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A History of the North of England from 1000 to 1135. William E

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A History of the North of England from 1000 to 1135. William E University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1974 A history of the north of England from 1000 to 1135. William E. Kapelle University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Kapelle, William E., "A history of the north of England from 1000 to 1135." (1974). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1346. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1346 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HISTORY OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND FROM 1000 TO 1135 A Dissertation Presented By WILLIAM EARL KAPELLE Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 1974 History William E. Kapelle, 1975 All Rights Reserved iii A HISTORY OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND FROM 1000 TO 1135 A Dissertation By WILLIAM EARL KAPELLE Approved as to style and content by: Archibald R» Lewis, Chairman of Coimnittee R. Deam ^^re:^ Meisber Sidney R.^^ckard, MeiBber j Robert H. McNeal, Chairman Department of History December 1974 Iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ify EEsearch into the history of the North of England has been both enjoyable and rewarding, and I would like to thank several people who were instrumental in making it possible for me to pursue it. It was Lynn Nelson who first interested me in the subject, and I would like to thank him for that and for showing me some of the research tools to which I owe much. Later, Eric John gave me the courage to investigate the Angio'-Saxon period and also provided an example of the ingenuity necessary for such an endeavor. Archibald R. Lewis, my teacher for the past several years, has been the source of many ideas which have directly influenced my research and my point of view, and he has made it possible for me to complete this project. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to three of my peers, Charles R. Bowlus, Philip N. Cronenwett, and Robert Hudson for fellowship and ideas, and especially to Alice E. Weaver whose help was essential and whose interest made the dissertation's several Februaries endurable. A HISTORY OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND FROM 1000 TO 1135 William E. Kapelle, B.A., University of Kansas M.A., University of Kansas Directed by: Dr. Archibald R. Lewis In historiographical terms the most significant contribution of this study is to demonstrate that English medieval history cannot be written solely from the standpoint of the king. The history of the North from 1000 to 1135 shows that court-centered history obscures the conti- nuity and importance of regional problems and gives too much prominence to the king as a causative factor. Both before and after the Conquest, in fact, northern history proceeded from the interaction between the northern nobility and the king. Prior to 1080, it was dominated by a clash between the two parties. Politically, the northern nobility con- and both sisted of two groups, the men of York and the Northumbrians, royal groups had become distrustful of the king by 1065 because of threatened attempts to govern the North through unpopular earls who these earls led local privileges. The northerners' attempts to resist northern revolt of 1065 and to conflict wnich culminated in the great Anglo-Saxon kingdom. More- which seriously undermined the unity of the As a result of his initial over, this conflict did not end in 1066. appeared to pose the same dealings with the North, William the Conqueror northerners resisted him accordingly. threat as his predecessors, and the and the Northumbrian revolts The general northern revolts of 1067-1070 of pre-Conquest northern resis- of 1074 and 1080 were a direct extension element in these events was the tance to the king, and the only novel vi solution that William ultimately imposed, the destruction of the native nobilities of Yorkshire and Northumbria in 1069-70 and 1080 respec- tively. These measures ended northern opposition to royal government, but they did not give William the Conqueror or Rufus control of the North because their power above the Humber was directly limited by their own nobles. Much of northwestern England and southwestern Scotland was unattractive to the Conqueror's barons, and they would not settle there. This factor restricted Norman settlement to Yorkshire, Durham, and southern Lancashire, and even in these shires the Normans either destroyed the manorial regime of the North or imposed new burdens on the peasants in an attempt to increase the value of their new estates. The limited extent of Norman settlement put the Normans in a weak position. Both the Conqueror and Rufus had to deal with the Scots through diplo- macy and demonstrations in force because there were no local Norman landholding classes in Cumberland and Northumberland, and the Normans already in the North had difficulty redeveloping Yorkshire and settling from the above the Tyne because they had little protection against raids when West, Indeed, this situation did not improve until after 1100 who were willing to Henry I brought to England a new group of nobles Cumberland and in Gal- take lands in the Northwest, Their settlement in security which allowed loway under Earl David provided the basis for the coast plain into Northum- the spread of Norman settlement along the east the Anglo-Norman berland and Lothian and the subsequent development of southern Scotland during society which characterized both the North and the High Middle Ages, vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE DANES OF YORK AND THE HOUSE OF BAMBURGH 1 II. EARL SIWARD AND THE SCOTS o. 39 III. THE STRUCTURE OF NORTHERN SOCIETY 75 IV. THE RULE OF TOSTIG AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE NOBLES OF YORK 137 V. GOVERNMENT BY PUNITIVE EXPEDITION » 194 VI. THE IMPACT OF THE NORMANS ON THE NORTHERN VILLAGE 263 VII. HENRY I'S NEW MEN IN THE NORTH 313 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 380 viii LIST OF TABLES Table P3g3 1. The Genealogy of the Earls of Northumbria „ „ 21 2. The Composition of Large Territorial Sokes in Yorkshire „ , 117 3. Overstocked Manors and Functioning Churches in Yorkshire in 1086 o 00 o 281 4. Bovate Rates in the Vicinity of Buttercrambe 293 Ix LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1. Political Divisions of the North in 1000 „„.„ 2 2. Northern Geographical Names <,oo....o 4 3. Sketch Map of the Terrain of the North, o . o.... o 5 4. Political Divisions of the North in 1056... ,» o 61 5. The Normans in the North 227 6. Distribution of Overstocked Manors in Yorkshire in 1086 o 275 7. Distribution of Functioning Churches in Yorkshire in 1086 279 8. Manorial Types in Durham at the Time of Boldon Book 0.0 302 9. Crop Sequences in the West Riding in 1297 » 349 10. The Populated Estates of Ilbert de Lacy. » . o 357 11. Henry de Ferrers* Estates in Derbyshire o 359 . X ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECTED SHORT REFERENCES Anglo-Saxon Writs Anglo-Saxon Writs , ed. F. E. Harmer (Manchester, 1952). Calendar of Documents , Calendar of Documents Preserved in France Illus- France trative of the History of Great Britain and Ireland . Vol. I: A.D. 918-1206 . ed. J. H. Round (Public Record Office; London, 1899). "Capitula de Miraculis" "Capitula de Miraculis et Trans lationibus in Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia , ed. T. Arnold (2 vols.. Rolls Series, Vol. LXXV: London, 1882- 85), I, 229-61; II, 333-63. Charters of Mowbr Charters of the Honour of Mowbray, 1107-1191 . ed. G. E. Greenway (Records of Social and Eco- nomic History, N. Ser., Vol. I; London, 1972). Codex Dip lomati cus Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici , ed. J. M. Kemble (6 vols.; London, 1839-48). EHD, I and 11 English Historical Documents , Vol. I: c. 500- 1042, ed. D. Whitelock (London, 1955); Vol. 11: 1042-1189 , ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenway (London, 1953) EHR English Historical Review ESC Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153 , ed. A. C. Lawrie (Glasgow, 1905). ESSH Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286 , ed. and trans. A. 0. Anderson (2 vols.; Edinburgh, 1922). EYC Early Yorkshire Charters , ed. W. Farrer and C. T. Clay (10 vols., Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, Extra Series; Edinburgh, 1913-55), In progress. Lancashire Pipe Rolls The Lancashire Pipe Rolls and Early Lancashire Charters , ed. W. Farrer (Liverpool, 1902). Liber Feodorum Liber Feodorum; The Book of Fees Commonly 1198- Called Testa De Nevill , Part I: A.D. 1242 , ed. [H. C. Maxwell Lyte] (Public Record Office; London, 1920). xi Pipe Rolls The Great Rolls of the Pipe of the Reigns of Henry II, Richard, and John (multi-volume. Pipe Roll Society; London, 1884-1955). RRA-N > r and II Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum^ 1066-1154 . Vol, I: Regesta Willelmi Conquestoris Et Willelmi Rufi, 1066-1100 . ed. H. W. C. Davis (Oxford, 1913); Vol. II: Regesta Henrici Primi , ed. C. Johnson and H. A. Cronne (Oxford, 1956) RRS, I and II Regesta Regum Scottorum . Vol. I: The Acts of Malcolm IV, King of Scots. 1153-1165 , ed. G. W. S. Barrow (Edinburgh, 1960); Vol. II; The Acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165-1214 , ed. G, W. S. Barrow with W. W. Scott (Edin- burgh, 1971). Symeon af Durham, HDE Historia Ecclesiae Dunhelmensis , Vol. I of Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia , ed. T. Arnold (2 vols.
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