Tik-109/110.300 Telecommunications Architectures: History of Telecommunications Networks

Tik-109/110.300 Telecommunications architectures: History of telecommunications networks

Hannu H. KARI/Helsinki University of Technology (HUT)

TML-laboratory/CS/HUT

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 1 Agenda

1. Chicken or Egg? 2. Early history 3. 1900-2000

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 2 Chicken or Egg?

• Wired or wireless communication • Wireless • Hand signals, fire beacons, flags, mechanical semaphores, telegraph • Telegraph (Telegraph: Tele=Far; Graph=Graphien=To Write) • Telephone •Radio

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 3 Early history

•1753 • Charles Morrison, in Europe, proposes an electrostatic telegraph system in which the use of 26 insulated wires conducting charges from a Leyden jar cause movements in small pieces of paper on which each letter of the alphabet is written. •1763 • Bosolus describes a system similar to Morrison's except he uses only two wires, and a letter code. •1799 • Volta, in Italy, develops the "Voltaic Pile," or battery.

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•1820 • Sept. 18 – Schweigger invents his "multiplier," the electromagnetic coil. •1830 • Needle Galvanometers were in use in England to indicate railroad track conditions & control trains. •1831 • Faraday discovers the properties of induction between parallel conductors.

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•1832 • Nicholas demonstrates a 5-needle electric telegraph in Berlin. Schilling, a Russian diplomat, demonstrates his electric telegraph in Germany. The system uses five numerical indicator needles which are used to identify a specific 5-digit code. • A code dictionary relates these codes to words. • Morse makes his first notes regarding his "Recording Electric Magnetic Telegraph" and a dot - dash alphabet code. Later, Jackson claims credit for Morse's invention, saying he had supplied key information.

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 6 Telegraph pictures

5-needle

sounder

key register

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 7 Morse code and others

A .- N -. B -... O --- C -.-. P .--. D -.. Q --.- E . R .-. F ..-. S ... G --. T - H .... U ..- I .. V ...- J .--- W .-- K -.- X -..- L .-.. Y -.-- M -- Z --..

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 8 Early history

•1833 • Gauss and Weber apply the idea of Schweigger's multiplier to telegraphy. •1833 • Samuel Morse demonstrated first device to send signals over wires. Close switch on 1 end of wire, mark paper tape on other end. Device used to mark signals is called a REGISTER. Not until 1849 did people think of receiving code by ear. Designed a SOUNDER - mounted in a wooden box (a resonator) to mechanically amplify sound. •1835 • Morse (44 years old) develops the concept of the "Morse Register" and a numbered-word code. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 9 Early history

•1836 • Morse builds his first functional telegraph instrument (now located in the National Museum in Washington). It consists of an old picture frame fastened to a table. The wheels of an old wooden clock, which are moved by a weight, carry a thin strip of paper forward. Morse demonstrates the instrument to several friends, including Leonard D. Gale. Schilling simplifies his electric telegraph to use a single needle and a more precise code. Morse invents the "relay” to solve the problem of current loss on long lines.

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•1837 • June 10 – The Cooke and Wheatstone electric "Five Needle Telegraph" is patented (#7390) in London. The instrument requires six wires between each of its stations. This European telegraph had no means of recording messages; Morse felt this to be a great disadvantage. •1838 • Implementation of Morse's first letter code. Each letter of type had sawteeth filed in the edge to activate the sending machine. A letter's code symbol length was based upon the various quantities of type found in the printer's office. The register was an electromagnet-activated pen, drawing the sawtooth symbols on a thin strip of moving paper.

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•1838 • Jan 24 – Morse demonstrates his telegraph over a ten mile circuit at N.Y. University. Transmission speed was recorded at 10 w.p.m. • Steinheil, in Germany, publishes improvements to the Gauss and Weber work. He also discovers "earth return" (ground). •1839 • June 26 – Morse applies for an English patent on his Electric Telegraph, but is turned down because of the information already published by Cooke and Wheatstone (June 10, 1837) on their "Magnetic Needle Telegraph.

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•1842 • Telegraph poles and ceramic insulators are in regular use in Europe. Morse installs a submarine cable between Castle Garden and Governor's Island in New York. •1844 • May 1 – First test of new overhead wire, quickly strung 35 km through treetops and on posts, from Annapolis Junction to Washington, D.C. •1845 • In Europe Cooke & Wheatstone patent a "Single Needle Telegraph" which requires only one overhead wire and earth return.

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•1849 • First teleprinter circuit, New York to Philadelphia. Uses Royal E. House teleprinter. The unit, which resembles a small piano, was the first telegraph instrument to print actual letters rather than code symbols. •1851 • Since the Morse code's space letters (C, O, R, Y and Z) and long L cause problems when used with submarine cables, the "International" or "Continental" Morse code is developed at the International Telegraphic Conference in Berlin. It combines portions of the Davy code (1838) and the Bain code (1846).

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•1852 • The first "Channel Cable" is laid between London and Paris. •1854 • Cyrus Field consults with Morse on an "Atlantic Cable." •1857 • Automatic sender, 70 w.p.m., is invented. Ink recorders and perforators are re-introduced. •1858 • Trans-Atlantic cable is successfully laid by warships, but breaks limit its usefulness. In only 24 days, communication between the U.S. and Europe is lost.

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•1859 • Western Union sets up the "92 Code" of numbered phrases. "73" is included and means "Accept my compliments. "30" is defined to mean "The end. No more." •1861 • Oct 21 – Beginning of coast to coast telegraph communication in the United States. Western Union joins wires from the east with wires from the west at Salt Lake City, completing the first transcontinental telegraph. • Oct 24 – Pony Express ends, ruining many investors.

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•1866 • Permanent communication is established by wire from the United States to Europe with the completion of the second Atlantic telegraph cable. •1867 • U.S. buys Russian America (Alaska) from Russia. Purchase was initially urged by Western Union president Hiram Sibley, because W.U. needed that route, a 16,000 mile land wire through western Canada, Russian America, across the Bering Strait and through Siberia, to link America with Europe. This scheme was abandoned in 1868 when the Trans-Atlantic cable proved to be successful.

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•1868 • July 28 – A truly successful Trans-Atlantic cable is finally laid by the vessel "Great Eastern." •1870 • The Post Office takes over several failing telegraph companies. •1875 • First "gallows type" telephone tested by Bell and Thomas Watson in an attic room at 109 Court Street, Boston. It transmitted recognizable speech sounds but not intelligible speech.

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 18 Phone pictures

gallows phone

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 19 Early history

•1876 • Bell files his patent application. First telephone patent (U.S. No. 174,465) allowed and issued to Bell on March 7th. • March 10th, Bell speaks the first complete sentence transmitted by variable resistance transmitter ... "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!” • The world's first long distance telephone call (one-way) was received at Paris, Ontario by Bell from his father and uncle at Brantford, Ontario over "borrowed" telegraph lines. • Gardiner Greene Hubbard, one of Bell's financial backers and sharer in Bell's patents, offers to sell the telephone invention to Western Union Telegraph Company for $100,000. Western Union refuses the offer.

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•1876 • The world's first two way long distance telephone conversation over an outdoor wire (borrowed telegraph line) takes place between Cambridgeport and Boston, Massachusetts between Bell and Watson. •1877 • First telephones rented for business use, on a private line between Boston and Somerville, Massachusetts. • First service rental paid for telephones (private use) in Charlestown, Massachusetts ($20 for 2 Telephones for 1 Year).

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•1878 • The first commercial telephone exchange is the world is opened at New Haven, Connecticut with 21 subscribers on January 28th • The first telephone directory is published by the New Haven District Telephone Co. (21 Listings) on February 21st •1879 • (February 17th) National Bell Telephone Company formed • Telephone Numbers. The latter part of 1879 and the early part of 1880 saw the first use of telephone numbers at Lowell, Massachusetts.

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•1879 • This story is that during an epidemic of measles, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker feared that Lowell's four operators might succumb and bring about a paralysis of telephone service. He recommended the use of numbers for calling Lowell's more than 200 subscribers so that substitute operators might be more easily trained in the event of such an emergency. The telephone management at Lowell feared that the public would take the assignment of numbers as an indignity but the telephone users saw the practical value of the change immediately and it went into effect with no stir whatsoever.

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•1880 • The first telephone pay stations (not coin boxes but attended telephones) are opened in certain districts of New York •1881 • The first commercially successful long distance line, 45 miles between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island, is opened for business on January 12th •1884 • The New York to Boston line is opened for commercial service on September 4th. (Rates: $2.00 daytime; $1.00 at night)

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•1886 • AT&T begins to offer private line service. •1887 • November 1st marks the first differentiation between day and night long distance rates coming into effect, with night rates in most, but not all, instances lower than day rates •1888 • The first pay telephone which required the deposit of a coin to gain access to the telephone instrument was brought out by William Gray. (The pay telephone was not the first coin operated device.) • Hertz, in Germany, discovers radio waves.

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•1893 • Expiration of the first Bell patent makes it possible for anyone who so desired to make telephone equipment and sell telephone service •1894 • May 10 – Marconi sends a radio wave 3/4 mile. "Wireless" is born. •1896 • June 2 – Marconi receives a British patent for his wireless apparatus.

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•1896 • Dial telephones - the first machine switching telephones with finger wheels resembling those of today - were placed in service at the city hall of Milwaukee, Wisconsin by the Automatic Electric Company •1897 • July 7 – The Marconi Company successfully communicates "ship to shore" over a distance of 12 miles. •1899 • Mar 3 – First rescue using wireless. The lightship East Goodwin sent the word "help" while sinking.

•1900 • There are now 855,900 telephones in the Bell Telephone System • December – Fessenden develops radio telephony. •1901 • Dec 12 – Marconi's letter "S" is heard across the Atlantic, from St. Johns, Newfoundland to Poldhu, England – 1800 miles. •1903 • Jan 18 – Marconi has a two-way contact with England.

•1906 • First International Wireless Conference discusses a universal distress signal. The German SOE is suggested, but because the letter E is so short, another S is used in its place. • Lee de Forest, "Father of Radio," invents the first amplifying vacuum tube, the Audion, by adding a third element (a grid) to the Fleming Valve. • First telephone directory featuring classified business advertising on yellow pages issued in Detroit by the Michigan State Telephone Company •1910 • "International Ship Act" requires a wireless set on all ships.

•1912 • Apr 15 – The Titanic sinks, killing 1517. Its radio operator, Jack Phillips, sends both CQD and the new SOS distress signals in International Morse. • Aug 9 – The Radio Act of 1912 officially adopts: International Morse; the "Q" code (QRM, QRN, QSO etc.); CQ (from English landline) as general call or "attention." •1917 • Bell system engineers demonstrate one way radio telephone transmission from airplane to ground. • By August, two way, air-ground communications is maintained for the first time and communication between two airplanes is also demonstrated

•1919 • The Bell System announces plans for the introduction of machine switching (dial telephones) in its exchanges •1920 • WWJ Detroit and KDKA Pittsburgh start regular radio broadcasts. •1927 • A public demonstration of television by wire from Washington, D.C. to Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City was made on April 7th. First color photographs sent over wire from San Francisco to New York, for the New York World.

•1934 • The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the Federal Communications Commission. •1936 • First coaxial cable installed between New York and Philadelphia made available for multi-channel telephone tests •1940 • Broad band carrier systems are introduced allowing for simultaneous calls over a single pair of wires.

•1946 • First commercial multi-channel high frequency microwave radiotelephone system in Bell System is introduced in southern California as well as between Nantucket (MA) and the mainland. Mobile telephone service placed in commercial use in St. Louis. •1947 • August 15th sees the introduction (on an experimental basis) of telephone service from moving trains to any other telephone. Mobile Telephone service opened along Boston- Washington highway on September 26th.

•1954 • Production of color telephones in eight shades is now underway. • July 2nd, the handsfree Speakerphone is in limited production. •1961 • Bell System (January 16th) proposed a new service called TELPAK which would create "electronic highways" between specific points, over which many types of communications could be transmitted. • On January 18th, the FCC authorizes AT&T to operate experimental radio stations for basic earth-satellite communications study ("Project Telstar").

•1962 • In March, the FCC approved "Bellboy" radio paging system on a developmental basis for use at the Century 21 World's Fair in Seattle. • On July 10th, the world's first international communications satellite - Telstar - rocketed into space. First transmission came during Telstar's sixth orbit of the earth. • On July 25th, the Bell System's "Skyphone" air-to-ground public telephone service opened for commercial airline use for the first time when TWA introduces the service on an experimental basis.

•1964 • On April 20, the first transcontinental Picturephone call is made between Bell System exhibit at the World's Fair and Disneyland, California. •1965 • The first commercial communications satellite, Early Bird, is launched from Cape Kennedy on April 6th. • April 23 sees the launch of the first Soviet communications satellite, Molniya 1, which carries out transmissions of television programs.

•1966 • In April, Illinois Bell introduces a new residential telephone set that provides for two lines for making calls and a hold button for switching back and forth between calls. •1976 • AT&T installs its first digital switch. •1983 • ISDN trials begin in Japan. •1988 • The first transatlantic fiber optic cable is completed.

•1994 • The FCC begins PCS auctions. •1995 • There are now 25 million cellular subscribers in the U.S. Worldwide, 30 million users are now on the Internet.

• http://www.ex.ac.uk/~jbcalver/morse.htm • http://www.ex.ac.uk/~jbcalver/electric.htm • http://phworld.tal-on.com/history/ • http://www.twi.ch/~sna/SU/Block3/TelephoneHistory/hi story1.htm • http://www.sri.com/policy/stp/techin2/chp4.html