Revista De Bioarqueología “Archaeobios”
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Domestic Dog Breeding Has Been Practiced for Centuries Across the a History of Dog Breeding Entire Globe
ANCESTRY GREY WOLF TAYMYR WOLF OF THE DOMESTIC DOG: Domestic dog breeding has been practiced for centuries across the A history of dog breeding entire globe. Ancestor wolves, primarily the Grey Wolf and Taymyr Wolf, evolved, migrated, and bred into local breeds specific to areas from ancient wolves to of certain countries. Local breeds, differentiated by the process of evolution an migration with little human intervention, bred into basal present pedigrees breeds. Humans then began to focus these breeds into specified BREED Basal breed, no further breeding Relation by selective Relation by selective BREED Basal breed, additional breeding pedigrees, and over time, became the modern breeds you see Direct Relation breeding breeding through BREED Alive migration BREED Subsequent breed, no further breeding Additional Relation BREED Extinct Relation by Migration BREED Subsequent breed, additional breeding around the world today. This ancestral tree charts the structure from wolf to modern breeds showing overlapping connections between Asia Australia Africa Eurasia Europe North America Central/ South Source: www.pbs.org America evolution, wolf migration, and peoples’ migration. WOLVES & CANIDS ANCIENT BREEDS BASAL BREEDS MODERN BREEDS Predate history 3000-1000 BC 1-1900 AD 1901-PRESENT S G O D N A I L A R T S U A L KELPIE Source: sciencemag.org A C Many iterations of dingo-type dogs have been found in the aborigine cave paintings of Australia. However, many O of the uniquely Australian breeds were created by the L migration of European dogs by way of their owners. STUMPY TAIL CATTLE DOG Because of this, many Australian dogs are more closely related to European breeds than any original Australian breeds. -
Natural Selection and Origin of a Melanistic Allele in North American Gray Wolves Rena M
Natural Selection and Origin of a Melanistic Allele in North American Gray Wolves Rena M. Schweizer,*,1,2 Arun Durvasula,3 Joel Smith,4 Samuel H. Vohr,5 Daniel R. Stahler,6 Marco Galaverni,7 Olaf Thalmann,8 Douglas W. Smith,6 Ettore Randi,9,10 Elaine A. Ostrander,11 Richard E. Green,5 Kirk E. Lohmueller,2,3 John Novembre,4,12 and Robert K. Wayne*,2 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 3Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 4Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 5Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 6Yellowstone Center for Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, WY 7Conservation Area, World Wildlife Fund Italy, Rome, Italy 8Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland 9Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 10Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark 11National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 12Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, IL *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. Associate editor:DeepaAgashe Abstract Pigmentationisoftenusedtounderstandhownaturalselectionaffectsgeneticvariationinwildpopulationssinceitcan have a simple genetic basis, and can affect a variety of fitness-related traits (e.g., camouflage, thermoregulation, and sexual display). In gray wolves, the K locus, a b-defensin gene, causes black coat color via a dominantly inherited KB allele. The allele is derived from dog-wolf hybridization and is at high frequency in North American wolf populations. -
Using Multiple Markers to Elucidate the Ancient, Historical and Modern Relationships Among North American Arctic Dog Breeds
Heredity (2015) 115, 488–495 & 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/15 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds SK Brown1,2, CM Darwent2, EJ Wictum1 and BN Sacks1,3 Throughout most of the Americas, post-colonial dogs largely erased the genetic signatures of pre-historical dogs. However, the North American Arctic harbors dogs that are potentially descended from pre-historical ancestors, as well as those affected by post-colonial translocations and admixtures. In particular, Inuit dogs from Canada and Greenland are thought to descend from dogs associated with Thule peoples, who relied on them for transportation ca. 1000 years ago. Whether Thule dogs reflected an earlier colonization by Paleoeskimo dogs ca. 4500 years ago is unknown. During the Alaskan Gold Rush, additional sled dogs, possibly of post-colonial derivation, the Alaskan Husky, Malamute and Siberian Husky, were used in the Arctic. The genealogical relationships among and origins of these breeds are unknown. Here we use autosomal, paternal and maternal DNA markers to (1) test the hypothesis that Inuit dogs have retained their indigenous ancestry, (2) characterize their relationship to one another and to other Arctic breeds, and (3) estimate the age of North American indigenous matrilines and patrilines. On the basis of the agreement of all three markers we determined that Inuit dogs have maintained their indigenous nature, and that they likely derive from Thule dogs. In addition, we provide support for previous research that the Inuit dogs from Canada and Greenland dog should not be distinguished as two breeds. -
Using DNA to Locate the Ancestry of Today's Island Dogs of the Caribbean: the Case of the Bahamian Potcake
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Using DNA to Locate the Ancestry of Today's Island Dogs of the Caribbean: The Case of the Bahamian Potcake William J. Fielding1 Marcia Mundle, The College of The Bahamas Sarah K. Brown, Benjamin N. Sacks School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis ABSTRACT Dogs in The Bahamas have been documented since the time of Columbus, so dogs have been residents of the country for at least as long as our written records. While the term “potcake” has been associated with mongrel dogs in The Bahamas for some time, written references have been traced back only as far as 1970. Since then, the written word potcake has become relatively common. Potcakes, while reviled by some, are considered as quintessentially Bahamian by others. This paper attempts to determine if the potcake is unique to The Bahamas. Our analysis of potcake DNA from New Providence and Grand Bahama suggests that the importation of dogs has diluted the pool of any ancient potcake DNA to an extent that the Bahamian potcake, if it ever existed, is now either extinct or highly admixed. Some implications for demystifying this Bahamian icon based upon the current welfare offered potcakes are proposed. The Dogology of Nassau is a science worthy of profound study and investigation by all those dogmatically inclined (Wilson, 1864, pp. 28-29). INTRODUCTION The Bahamas, potcakes (Fielding, 2007a). Local dogs are a common feature of the urban The potcake is commonly regarded as a landscape throughout the Caribbean (Fielding Bahamian icon and a “true Bahamian” & Ostberg, 2008). In many territories they (Fielding, Mather, & Isaacs, 2005). -
Dog Conservation and the Population Genetic Structure of Dogs
CHAPTER 8 Dog conservation and the population genetic structure of dogs Ryan H. Boyko and Adam R. Boyko 8.1 Introduction threatened by the encroachment of non- indigenous dogs. On top of this, even genetically similar mod- The domestication of dogs likely began 12,500– ern breed dogs demonstrate substantial phenotypic 30,000 years ago, giving dogs more time to evolve diversity that could interest conservation biologists. and diversify than any other domesticated species In this chapter, we begin by addressing the ques- ( Clutton-Brock, 2012 ). Over the course of just 5,000– tions of what one might want to conserve and why. 10,000 generations, dogs adapted to a variety of We then proceed to summarize the current state of environments and niches, a process accelerated in dog diversity. Finally, we suggest ways to deter- many populations by artifi cial selection. The wide mine which populations should be conserved and assortment of shapes, sizes, temperaments, and be- present ideas on how to conserve them. haviors in modern dogs testifi es to the power with which human-directed selection can transform the 8.1.1 What are we conserving? dog genome to produce novel and desirable phe- notypes suited to diverse tasks and predilections. As wolves transformed into dogs, they arguably be- The ubiquitous distribution of dogs across the globe came integrated into our lives in a deeper and more testifi es to the dogs’ own ability to adapt to a wide complex manner than any other animal. We main- array of anthropogenic niches. tain working relationships -
Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication As a Model for the Consilience Between Molecular Genetics And
DETERMINING THE ANTIQUITY OF DOG ORIGINS: CANINE DOMESTICATION AS A MODEL FOR THE CONSILIENCE BETWEEN MOLECULAR GENETICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY A Dissertation by MICHELLE JEANETTE RAISOR Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2004 Major Subject: Anthropology DETERMINING THE ANTIQUITY OF DOG ORIGINS: CANINE DOMESTICATION AS A MODEL FOR THE CONSILIENCE BETWEEN MOLECULAR GENETICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY A Dissertation by MICHELLE JEANETTE RAISOR Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: _________________________ ______________________ D. Bruce Dickson D. Gentry Steele (Chair of Committee) (Member) __________________________ ______________________ Harry J. Shafer Lisa M. Howe (Member) (Member) ___________________________ David L. Carlson (Head of Department) August 2004 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication as a Model for the Consilience between Molecular Genetics and Archaeology. (August 2004) Michelle Jeanette Raisor, B.S, Texas A&M University; M.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. D. Bruce Dickson Archaeologists have favored a date of 14,000-15,000 years before present (BP) for canine domestication. However, recent studies of mutations in the mitochondrial DNA sequence by molecular geneticists have implied that dogs were domesticated over 100,000 years ago, which has challenged traditional theory. Geneticists have further hypothesized that dogs originated from wolf ancestors based upon the number of substitutions observed in dog and wolf haplotypes. Although both disciplines provide substantial evidence for their theories, the origin of dog domestication remains controversial.