DOCSLIB.ORG

The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Marine Primary Open Access Organic Aerosol: a Review Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions B

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Marine Primary Open Access Organic Aerosol: a Review Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions B EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3979–3996, 2013 Atmospheric Atmospheric www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/3979/2013/ doi:10.5194/acp-13-3979-2013 Chemistry Chemistry © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access The physical and chemical characteristics of marine primary Open Access organic aerosol: a review Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions B. Gantt and N. Meskhidze Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Open Access Open Access Correspondence to: N. Meskhidze ([email protected]) Climate Climate Received: 19 July 2012 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 23 August 2012 of the Past of the Past Revised: 5 March 2013 – Accepted: 24 March 2013 – Published: 18 April 2013 Discussions Open Access Open Access Abstract. Knowledge of the physical characteristics and 1 Introduction Earth System chemical composition of marine organic aerosols is needed Earth System for the quantification of their effects on solar radiation trans- Dynamics Dynamics fer and cloud processes. This review examines research per- One of the largest uncertainties of the aerosol-cloud sys- Discussions tinent to the chemical composition, size distribution, mixing tem is the background concentration of natural aerosols, es- state, emission mechanism, photochemical oxidation and cli- pecially over clean marine regions where cloud condensa- Open Access Open Access matic impact of marine primary organic aerosol (POA) asso- tion nuclei (CCN) concentrationGeoscientific ranges from less than 100 Geoscientific −3 ciated with sea-spray. Numerous measurements have shown to ∼500 cm (AndreaeInstrumentation and Rosenfeld, 2008). As estimates Instrumentation that both the ambient mass concentration of marine POA and of anthropogenic forcing areMethods based on a pre-industrialand atmo- sphere composed mainly of natural aerosols, the representa- Methods and size-resolved organic mass fraction of sea-spray aerosol are Data Systems related to surface ocean biological activity. Recent studies tion of marine aerosols in climate models strongly influences Data Systems have also indicated that fine mode (smaller than 200 nm in the predictions of current and future climate effects of an- Discussions Open Access Open Access diameter) marine POA can have a size distribution indepen- thropogenic aerosols. The lower bounds of aerosol number −3 Geoscientific dent from sea-salt, while coarse mode aerosols (larger than concentration over the oceansGeoscientific (from 0 to 40 cm ) often pre- scribed in global climate models can vary the simulated in- Model Development 1000 nm in diameter) are more likely to be internally mixed Model Development with sea-salt. Modelling studies have estimated global sub- direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols by as much as 80 % Discussions micron marine POA emission rates of ∼10 ± 5 Tg yr−1, with (Hoose et al., 2009). Marine aerosols can be derived from both primary and sec- Open Access a considerable fraction of these emissions occurring over Open Access regions most susceptible to aerosol perturbations. Climate ondary processes. Sea-saltHydrology aerosols, with and estimated global Hydrology and emissions of 2000–10 000 Tg yr−1 (when limited to diame- studies have found that marine POA can cause large local Earth System Earth System increases in the cloud condensation nuclei concentration and ters less than 20 µm), were proposed to be a major compo- have a non-negligible influence on model assessments of the nent of primary marine aerosol massSciences over the regions where Sciences anthropogenic aerosol forcing of climate. Despite these signs wind speeds are high and/or other aerosol sources are weak Discussions Open Access of climate-relevance, the source strength, chemical composi- (O’Dowd et al., 1997; Murphy et al., 1998; BatesOpen Access et al., 2005; tion, mixing state, hygroscopicity, cloud droplet activation de Leeuw et al., 2011). Dimethyl sulfide (DMS)-derived sulfate was thought to be the key precursor to secondary Ocean Science potential, atmospheric aging and removal of marine POA Ocean Science remain poorly quantified. Additional laboratory, field, and marine aerosol mass over biologically-productive regions Discussions modelling studies focused on the chemistry, size distribution (Shaw, 1983; Charlson et al., 1987). Several recent reviews and mixing state of marine POA are needed to better under- addressing marine aerosols focused on their production and Open Access stand and quantify their importance. physicochemical characteristics (Lewis and Schwartz,Open Access 2004; O’Dowd and de Leeuw, 2007; de Leeuw et al., 2011), contri- Solid Earth bution to marine boundary layerSolid (MBL) Earth CCN budget (Quinn and Bates, 2011), role for cloud-precipitation interactions Discussions (Andreae and Rosenfeld, 2008), and feedbacks within the Open Access Open Access Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions 3980 B. Gantt and N. Meskhidze: Physical and chemical characteristics of marine POA Earth system (Carslaw et al., 2010). Overall, these studies restrial and/or secondary organic aerosols as these were not suggest that ocean-derived aerosols in general and sea-spray explicitly separated in the original studies. aerosols (SSA) in particular can influence the radiation bal- ance of the atmosphere, modify cloud microphysical prop- erties and participate in chemical transformations in remote 2 Chemistry marine and coastal regions. Despite many open questions re- lated to the production mechanism, most studies agree that 2.1 Bulk aerosol concentrations a large number of SSA particles are produced through burst- ing bubbles and involve both jet and film drops. Recent stud- The first detectors of organic matter in SSA used surface ac- ies also suggested that the definition of SSA be expanded to tive nature of organics to separate them from sea-salt (Blan- include both sea-salt and primary organic matter of marine chard, 1964). Barger and Garrett (1970) collected SSA from origin. the Hawaiian coast on glass fiber filters and determined the It has been known for quite some time that large amounts concentration of chloroform extractable surface-active or- of organic matter can be incorporated in submicron SSA ganic matter to be 0.7 to 7.9 µg m−3, contributing 5 to 15 % (Blanchard, 1964). However, the mixing state of sea-salt of airborne particulate mass. Ship-borne measurements by and organics, chemical fractionation of the organic matter, Barger and Garrett (1976) in the Pacific Ocean near Galapa- and the production mechanism leading to enrichment (rel- gos Islands using the similar analytical technique were con- ative to seawater) of organics in SSA is not well charac- siderably lower, from 0.08 to 4.02 µg m−3 with the majority terised. There have been numerous measurements of the of samples having concentrations much less than 1 µg m−3 organic aerosol concentration in the clean marine areas, (the highest value of 4.02 µg m−3 was measured off the Pa- with a reported average surface concentration of ∼0.5 and cific coast of Panama). Hoffman and Duce (1974) used the ∼0.2 µg C m−3 in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, hot persulfate-induced organic matter oxidation method of respectively (Duce, 1978; Penner, 1995). As these concen- Menzel and Vaccaro (1964) to measure an organic aerosol trations are well below that of rural continental and urban concentration in Bermuda ranging from 0.15 to 0.47 µg m−3. regions, relatively little attention has been devoted to the for- This was the first of many measurements (summarised in mation processes, chemical composition and physical prop- Fig. 1 and Supplement Table S1) of organic aerosol con- erties of marine organic aerosols. There are two well es- centrations in “clean marine” conditions having black carbon tablished production mechanisms for ocean-derived organic (BC) concentrations < 0.05 µg m−3 (Clarke, 1989). Shank et aerosol: (1) bubbles produced by breaking waves that scav- al. (2012) recently suggested that the 0.05 µg m−3 BC con- enge surface-active organic matter and other materials (e.g., centration threshold for clean marine conditions may be too bacteria, viruses and detritus) during their ascent and inject high over specific oceanic regions, as MBL organic aerosol it into the atmosphere as marine primary organic aerosols and BC concentrations were positively correlated even at (POA) upon bursting (Blanchard and Woodcock, 1957; Blan- very low (0.02 µg m−3) BC levels. This increases the uncer- chard, 1964; Barger and Garrett, 1970), and (2) oxidation of tainty associated with older measurements, as the detection phytoplankton-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) limit (if measured) of BC concentrations was likely higher such as DMS, aliphatic amines, isoprene, and monoterpenes than this value. At Mace Head, Ireland, the criteria for clean which can form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) (Charl- marine conditions include onshore wind direction, BC con- son et al., 1987; Bates et al., 1992; Bonsang et al., 1992; centration <
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Purification and Characterization of Bromocresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater Alkalinity Titrations
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers 2016 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS Taymee A. Brandon The University Of Montana, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/utpp Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, and the Environmental Chemistry Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brandon, Taymee A., "PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS" (2016). Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers. 97. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/utpp/97 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS By TAYMEE ANN MARIE BRANDON Undergraduate Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the University Scholar distinction Davidson Honors College University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2016 Approved by: Dr. Michael DeGrandpre Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry ABSTRACT Brandon, Taymee, B.S., May 2016 Chemistry Purification and Characterization of Bromocresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater Alkalinity Titrations Faculty Mentor: Dr. Michael DeGrandpre The topic of my research is the purification of the sulfonephthalein indicator bromocresol purple (BCP). BCP is used as an acid-base indicator in seawater alkalinity determinations. Impurities in sulfonephthalein indicator salts often result in significant errors in pH values3.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry of Corals: Proxies of Past Ocean Chemistry, Ocean Circulation, and Climate
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 8354–8361, August 1997 Colloquium Paper This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled ‘‘Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change,’’ organized by Charles D. Keeling, held November 13–15, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA. Geochemistry of corals: Proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate ELLEN R. M. DRUFFEL Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 ABSTRACT This paper presents a discussion of the status Second, a synthesis is presented of the available proxy of the field of coral geochemistry as it relates to the recovery of records from corals as they relate to past climate, ocean past records of ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate. circulation changes, and anthropogenic input of excess CO2. The first part is a brief review of coral biology, density banding, For some databases, the anthropogenic CO2 appears clear and and other important factors involved in understanding corals as globally distributed. For other databases it appears that vari- proxies of environmental variables. The second part is a syn- ability on interannual to decadal time scales complicates a thesis of the information available to date on extracting records straightforward attempt to separate natural perturbations of the carbon cycle and climate change. It is clear from these from the anthropogenic CO2 signal on the Earth’s environ- proxy records that decade time-scale variability of mixing pro- ment. Shen (4) presents a review of the types of coral archives cesses in the oceans is a dominant signal. That Western and available from the perspective of historical El Nin˜o-Southern Eastern tropical Pacific El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Oscillation (ENSO) influences on the tropical Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Acidification in the Geological Past
    UK Ocean Acidification programme synopsis Ocean acidification in the geological past www.oceanacidification.org.uk Lessons from the past Global-scale ocean acidification is happening now, as a result of human activities adding CO2 to the atmosphere. But ocean acidity has increased previously in the Earth’s history, as a result of natural changes in atmospheric composition. Of particular interest are past releases of CO2 that have occurred relatively rapidly in geological terms, since they may provide natural analogues for the effects of current acidification on chemical processes and marine life. Calcifying organisms (that construct their shells out of calcium carbonate) provide an important research focus, since they are preserved in the fossil record and are also likely to be especially sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry. Most of the palaeo-oceanographic Specific aims of the consortium study were: work in UKOA was carried out by a consortium project Abrupt ocean l To produce new estimates of seawater acidity and atmospheric CO2 levels for acidification events and their effects the period 40-65 million years ago in the Earth’s past, led by Paul l To study the response of the carbon cycle during the onset of the Paleocene - Pearson at Cardiff University. Formal Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) using new data from Tanzania and elsewhere partners were at Southampton, and new computer models University College London and the l To compare the PETM with other known ocean acidification events in the Open University, with additional Earth’s past contributions by researchers at Bristol, l To quantify the biotic response to ocean acidification events both directly Oxford, Yale and elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
    Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Policy document 12/05 June 2005 ISBN 0 85403 617 2 This report can be found at www.royalsoc.ac.uk ISBN 0 85403 617 2 © The Royal Society 2005 Requests to reproduce all or part of this document should be submitted to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6-9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Copy edited and typeset by The Clyvedon Press Ltd, Cardiff, UK ii | June 2005 | The Royal Society Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Contents Page Summary vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the report 1 1.2 The oceans and carbon dioxide: acidification 1 1.3 Acidification and the surface oceans 2 1.4 Ocean life and acidification 2 1.5 Interaction with the Earth systems 2 1.6 Adaptation to and mitigation of ocean acidification 2 1.7 Artificial deep ocean storage of carbon dioxide 3 1.8 Conduct of the study 3 2 Effects of atmospheric CO2 enhancement on ocean chemistry 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The impact of increasing CO2 on the chemistry of ocean waters 5 2.2.1 The oceans and the carbon cycle 5 2.2.2 The oceans and carbon dioxide 6 2.2.3 The oceans as a carbonate buffer 6 2.3 Natural variation in pH of the oceans 6 2.4 Factors affecting CO2 uptake by the oceans 7 2.5 How oceans have responded to changes in atmospheric CO2 in the past 7 2.6 Change in ocean chemistry due to increases in atmospheric CO2 from human activities 9 2.6.1 Change to the oceans
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Seawater a Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist T.R
    Analysis of Seawater A Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist T.R. Crompton Analysis of Seawater A Guide for the Analytical and Environmental Chemist With 48 Figures and 45 Tables 123 T.R. Crompton Hill Cottage (Bwthyn Yr Allt) Anglesey, Gwynedd United Kingdom Library of Congress Control Number: 2005929412 ISBN-10 3-540-26762-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-26762-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York DOI 10.1007/b95901 This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Life in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents
    ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 16, Number 2, 2016 Review Article ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1406 The Origin of Life in Alkaline Hydrothermal Vents Victor Sojo,1,2 Barry Herschy,1 Alexandra Whicher,1 Eloi Camprubı´,1 and Nick Lane1,2 Abstract Over the last 70 years, prebiotic chemists have been very successful in synthesizing the molecules of life, from amino acids to nucleotides. Yet there is strikingly little resemblance between much of this chemistry and the metabolic pathways of cells, in terms of substrates, catalysts, and synthetic pathways. In contrast, alkaline hydrothermal vents offer conditions similar to those harnessed by modern autotrophs, but there has been limited experimental evidence that such conditions could drive prebiotic chemistry. In the Hadean, in the absence of oxygen, alkaline vents are proposed to have acted as electrochemical flow reactors, in which alkaline fluids saturated in H2 mixed with relatively acidic ocean waters rich in CO2, through a labyrinth of interconnected micropores with thin inorganic walls containing catalytic Fe(Ni)S minerals. The difference in pH across these thin barriers produced natural proton gradients with equivalent magnitude and polarity to the proton-motive force required for carbon fixation in extant bacteria and archaea. How such gradients could have powered carbon reduction or energy flux before the advent of organic protocells with genes and proteins is unknown. Work over the last decade suggests several possible hypotheses that are currently being tested in laboratory experiments, field observations, and phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral metabolism. We analyze the perplexing differences in carbon and energy metabolism in methanogenic archaea and acetogenic bacteria to propose a possible ancestral mechanism of CO2 reduction in alkaline hydrothermal vents.
    [Show full text]
  • A Deductive Approach to Biogenesis! Rob Hengeveld* Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
    ry: C ist urr m en e t Hengeveld, Organic Chem Curr Res 2015, 4:1 h R C e c s i e DOI: 10.4172/2161-0401.1000135 n a a r Organic Chemistry c g r h O ISSN: 2161-0401 Current Research ResearchReview Article Article OpenOpen Access Access A Deductive Approach to Biogenesis! Rob Hengeveld* Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract This article reviews the main arguments on the nature of the early startup of life. It first puts the biogenetical processes into a physical and systems-theoretical perspective. Biogenesis in this case would not be about the construction of individual molecules according to a chemical approach, but about building up an energetically self- sustaining, dynamically organized chemical system from scratch. Initially, this system would have separated out from generally operating physicochemical processes, gradually becoming more independent of them. As a system, it had to build up its structure stepwise, each stage being more complex and stable than the previous one, without, however, changing its basic structure too much; as long as the structure of a system stays intact, it still operates in the same way even if chemical constituents change. This property of a system became especially useful when the systems, which had already evolved and operated for some 1.3 billion years, had to adapt to new environmental conditions at the time of the Great Oxygen Event, the GOE, and some 2.5 billion years ago. As energy processing systems, their constituent molecules carry the energy and can as such be replaced by other, more efficient ones as soon as the system require, or as soon as external chemical conditions change.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Ocean Acidification
    Abstract Volume Arctic Ocean Acidification Bergen, Norway 6-8 May, 2013 Arctic Ocean Acidification Bergen, Norway 6-8 May, 2013 Abstract Volume Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Background .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Session 1 Acidification in the Arctic Ocean – set the scene ...................................................................................... 8 Plankton community responses to ocean acidification: implications for food webs and biogeochemical cycling..................... 8 Ulf Riebesell The alpha and omega of ocean acidification – biological impacts on benthic organisms .................................................................... 8 Sam Dupont Policy and Ocean Acidification ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Carol Turley Session 2 Chemistry .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science Panel MAJOR FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, and ACTIONS
    The West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science Panel MAJOR FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND ACTIONS APRIL 2016 Table of Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 II. Major Findings ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 III. Panel Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 IV. Appendices...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Appendix A: Why West Coast managers should care about ocean acidification .......................................................................................................................................................14 Appendix B: Why the West Coast is vulnerable to ocean acidification – and what we can learn from it .............................................................................................................16 Appendix c: Managing for resilience
    [Show full text]
  • History of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry, Atmospheric CO2, and Ocean Acidification
    EA40CH07-Zeebe ARI 1 April 2012 7:44 History of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry, Atmospheric CO2, and Ocean Acidification Richard E. Zeebe School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012. 40:141–65 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on carbon dioxide, paleochemistry, fossil fuels January 3, 2012 The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is Abstract online at earth.annualreviews.org Humans are continuing to add vast amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2)tothe This article’s doi: atmosphere through fossil fuel burning and other activities. A large fraction by University of Hawaii at Manoa Library on 05/03/12. For personal use only. 10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105521 of the CO2 is taken up by the oceans in a process that lowers ocean pH Copyright c 2012 by Annual Reviews. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012.40:141-165. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org and carbonate mineral saturation state. This effect has potentially serious All rights reserved consequences for marine life, which are, however, difficult to predict. One 0084-6597/12/0530-0141$20.00 approach to address the issue is to study the geologic record, which may provide clues about what the future holds for ocean chemistry and marine organisms. This article reviews basic controls on ocean carbonate chemistry on different timescales and examines past ocean chemistry changes and ocean acidification events during various geologic eras. The results allow evaluation of the current anthropogenic perturbation in the context of Earth’s history.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity CBD Technical Series No
    Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series Convention on No. 75 Biological Diversity 75 An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity CBD Technical Series No. 75 AN UPDATED SYNTHESIS OF THE IMPACTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON MARINE BIODIVERSITY The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the copyright holders concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that use this document as a source. Reuse of the figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. ISBN 92-9225-527-4 (print version); ISBN 92-9225-528-2 (web version) Copyright © 2014, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Citation: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2014). An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity (Eds: S. Hennige, J.M. Roberts & P. Williamson). Montreal, Technical Series No. 75, 99 pages For further information, contact: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre, 413 Rue St. Jacques, Suite 800, Montréal, Quebec,Canada H2Y 1N9 Tel: +1 (514) 288 2220 Fax: +1 (514) 288 6588 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cbd.int Cover images, top to bottom: Katharina Fabricius; N.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Ocean Chemistry a High School Curriculum on Ocean Acidification’S Cause, Impacts, and Solutions
    Changing Ocean Chemistry A High School Curriculum on Ocean Acidification’s Cause, Impacts, and Solutions Brian Erickson Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon State University Tracy Crews Oregon Sea Grant, Oregon State University Sm&fut Oregon Changing Ocean Chemistry A High School Curriculum on Ocean Acidification’s Cause, Impacts, and Solutions Brian Erickson Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon State University Tracy Crews Oregon Sea Grant, Oregon State University Written by Brain Erickson and Tracy Crews; designed and laid out by Heidi Lewis; edited by Rick Cooper, Brian Erickson, and Tracy Crews; cover photo by Tiffany Woods; inset photos by iStock.com/heinstirrer (top) and Tiffany Woods (middle and bottom). © 2019 by Oregon State University. This publication may be photocopied or reprinted in its entirety for noncommercial purposes. To order additional copies of this publication, call 541-737-4849. This publication is available in an accessible format on our website at seagrant.oregonstate.edu/publications, where you can also find a complete list of Oregon Sea Grant publications. This report was prepared by Oregon Sea Grant under award number NA18OAR4170072 (project number A/E/C-OED 2018-21) from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Sea Grant College Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, and by appropriations made by the Oregon State Legislature. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these funders. Gifuit OregonState Oregon University• Oregon Sea Grant Corvallis, OR ORESU-E-19-002 Acknowledgments This curriculum would not have been possible without funding from Wendy and Eric Schmidt’s generous gift in support of Oregon State University’s Marine Studies Initiative, in honor of Dr.
    [Show full text]