Tik-109/110.300 Telecommunications architectures: History of telecommunications networks Hannu H. KARI/Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) TML-laboratory/CS/HUT Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 1 Agenda 1. Chicken or Egg? 2. Early history 3. 1900-2000 Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 2 Chicken or Egg? • Wired or wireless communication • Wireless • Hand signals, fire beacons, flags, mechanical semaphores, telegraph • Telegraph (Telegraph: Tele=Far; Graph=Graphien=To Write) • Telephone •Radio Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 3 Early history •1753 • Charles Morrison, in Europe, proposes an electrostatic telegraph system in which the use of 26 insulated wires conducting charges from a Leyden jar cause movements in small pieces of paper on which each letter of the alphabet is written. •1763 • Bosolus describes a system similar to Morrison's except he uses only two wires, and a letter code. •1799 • Volta, in Italy, develops the "Voltaic Pile," or battery. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 4 Early history •1820 • Sept. 18 – Schweigger invents his "multiplier," the electromagnetic coil. •1830 • Needle Galvanometers were in use in England to indicate railroad track conditions & control trains. •1831 • Faraday discovers the properties of induction between parallel conductors. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 5 Early history •1832 • Nicholas demonstrates a 5-needle electric telegraph in Berlin. Schilling, a Russian diplomat, demonstrates his electric telegraph in Germany. The system uses five numerical indicator needles which are used to identify a specific 5-digit code. • A code dictionary relates these codes to words. • Morse makes his first notes regarding his "Recording Electric Magnetic Telegraph" and a dot - dash alphabet code. Later, Jackson claims credit for Morse's invention, saying he had supplied key information. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 6 Telegraph pictures 5-needle sounder key register Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 7 Morse code and others A .- N -. B -... O --- C -.-. P .--. D -.. Q --.- E . R .-. F ..-. S ... G --. T - H .... U ..- I .. V ...- J .--- W .-- K -.- X -..- L .-.. Y -.-- M -- Z --.. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 8 Early history •1833 • Gauss and Weber apply the idea of Schweigger's multiplier to telegraphy. •1833 • Samuel Morse demonstrated first device to send signals over wires. Close switch on 1 end of wire, mark paper tape on other end. Device used to mark signals is called a REGISTER. Not until 1849 did people think of receiving code by ear. Designed a SOUNDER - mounted in a wooden box (a resonator) to mechanically amplify sound. •1835 • Morse (44 years old) develops the concept of the "Morse Register" and a numbered-word code. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 9 Early history •1836 • Morse builds his first functional telegraph instrument (now located in the National Museum in Washington). It consists of an old picture frame fastened to a table. The wheels of an old wooden clock, which are moved by a weight, carry a thin strip of paper forward. Morse demonstrates the instrument to several friends, including Leonard D. Gale. Schilling simplifies his electric telegraph to use a single needle and a more precise code. Morse invents the "relay” to solve the problem of current loss on long lines. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 10 Early history •1837 • June 10 – The Cooke and Wheatstone electric "Five Needle Telegraph" is patented (#7390) in London. The instrument requires six wires between each of its stations. This European telegraph had no means of recording messages; Morse felt this to be a great disadvantage. •1838 • Implementation of Morse's first letter code. Each letter of type had sawteeth filed in the edge to activate the sending machine. A letter's code symbol length was based upon the various quantities of type found in the printer's office. The register was an electromagnet-activated pen, drawing the sawtooth symbols on a thin strip of moving paper. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 11 Early history •1838 • Jan 24 – Morse demonstrates his telegraph over a ten mile circuit at N.Y. University. Transmission speed was recorded at 10 w.p.m. • Steinheil, in Germany, publishes improvements to the Gauss and Weber work. He also discovers "earth return" (ground). •1839 • June 26 – Morse applies for an English patent on his Electric Telegraph, but is turned down because of the information already published by Cooke and Wheatstone (June 10, 1837) on their "Magnetic Needle Telegraph. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 12 Early history •1842 • Telegraph poles and ceramic insulators are in regular use in Europe. Morse installs a submarine cable between Castle Garden and Governor's Island in New York. •1844 • May 1 – First test of new overhead wire, quickly strung 35 km through treetops and on posts, from Annapolis Junction to Washington, D.C. •1845 • In Europe Cooke & Wheatstone patent a "Single Needle Telegraph" which requires only one overhead wire and earth return. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 13 Early history •1849 • First teleprinter circuit, New York to Philadelphia. Uses Royal E. House teleprinter. The unit, which resembles a small piano, was the first telegraph instrument to print actual letters rather than code symbols. •1851 • Since the Morse code's space letters (C, O, R, Y and Z) and long L cause problems when used with submarine cables, the "International" or "Continental" Morse code is developed at the International Telegraphic Conference in Berlin. It combines portions of the Davy code (1838) and the Bain code (1846). Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 14 Early history •1852 • The first "Channel Cable" is laid between London and Paris. •1854 • Cyrus Field consults with Morse on an "Atlantic Cable." •1857 • Automatic sender, 70 w.p.m., is invented. Ink recorders and perforators are re-introduced. •1858 • Trans-Atlantic cable is successfully laid by warships, but breaks limit its usefulness. In only 24 days, communication between the U.S. and Europe is lost. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 15 Early history •1859 • Western Union sets up the "92 Code" of numbered phrases. "73" is included and means "Accept my compliments. "30" is defined to mean "The end. No more." •1861 • Oct 21 – Beginning of coast to coast telegraph communication in the United States. Western Union joins wires from the east with wires from the west at Salt Lake City, completing the first transcontinental telegraph. • Oct 24 – Pony Express ends, ruining many investors. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 16 Early history •1866 • Permanent communication is established by wire from the United States to Europe with the completion of the second Atlantic telegraph cable. •1867 • U.S. buys Russian America (Alaska) from Russia. Purchase was initially urged by Western Union president Hiram Sibley, because W.U. needed that route, a 16,000 mile land wire through western Canada, Russian America, across the Bering Strait and through Siberia, to link America with Europe. This scheme was abandoned in 1868 when the Trans-Atlantic cable proved to be successful. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 17 Early history •1868 • July 28 – A truly successful Trans-Atlantic cable is finally laid by the vessel "Great Eastern." •1870 • The Post Office takes over several failing telegraph companies. •1875 • First "gallows type" telephone tested by Bell and Thomas Watson in an attic room at 109 Court Street, Boston. It transmitted recognizable speech sounds but not intelligible speech. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 18 Phone pictures gallows phone Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 19 Early history •1876 • Bell files his patent application. First telephone patent (U.S. No. 174,465) allowed and issued to Bell on March 7th. • March 10th, Bell speaks the first complete sentence transmitted by variable resistance transmitter ... "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!” • The world's first long distance telephone call (one-way) was received at Paris, Ontario by Bell from his father and uncle at Brantford, Ontario over "borrowed" telegraph lines. • Gardiner Greene Hubbard, one of Bell's financial backers and sharer in Bell's patents, offers to sell the telephone invention to Western Union Telegraph Company for $100,000. Western Union refuses the offer. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 20 Early history •1876 • The world's first two way long distance telephone conversation over an outdoor wire (borrowed telegraph line) takes place between Cambridgeport and Boston, Massachusetts between Bell and Watson. •1877 • First telephones rented for business use, on a private line between Boston and Somerville, Massachusetts. • First service rental paid for telephones (private use) in Charlestown, Massachusetts ($20 for 2 Telephones for 1 Year). Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 21 Early history •1878 • The first commercial telephone exchange is the world is opened at New Haven, Connecticut with 21 subscribers on January 28th • The first telephone directory is published by the New Haven District Telephone Co. (21 Listings) on February 21st •1879 • (February 17th) National Bell Telephone Company formed • Telephone Numbers. The latter part of 1879 and the early part of 1880 saw the first use of telephone numbers at Lowell, Massachusetts. Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 22 Early history •1879 • This story is that during an epidemic of measles, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker feared that Lowell's four operators might succumb and bring about a paralysis of telephone service.