DOCSLIB.ORG

List of Carnivorans by Population from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
List of Carnivorans by Population from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia List of carnivorans by population From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of estimated global populations of Carnivora species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all carnivorans have had their numbers quantified. Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image According to European Union LIFE [1] [1] [1] Nature conservation projects estimates Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus 300 EN population size tripled from 52 mature individuals in 2002 to 156 in 2012.[1] A subspecies of the leopard cat living Prionailurus exclusively on the Japanese island of Iriomote cat bengalensis 100 – 109[2] CR[3] [3] Iriomote. Population size is declining, iriomotensis and consists of a single subpopulation.[2] Maximum estimate. No more than 50 Red wolf Canis rufus 300[4] CR[4] [4] mature individuals. Previously extinct in the wild.[4] Malabar large- Maximum estimate. Previously Viverra civettina 250[5] CR[5] Unknown[5] spotted civet considered possibly extinct.[5] Maximum estimate for mature Darwin's fox Pseudalopex fulvipes 250[6] CR[6] [6] individuals.[6] Mature individuals number less than Cozumel raccoon Procyon pygmaeus 323 – 955[7] CR[7] [7] 250. Populations can be severely affected by hurricanes.[7] Saimaa ringed seal Pusa hispida saimensis 310 CR The most endangered pinniped. Mediterranean monk The second most endangered Monachus monachus 350 – 450[8] CR[8] [8] seal pinniped.[8] One of the world's rarest canids, and Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis [9] [9] [9] 500 EN Africa's most endangered carnivore. Monachus Numbered 1448 in 1983. Rate of Hawaiian monk seal 935[10] CR[10] [10] schauinslandi decrease appears to be rising.[10] Maximum estimate from 1991; numbers Marine otter Lontra felina 1000[11] EN[11] [11] have probably fallen.[11] Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis 1000 – 5000[12] EN[12] [12] Maximum estimate. 1000 wild and 300 Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes 1300[13] EN[13] [13] domestic. Almost became extinct in the 1980s.[13] Maximum estimate in 2002. Numbers had declined from 6000 in 1994 and Island fox Urocyon littoralis 1500[14] CR[14] [14] appear to be continuing the trend, so present numbers are likely much lower.[14] Ailuropoda Maximum estimate for mature Giant panda 1800[15] EN[15] [15] melanoleuca individuals.[15] Bay cat Pardofelis badia 2500[16] EN[16] [16] Maximum estimate.[16] Maximum estimate for mature Dhole Cuon alpinus 2500[17] EN[17] [17] individuals.[17] Fossa Cryptoprocta ferox 2500[18] VU[18] [18] Maximum estimate.[18] Andean mountain cat Leopardus jacobita 2500[19] EN[19] [19] Maximum estimate.[19] Grandidier's Galidictis grandidieri [20] [20] [20] mongoose 2650 – 3540 EN Tiger Panthera tigris 3890[21] EN[21] [21] Snow leopard Panthera uncia 7,000[22] EN[22] [22] Brown hyena Hyaena brunnea 8,000[23] NT[23] [23] Striped hyena Hyaena hyaena 14,000[24] NT[24] [24] African wild dog Lycaon pictus 6,600[25] EN[25] [25] Estimate is for mature individuals only. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus 7,500[26] VU[26] [26] Number may reach as high as 10 000.[26] Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx 8000[27] LC[27] [27] Sunda clouded Neofelis diardi [28] [28] [28] [13] leopard 10 000 VU Maximum estimate. Marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata 10 000[29] VU[29] [29] Maximum estimate.[29] Prionailurus Rusty-spotted cat [30] [30] [30] rubiginosus 10 000 VU Maximum estimate for mature Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa 10 000[31] VU[31] [31] individuals.[31] Red panda Ailurus fulgens 10 000[32] VU[32] [32] Minimum estimate for mature African golden cat Caracal aurata 10 000[33] NT[33] [33] individuals.[33] Kodkod Leopardus guigna 10 000[34] VU[34] [34] Maximum estimate.[34] Chinese mountain Maximum estimate for mature F. silvestris bieti 10 000[35] VU[35] [35] cat individuals.[35] Arctocephalus Galápagos fur seal [36] [36] [36] [36] galapagoensis 10 000 – 15 000 EN Down from 30 – 40 000 in 1978. New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri 11 855[37] VU[37] [37] Juan Fernández fur Estimate is from the early 1990s; Arctocephalus philippii 12 000[38] NT[38] [38] seal numbers appear to be increasing.[38] Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea 13 790[39] EN[39] [39] Maximum estimate for mature Sechuran fox Lycalopex sechurae 15 000[40] NT[40] Unknown[40] individuals.[40] Arctocephalus Guadalupe fur seal [41] [41] [41] [41] townsendi 15 000 – 17 000 NT Numbered 200 – 500 in the 1950s. Sloth bear Melursus ursinus 20 000[42] VU[42] [42] Maximum estimate.[42] Polar bear Ursus maritimus 25,000[43] VU[43] [43] Galápagos sea lion Zalophus wollebaeki 20 000 – 40 000[44] EN[44] [44] Maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus 23 600[45] NT[45] Unknown[45] Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta 27 000 – 47 000[46] LC[46] [46] Tentative estimate.[46] Comprises several subspecies in Africa and Asia. The former has higher [47] [47] [47] population and most subspecies: a Lion Panthera leo 35,000 VU recent study has given a global range of 29 000 – 47 000. The Asiatic species numbers an estimated 359, +/- 10.[47] Leopard Panthera pardus 75,000[48] NT[48] Baikal seal Pusa sibirica 80 000 – 100 000[49] LC[49] [49] Sea otter Enhydra lutris 106 822[50] EN[50] [50] Bush dog Speothos venaticus 110 000[51] NT[51] [51] Considered an overestimate.[51] Caspian seal Pusa caspica 111 000[52] EN[52] [52] Once numbered over 1 000 000.[52] Ross seal Ommatophoca rossii 130 000[53] LC[53] Unknown[53] Divided into two subspecies: Western Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus 143 000[54] NT[54] [54] Steller (78 000) and Loughlin’s Northern (65 000).[54] Northern elephant Mirounga [55] [55] [55] [55] seal angustirostris 171 000 LC Numbered 113 000 in 1991. New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri 200 000[56] LC[56] [56] Minimum estimate. Russia has the largest number of brown bears, [57] [57] [57] believed to exceed 100,000, while Brown bear Ursus arctos 200 000 LC estimates in the U.S. are around 33,000 (most in Alaska), Canada 25,000, and Europe (excluding Russia) 14,000.[57] South American sea Otaria flavescens [58] [58] [58] [58] lion 250 000 LC Minimum estimate. South American fur Arctocephalus australis [59] [59] [59] seal 250 000 – 300 000 LC Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx 300 000[60] LC[60] Unknown[60] Arctocephalus Estimate is from 1987; almost certainly Subantarctic fur seal 310 000[61] LC[61] [61] tropicalis an underestimate.[61] Harbor seal Phoca vitulina 350 000 – 500 000[62] LC[62] [62] California sea lion Zalophus californianus 355 000[63] LC[63] [63] Grey seal Halichoerus grypus 400 000[64] LC[64] [64] Leptonychotes Weddell seal [65] [65] [65] [65] weddellii 500 000 LC Unknown Minimum estimate. Southern elephant Latest global estimates are from the Mirounga leonina 500 000[66] LC[66] Unknown[66] seal mid-1990s.[66] 592 000 in the Northwest Atlantic and [67] [67] [67] 70 000 in the Northeast. The latter Hooded seal Cystophora cristata 662 000 VU population has declined 85-90% in the past 60 years for unknown reasons.[67] Numbers are believed to be twice that American black bear Ursus americanus 950 000[68] LC[68] [68] of all other bears combined.[68] Northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus 1 100 000[69] VU[69] [69] Divided into two subspecies: Cape (2 Brown fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus 2 092 000[70] LC[70] [70] 000 000) and Australian (92 000).[70] Pagophilus Harp seal [71] [71] [71] [71] groenlandicus 8 000 000 LC Maximum estimate. Estimates are highly uncertain due to 11 000 000 – 12 000 Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga LC[72] Unknown[72] animal's massive numbers and location 000[72] in the Southern Seas.[72] Silver fox Vulpes vulpes Unknown Domesticated 2012 estimate. Dog (domestic) C. lupus familiaris 400 000 000[73] Domesticated [73] 2001 estimate.[73] 600 000 000 Cat Felis catus Domesticated Unknown[74] 2007 estimate "Increasing" [74] See also Lists of organisms by population Lists of mammals by population References 1. Von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 2. [(Fourth（) S４urv）ey of th（e Sta）te of the Iriomote Cat's Habitat: Regarding the Results (notice)] (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 June 2012. 3. Von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2014-09-12. 4. Kelly, B.T., Beyer, A. & Phillips, M.K. (2008). "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12. 5. Jennings, A., Veron, G. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Viverra civettina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 6. Cuarón, A.D., de Grammont, P.C., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Valenzuela-Galván, D., García-Vasco, D., Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Pseudalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 7. Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Procyon pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 8. Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 9. Marino, J. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2011). "Canis simensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-12. 10. Lowry, L. & Aguilar, A. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus schauinslandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-11-13. 11. Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mitochondrial Genomes of African Pangolins and Insights Into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogeny of the Family Manidae Zelda Du Toit1,2, Morné Du Plessis2, Desiré L
    du Toit et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:746 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae Zelda du Toit1,2, Morné du Plessis2, Desiré L. Dalton1,2,3*, Raymond Jansen4, J. Paul Grobler1 and Antoinette Kotzé1,2,4 Abstract Background: This study used next generation sequencing to generate the mitogenomes of four African pangolin species; Temminck’s ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii), giant ground pangolin (S. gigantea), white-bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) and black-bellied pangolin (P. tetradactyla). Results: The results indicate that the mitogenomes of the African pangolins are 16,558 bp for S. temminckii, 16,540 bp for S. gigantea, 16,649 bp for P. tetradactyla and 16,565 bp for P. tricuspis. Phylogenetic comparisons of the African pangolins indicated two lineages with high posterior probabilities providing evidence to support the classification of two genera; Smutsia and Phataginus. The total GC content between African pangolins was observed to be similar between species (36.5% – 37.3%). The most frequent codon was found to be A or C at the 3rd codon position. Significant variations in GC-content and codon usage were observed for several regions between African and Asian pangolin species which may be attributed to mutation pressure and/or natural selection. Lastly, a total of two insertions of 80 bp and 28 bp in size respectively was observed in the control region of the black-bellied pangolin which were absent in the other African pangolin species. Conclusions: The current study presents reference mitogenomes of all four African pangolin species and thus expands on the current set of reference genomes available for six of the eight extant pangolin species globally and represents the first phylogenetic analysis with six pangolin species using full mitochondrial genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Genomic Analysis of North American Eastern Wolves (Canis Lycaon) Supports Their Conservation Priority Status
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Population Genomic Analysis of North American Eastern Wolves (Canis lycaon) Supports Their Conservation Priority Status Elizabeth Heppenheimer 1,† , Ryan J. Harrigan 2,†, Linda Y. Rutledge 1,3 , Klaus-Peter Koepfli 4,5, Alexandra L. DeCandia 1 , Kristin E. Brzeski 1,6, John F. Benson 7, Tyler Wheeldon 8,9, Brent R. Patterson 8,9, Roland Kays 10, Paul A. Hohenlohe 11 and Bridgett M. von Holdt 1,* 1 Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; [email protected] (E.H.); [email protected] (L.Y.R.); [email protected] (A.L.D); [email protected] (K.E.B.) 2 Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] 3 Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada 4 Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA; klauspeter.koepfl[email protected] 5 Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 6 School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA 7 School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; [email protected] 8 Environmental & Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada; [email protected] (T.W.); [email protected] (B.R.P.) 9 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada 10 North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA; [email protected] 11 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Mito-Genomic Analysis of Different Species of Genus Canis by Using Different Bioinformatics Tools
    Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 6 Issue 1 Article 4 Comparative Mito-Genomic Analysis of Different Species of Genus Canis by Using Different Bioinformatics Tools Ume Rumman Institute of Natural and Management Sciences (INAM), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, [email protected] Ghulam Sarwar Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Safia Janjua Wright State University, Ohio Fida Muhammad Khan Center for Bioresource Management (CBR), Pakistan Fakhra Nazir Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Bioinformatics Commons, Biotechnology Commons, and the Genetics and Genomics Commons Recommended Citation Rumman, U., Sarwar, G., Janjua, S., Khan, F. M., & Nazir, F. (2019). Comparative Mito-Genomic Analysis of Different Species of Genus Canis by Using Different Bioinformatics Tools, Journal of Bioresource Management, 6 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.9102.0102 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparative Mito-Genomic Analysis of Different Species of Genus Canis by Using Different Bioinformatics Tools © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Hunting Dog from Dmanisi with Comments on the Social
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The early hunting dog from Dmanisi with comments on the social behaviour in Canidae and hominins Saverio Bartolini‑Lucenti1,2*, Joan Madurell‑Malapeira3,4, Bienvenido Martínez‑Navarro5,6,7*, Paul Palmqvist8, David Lordkipanidze9,10 & Lorenzo Rook1 The renowned site of Dmanisi in Georgia, southern Caucasus (ca. 1.8 Ma) yielded the earliest direct evidence of hominin presence out of Africa. In this paper, we report on the frst record of a large‑sized canid from this site, namely dentognathic remains, referable to a young adult individual that displays hypercarnivorous features (e.g., the reduction of the m1 metaconid and entoconid) that allow us to include these specimens in the hypodigm of the late Early Pleistocene species Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides. Much fossil evidence suggests that this species was a cooperative pack‑hunter that, unlike other large‑sized canids, was capable of social care toward kin and non‑kin members of its group. This rather derived hypercarnivorous canid, which has an East Asian origin, shows one of its earliest records at Dmanisi in the Caucasus, at the gates of Europe. Interestingly, its dispersal from Asia to Europe and Africa followed a parallel route to that of hominins, but in the opposite direction. Hominins and hunting dogs, both recorded in Dmanisi at the beginning of their dispersal across the Old World, are the only two Early Pleistocene mammal species with proved altruistic behaviour towards their group members, an issue discussed over more than one century in evolutionary biology. Wild dogs are medium- to large-sized canids that possess several hypercarnivorous craniodental features and complex social and predatory behaviours (i.e., social hierarchic groups and pack-hunting of large vertebrate prey typically as large as or larger than themselves).
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptations of the Pleistocene Island Canid Cynot He Rium Sardous
    CRA NIUM 23, 1 - 2006 Adaptations of the Pleistocene island canid Cynot he rium sardous (Sardinia, Italy) for hunting small prey George Lyras and Alexandra van der Geer Summary Cynot herium sardous is a small canid that lived on the island of Sardinia-Corsica during the Pleistocene. Once on the island, the species gradually adapted, and became specialized in hunting small prey like the lagomorph Prolagus. Moreover, in order to fulfil mass-related energetic requi rements, the species had to reduce body size compared to its ancestor Xenocyon, which was larger than the grey wolf. Cynotherium carried its head much in the way foxes do, and was able to hold its body low to the ground when stalking. In addition, it could move its head laterally better than any living canid. Samen vat ting Cynot he rium sardous is een kleine hond achtige, die leefde op het eiland Sardinië-Corsica gedu rende het Pleis toceen. Eenmaal op het eiland paste de soort zich aan en specialiseerde zich in het jagen op kleine prooi zoals de haasachtige Prolagus. Om aan de energiebehoeften, gere lateerd aan lichaamsgewicht, te voldoen, moest de soort kleiner worden, vergeleken met zijn voorouder, Xeno cyon, die groter was dan de huidige grijze wolf. Cynot he rium hield zijn hoofd ongeveer zoals vossen doen, en hield het lichaam laag bij de grond bij het besluipen van de prooi. Daarbij kon hij zijn kop verder zijwaarts bewegen dan alle nu levende hondachtigen. Intro duc ti on When we hear about insular island mammals, we imme di a tely make asso ci a tions with pig-sized hippo's, mini-mammoths, giant rodents, deer adapted for mountain clim bing, apart from the scientific names of several Plio-Pleistocene insular ungulates and micro - mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • IAN Symbol Library Catalog
    Overview The IAN symbol libraries currently contain 2976 custom made vector symbols The Libraries Include designed specifically for enhancing science communication skills. Download the complete set or create a custom packaged version. 2976 science/ecology symbols Our aim is to make them a standard resource for scientists, resource managers, 55 albums in 6 categories community groups, and environmentalists worldwide. Easily create diagrammatic representations of complex processes with minimal graphical skills. Currently Vector (SVG & AI) versions downloaded by 91068 users in 245 countries and 50 U.S. states. Raster (PNG) version The IAN Symbol Libraries are provided completely cost and royalty free. Please acknowledge as: Symbols courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/symbols/). Acknowledgements The IAN symbol libraries have been developed by many contributors: Adrian Jones, Alexandra Fries, Amber O'Reilly, Brianne Walsh, Caroline Donovan, Catherine Collier, Catherine Ward, Charlene Afu, Chip Chenery, Christine Thurber, Claire Sbardella, Diana Kleine, Dieter Tracey, Dvorak, Dylan Taillie, Emily Nastase, Ian Hewson, Jamie Testa, Jan Tilden, Jane Hawkey, Jane Thomas, Jason C. Fisher, Joanna Woerner, Kate Boicourt, Kate Moore, Kate Petersen, Kim Kraeer, Kris Beckert, Lana Heydon, Lucy Van Essen-Fishman, Madeline Kelsey, Nicole Lehmer, Sally Bell, Sander Scheffers, Sara Klips, Tim Carruthers, Tina Kister , Tori Agnew, Tracey Saxby, Trisann Bambico. From a variety of institutions, agencies, and companies: Chesapeake
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 the Mammals of Angola
    Chapter 15 The Mammals of Angola Pedro Beja, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Luís Veríssimo, Elena Bersacola, Ezequiel Fabiano, Jorge M. Palmeirim, Ara Monadjem, Pedro Monterroso, Magdalena S. Svensson, and Peter John Taylor Abstract Scientific investigations on the mammals of Angola started over 150 years ago, but information remains scarce and scattered, with only one recent published account. Here we provide a synthesis of the mammals of Angola based on a thorough survey of primary and grey literature, as well as recent unpublished records. We present a short history of mammal research, and provide brief information on each species known to occur in the country. Particular attention is given to endemic and near endemic species. We also provide a zoogeographic outline and information on the conservation of Angolan mammals. We found confirmed records for 291 native species, most of which from the orders Rodentia (85), Chiroptera (73), Carnivora (39), and Cetartiodactyla (33). There is a large number of endemic and near endemic species, most of which are rodents or bats. The large diversity of species is favoured by the wide P. Beja (*) CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal CEABN-InBio, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada “Professor Baeta Neves”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] P. Vaz Pinto Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] L. Veríssimo Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola e-mail: [email protected] E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Seals in Coastal Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways at Robberg, South Africa
    The role of seals in coastal hunter-gatherer lifeways at Robberg, South Africa. By Leesha Richardson Supervised by Prof Judith Sealy and Dr Deano Stynder Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Archaeology In the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Science University of Cape Town February 2020 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. Plagiarism Declaration I have used the Harvard convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution from, and quotation in, this thesis from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. This thesis is my own work: Leesha Richardson RCHLEE003 Date: 8 February 2020 i Abstract Seals were a major dietary item for coastal hunter-gatherers and herders in South Africa. At Nelson Bay Cave (NBC), more than half of the Holocene mammal bones are from Cape Fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Previous analyses of the seal assemblage from this site have studied only selected skeletal elements. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of seal remains from selected archaeological levels at Nelson Bay Cave and from the 2007/2008 excavations at nearby Hoffmans/Robberg Cave (HRC). Body part representation and frequency, age distribution and bone modification have been documented to determine the role of seals in the lifeways of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists at Robberg throughout the Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Expert Panel on a Declared Commercial Fishing Activity
    5 Direct impacts on EPBC Act protected species 49 5.1 Introduction 5 DIRECT There are 241 species (see Appendix 3) protected under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) that occur in the area of the Small Pelagic Fishery (SPF). These are comprised of: impacts • 10 pinniped species • 44 cetacean species • Dugong Dugong dugon ON EPBC A • 89 species of seabirds • six marine turtle species CT • nine seasnake species PROTECTE • 13 shark and ray species • 69 teleost species, of which 66 are syngnathids and three are other teleost fish. The data compiled by Tuck et al. (2013) have been used as the primary source to inform the panel’s understanding of the D nature and extent of the direct interactions of mid-water trawling in the SPF with protected species to date. Tuck et al. SPECIES (2013) report on ‘interactions’ with protected species but do not define ‘interaction’. Since the data were compiled from Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) logbooks and observer records the panel has assumed that the interactions data reported in Tuck et al. (2013) reflect the definition in the memorandum of understanding (MoU) between AFMA and the Department of the Environment. As noted in Section 2.2.3, this definition excludes acoustic disturbance and behavioural changes brought about by habituation to fishing operations, which the panel includes in its definition of ‘direct interactions’ applied to the assessment of the Declared Commercial Fishing Activity (DCFA). As a result Tuck et al. (2013) understate the level of ‘direct interactions’. However, in the absence of any more comprehensive assessment of historical interactions data, the panel has used the information collated by Tuck et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology of Marine Mammals
    Romero, A. 2009. The Biology of Marine Mammals. The Biology of Marine Mammals Aldemaro Romero, Ph.D. Arkansas State University Jonesboro, AR 2009 2 INTRODUCTION Dear students, 3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Marine Mammals 1.1. Overture Humans have always been fascinated with marine mammals. These creatures have been the basis of mythical tales since Antiquity. For centuries naturalists classified them as fish. Today they are symbols of the environmental movement as well as the source of heated controversies: whether we are dealing with the clubbing pub seals in the Arctic or whaling by industrialized nations, marine mammals continue to be a hot issue in science, politics, economics, and ethics. But if we want to better understand these issues, we need to learn more about marine mammal biology. The problem is that, despite increased research efforts, only in the last two decades we have made significant progress in learning about these creatures. And yet, that knowledge is largely limited to a handful of species because they are either relatively easy to observe in nature or because they can be studied in captivity. Still, because of television documentaries, ‘coffee-table’ books, displays in many aquaria around the world, and a growing whale and dolphin watching industry, people believe that they have a certain familiarity with many species of marine mammals (for more on the relationship between humans and marine mammals such as whales, see Ellis 1991, Forestell 2002). As late as 2002, a new species of beaked whale was being reported (Delbout et al. 2002), in 2003 a new species of baleen whale was described (Wada et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of a Coyote Attack in Pdf Format
    ANATOMYANATOMY OFOF AA COYOTECOYOTE ATTACKATTACK Struggle & Survival In Canada's Eastern Provinces EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION OFOF WOLVESWOLVES A new specie of Wolf has evolved in Eastern Canada URBANURBAN COYOTESCOYOTES The sounds of Coyotes have become familiar in the East A Canine Trilogy by Hal MacGregor ISBN = 978-0-9813983-0-3 Revision 5 - October - 2014 Montague, Ontario, Canada All Rights Reserved A CANINE TRILOGY Revision No 5, October - 2014 Hal MacGregor Forward by Kalin Keller RN. ILLUSTRATED BY This edition follows the text of earlier editions with minor amendments. A FORWARD These four storeys are written in a no-nonsense style, which is easy for young people to understand. The multitude of beautiful photographs bring the subject material vividly to life. This is the first book on Coyotes that is told from the animal's perspective. Everyone who reads this book will come away with a greater knowledge and appreciation of these remarkable animals. Every Canadian school should have a copy of this book in their library, to ensure that our young people have a realistic understanding of these amazing predators. This is the new reference book for Coyotes. I recommend every Canadian parent use this book to bring an awareness and a factual understanding of these creatures to their children. Kalin Keller RN. Coldstream, British Columbia. The Anatomy of a Coyote Attack Western Coyotes have hybridized with Northern Red Wolves to produce Brush Wolves A Story of Struggle & Survival In Canada’s Eastern Provinces A Nova Scotia Brush Wolf Contents About the Author Author's Introduction Ownership The South Montague pack The Donkey The Heifer and the Fox The Electric Fence The Decoy Game Origins, The Greater Picture Northern Adaptations Red Wolves Adapt To a Northern Climate Wolf Adaptations The First Wave Interesting Facts About Coyotes Some Coyotes in the east are getting whiter.
    [Show full text]
  • Namibia's Etosha Pan & Skeleton Coast
    Namibia's Etosha Pan & Skeleton Coast Naturetrek Tour Report 30 October - 15 November 2015 Black Rhinoceros Elephant Family Flamingoes at Walvis Bay The desert Report compiled by Rob Mileto Images courtesy of Ingrid William Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Namibia's Etosha Pan & Skeleton Coast Tour Participants: Rob Mileto, Festus Mbinga & Franco Morao (leaders) and 12 Naturetrek clients Day 1 Friday 30th October London Heathrow to Johannesburg We all met up, mostly at the gate, for an uneventful overnight flight to Johannesburg in our double-decker plane Day 2 Saturday 31st October Johannesburg to Namib Grens Farm (via Windhoek) Weather: hot and sunny. The bleary but keen-eyed spotted our first southern African bird, a Rock Martin, from the Johannesburg airport terminal building. After a welcome coffee or two, a further short flight over the Kalahari brought us to Windhoek. Here we met out local guides, Festus and Franco, and were soon aboard our extended Land Rovers that were to be our transport and ‘hides’ for the next two weeks. Then we were off. After passing through Windhoek, we were soon out in the wilds and spotting lots of new birds and mammals like Chacma Baboon, Springbok, Cape Starling, Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill, White- backed Mousebird, Pale Chanting Goshawk and Ostrich. All these distractions meant that we arrived at Namib Grens after dark. The bungalows here are literally built around granite boulders which form some of the walls, and after a hearty farm dinner we retired to our beds amongst the rocks – one complete with a Rock Hyrax stuck in the bath! Day 3 Sunday 1st November Namib Grens to Kulala Weather: hot and sunny.
    [Show full text]