Range. Red curve plot denote the observed number of species as a function of the number of stations sampled. Green curve display an infinite estimator

Nevertheless, the main limitation of the survey was a lack of taxonomic expertise in identifying the specimens once collected. Most invertebrate scientists would agree that invertebrates are greatly understudied with many groups having never received even base level taxonomic research. It is,

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[Insert client logo] Weld Range Iron Ore Project SRE Assessment therefore, not surprising that the invertebrate fauna of remote areas such as Weld Range is even less studied and that the Weld Range SRE survey was thus limited by the fact that many of the species collected were new and undescribed. Consequently, no information about the geographical range of the new species was available, which allowed for little inference to be made regarding the status of species as Short Range Endemics.

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5 DISCUSSION

Forty five invertebrate species of interest were collected from the Weld Range SRE survey. These included 15 species of mygalomorph spiders, 10 species of centipedes, eight species of scorpions, six species of pseudoscorpions, four species of isopods one species of millipede and one species of land snail.

The most important species for the Project identified during the survey were the trapdoor spiders Idiosoma nigrum, Cethegus ‘fugax’ complex, Aurecocrypta lugubris, the land snail Pleuroxia sp. and the millipede Antichiropus sp. ‘Weld Range’.

The specific status of Pleuroxia sp. and Antichiropus sp. ‘Weld Range’ are yet to be clarified, however it is likely that they are SREs. Populations of Pleuroxia sp. were identified within the Aboriginal reserve Wilgie Mia (located between Madoonga and Beebyn) and Hampton Hill. Given that these areas are outside the Project footprint at Weld Range, Pleuroxia sp. at Weld Range will be only partially impacted by the Project.

Similarly, Antichiropus sp. ‘Weld Range’ has been located at Hampton Hill, which is outside the Project footprint at Weld Range, and therefore this species will also be only partially impacted by the project.

Should the project footprint extend to these areas in the future, further sampling, including regional surveys, will need to be conducted to ensure the species sustainability in the area. Results from the follow‐up surveys of Idiosoma nigrum, Aurecocrypta lugubris, and Cethegus ‘fugax complex’ are presented in separate reports.

5.1 IMPACT RISK ASSESSMENT

A risk assessment (Table 5‐1) was undertaken to determine potential impacts arising from the development on invertebrate fauna and the residual impacts following the implementation of management strategies identified in this document. The level of risks is classified as either “High” (site/issue specific management programmes required, advice/approval from regulators required), “Medium” (specific management and procedures must be specified) or “Low” (managed by routine procedures).

5.2 THREATENING PROCESSES

Four risk issues were identified in the course of conducting the risk assessment for the Weld Range project. These were vegetation clearing, dust, vibration and fire.

With respect to vegetation clearing, three adverse impacts were identified, all of which were associated with the removal of SRE habitat. In all three cases, the risk was reduced from high to medium with the implementation of suggested controls.

The risk of vibration impact arising from blasting and exploration drilling, which could potentially result in damage to SRE fauna sensitive to vibration, was lowered from medium to low with the implementation of suggested controls.

Dust pollution arising from activities which could potentially result in damage to SRE fauna habitat via vegetation decline was lowered from medium to low with the implementation of suggested controls.

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Lastly, the increased risk of fire, which could also result in the degradation of SRE habitat, was reduced from medium to low with the implementation of suggested controls.

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Table 5.1 – Risk Assessment for Disturbance at Weld Range

Project: Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Location: Weld Range Inherent Risk Residual Risk

Risk Issue Aspect (Event) Impact Controls Level Level

Likelihood Consequence Risk Significance Likelihood Consequence Risk Significance Mine Site Clearing should be restricted to that which is necessary. Clearing boundaries should be defined Removal of SRE Loss of local SRE invertebrate in the field. Cleared areas should be rehabilitated Vegetation clearing invertebrate fauna 4 4 16 High 3 3 9 Med communities as soon as is practical. Areas that are likely to habitat contain SRE species such as creek lines and south facing slopes should not be cleared when possible Clearing should be restricted to that which is Removal of SRE Adverse impacts to ecological necessary. Clearing boundaries should be defined Vegetation clearing invertebrate fauna 4 4 16 High 3 3 9 Med function (other species) in the field. Cleared areas should be rehabilitated habitat as soon as is practical. Clearing should be restricted to that which is Removal of SRE necessary. Clearing boundaries should be defined Vegetation clearing invertebrate fauna Habitat fragmentation 4 4 16 High 3 3 9 Med in the field. Cleared areas should be rehabilitated habitat as soon as is practical.

Vibration pollution Exploration and blasting should take place well Damage to vibration‐sensitive Vibration arising from blasting and 3 4 12 High away from the fauna sensitive to vibration. 2 4 8 Med SRE invertebrate fauna exploration drilling Specific buffer zones may need to be designed Dust suppression measures should be Damage to vegetation resulting Dust emissions arising implemented, including management of road Dust in loss of SRE invertebrate fauna 2 2 4 Med 1 1 1 Low from mining operations speed on unsealed roads and the use of dust habitat retardants Wildfire arising as a A fire prevention strategy should be implemented. Degradation of fauna habitat and Fire result of mining 2 2 8 Med All vehicles should be fitted with fire extinguishers 1 1 1 Low June 2010 populations 33 operations & all personnel trained in their use.

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Table 5.2 – The Definitions Used in the Determination of the Biological Impact Risk Assessment

Likelihood: Value Description Criteria Environmental issue will occur, is currently a problem or is expected to occur 5 Almost Certain in most circumstances. Environmental issue has been a common problem in the past and there is a 4 Likely high probability that it will occur in most circumstances. Environmental issue may have arisen in the past and there is a high 3 Possible probability that it could occur at some time. Environmental issue may have occurred in the past and there is a moderate 2 Unlikely probability that it could occur at some time but not expected. Environmental issue has not occurred in the past and there is a very low 1 Rare probability that it may occur in exceptional circumstances.

Consequence: Value Description Criteria

Significant impact to fauna species of conservation significance or regional 5 Catastrophic biodiversity

4 Major Impact to fauna species of conservation significance in project area.

3 Moderate Loss of fauna biodiversity in project area.

2 Minor Short term or localised impact to fauna biodiversity.

1 Insignificant No impact to fauna of conservation significance or biodiversity.

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6 HABITAT ASSESSMENT

Many SRE species are confined to topographically or geographically restricted areas and specialised microhabitats because of the limited (or a complete lack of) physiological adaptations to arid environments which are compensated for by behaviour adaptations typical of relict species. These microhabitats, which further promote endemism due to their isolated nature, are vulnerable to artificial disturbances (Main 1996b).

The most significant threat to local SRE invertebrate fauna biodiversity as a result of the Project is vegetation clearing, which can reduce the habitat available to SRE species as well as physically remove SRE species from the landscape. Secondary impacts include fire and dust, which could reduce the quality or health of the vegetation therefore negatively influencing behaviour and thus reducing the survival of some SRE species.

6.1 BASE CASE

6.1.1 Vegetation Communities

In total, the Project will impact 8.4% of the available habitat for SRE’s within the project footprint. More specifically, SRE habitats were associated with vegetation communities 1 & 2, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b and 5a (Figure 2.1). The vegetation communities 1 & 2 were utilised by all four SRE species found within the Project Area. Vegetation communities 4a and 4b were utilised by three of the possible four SRE species found within the Project Area.

Within the Project Area, the vegetation communities will be impacted as follows (Table 2.1, Figure 2.1): • 13.9% of vegetation communities 1 and 2

• 7.6% of vegetation community 3a

• 18.1% of vegetation community 3b

• 3.5% of vegetation community 4a

• 3.4% of vegetation community 4b

• 5.1% of vegetation community 5a

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Table 6.1 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species: Description, Area and Percentage to be impacted

Base Case Footprint Vegetation Communties SRE species utilising this Occurrence in % of Total Occurance in the % Percent within Project Area Vegetation in the Project Footprint habitat (ha) Project Area (ha) Impact Area Antichropus Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2 1,695 3.30 236 13.9 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' Pleuroxia sp 3a Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 16,779 32.5 1278 7.6 3b Antichropus 8,085 15.70 1465 18.1 Antichropus 4aCethegus sp 'MWMB' 8,412 16.30 297 3.5 Pleuroxia sp Antichropus 4b Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 952 1.80 32 3.4 Pleuroxia sp 5a Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 9,324 18 478 5.1 Total SRE Area 45,247 87.6 3786.0 8.4 51,533

The habitat loss for each of these species, resulting from vegetation clearing, is summarised below (Table 2.2), and is expected to be as follows: • 10.6% for Antichiropus

• 8.2% for Cethegus ‘Hampton Hill’

• 5.1% for Cethegus ‘MWMB’.

• 5.1% for Pleuroxia sp

Table 6.2 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species

Base Case Footprint Vegetation Within Project Within Project % Total Impact Species Communties Area (ha) Footprint (ha) Antichiropus 1 & 2, 3b, 4b, 4a 19,144 2,030 10.6 Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2, 3a 18,474 1,514 8.2 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 5a 20,383 1,043 5.1 Pleuroxia sp 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 11,059 565 5.1

6.2 OPTION ONE

In total, the Project will impact 8.3% of the available habitat for SRE’s within the project footprint. More specifically, SRE habitats were associated with vegetation communities 1 and 2, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b and 5a (Figure 3.1). The vegetation communities 1 and 2 were utilised by all four SRE species found within the Project Area. Vegetation communities 4a and 4b were utilised by three of the possible four SRE species found within the Project Area.

Within the Project Area, the vegetation communities will be impacted as follows (Table 3.1, Figure 3.1 Overview of Habitiats Impacted by Project.): • 13.8% of vegetation communities 1 and 2

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• 9.6% of vegetation community 3a

• 14.6% of vegetation community 3b

• 3.2% of vegetation community 4a

• 1.9% of vegetation community 4b

• 4.3% of vegetation community 5a

Table 6.3 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species: Description, Area and Percentage to be Impacted

Option 1 Footprint Vegetation Communties SRE species utilising this Occurrence in % of Total Occurance in the % Percent within Project Area Vegetation in the Project Footprint habitat (ha) Project Area (ha) Impact Area Antichropus Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2 1,695 3.30 234 13.8 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' Pleuroxia sp 3a Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 16,779 32.5 1626 9.6 3b Antichropus 8,085 15.70 1185 14.6 Antichropus 4a Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 8,412 16.30 277 3.2 Pleuroxia sp Antichropus 4b Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 952 1.80 19 1.9 Pleuroxia sp 5a Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 9,324 18 406 4.3 Total SRE Area 45,247 87.6 3747.0 8.3 51,533

The habitat loss for each of these species, resulting from vegetation clearing, is summarised below, and is expected to be as follows (Table 3.2): • 8.9% for Antichiropus

• 10.0% for Cethegus ‘Hampton Hill’

• 4.6% for Cethegus ‘MWMB’.

• 4.8% for Pleuroxia sp

Table 6.4 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species

Option 1 Footprint Vegetation Within Project Within Project % Total Impact Species Communties Area (ha) Footprint (ha) Antichiropus 1 & 2, 3b, 4b, 4a 19,144 1,715 8.9 Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2, 3a 18,474 1,860 10 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 5a 20,383 936 4.6 Pleuroxia sp 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 11,059 530 4.8

6.3 OPTION TWO

In total, the Project will impact 8.9% of the available habitat for SRE’s within the project footprint. More specifically, SRE habitats were associated with vegetation communities 1 and 2, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b

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Within the Project Area, the vegetation communities will be impacted as follows (Table 4.1): • 13.8% of vegetation communities 1 and 2

• 8.1% of vegetation community 3a

• 19.7% of vegetation community 3b

• 3.3% of vegetation community 4a

• 2.0% of vegetation community 4b

• 5.9% of vegetation community 5a

Table 6.5 – Vegetation Communities Utilised by SRE Species: Description, Area and Percentage to be Impacted

Option 2 Footprint Vegetation Communties SRE species utilising this Occurrence in % of Total Occurance in the % Percent within Project Area Vegetation in the Project Footprint habitat (ha) Project Area (ha) Impact Area Antichropus Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2 1,695 3.30 234 13.8 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' Pleuroxia sp 3a Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 16,779 32.5 1362 8.1 3b Antichropus 8,085 15.70 1597 19.7 Antichropus 4aCethegus sp 'MWMB' 8,412 16.30 277 3.3 Pleuroxia sp Antichropus 4bCethegus sp 'MWMB' 952 1.80 19 2.0 Pleuroxia sp 5a Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 9,324 18 551 5.9 Total SRE Area 45,247 87.6 4040.0 8.9 51,533

The habitat loss for each of these species, resulting from vegetation clearing, is summarised below (Table 4.2), and is expected to be as follows: • 11.1% for Antichiropus

• 8.6% for Cethegus ‘Hampton Hill’

• 5.3% for Cethegus ‘MWMB’.

• 4.8% for Pleuroxia sp

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Table 6.6 – Impact of the Project on each SRE species

Option 2 Footprint Vegetation Within Project Within Project % Total Impact Species Communties Area (ha) Footprint (ha) Antichiropus 1 & 2, 3b, 4b, 4a 19,144 2,127 11.1 Cethegus sp 'Hampton Hill' 1 & 2, 3a 18,474 1,596 8.6 Cethegus sp 'MWMB' 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 5a 20,383 1,081 5.3 Pleuroxia sp 1 & 2, 4a, 4b, 11,059 530 4.8

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7 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

The following management items are recommended to mitigate impacts of the development at Weld Range on the SRE species that were identified during the survey:

1. Clearing should be restricted to only that which is necessary. Clearing boundaries should be defined in the field.

2. Areas that are likely to contain SRE species such as drainage lines, south facing slopes and other areas with high moisture retention should not be cleared if possible.

3. Cleared areas should be rehabilitated as soon as practical.

4. De‐stocking and goat removal at Madoonga and Beebyn stations is highly recommended.

5. Some areas that contain concentrations of SRE species should be designated as long‐term reserves.

6. Vibration management (i.e. reducing the level of vibration in areas containing vibration‐ sensitive invertebrates) should be implemented to reduce impact on this fauna (e.g. the protected shield‐back spider Idiosoma nigrum).

7. Dust suppression measures should be implemented, including management of road speed on unsealed roads.

8. A fire prevention strategy should be implemented.

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8 REFERENCES

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EPA. 2002. Position Statement No. 3 Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an element of Biodiversity Protection. Environmental Protection Authority.

EPA. 2004. Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 56: Terrestrial Fauna Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority, 40. 28 June 2004

Harvey, M. S. 2002. Short‐range endemism among the Australian fauna: some examples from non‐ marine environments. Invert. System.,. 16:555 ‐ 570.

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Koch, L. E. 1978. A comparative study of the structure, function and adaptation to different habitats of burrows in the scorpion genus Urodacus (Scorpionida, Scorpionidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 6:119‐146.

Main, B. Y. 1996. Terrestrial invertebrates in south‐west Australian forests: the role of relict species and habitats in reserve design. J. Roy. Soc. W.A. 79:277 ‐ 280.

Main, B. Y. 1999. Biological anachronisms among trapdoor spiders reflect Australias environmental changes since the Mesozoic in W. Ponder, and D. Lunney, eds. The Other 99%. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman 2088.

Ponder, W. F., and D. J. Colgan. 2002. What makes a narrow‐range taxon? Insights from Australian freshwater snails. Invert. System. 16:571‐582.

SRK. 2007. Acid Drainage and Metal Leaching Assessment.

Thackway, R., and I. D. Cresswell. 1995. An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: Bioregions of Western Australia. Accessed

Wright, S. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics. 28:114 ‐ 138.

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