Akademie Aktuell Heft 2/2002

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Akademie Aktuell Heft 2/2002 AKADEMIEEDITORIAL EDITORIAL. Die erste „farbige“ Ausgabe von Akademie Aktuell fand eine überraschend gute Resonanz. Darüber haben sich alle sehr gefreut, die an ihrer Gestal- tung mitgewirkt haben. Sie spornte dazu an, den eingeschlagenen Weg weiter zu verfolgen. Das nun vorliegende zweite Heft soll sich unseren Lesern noch interessanter, inhalts- und abwechslungsreicher präsentieren. Seit dem Erscheinen des ersten Heftes von Akademie Aktuell im Oktober INHALT. AUSGABE 02/2002 1998 hat das Mitteilungsblatt, das zunächst vor allem der Information innerhalb unserer Akademie dienen sollte, so viele Freunde in und außer- halb unserer Akademie gewonnen, dass es jetzt den uns fördernden Insti- tutionen und Persönlichkeiten in sehr ansprechender Form über die Akti- THEMA vitäten unserer Akademie Kenntnis gibt. 4 ENIGMA: Einleitung zum Vortrag 5 Mensch und Maschine I: Die Ergebnisse der PISA Studie haben zu lebhaften und kontroversen ENIGMA: Wie die Briten den Code knackten Diskussionen, vor allem auch im politischen Raum, geführt. In einem sind 12 Mensch und Maschine II: sich alle Parteien einig: es müsse mehr für die Bildung getan werden, ins- Sensomotorik: Wie Technik und Biologie von besondere in den Schulen. Der Ruf nach einheitlichen Standards und Maß- einander lernen stäben wurde vor allem auf Seiten des Bundes laut. Falls dem stattgegeben werden sollte, dann wird man sich bestenfalls wohl auf der Ebene von Mindeststandards einigen. Ob dies zu einer Verbesserung des Bildungs- LEBEN niveaus führen wird, darf mit Recht angezweifelt werden. Angesagt ist 14 50Jahre Geodätische Kommission hingegen ein stärkerer Wettbewerb zwischen den Ländern, denn dank un- 16 Der magersüchtige Gletscher – eine Exkursion seres föderalistischen System können die Länder über Qualitätsanforderun- 18 Musikalische Quellen: Orlando di Lasso gen im Bildungsangebot selbst entscheiden, und sie sollten dies auch tun. Wettbewerb und Qualitätsstandards gelten auch für die wissenschaftliche FORSCHUNG Arbeit an den Akademien. Wie an den Universitäten und außeruniversitä- 19 Thesaurus linguae Latinae – ren Forschungseinrichtungen werden auch hier Qualität und Effizienz der das internationale Treffen Forschung seit Jahren einer Überprüfung, sprich Evaluation unterzogen. 21 Zwei Vorträge zum Bei den Akademien gilt dies für alle Projekte, die durch das Akademien- Jahr der Geowissenschaften programm gefördert werden. Gerade bei Langzeitvorhaben ist eine regel- 23 Die Herrscher Bayerns im Portrait mäßige Standortbestimmung unerlässlich. Der Evaluierung unterliegen 25 A-Bazi: Das Bayerische Wörterbuch aber auch die Projekte, die vom Bayerische Staat gefördert werden. 27 Über die Jagd – kulturelleAspekte und Erfreulicherweise wurden praktisch alle Forschungsvorhaben sehr positiv aktuelleFunktionen beurteilt. Dies schließt Verbesserungsvorschläge der Gutachter nicht aus. Empfehlungen, man möge einzelne Projekte personell besser ausstatten würden wir zwar gerne umsetzen; dies wird jedoch kaum realisierbar sein. PUBLIKATIONEN 30 Die Handschriften Keplers Dennoch haben wir mit der Einrichtung eines wissenschaftlichen 31 Vom Wunderglauben und der Wissenschaft Komitees für Gebirgsforschung und der Arbeitsgruppe „Angewandte 32 Hochwasser und Ökologie Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften“, sowie der Gründung der 33 Auge und Ohr als Tore zur Welt – „Kommission Neurowissenschaften: Sensomotorik bei Mensch und illustrierte Handschriften Maschine“ gezeigt, dass sich unsere Akademie Fragen der Zeit stellt und 35 Neue Publikationen der Akademie neue Gebiete aufgreift. Durch interdisziplinären und internationalen Diskurs den Wissensstand zu erweitern und dabei historisch Gewachsenes mit den Anforderungen unserer Zeit zu verknüpfen: dies ist eine der PERSONALIEN Aufgaben der Akademien der Wissenschaften von heute. 37 Kurz notiert 40 Terminvorschau 40 Impressum Prof. Dr. mult.h.c. Heinrich Nöth Präsident der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 02 NOVEMBER 2002 AKADEMIE AKTUELL 3 AKADEMIETHEMA EINFÜHRUNG Enigma – Mathematiker im Dienste Ihrer Majestät IM ZWEITEN WELTKRIEG HATTE DIE MATHEMATIK EINE SCHLÜSSELFUNKTION: DIE CHIFFRIERUNG MILITÄRISCH RELEVANTER INFORMATIONEN UND IHRE ENTSCHLÜSSELUNG. UND WELCHE ROLLE WIRD DER MATHEMATIK HEUTE ZUGEWIESEN? VON FRIEDRICH sowie besserer Chiffrierdisziplin men „Gauß-Vorlesungen“ neuer- L. BAUER ihrer Nachrichtensoldaten. Erst dings begonnen hat. Der Präsident Mitte 1941 gelang der Einbruch, der DMV, mein Münchner Kollege m die bekannteste Chiff- nachdem durch Kampfmaßnahmen Professor Gritzmann, verbindet riermaschine des Zweiten deutsche Chiffrierunterlagen erbeu- damit die Erwartung, dass das UWeltkriegs, die deutsche tet worden waren. Es ist gelegent- Ansehen der Mathematik in der ENIGMA, ranken sich einige nicht lich der Eindruck entstanden, die Öffentlichkeit, das durch schuli- in allen Einzelheiten wahre Ge- deutsche Seite hätte im Krieg der sche Misserfolge oft ramponiert schichten, die in Romanen und Codebrecher völlig versagt. Dies ist, wieder steigt; dass insbesonde- Spielfilmen ausgebreitet wurden. ist nicht richtig; bis zum Ende des re dem Eindruck, die Mathematik Aber auch die journalistische Jahres 1942 herrschte ein Gleich- sei eine Wissenschaft im Elfenbein- Aufarbeitung des Themas ließ oft gewicht: der Beobachtungsdienst turm der Unanwendbarkeit, entge- zu wünschen übrig. Dafür ist nicht der Kriegsmarine las regelmäßig gen gewirkt wird. Freilich kann es allein das Sensationsbedürfnis der die codierten Funksprüche der nicht darum gehen, in einem Vor- Presse verantwortlich; auch die Royal Navy. Während jedoch die trag für ein breites Publikum kom- britische Regierung versuchte zu Engländer nach Kriegsende zu- plizierte mathematische Sachver- lange, das Geheimnis um die nächst von ihrer Regierung gehin- halte abzuhandeln, die den krypt- ENIGMA aufrecht zu erhalten: dert wurden, ihre Erfolge hinaus- analytischen Erfolgen zugrunde Erst 1973 ließ die Zensur das Buch zuposaunen, hatten die Deutschen liegen. Die Deutschen sollen auch „The Ultra Secret“ von Winter- angesichts des Endes, das der Krieg nicht ein Volk von Mathematikern botham erscheinen, und es enthielt für sie nahm, keine Lust dazu oder werden, aber wieder ein Volk, das viele Fehler. Dadurch wurde die mussten Nachteile befürchten. die Mathematik zu schätzen weiß – seriöse historische Forschung Inzwischen sind auf beiden Seiten die Mathematik, deren Anwendun- behindert. Erst in jüngster Zeit nur noch wenige direkte Zeitzeu- gen heute, im Zeitalter von Laptops werden auch die amtlichen Doku- gen am Leben. und Internet, in alle Bereiche des mente publik gemacht, aber teil- wissenschaftlichen, technischen weise immer noch mit Schwärzun- Ralph Erskine schildert auf grund und gesellschaftlichen Lebens hin- gen versehen. des publizierten Materials ausführ- einreichen. Der Name Gauß steht lich und mit großer Genauigkeit für eine Fülle von Anwendungen, Tatsache ist, dass bereits um die die Entwicklung im Zentrum Bletch- damals in der Physik, in der Nach- Jahreswende 1939/1940 die briti- ley Park der Briten. Er unterschlägt richtentechnik, in der Landesver- sche Seite erstmals ENIGMA-chif- nicht die Hilfe, die polnische Krypt- messung und einiges mehr. Es muss frierte Funksprüche der Luftwaffe analysten ab Mitte 1939 gaben, und uns alarmieren, dass ein Mann, der und des Heeres lesen konnte und rückt auch die ab Mitte 1943 zuneh- zu seiner Zeit weltweit unange- um die Mitte des Jahres 1940 völ- menden Erfolge der US-amerikani- fochten an der Spitze der Mathe- lig in deren Funkverkehr eingebro- schen Seite, die sich zunächst mehr matik stand, noch keinen Platz in chen war. Die ENIGMA-Chiffrie- um den fernöstlichen Kriegsschau- der Walhalla gefunden hat. Das rung der Kriegsmarine erwies sich platz kümmern musste, ins rechte sollte sich bald ändern, bevor der jedoch demgegenüber als bedeu- Licht. Erskines Vortrag in der BadW Geist von Pisa der Staatsregierung tend widerstandsfähiger, dank der war der zweite im Rahmen einer eine diesbezügliche Eingebung sorgfältiger ausgearbeiteten Chiff- Serie, die die Deutsche Mathema- übermitteln muss. riervorschriften der Marineführung tiker-Vereinigung unter dem Na- •••••• 4 AKADEMIE AKTUELL 02 NOVEMBER 2002 AKADEMIETHEMA MENSCH UND MASCHINE TEIL I: VORTRAG Der Krieg der Code-Brecher DER EINBRUCH DER BRITEN UND AMERIKANER IN DAS MIT DER CHIFFRIER- MASCHINE ENIGMA GESICHERTE FUNKNETZ DER DEUTSCHEN KRIEGSMARINE IM 2. WELTKRIEG BLETCHELEY PARK TRUST Ein versteckter Landsitz zwischen London und Birmingham – Bletcheley Park, das Hauptquartier der britischen Dechiffrier-Spezialisten VON RALPH ERSKINE möglich war, rettete Großbritan- machtsteile. Nicht nur waren drei nien vor der Niederlage im U-Boot- Rotor-Verschaltungen mehr aufzu- NIGMA war der Marken- Krieg und hat nach Harry Hinsley, decken, beim reinen Durchprobie- name der von Arthur Scher- dem offiziellen Historiker der briti- ren aller möglichen Rotorlagen Ebius 1918 erfundenen, von schen Geheimdienste, dazu beige- ergab sich laufend ein mehr als der Reichswehr und der Wehr- tragen, den Zweiten Weltkrieg um fünffacher Aufwand. Überdies war macht verwendeten Chiffrierma- etwa drei Jahre zu verkürzen. das von der Kriegsmarine für die schine. Die baldmöglichste Bloß- Deckung der Schlüssel-Vereinba- legung des Chiffrierverfahrens der Die 3-Rotor-ENIGMA M3 der rung verwendete Verfahren we- ENIGMA nach Beginn des Zwei- deutschen Kriegsmarine funktio- sentlich sicherer als das von Heer ten Weltkriegs, die unter dem nierte nicht anders als die von Heer und Luftwaffe benutzte. höchst geheimen Decknamen
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