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Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

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Chapter 6: Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 6-1 Lancaster University Lancaster University Wind Turbine Project – Environmental Statement Volume 2 6 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6.1 Introduction This chapter of the ES is based on the findings of a Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) carried out by Stephenson Halliday. The purpose of this chapter is to identify, and where possible quantify, the likely significant effects of the Lancaster University Wind Development on the existing landscape and visual amenity within 30 km of the development site. A full description of the development is provided in Chapter 2 of this document. The main elements of the development considered by this section of the ES are as follows: A single 2 MW wind turbine which will comprise a three bladed, horizontal axis machine with a hub height of approximately 59 m, a blade length of approximately 41 m and a rotor diameter of approximately 82 m, giving a ground to tip height of 100 m; 1.05 km of access tracks (see Figure 2.4 a-c); Underground cable route; and A temporary construction compound and topsoil storage compound. Landscape impacts and visual impacts are separate, but related. Landscape impacts are changes in the fabric, character and quality of the landscape. Visual impacts relate solely to changes in available views of the landscape, and the effects that those changes have on people. Landscape and visual impacts do not necessarily coincide. Impacts can be beneficial as well as adverse. There are three main objectives to the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. Firstly, to identify the effects of the development on the visual amenity of the area. This includes views from nearby properties and settlements and any areas of public access. This process requires the identification of the intrinsic visual characteristics of the existing landscape, its quality, and value. An impact of the development on views relates to the changes that arise in the composition of views as a result of changes to the landscape, to people’s responses to the changes, and to the overall effects with respect to visual amenity. The second objective is to identify the effects of the development on the landscape character of the area. This will involve the identification of the landscape characteristics of the site and its surrounds at a national, regional and local level, and an assessment of how the development will change the fabric, character and quality of the landscape. Thirdly, this assessment will identify any cumulative effects the development will have on visual amenity. A cumulative appraisal has been undertaken to take account of any wind farm developments within a 10 km radius which are either in operation, under construction, have planning permission, or which are due to be submitted to local planning authorities for planning permission in the near future. This includes the existing wind farm development at Caton Moor, and its possible extension. This wind farm is located 10 km from the development site and currently comprises eight 2 MW turbines. Guidance provided in The Companion Guide to PPS22 ‘Planning for Renewable Energy’ 1 identifies cumulative effects as “the degree to which renewable energy development becomes a feature in particular views (or sequence of views), and the effect this has upon the people who experience those views ”. The Guidance for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 2 defines cumulative effects as additional changes to visual amenity caused by the proposed development in conjunction with other developments, or actions that occurred in the past, present or are likely to occur in the foreseeable future. Cumulative effects consist of combined visibility and sequential visibility. Combined visibility occurs where the observer is able to see two or more developments from one viewpoint. Sequential effects occur when the observer has to move to another viewpoint to see a different development. 6.1.1 Chapter Structure The potential landscape and visual effects of the proposed development are regarded as a key issue. The appraisal and consideration of these effects is set out in the following sections: Consultation - summary of consultation and responses received. 1 The Companion Guide to PPS22 ‘Planning for renewable Energy’ (ODPM, 2004) 2 The Guidance for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (GLVIA) 2 nd Edition (2002) 6-2 Lancaster University Lancaster University Wind Turbine Project – Environmental Statement Volume 2 Guidance and Legislation – Summary of guidance and legislation followed during the assessment. Assessment Methodology – an outline of general methodology, with reference to established guidance; Baseline description – to identify/ confirm the fabric, character and quality of the landscape which would be affected by the proposal, including a review of the extent, purposes and special characteristics of landscape planning designations within the study area; Landscape Capacity – summary of relevant guidance contained within the Landscape Sensitivity to Wind Energy Development in Lancashire’ report. Information Gaps- Summary of any gaps in information identified during the assessment Project Description and Mitigation – a description of the aspects of the proposed wind turbine development which have the potential to cause a landscape and/or visual effect, and the measures which have been incorporated into the project design to mitigate these potential effects; Visual Analysis – comprising an assessment of the visual effects of the proposed development with reference to computer generated Visibility Maps to ascertain from where the development could be visible and those potential receptors that could be affected by changes in views, together with a viewpoint analysis to determine the magnitude and significance of the changes in the view from a selection of viewpoint locations that represent the main landscape and visual receptors in the study area; Assessment of Landscape Effects – an assessment of the significance of effects arising from the proposed wind turbine on the landscape fabric, landscape character and quality of the landscape types and designated areas within the study area; Assessment of Visual Effects – an assessment of the significance of effects arising from the proposed wind turbine on the visual amenity, receptors and viewpoints in the study area; and Residual Effects and Statement of Significance– a summary of the assessment results and concluding discussion on the acceptability of the proposed turbine in landscape and visual terms. Following consultation with the Local Planning Authority for the initial 2 turbine proposal, the landscape assessment is based on a 10 km radius (see Figure 6.01 - 6.03 and Figure 6.06) and the visual assessment is based on a 15 km radius study area (see Figure 6.04-6.09). The assessment of landscape and visual effects is illustrated with reference to existing photographs, wireframes and photomontages (Visualisations 1-12 on Figures 6.10 - 6.31). 6.2 Consultation Consultation forms an important part of the assessment process. As described in Chapter 1 of this document, during the scoping stage of this development, consultation with relevant stakeholders and interested parties was carried out. The aim of this consultation was to provide them with information on the development proposal and what technically appear to be the key issues and to find out what their key concerns are regarding the location and the development itself. Consultation responses as follows: 6.2.1 Forest of Bowland AONB and Lancashire County Council Following an initial consultation request on the original two turbine proposal, the AONB Office deferred comments on Landscape and Visual Impacts to Lancashire County Council who expressed some reservations on the following aspects of the development: The site as identified within Lancashire's Landscape Sensitivity to Wind Energy Development document is within an area of moderate- high sensitivity; Location; The turbines would be situated on a narrow ridge that has quite a complex and relatively small scale landscape pattern. This would increase the likelihood that the turbines would be out of scale with the surroundings; Impacts on landscape value - the wind turbines would be visible from within much of the Forest of Bowland AONB; The presence of features nearby which would act as scale comparators emphasising the height of the turbines; The overall proposed height of the turbines which at 123.7 m would be inappropriate for the areas topography [this discussion was based on turbine specifications greater than the current proposal]; 6-3 Lancaster University Lancaster University Wind Turbine Project – Environmental Statement Volume 2 The relative scale of the proposed turbines in relation to the average height of the ridge that they would be located on. The turbines at 123.7 m high would exceed the average height of the ridge which has a maximum height of only 144 m, by a considerable margin [this discussion was based on turbine specifications greater than the current proposal]; Likely significant adverse visual impacts on nearby residences and the M6 corridor; and Cumulative impacts with the Caton Moor wind farm. As previously stated, the comments above relate to the original two turbine proposal. The turbines were subsequently reduced to 100m in height to address the Council’s concerns and the current proposal is for a single turbine at 100m to tip. 6.2.2 Lancaster Council Detailed consultation regarding landscape and visual impact has been undertaken with Lancaster City Council who has been supportive of the principle of the development. The scope of the assessment criteria including the radius (km) of the Landscape and Visual Assessment studies, the scope of the cumulative assessment and the general locations of the visualisations have been agreed prior to commencement of the study. 6.2.3 English Heritage English Heritage have been consulted at pre application and scoping stages. 6.2.4 Natural England In response to initial pre application consultation and a Scoping Opinion Request on the original two turbine proposal, Natural England replied: “The proposed wind farm site is not within a designated landscape.
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