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Systematic Study on Some Urticaceae Juss. Species from Egypt Mohamed A

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Systematic Study on Some Urticaceae Juss. Species from Egypt Mohamed A DOI: 10.21608/taec.2020.38666.1023 Taeckholmia 40 (2020): 112-129 Systematic study on some Urticaceae Juss. species from Egypt Mohamed A. Salim Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Five out of six species belonging to the three genera of Urticaceae were collected from different location in Egypt and subjected in this study. Pollen and seed external morphological characters beside stem and lamina internal characters were examined and photographed using both Light (LM) and Scanning Electron (SEM) Microscopes to assess the use of the studied characters in the separation and identification of species. The most diagnostic characters of both stem and lamina were; dissected or continuous siphonostelic structure of the vascular tissue, dorsiventral lamina, cystolith, stinging hairs, ruminate, rugose or colliculate epidermal cell surface. As well as the shape, size, aperture type and the exine ornamentation of the pollen grains, in addition to seed surface ornamentations. These characters can be of help in the discrimination of the studied species. The most obvious variable characters obtained in constructing an artificial taxonomic key for the studied species. All the 37 characters were subjected to the classical cluster analysis (UPGMA) and the principal component analysis (PCA) using PAST version 3.16 software and clearly revealed the splitting of the studied taxa into two clusters and three groups. Key words: Anatomy, cluster analysis, pollen, seed, Urticaceae Introduction Family Urticaceae Juss. (Nettle family) accepted its division into three subfamilies comprises 53 genera and 2625 species with five tribes (Berg 1977, 1989, Friis worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). 1989b, 1993). Takhtajan (2009) considered it Members of the family are herbs, shrubs, as one of the Urticales along with Ulmaceae, lianas or small trees and have a Moraceae, Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, subcosmopolitan distribution with most while Stevens (2001 onwards) and the recent genera and species found in the moist tropics taxonomic works beside the APG III system and temperate regions. The taxonomic (2009) placed it in order Rosales closer to position of the family has been faced with Rosaceae. many opinions and the history of the The research studies on the morphology of taxonomic opinions of the family is Urticaceae are few, in spite of that we can summarized in table 1. The family was refer to Gangadhara & Inamdar (1977), described by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in Lersten & Curtis (1991), Abid et al. (2015) 1789 under the name “Urticae” and divided and Hamdy et al. (2016). Members within the its members under three groups based on Urticaceae show remarkable morphological inflorescence morphology. Gaudichaud diversity; the plants are monoecious, (1830) revised the family as “La famille des dioecious rarely polygamous. The leaves urticées” and classified the genera into five simple, sessile or petiolate with alternate or tribes. Subsequent studies on the family opposite arrangement. Received on 08/09/2020 and accepted on 16/10/2020 Edited by Dr. Ashraf Soliman Mohamed A. Salim Table 1. Taxonomic opinions of the family Urticaceae. Author Subfamily Tribes Studied genera Urereae Urtica Elatostemeae Gaudichaud Boehmerieae (1830) Parietarieae Parietaria Forskalieae Forsskaolea Urereae Urtica Procrideae Weddell (1869) Boehmerieae Parietarieae Parietaria Forskalieae Forsskaolea Urticeae Urtica Lecantheae Friis (1993) Boehmerieae Parietarieae Parietaria Forskalieae Forsskaolea Urticoideae Urticeae Urtica Lecanthoideae Lecantheae Kravtsova (2009) Boehmerioideae Boehmerieae Parietarieae Parietaria Forskalieae Forsskaolea Boehmerieae Cecropieae Elaostemateae APG III (2009) Forsskaoleae Forsskaolea Parietarieae Parietaria Urticeae Urtica Ducts and internal characters are more isolated strands and the xylem in the form of interesting within the family, Guerin (1923) continuous cylinder traversed by narrow rays studied the mucilaginous cells and lactiferous in some species. They also reported ducts in the vegetative parts of some taxa and dorsiventral lamina; glandular, e-glandular, reported the mucilaginous cells in Urtica, stinging trichomes and anomocytic stomata. Nanocnide, Laportea, Girardinia, Urera and Jafari & Dehghan (2012) studied the Gyrotaenia and the lactiferous ducts were anatomical structure of aerial organs in four observed in Urera. Friis & Wilmot- Dear populations of Urtica dioica. Hamdy et al. (1988) investigated and revised tribe (2016) studied the anatomical features of Forsskaoleae in which they maintained the stem and leaf of Forsskaolea tenacissima two tribes within the tribe based on the growing in Egypt. inflorescence and floral structure. Metcalfe Pollen grain morphology done by Sorsa & & Chalk (1950) reported that the cortex is Huttunen (1975), they found that the well developed in stem section with stone structure, size of the pores and exine cells in Urera but not in other genera, the sculpture were considered the most pericyclic fibers present in the form of diagnostic pollen characteristics. Friis (1989 113 Systematic study on some Urticaceae Juss. species from Egypt b) reported that the pollen grains of the family (macro- and micro-characters) to evaluate the are small sized, oblate to suboblate- weight of these characters in the delimitation spheroidal, porate (two to six pores) or and identification between the studied foraminate (up to 15), with more or less species of Urticaceae growing in Egypt. As obscure exine sculpture. He observed that in well as to realize the nearest similar taxa and tribe Urticeae the pollen triporate, sometimes their differentiations and recognition by polyporate (four to seven pore) with small constructing artificial key for the studied sized grains varies from 10- 29 µm while in species. Nanocnide, Urera and Hesperocnide the pores are wider, more regularly and densely placed spinules exine sculpture. Materials: The seed morphological characters were In the present study, field trips have been significant and useful in revealing the done to collect five out of six species from taxonomic relationship between the species their natural habitats in Egypt (Table 2, map of flowering plants (Barthlott 1981; Ather et 1). Ten individuals from each location have al. 2010; Kanwal et al. 2012; El-Ghamery et subjected for this investigation. Pieces from al. 2018). The seed morphology of the fourth stem internodes and leaf lamina Urticaceae has been studied by some were taken and mounted in F.A.A. solution researchers (Chen et al. 2003; Abid et al. for sectioning. Samples of flowers and seeds 2015). have been collected for laboratory In Egypt, this family is represented by seven investigations. The identification and species belonging to three genera viz. synonyms of the studied species followed Forsskaolea L., Parietaria L. and Urtica L. Täckholm (1974), Boulos (1999) and (Täckholm 1974), while Boulos (1999) International Plant Names Index (IPNI). enumerated six species. The specific Sample individuals were prepared for objective of the present study is the herbarium preservation in Botany investigation of the morphological characters Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams of stems, lamina, pollen grains and seeds University herbarium (CAIA). Table 2. Data collection No. Species Locality Life span / date of collection 1 Forsskaolea tenacissima L. South Sinai Governorate (Wadi Feiran) Perennial herb = F. cossoniana Webb 5 / 2019 = Caidbeja adhaerens Forssk. 2 Parietaria alsinifolia Delile South Sinai Governorate, Saint Katherine Perennial herb = Freirea alsinaefolia (Delile) Gaudich. protectorate (Wadi El-Arbaeen) 5 / 2019 3 P. judaica L. Botanical garden, Faculty of Science, Ain Perennial herb = P. diffusa Mert. & W. D. J. Koch Shams University 6 / 2019 = P. punctata Willd. 4 Urtica pilulifera L. Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate, around Annual herb cultivated lands 3/ 2019 5 U. urens L. Mediterranean Coastal Region, Burg El- Annual herb Arab (Brimley cave) 3/ 2019 114 Mohamed A. Salim Map 1. Different locations of the studied species Methods: A- Stem and lamina anatomy with 30 nm gold in a DII-29030SCTR Smart Transverse sections in the fourth internodes Coater, then scanned and photographed using of stem and vertical sections in the fourth JEOL JSMIT100 SEM at SEM lab, the laminas were done for LM investigation and institute of Nanoscience and photography. Sectioning in the studied Nanotechnology, Kafr El- Sheikh University. specimens done by hand microtome at 10-15 Terminology of epidermal cell features µm thick. The sections were double stained followed Stace (1984) and Prabhakar (2004). using safranine (2%) and light green (1%), C- Pollen grain morphology and finally mounted in Canada Balsam Mature anthers from the collected flowers according to the conventional method were carefully opened using sharp needles (Johansen 1940). Sections were examined and sputtered onto glass slides. The pollen and photographed using Olympus C.35AD-2. grains were examined, measured and The terminology of the internal structures photographed using Canon power-shot A470, followed Metcalfe & Chalk (1950). 7.1 mega pixels. At least ten pollen grains / B- Lamina epidermal investigation taxa were measured by LM. Polar axis (P), Lamina epidermal peels were taken from equatorial diameter (E) and exine thickness abaxial surface using forceps and mounted on were measured. Other pollen characters viz., glass slide directly for light microscope. size,
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