Music Therapy Training Manual for Students

OUTLINE OF COURSES IN MUSIC THERAPY TRAINING MANUAL FOR STUDENTS

Compiled by CHARLES BRASWELL Chairman Department of Music Therapy College of Music Loyola University

NEW OR LEANS, LOU IS IANA

This syllabus was prepared at the request of Myrtle Fish

Thompson, Chairman of the Committee on Education, National

Association for Music Therapy, and is a requirement for colleges and universities offering degree programs in music therapy. In addition to its primary purpose, the syllabus will be used by music therapy students at Loyola University as a training guide.

Jn September, 1957, the Loyola University College of Music organized the department of music therapy. Under the present system the department offers a program of studies leading to a bachelor of music degree with a major in music therapy. The

Loyola University College of Music is a member of the National

Association of Schools of Music.

The curriculum outlined in this syllabus is somewhat different from the course of study suggested by the National

Association for Music Therapy. The core courses (The Psychology of Music, The Influence of Music on Behavior and Hospital Orien- tation) have been retained. However, the following courses have been added: Introductory Reading for Music Therapists, Applied

Functional Music, Music Therapy Workshop and Hospital Techniques in Music Therapy. These additions were made because of the belief that it is no longer possible to include all of the recent theories and t.eclmiques in the core courses. It seems that each ii

year brings a new fund of important information that should be included as instructional material.

It could be argued that some of the material presented in these courses should be learned by the student during clinical training. It is possible, however, that the practice of including important educational material in the clinical training period is one of the real weaknesses of our present educational system in music therapy. To some extent the college or university must depend upon existing educational procedures in its affiliated hospitals; i. e. , the music therapy trainee usually attends classes already set up for student nurses, psychiatric aides, etc. Often these classes do not meet the real needs of music therapy students. If the university depends upon the hospital for training in important areas such as professional ethics, cataloguing, programming for patients , etc. , the ordinary student will be limited by the standards of his training hdspital, good or bad.

For example, it has been reported that trainees in one hospital attend orientation lectures for volunteer personnel; this is supposedly the extent of their formal education in that institution. Another type of problem in this area concerns the differences between private hospitals, Veteran's Administration hospitals and State institutions. Administrative procedures, types of patients, range of activities and even treatment con- iii cepts are often quite different in the three types of institutions.

Students training in one setting might have real difficulties later in adjusting to another setting. Also, when students finish clinical training and begin careers as professional therapists, they often organize their programs in much the same manner as the ones experienced during clinical training, thereby perpetuating the limitations and weaknesses of the training hospitals.

It seems that the responsibility for correcting this situation must be assumed by our colleges and universities. Educators in these institutions should present as much of the existing knowledge as possible and utilize the existing educational structure of the clinical training hospital for reinforcement of learning that has already occurred. The following curriculum adheres as closely as possible to this philosophy.

Except for one introductory course , students at Loyola do not enter the music therapy department until the Junior year. The first two years parallel, with some exceptions, the course of study in the department of music education. Under this system, suggested by Gaston, students deciding not to major in music therapy may change their degree programs to music education and still graduate after four years of study. This also gives the music therapy department time to evaluate each student thoroughly.

The last evaluative procedure consists of a formal period iv

of psychological testing for each student, including the

Rorschach and Thematic Apperception tests administered by a

professional psychological clinic; and a psychiatric inter-

view conducted by a staff psychiatrist in on.e of the depart-

ment's affiliated hospitals. Results of these evaluations

are forwarded to the music therapy department and students

are allowed to continue their programs only after a positive

evaluation is completed.

The department of music therapy expresses its appreciation

to the following publishers who permitted quotations from their

publications: Prentice-Hall, Inc., (Bartholomew, Acoustics of

Music, 1945); Henry Holt and Company, (Farnsworth, Social

Psychology of Music, 1957); The Humanities Press, (Portnoy, The

Philosopher and Music, 1954); and Columbia University Press,

(Soibelman, Therapeutic and Industrial Uses of Music, 1948)0

Hospital forms for the outline on pages 27 and 28 were

provided by Carol Marsh, Central State Hospital, Pineville,

Louisiana; Ann Whitworth Howe, South Carolina State Hospital,

Columbia, South Carolina; and Glen.n Lightsey, also from Columbia

State Hospital.

Al Iv'Ieuli, Normal Beatty Memorial Hospital, Westville,

Indiana, provided bibliography for the "levels of media" section

on pages 51 and 52. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION •...... •. o ...... , • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • i

TABLE OF CONTENTS o () o o. o o •• " ••• o ••• o o • Ct o ••• Cl • o 4it Q • • • • v

THE MUSIC THERAPY FUND ... o...... vii

MUSIC THERAPY CURRICULUM . o. o...... 1

Freshman e

Sophomore e • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • e • e • • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • 2

Junior •e•••11•e•••Oo

Senior 4

INTRODUCTORY READING FOR MUSIC THERAPISTS ·• • · · · 5

Requ.ired Reading . . • ...... • . . • . . . • . . • . . • . . • • • • . . 7

APPLIED FUNCTIONAL MUSIC ...... o...... o.... 9

Pedagogical Techniques for the Hospital Musician · • • · • 9

Keyboard Facility, Transposition and Reading • • . . • • • . 10

Guitar and Autoharp ...... , o ...... o .. • 10

MUSIC THERAPY WORKSHOP ...... • .... • . 12

Orientation . .. . • ...... • ...... • . . • • . • . . • • . . . • 12

Principles of Research .•.• o ...... o • • • • • • • • • 14

Professional Source Materials ...... •.. o •••• ., • • • • • • 17

Techniqu.es of Scientific Writing . . • . • • . .. • . • . . • . • • . .. . 19

HOSPITAL TECHNIQUES IN MUSIC THERAPY . • • • . . • . .. • . • 21

The Goal-Directed Hospital Music Program . . • . • • . • . . 21

Initiation of Music Therapy Activities ••••••••••• 0 ••• 22

Programming for Specific Groups of Patients • . . . • . . . • 22

Activities in the Music Department ...... • • . . . . . • . 24 vi

Orientation in Elementary Dance Therapy 25

Mechanics of the Music Therapy Department 26

PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC 33

The Science of Sound 33

Anatomy of the Hearing Process 37

Social Psychology of Music 42

THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON BEHAVIOR 48

Historical Orientation 48

Basic Concepts in Music Therapy 49

Research Studies in Music Therapy 58

HOSPITAL ORIENTATION 59

Psychiatric Terminology 59

Medical Terminology; Prefixes and Suffixes 64

Professional Departments Within the Hospital 67

Hospital Observation 69

The Adjunctive Department and the Teamwork Approach 70

Professional Ethics 74 vii

THE MUSIC THERAPY FUND

The establishment of music therapy as a recognized profession in New Orleans and Southern Louisiana can be attributed to Mr. Dural Black, philanthropist, business and civic leader of New Orleans. Mr. Black became convinced of the need for music therapy in the psychiatric hospitals of the state early in 1952. His first step toward realizing this goal was the establishment of a grant for music therapy to be administered by the Louisiana Association for Mental

Health, Dr. Loyd Rowland, director.

This grant financed an experimental program in music therapy at DePaul Hospital, New Orleans, in 1952.

Sister Anne Aycock, administrator of the hospital, was designated as administrator of the fund and Mrs. Jane Douglas was named as music therapist. This program was continued until

1958 with the cooperation of Sister Henrietta, the present administrator; Dr. Justillien Ho Foret, Medical Director; Dr.

Walter J. Otis, Chief of Neuropsychiatry; and Mrs. John F.

Roth, Jr. , Administrative Assistant. In 1956 Miss Patsy

Shinn assumed duties as music therapist, replacing Mrs.

Douglas. viii

In 1953, Dr. E. Thayer Gaston, Chairman of the Depart-

ment of Music Education, Kansas University, was invited to

New Orleans by Mr. Black to explore the possibilities for the

expansion of music therapy in Louisiana. A workshop was held

at DePaul Hospital for this purpose.

In 1954 Mr. Black contacted the State Department of

Hospitals in B~ton Rouge and arranged for superintendents of

various psychfa.tric hospitals in the state to observe the music

therapy program.at DePaul. During this period Mr. Black

addressed the superintendents and urged that music therapy be

instituted as one of the adjunctive therapies in the Louisiana

hospitals.

In 1956 a non-profit corporation was formally established by Mr.. Black and was given the name of The Music Therapy

Fund Inc. . The principal purposes of this organization were listed as:

1) To aid in the development of music in treatrr1ent of patients in general hospitals, both public and private, Veterans' Adminis- tration hospitals, children's hospitals and mental hospitals;

2) To provide scholarships and fellowships for the training of music therapists from domestic areas, and where funds are available, from foreign countries; ix

3) To aid and assist in the conduct of the affairs of the International Music Festival sponsored by International House of New Orleans in cooperation with the Organi- zation of American States;

4) To work with various organizations in the fields of music education, psychiatry and medicine to emphasize the therapeutic value of music through listening, pa rtic- ipation and entertainment.

In addition to continuing the services initiated by the earlier fund, the new corporation made it possible to receive contributions from individuals, organizations and foundations interested in the development of music therapy.

The first step toward providing educational facilities for the training of music therapists was begun in

1956 with a grant to the Loyola University College of Music.

This fund was used for the purpose of initiating a department of music therapy, for the employment of a registered music therapist to teach classes in hospital music, and for scholar- ship aid to students studying in this fielde This program was begun at Loyola under the leadership of the Rev. Joseph

B. Bassich, S. J., Acting Dean of the College of Musice

Father Bassich and Mr e Black invited Dr. E.. Thayer Gaston to New Orleans for the second time to aid in setting up the new program. In consequence of these efforts, music therapy x was formally organized at Loyola as a department in the College of Music. Father Bassich has shown continued interest in this field and is now President of the Southeastern Regional Con- ference of the National Association for Music Therapy.

The Music Therapy Fund has assumed financial responsibility for two music therapy meetings at Loyola University. in 1957 a three-day workshop was held under the direction of

Dr. Gaston, and in March 1958 the Southeastern Regional

Conference of the National Association for Music Therapy held its sixth annual convention.

The Louisiana Department of Hospitals included music therapy as a recognized profession in the field of mental health in 1957. This recognition made it possible for music therapy students on the graduate level to receive state stipends for study. This recognition was achieved through the personal efforts of Mr. Black.

At present, Mr. Black, through the Music Therapy Fund, is helping with plans to institute a Masters' Degree program in music therapy at Loyola University. The fund is also working toward the building and equipping of a music therapy research center to be located on the Loyola campus.

Mr. Black recently returned from a tour of Brazil,

Argentina and Uruguay. While in these countries he spoke xi to several officials about the possibilities for introducing music therapy in South America. Particular interest was expressed in Uruguay by officials of the Henry J. Kaiser organization.

This company has recently established an elementary school in

Cordoba, and officials of the school operate in close cooperation with the University of Cordoba whose activities, in turn, are closely related to a hospital and medical training center. As a result of these talks, it is possible that the Kaiser organization will offer scholarships through the Music Therapy Fund for South

American students to study in New Orleans with the provision that they return and work as music therapists in their own countries.

This is in accordance with the second purpose outlined in the

Music Therapy Fund charter:

To provide scholarships and fellowships for the training of music therapists from domestic areas, and where funds are available, from foreign countries.

Since the original grant was given for music therapy in 1952, several persons and organization. have worked with

Mr. Black and have given invaluable aid to music therapy in

Louisiana. These are: Mr. Alonzo Eidson, Director of Educational

Gateways, Inc.; Dr. Justillien H. Foret, Medical Director, DePaul

Hospital; Sr. Anne Aycock, Former Administrator, DePaul Hospital;

Sr. Henrietta, Administrator, De Paul Hospital; Mrs 0 John F.

Roth, Jr. , Administrative Assistant, De Paul Hospital; Members xii of the DePaul Hospital Guild; Mrs. Herbert C. Parker, Mrs. Durel

Black, Mrs. Robert A. Laird, Mrso Walter Po Richardson, Mrs. Ho

Mortimer Favrot, Mrs. Walter P. Villere, Mrs. Felix W. Gaudin

and Mrs o Paul H. Maloney; The Very Rev 0 W. Patrick Donnelly, S. J. ,

President Loyola University; Revo Edward A. Doyle, S. J. Dean of

Faculties, Loyola University-; Rev. Joseph B. Bassich, s. J. , Former

Dean, College of Music, Loyola University; Rev. Clemmt J. McNaspy,

S. J., Dean, College of Music, Loyola University; Mrs. Yolanda de

Reyna Tallman, Executive Secretary, College of Music, Loyola

University; Dr. Loyd Rowland, Director, Louisiana Association for

Mental Health; Dr 0 William C. Super, Director of Psychiatry, Charity

Hospital of New Or leans; Sr. Juliana, Supervisor of Psychiatry,

Charity Hospital of New Orleans; Mrs. Margi Wilki, Music Therapist,

Charity Hospital of New Orleans; Dr. Peter Hansen; and the Fair Grounds

Corporation of New Orleans. MUSIC THERAPY CURRICULUM 1

Freshman

Mu 127-8 Major Instrument or Voice 3-3

Mu 121-2 Minor Instrument or Voice 1-1

Mu 121-2 Strings 1-1

Mu 111-2 Theory I 3-3

Mu 167-8 Music Appreciation 1-1

101-2 English 3-3

Bl 103 Biology 4

Ed 187 Phys. Ed. Folk and National Dances 2

Pl 201-2 Philosophy 3-3

105-6 Theology* 2-2

*Required for Catholics 2

Sophomore

Mu 227-8 Major Instrument or Voice 3-3

Mu 221-2 Minor Instrument or Voice 1-1

Mu 221-2 Woodwinds 1-1

Mu 211-2 Theory Il 3-3

Mu Orchestra, Band or Chorus 1-1

Mu 213-4 Readings for Music Therapists 1

201-2 English 3-3

Ed 230 Child Psychology 3

Ed 287 Phys. Ed. Square and Creative Dance 2

Sl 101 Sociology 3

301 Psychology 3

209-10 Theology* 2-2 41

*Required for Catholics 3

Junior

Mu 327-8 Major Instrument or Voice 3-3

Mu 321-2 Minor Instrument or Voice 1-1

Mu 321-2 Brass 1-1

Mu 311-2 Theory m 3-3

Mu 337-8 History of Music 2-2

Mu 317-8 Conducting 1-1

Mu 375-6 Chorus 1-l

Mu Orchestra or Band*

Sl 311 Group Conflict and Cooperation 3

Abnormal Psychology 3

309-10 Theology** 2-2

Bl 206-7 Human Anatomy and Physiology 4

Mu 313-4 Readings for Music Therapists 1

Mu 334 Applied Functional Music 2

Mu 343 Music Therapy Workshop 2

Junior Recital

Psychiatric Evaluation 43

* Required for Instrumentalists

** Required for Catholics 4

Senior

Mu 427-8 Major Instrument or Voice 3-3

Mu 421-2 Minor Instrument or Voice 1-1

Mu 421 Percussion 1

Mu 121 Organ 1

Mu 417 Conducting 1

Mu Orchestra Band or Chorus 1-1

Sl 312 Social Psychology 3

Ed 302 Adolescent Psychology 3

311-12 Theology* 2-2

Mu 433 Hospital Techniques in Music Therapy 2

Mu 453-4 Psychology of Music 2-2

Mu 463 Influence of Music on Behavior 3

Mu 444 Hospital Orientation 2

Mu 413-4 Readings for Music Therapists 1

Senior Recital

Mu 483 Clinical Training** 1 36

*Required for Catholics **To Be Completed After the Senior Year Mu 213-4; 313-4; 413-4

INTRODUCTORY READING FOR MUSIC THERAPISTS

1 semester hour credit

no class periods

Grade:

comprehensive examination; a grade of seventy-five percent required for credit 5

Introduction This course is designed:

1. To provide a general orientation in the fields of mental health and music therapy

2. To acquaint the student with literature that will be of importance during his university training period and later professional career.

3. To help the student acquire techniques of reading on an extended scale ; the ability to abstract important points; the use of marginal notes, under lining, etc.

4. To acquire the habit of regular, systematic, professional reading

Procedure

1. Reading assignments for the entire year are made at the beginning of the fall semester

2. Students are encouraged to consult with the instructor about problems encountered in the reading process

3. It is required that students meet in seminar with the instructor twice during each semester for formal evaluation of reading progress

Review, Examination and Grading

1. A review outline will be distributed two weeks before the examination

2. A formal review will be conducted one week before examination 6

3. The examination will require two hours for completion and will be given at the end of the spring semester

4. A grade of 7 5% is required for credit

5. Review outlines and other printed material will be returned to the instructor when the examination is completed

General Information

Arguments may be advanced for and against each book or article listed. It should be stated in defense that no attempt has been made to present a comprehensive bibliography; this would be difficult to achieve because of the limited reading time available to music therapy students. However, some attempt has been made to achieve a measure of balance. Jn addition to the readings in music therapy, some classics in the field of mental health have been included, along with at least one example each from the literature of anthropology, sociology and psychology. Many important works not listed will be found as required reading in other courses. 7

REQUffiED READING

Sophomore

Clifford W. Beers, ~ Mind That Found Itself. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York, 1923.

Ruth Benedict, Race: Science and Politics. Viking Press, New York, 1940.

E 0 Thayer Gaston, "Psychological Foundations of Music. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)1.

William C. Menninger and Munro Leaf, You and Psychiatry. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1953.

Gardner Murphy, •1What Constitutes a Well-Integrated Personality?" Menninger Quarterly. 1(1956)1.

Music Therapy 1952. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1953. (Selected Papers Assigned)

Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954. (Selected Papers Assigned)

Junior

Ruth Barnard, "The Use of Music Therapy in a Psychiatric Hospital." Journal~ American Medical Women's Association. 8(1953)266.

Karl A. Menninger, The Human Mind Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1930.

William C. Menninger, "Recreation and Mental Health." Recreation. 42(1948)340.

Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955. (Selected Papers Assigned) 8

Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956. (Selected Papers Assigned)

Robert S. Wallerstein and Associates, Hospital Treatment of Alcoholism. Basic Books, New York, 1957.

Robert W. White, The Abnormal Personality. Ronald Press, New York, 1948.

Senior

Karl A. Menninger and Jennetta L. Menninger, Love Against Hate. Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, 1942.

Music Therapy 1956. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1957. (Selected Papers Assigned)

Music Therapy 1957. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1958. (Selected Papers Assigned)

David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1950.

Carl R. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1951.

Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn W. Sherif, Groups in Harmony and Tension. Harper and Brothers, New York, 1953. (Selected Chapters Assigned) Mu 334

APPLIED F1JNCTIONAL MUSIC

2 semester hours credit

2 class periods per week

Grade:

1/3 examination: pedagogical techniques

1 /3 examination: piano performance

1/3 examination: guitar and autoharp 9

UNIT 1: PEDAGOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE HOSPITAL MUSICIAN

A. The Patient: Immediate Gratification as a Treatment Aim

1. The pentatonic scale with drone accompaniment

2. The use of numbers in basic hand positions as a beginning technique

a. familiar melodies

b. composed melodies

( 1) patient compositions

(2) therapist compositions

(3) accompaniment: I-IV-V chords

3. The use of numbers in changing hand positions

a. familiar melodies

b. composed melodies

( 1) patient compositions

(2) therapist compositions

(3) accompaniment: I-IV-V chords

4. Transposition

a. I-IV-V chords in every key

b. familiar melodies in every key

B. The Patient: Delayed Gratification as a Treatment Aim

1. Five-finger exercises

a. modified Hanon style

2. Modified broken chords 10

3. Individual finger exercises

a. modified Dohnanyi style

4. Chords in succession

5. The use of progressively difficult compositions for delayed gratification

C. Special Pedagogical Techniques

1. Obsessive-compulsive patients

2. Manic patients

3. Depressed patients

4 . Psychopathic patients

5. Juvenile patients

UNIT II: KEYBOARD FACILITY, TRANSPOSITION AND READING

Students are required to perform approximately 150 standard songs currently used for ward programs and group sing sessions in the psychiatric hospital. Students must also demonstrate the ability to transpose a number of these songs into several different keys.

UNIT III: GUITAR AND AUTOHARP

For completion of this unit, students are required to master basic chords on the guitar and autoharp. Accompaniments of several standard songs are learned. 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Text: Elin K. Jorgensen, Music to Play and Sing. Music Aids, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

All-American Song Book. Robbins Music Corporation, New York, 1942.

TheCommunity Chorus Book. John C. Winston Company, Philadelphia, 1918.

Everybody's Favorite Community Songs. Amsco Music Publishing Company, New York, 1935.

Let's Sing~ Compiled by Music Therapy Staff, Norman Beatty Memorial Hospital, Westville, Indiaia

Let•s Sing II. CompHed by Music Therapy Staff, Norman Beatty Memorial Hospital, \Vestville, Indiana

Merri_!y We Sing. Leo Feist, Inc. , New York, 1914.

Song Session. Remick Music Corporation, New York, 1953

Songs of the Gay Nineties. Robbins Music Corporation, New York, 1938.

357 Songs We Love to ~ Hall and McCreary Company, Minneapolis, 1938.

Twice 55 Community Songs. C. C. Birchard Company, Evanston, Illinois, 1957. Mu 343

MUSIC THERAPY WORKSHOP

2 semester hours credit

1 hour lecture per week

1 hour seminar per week

Grade:

1/3 projects assigned in class

1/3 examinations

1/3 notebook 12

UNIT I: ORIENTATION

A. Empiricism and the Evolution of Society

1. Science as a revolutionary force

a. primitive superstitions

b. astronomical formulations

c. the English renaissance

2. Eighteenth-Century science

a. directed observation

b. natural laws of the physical world

c. the concept of earth as center of the universe

d. cause and purpose

3 . The function of science

a. knowledge

b. technique

4. Science and government

a. dictatorship

b. democracy

c. initiative vs. group goals

5. Science and the pragmatic philosophy

B. Music Therapy: Art vs. Science

1. Music therapy as a science

a. directed observation 13

2. Music therapy as an art

C. The Need for a Cooperative Research Program in Music Therapy

Unit _!:_ Bibliography

T. Arnold, Folklore of Capitalism. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1937.

H. Becker and H. E. Barnes, Social Thought from Lore to Science. Hansen Press, Washington, 1952.

E. S. Bogardus, A History of Social Thought. University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, 1922.

R. L. Briggs, "Psychological Foundations of Music. " Bulletin of the National Association for Music Therapy. 5(1956)7.

Arthur Flagler Fultz, "The NAMT Long Range Design for Music Therapy Research. " Music TherapY 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas , 19 54.

E. Thayer Gaston, "The Development of a Research Program." Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Oscar Lewis, "Controls and Experiments in Field Work. " Anthropology Today, A. L. Kroeber, ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1953.

Carl R. Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1951.

Bertrand Russell, The Impact of Science 2!! Society. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1953. 14

UNIT II: PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH: DESIGNING AND EXECUTING AN EXPERIM:ENT

A. Principles of Research

1. Controlled observation

2. Factor isolation

3. Factor constancy

4. Recording of data

5. Verification by repetition

6. Limitations of conclusions

7. Difficulties in affective experimentation

8. The concept: "the sum is more than the total of its parts"

B. Choice of a Research Project

1. Basic re search

2. Applied research

3. Bibliographic research

4 . The Survey

5. Clinical reporting

a. the case study

C. Research Limited by Available Resources

D. The Research Project 15

1. Proposal for research

2. The research paper

a. introduction

b. statement of problem

c. related literature

d. procedure and methods

e. statistical treatment of data

L results

g. conclusions

h. recommendations

i. bibliography

E. The Professional Music Therapist: Opportunities for Research

1. Controlled observation of music therapy activities

a. the importance of written records

2. The case history

3. Reporting group activities

Unit II: Bibliography

Kenneth E. Anderson, "General Considerations: A Frame of Reference for Research." Music Therapy 1952. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1953.

W. Caudell and B. H. Roberts, "Pitfalls in the Organization of Interdisciplinary Research." Human Organization. 10-4(1951)12. 16

''Collaborative Research in Psychopathology. " Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Topeka, Kansas, 1954. Report Number 25.

Sibylle Escalona, "Problems in Psycho-Analytical Research." The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 33(1952) 1.

Arthur Flagler Fultz, "The NAMT Long Range Design for Music Therapy Research. " Music TheraPY 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

E. Thayer Gaston, "Functional Music - Review of Pertinent Research." Music Journal. 7 (1949)25.

------, ''Music in Therapy; a Review of Some Recent Research Literature. '' Music Teacher's National Association, Proceedings_. 43(1949) 118.

, "Needed Research in the Psychology of Music Bearing--- on (1) Normal Human Living (2) Abnormal or Patho- logical Living." Music Teacher's National Association, Proceedings. 42(1948)227.

------, "The Development of a Research Program.'' Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Robert W. Hyde and Charles R. Atwell, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Psychiatric Occupational Therapy Program." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)332.

Robert W. Hyde and Richard H. York, "A Technique for Investigating Interpersonal Relationships in a Mental Hospital. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy." 2(1948)350.

"Illustrative Strategies for Research on Psychopathology in Mental Health." Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Topeka, Kansas, 1956. Symposium Number 2.

Max Kaplan, ''A Sociological Approach to Music and Behavior." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 4(1950)20.

Oscar Lewis, "Controls and Experiments in Field Work. " Anthro- pology Today, A. L. Kroeber, ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1953.

George Lundberg, Social Re search. Longmans, Green and Company, New York, 1942. 17

"Outline to be Used as a Guide to the Evaluation of Treatment in a Public Psychiatric Hospital.'' Group for the Advance- ment of Psychiatry, Topeka, Kansas, 1953. Report Number 23.

Abe Pepinsky, ''Applications and Mis-Applications of Research Techniques in Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1952. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1953.

, ''Designing an Experiment." Music Therapy 1955. ------The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

------, "Psychological Experiments in Music; Psycho- Diagnostic Projective Techniques in the Definition of Musicality." American Music Teacher. 1-2(1951)2.

N. Tinbergen, ''Social Releasers and the Experimental Method Required for their Study." The Wilson Bulletin. 60-1(1948)1.

Robert S. Woodworth, Experimental Psychology. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1938.

UNIT III: PROFESSIONAL SOURCE MATERIALS

This unit is designed to acquaint the student with professional journals in the fields of education, psychology, psychiatry and the adjunctive or ancillary therapies.

Problems are assigned requiring reading and study in the various journals; reports are presented in class on these readings.

The following journals are consulted:

American Journal of Nursing

American Journal of Occupational Therapy 18

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

American Journal of Psychiatry

American Journal of Psychoanalysis

American Journal of Psychology

American Journal of Psychotherapy

American Psychologist

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

Bulletin of the National Association for Music Therapy

Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry

Education

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology

Journal of Applied Psychology

Journal of Clinical Psychology

Journal of Educational Research

Journal of Experimental Psychology

Journal of General Psychology

Journal of Psychology

Journal of Social Psychology

Journal of the American Medical Association

Menninger Quarterly

Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement

Psychological Abstracts

Recreation 19

UNIT IV: TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING

A. Techniques

1. Writing style

2. Pagination

3. Use of numbers

4. Margins

5. Chapters and sections

6. Inserts

7. Punctuation

8. Footnotes

9. Bibliography

10. Lists and tables

11. Appendices

B. The Ethics of Scientific Writing

C. The Syllabus

D. The Abstract

E. Reviews of Scholarly Literature

F. The Newspaper Article

G. Preparation of Papers for Professional Presentation and Publication 20

Unit IV: Bibliography

Garland Greever and Easley S. Jones, The Century Collegiate Handbook. D. Appelton-Century Company, New York, 1939.

Herbert A. Smith, Kenneth E. Anderson, Oscar M. Haugh, Thesis Handbook. School of Education, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas , 19 56. Mu433

HOSPITAL TECHNIQUES IN MUSIC THERAPY

2 semester hours credit

1 hour lecture per week

1 hour workshop per week

Grade:

1/4 mid-semester and unit examinations

1/4 notebook

1/4 workshop performance

1/4 final examination 21

UNIT I: THE GOAL-DffiECTED HOSPITAL MUSIC PROGRAM*

A. Definition and Orientation

1. The definition and process of goal-directed planning

2. What is 'therapy' in music therapy?

3. Goal-directed planning for individual patients: function of the medical staff

4. Goal-directed planning for group activities: function of the music department

5. Analysis of the hospital music program using goal- directed planning as a criterion

6. Values of a goal-directed program:

a. the absence of defensive attitudes

b. gratification of the therapist

c. gratification of the patient

d. active vs. supportive cooperation from ward staff members

e. the possibility of effective progress reports on group sessions

f. improvement of the total hospital music program

g. professional growth of the therapist

*Bibliography for the Entire Course will be Found After Unit VI. 22

UNIT II: INITIATION OF MUSIC THERAPY ACTIVITIES

A. Ward Programs

1. Approaching patients

2. Securing cooperation from professional personnel

3. Length of the hospital music program

4. Opening and closing phases of the activity

B. Study of Task-Directed and Free Choice Groups

1. Experimental literature

C. Individual Sessions

1. Selection of patients

a. psychiatric -prescription

b. other methods

D. Group Activities in the Music Department

1. Initiation of programs

2. The formulation of goals

UNIT III: PROGRAMMING FOR SPECIFIC GROUPS OF PATIENTS

A. Diagnosis vs. Behavioral Level as a Criterion for Assignment to Music Activities 23

B. The Geriatrics Program

1. General principles

2. Possible goals

3. Activities

C. The Continued-Treatment Wards

1. Types of patients

2. Possible goals

3. Activities

D. The Admittance Wards

1. Purpose and function

2. Possible goals

3. Activities

E. Open Wards

1. Types of Patients

2. Purpose and functicn

3 • Possible goals

a. rehabilitation rather than treatment

4. Activities

F. Special Divisions

1. Maximum security

2. Alcoholic wards

3 . Juvenile wards 24

UNIT IV: ACTIVITIES IN THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT: STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND METHODS

A. Group Activities - Active

1. Patient choir

2. Patient band

3. Patient orchestra

4. Church choirs

a. Catholic

b. Protestant

5. Group sing

6. Rhythm band

7. The western band

8. Patient combo or dance orchestra

9. Special groups

a. handbells

b. painting to music

c. exercise to music

d. elementary percussion groups

e. group piano instruction

B. Group Activities - Passive

1. Music listening groups

2. Special groups - instructive

a. music appreciation

b. theory classes 25

c. history of music

d. arranging and composition

C. Individual Music Activities

1. Private lessons

2. Listening sessions

D. "Background" Music

1. Classification of music according to desired mood response

a. studies on stimulative and sedative music at Kansas University

b. compilations by Edward Benjamin

c. theories advanced by the Music Research Council

2. Use of "background'1 music

a. sedative effects of music on wards(evening)

b. use of music on wards during the day

( 1) reported effects on patients

(2) reported effects on staff members

c. use of music in insulin coma and electroshock therapy

UNIT V: ORIENTATION IN ELEMENTARY DANCE THERAPY

A. The Use of Music with Exercise

B. The Dance Program for Regressed Patients

C. The Dance Program for Geriatrics Patients 26

D. Square and Folk Dances

E . All Hospital Dances

1. Use of patient orchestras

2. Outside entertainment

3. Criteria for assigning patients to hospital dances

UNIT VI: MECHANICS OF THE MUSIC THERAPY DEPARTMENT

A. Cataloguing

1. Records

2. Books

3. Music

B. Care of Hospital Keys

C. Progress Reports

1. Ward programs

2. Group activities

3. Individual sessions

D. Hospital Forms

1. Admittance forms

a. receiving slip

( 1) the hospital accepts authority for a patient from state , county or local officials

b. physicians legal certification of mental illness 27

c. application for hospital admittance

(1) commitment form (where applicable)

d. supervisor's report (admittance)

(1) function: describes patient's physical appearance, mental condition, articles of clothing, money and valuables

(2) special section for homicidal or suicidal patients

2. Daily hospital forms

a. physical treatment

(1) prescription for fruit juice

(2) request for laboratory work

(3) x-ray request

(4) weight chart

(5) bedside notes

(6) I. Mo and oral treatment record

(7) temperature sheet

b. general forms

(1) ward transfer slip

(2) request for pass

(3) laundry count

(4) store requisition

(5) daily population reports

(6) monthly population reports

(7) ward count

(8) linen count 28

c. special forms

(1) death notice

(2) elopement reports

(3) injury reports

d. forms concerning employees

(1) resignation forms

(2) efficiency ratings

(3) employees report of accident

(4) number of employees on duty

e. adjunctive therapy forms

(1) daily schedule of activities

(2) psychiatric prescription

(3) attendance forms

(a) ward programs

(b) large-group activities

(d) individual sessions

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Charles Braswell, ''The Goal-Directed Hospital Music Program." Paper Presented at the Southeastern Regional Conference, NAMT. Loyola University, New Or leans, March 20, 1959. 29

Martha Brunner-Orne and Florence R. Flanders, ''Preliminary Report, the Use of Handbells in Music Therapy. '' Bulletin of the National Association for Music Therapy. 4(1955)

Marian Chace, "Dance as an Adjunctive Therapy with Hospitalized Mental Patients. " Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 17(1953)219.

, ''Techniques for the Use of Dance as a Group ------Therapy.'' Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Janice Lyle Conway, "A Rhythm Band for Mental Patients." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 3( 1949)246.

Margarita DeCamp, "A Practical Approach to Music Therapy." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)271.

Edwina Eustis, "Classification of Music. " Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

J. R. Gibbs , Grace N. Platts and Lorraine F. Miller, Dynamics of Participative Groups. John S. Swift Company, New York, 1951.

Esther Goetz Gilliland, "Music In Geriatrics.'' Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Richard Gray, "The Prescription of Music Therapy at Winter VA Hospital. '' Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

James Gregory, "The Music Program at the VA Hospital, Salisbury, North Carolina." Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Ernest Grisham, "A Program of Music Therapy in a Neuropsychiatric Hospital." Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Wallace Gudgell, "Prescribed Music at the VA Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Wilhemina K. Harbert, "Music Techniques Applied in Disordered Speech - A Case Report by the Music Worker. '' Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 19540 30

A. C. Isham, "The Use of Song Parodies as Recreational Therapy for Mental Patients.'' Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation. 24(1943)259.

Harold H. Kelly and John W. Thibaut, ''Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. '' Handbook of Social Psychology, Gardner Lindzey, ed. Addison-Wessley Publishing Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1954.

Martha A. Kalms, "Differences in the Music Programs of Private and State Hospitals. '' Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation. 21( 1942)294.

Robert P. Knight, "The Dynamics and Treatment of Chronic Alcohol Addiction.'' Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1(1937)233.

Herbert E. Krugman, "Affective Response to Music as a Function of Familiarity. '' Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 38 (1943)388.

J. J. Leedy and Dorothy J. leedy, ''Use of Music with Electro- Convulsive Therapy." Diseases of the Nervous System. 12(1951) 281.

Janet M. Lindecker, ''Music Therapy for Juvenile Delinquents." Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Francis M. Marusak, ''The Application of Activity Therapy Technique for the Chronic, Regressed, Psychotic Patient." Journal ---of the Association for Physical and Mental Rehabilitation. 7 ( 1953) 205.

Donald E. Michel, "Music Therapy for 'Perry James'." Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Glenn E. Morris, "Music Therapy Program for Psychiatric Patients. " Hospitals. 27(1953)97.

Harry M. Murdock and Merrill T. Eaton, Jr. , "Music as an Adjunct to Electroshock Therapy. " Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 116 (1952)330.

Annamarie Pannier, "Prescribed Music at the VA Hospital, Downey, Illinois. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956. 31

Theresa E. Pratt, "Patient's Libraries and Musical Activities in a Mental Hospital. " Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation. 19(1940)379.

Lenard Quinto, "The New Look Given Music Therapy in Veterans Administration Hospitals." Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Mary Ruth Reese, "Music as Occupational Therapy for Psychiatric Patients. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 6(1952) 14.

Dale K. Reinhart, "Music on Prescription at the VA Hospital, Marion, Indiana. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Elizabeth Rosen, Dance in Psychotherapy. Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1957.

Marjorie J. Ruegnitz, ''Applied Music on Disturbed Ward. " Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation. 25(1946)203.

Wayne W. Ruppenthal, "A Case for Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Sarah B. Seward and Helen Maginnis, "Ward Programs.'' Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Leo Shatin, Thomas Gilmore and Wallace Kotter, "A Study of the Relationship between Music and Post-Electroshock Awakening. " Diseases of the Nervous System. 15(1954)250.

Frances Taber, Selma Baron and Amelia Blackwell, ''A Study of Task Direot.ed and a Free Choice Group.'' American Journal of OcoUJ?ational Therapy. 7(1953)118.

William Tarnower, "A Treatment Program for Open Ward Neuro- psychiatric Patients. '' Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 17-5(1953) 189.

Myrtle Fish Thompson, "Piano Ensemble for Schizophrenic Patients. " Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Willem Van de Wall, Music in. Hospitals. Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1946. 32

Allan M: Wells, "Rhythm Activities on Wards of Senile Patients.'' Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954. Mu 453-4

PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC

4 semester hours credit

2 hours lecture per week for 2 semesters

Grade:

1/4 mid-semester and unit examinations

1/4 written reports

1/4 notebook

1/4 final examination 33

UNIT I: THE SCIENCE OF SOUND*

A. Vibration

1. Elasticity

2. Momentum

3. SHM

4. Natural period

5. Frequency and pitch

6. Amplitude and loudness

7. Harmonic series

8. Partials , overtones

9. Complex vibration

10. Jnharmonics

11. Vibration form and tone quality

12. Harmonic and formant theories of tone quality

13. Vibrato

B. Sound Waves

1. Resonance

2. Transverse wave motion

3. Compressional wave motion

*Freely Transcribed From the Text for This Unit: Wilmer T. Bartholomew, Acoustics of Music. Prentics-Hall, Inc., New York, 1945. 34

4. Diffusion

5. Reinforcement

6. Velocity of sound in air

7. Wave-length

8. Sound waves in other media

9. Graphic recording of sound waves

10. Harmonic analysis

11. Beats

12. Difference tones

13. Reverberation and absorption c. Vibratory Sources of Sounds Used in Music

1. Stretched strings

a. traveling waves

b. transverse standing waves, loops , nodes

c. plucking

d. bowing

e. striking

f. harmonics

g. pitch

h. loudness

i. tone quality

j. duration

k. instruments

2. Air columns 35

a. traveling waves

b. compressional standing waves, loops, nodes

c . wave length

d. edge tones

e. reeds

f. open and stopped pipes

g. overblowing, harmonics

h. pitch

i. loudness

j. tone quality

k. duration

3. Percussion

a. stretched membranes

b. rods, tuning forks

c. plates

d. bells

e. instruments

Unit !: Bibliography

Text: Wilmer T. Bartholomew, Acoustics of Music. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1945.

Leo L. Beranek, Acoustics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1954. 36

M. Y. Colby, Sound Waves and Acoustics. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1934

Charles Aaron Culver, Musical Acoustics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1956.

Alfred Horace Davis, Modern Acoustics. Macmillan Company, New York, 1934.

Harvey Fletcher, Speech and Hearing in Communication. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1953.

Joseph Lawrence Hunter, Acoustics. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York 1957.

Sir James Hopwood Jeans, Science and Music. University Press, Cambridge , 193 7.

Llewellyn Southworth Lloyd, Music and Sound. Oxford University Press, London, 1951.

Clifford T. Morgan, Physiological Psychology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1943.

Philip Mc Cord Morse, Vibration and Sound. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1936.

John Redfield, Music: A Science and !!!. Art. Tudor Publishing Company, New York, 1935.

Edward Gick Richardson, Sound. Edward Arnold and Company, London, 1940.

Raymond William Barrow Stephens and A. E. Bate, Wave Motion and Sound. Edward Arnold and Company, London, 1950.

George Walter Stewart, Introductory Acoustics. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1933.

George W. Swenson, Principles of Modern Acoustics. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1953.

Alexander Wood, The Physics of Music. Sherwood Press, Cleveland, 1944. 37

UNIT II. ANATOMY OF THE HEARING PROCESS

A. The Ear: Structure and Function

1. Outer ear

a. pinna

(1) coneha

b. auditory meatus

c. tympanic membrane

2. Middle ear

a. ossicles

(1) malleus

(2) incus

(3) stapes

(a) stapedius muscle

(b) tensor tympani

b. eustachian tube

c. round window

d. oval window

3. Inner ear

a. semicircular canals

(1) function

b. vestibular sacs

(1) utricle

(2) saccule

(3) function

Co cochlea 38

(1) canals

(a) tympanic

(b) vestibular

(2) fluid

(a) endolymph

(b) perilymph

(3) membranes

(a) Reissner 's (cochlear-vestibular)

(b) basilar (cochlear-tympanic)

(4) canal communication

(a) helicotrema

(5) organ of Corti

(a) location (cochlear duct)

(b) pillars of Corti

C. Theories of Hearing

1. Theories of historical importance

a. early Greek

(1) Aristotle

b. theories of the Seventeenth-Century

c. discoveries of the Eighteenth-Century 39

d. discoveries of the Nineteenth-Century

2. Later theories of hearing

a. place and frequency theories contrasted

b. Helmholtz (early theory)

c. Helmholtz (later theory)

d. telephone theory

e. pressure-pattern theory

f. resonance volley theory

3. Theories of hearing: present status

D. Central Auditory Connections

1. Auditory nerve

a. cochlear (hearing)

b. vestibular (equilibrium)

2. Auditory nerve (cochlear portion) pathways to the cerebral cortex

a. primary pathways - structure (from one ear)

( 1) hair cells to spiral ganglion in cochlear

(2) cochlear branch of the auditory nerve (leaves the spiral ganglion, divides and reaches the)

(3) medulla

(a) dorsal cochlear nucleus

(b) ventral cochlear nucleus (fibers from these bodies cross the midline of the medulla and reach the) 40

(d) superior olive (of the medulla; fibers from these bodies run up- ward in the)

(4) lateral lemniscus (and end in the)

(5) inferior colliculus (of the midbrain and the)

(6) medial geniculate body of the thalamus (axons arise to form the)

(7) auditory radiations (ending in the)

(8) superior temporal gyrus of the cerebral cortex b. primary pathways - function

(1) inferior colliculi - reflex response to sound

(2) cerebral cortex - auditory perception and cognition c. collatoral pathways - structure

(1) medulla

(a) dorsal cochlear nucleus

(b) ventral cochlear nucleus (other auditory fibers from these bodies do not cross the midline, but ascend on the same side via the)

(2) lateral lemniscus (to the)

(3) inferior colliculus

(4) medial geniculate body of the thalamus

(5) auditory radiations 41

(6) superior temporal gyrus of the cerebral cortex

d. collatoral pathways - function

( 1) bilateral innervation - hearing function may not be completely lost due to damage to one temporal lobe

Unit II: Bibliography

E. G. Boring, Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. D. Appleton-Century, New York, 1942.

G. L. Freeman, Physiological Psychology. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1948.

Ernest Gardner, Fundamentals of Neurology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1952.

Clifford T. Morgan, Physiological Psychology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1943.

A. T. Rasmussen, The Principal Nervous Pathways. Macmillan Company, New York, 1941.

S. S. Stevens and H. Davis, Hearing: It's Psychology and Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1938.

Claude A. Villee, Biology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1954. 42

UNIT III: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC*

A. The Psychological Approach to Music

1. The psychology of music and the social sciences

2. The unreliability of common sense

3. The search for alternative hypotheses

4. Limitations of psychomueical investigations

5. The possibilities of research in experimental aesthetics

6 . The absence of absolutes

B. The Social Psychology of Musical Scales

1. The tone element of music

2. Scales of ancient times

3. Scale of just intonation

4. A scale with the prime number 7

5. The need for modulation

6. Mean-tone temperament

7. Equal temperament

8. The stability of intervals

9. Equal temperament, our frame of reference

10. Other possible scales

*Taken From the Text for This Unit: Paul Randolph Farnsworthll

Social Psychology of Music. Dryden Press, New York, 1957 0 43

c. The Interval

1. Distinctive quale

2. Vibrato, tremolo and trill

3. Apparent pitch of intervals

4. The major-minor effect

5. Finality effects

6. Interval resolutions

7. Tonality

8. Consonance and dissonance

D. Melody

1. Principles of attention and learning

2. Melody and pitch level

3. Melody and loudness

4. Melody and timbre

5. Melody and sonance

6. Melody and noise

7. Melody and tempo

8. Melody and rhythm

9. Harmony

E. Language Aspects of Music

1. Desire for communication

2. Grammar 44

3. Meaning

4. Alleged key effects

5. Major and minor modes

6. Color-tone linkage

7. "The language of the emotions"

8. Adjective lists for classifying music

9. Variables which give meaning to music

10. The expression of tensions

11. Music as a universal language

12. Psychoanalytic symbolism

F. The Nature of Musical Taste

1. Whimsey or law?

2. Eminence

3. Enjoyment

4. Knowledge of composers

5. Programs

6. Space allocations

7. Individuals and group differences

8. Criteria and conditioners of taste

G. The Measure of Musical Taste

1. A variety of measures

2. Auditory tests 45

3. Paper and pencil tests

4. Polling

5. Orchestral

6. Broadcasts of recordings

7. Record listings

8. Scholarly texts

9. Boredom

H. The Nature of Musical Abilities

1. Ability, an appropriate descriptive term

2. Generality of ability

3. Ability in music and the other arts

4. Academic intelligence and musical abilities

5. The hereditability of musical abilities

6. Abilities and the body structures

7. Adlerian views on ability

8. Jungian views on ability

9. Freudian views on ability

10. Imagery as a source of abilities

11. Developing abilities

12. Training methods: general problems

13. Training methods: special problems

14. Creativity 46

I. The Measurement of Musical Abilities

1. Tests of verbal knowledge

2. Tests of non-verbal musical skills

3. Unstandardized aptitude tests

4. The original Seashore battery

5. Tilson-Gretsch Test for Musical Aptitude

6. Edition of the Seashore Measures of Musical Talents

7. Kwalwasser-Dykema music tests

8. Kwalwasser Music Talent Tests

9. The Drake tests

10. Whistler-Thorpe Musical Aptitude Test

11. Lunden tests

12. Wing Standardized Tests of Musical Intelligence

13. Strong Vocational Interest Test

14. The future of musical aptitude tests

J. Applications of Music to Therapy and Industry

1. Psysiological changes

2. The present status of music therapy

3. Music in mental therapy

4. The effects of music on achievement 47

Unit ID: Bibliography

Frank Barron, "The Psychology of Imagination." Scientific American. 199-3(1958)151.

Paul R. Farnsworth, Musical Taste: It's Measurement and Cultural Nature. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1950.

E. Thayer Gaston, "Psychological Foundations of Music. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)1.

Nicholas L. Gerren, "A Study of the Relationship between Intelligence, Musicality and Attitude Toward Music. " Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1953.

Marcus E. Hahn, ''The Experiental ~terminants of the Perception of Music as an Approach Toward Research in the Psychology of Music." Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Kate Hevner, "The Aesthetic Experience: A Psychological Description. " Psychological Review. 44(1937)245.

Robert W. Lundin, An Objective Psychology of Music. The Ronald Press, New York, 1953.

Kar1 A. Menninger, "Genius, " in: J. F. Brown, Psychodynamics of Abnormal Behavior. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1940.

James L. Mursell, Education for Musical Growth. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1948.

______, The Psychology of Music. W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1937.

Waldo C. Pankratz, ''A Comparison of Some Group Musical Achievement Tests as Related to I. Q. and Teacher Rating. " Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Kansas, 1950.

Max Schoen, The Psychology of Music, Ronald Press, New York, 1940.

Carl E. Seashore, The Psychology of Music. McGraw-Hill Book Q>mpany, New York, 1938.

Max Weber, The Rational and Social Foundations of Music. American Book-Stratford Press, Inc., New York, 1958. Mu 463

THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON BEHAVIOR

3 semester hours credit

3 hours lecture per week

Grade:

1/3 mid-semester and unit examinations

1/3 notebook (class notes, outside readings, etc.)

1 /3 final examination 48

UNIT I: ffiSTORICAL ORIENTATION - THE MEDICAL USE OF MUSIC*

A. The Pre-Socratics

B. Plate

C. Aristotle

D. Aristoxenus and the Pythagoreans

E. The Greco-Roman Era

F. The Patristics

G. Boethius

H. Gregorian Chant

I. The Medieval Philosopher and Music

J. The Philosopher and Music in the Gothic and Renaissance

K. Protestant Music

L. The Aesthetics of Music in the Baroque Era

M. Rationalism, Enlightenment and the Classical Era

*Freely Transcribed from the Text for This Unit: Julius Portnoy, The Philosopher and Music. The Humanities Press, New York, 1954. 49

Unit I: Bibliography

Paul Henry Lang, Music in Western Civilization. W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1941. pp. 1-50; 84-88; 116-127; 137-139; 160-163; 168-175; 292-296; 314-321; 407-408; 430-446; 618-620.

Bruno Meinecke, "Music and Medicine in Classical Antiquity. " Music and Medicine. Dorothy M. Schullian and Max Schoen, eds. Henry Schuman, Inc., New York, 1948.

Paul Radin, "Music and Medicine Among Primitive Peoples. '' Music and Medicine. Op. cit.

Robert Ulich, History of Educational Thought. American Book Company, New York, 1945.

Richard A. Waterman, "Music in Australian Aboriginal Culture. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

UNIT II: BASIC CONCEPTS IN MUSIC THERAPY

A. Moral Aspects of the Arts - Cosmic

1. Re statements of Platonic concepts in the literature

2. Music: a universal or cultural phenomenon?

B. Moral Aspects of the Arts - Social

1. Psychoanalytic formulations

2. Music and the id

a. sexual symbolism

3. Music as an ally of the superego

C. Concepts of Music and the Unconscious

1. Anxiety defense 50

a. conditioned security

2. Catharsis

3 . Sublimation

4. Displacement

5. The fantasy process

6. Play as a hereditary phenomenon (Sadler, Patrick)

D. The Total Organism: Sensory, Emotional and Physiological

1. Sensory pervasiveness (Masserman)

2. Re -creative aspects of music

a. limitations of this concept as applied to music therapy

3. Gestalt of sensory, motor, emotional and social components (Gaston)

4. Consummation (Shivers)

5. Acceptance of reality (Murphy)

E. Aesthetic Control of Behavior

1. Definition

2. Non-empirical observations

3. Stimulative and sedative music

4. Music and the acceptance of mood

50 Theories of music and the emotions

F. Social Communication and Integration

1. Interpersonal relationships

2. Accomplishment and gratification 51

3. Non-verbal communication

4. Environmental acceptance

50 Familiarity as a basis for acceptance

6. Cultural response

7. "Ur-defense: Man's Trust in Man" (Masserman)

8. Play as preparation for life (Groos)

G. Theories of Music and Social Rehabilitation

1. Rehabilitation as opposed to treatment

2. Music and the ''treatment team''

3. Music in environmental or milieu therapy

4. The acquisition of social skills as a mental prophylactic

H. The "Levels of Media" Theory in Adjunctive Therapy

1. Elementary Levels - treatment philosophy

a. passive participation

(1) listening sessions

(2) music appreciation

b. active participation

(1) group sing - familiar melodies

(2) rhythm instruments

(3) elementary movement (dance)

2. Intermediate levels - treatment philosophy

a. church choir - structural of ritual

b. intermediate movement (dance)

c. rhythm instruments - learned rhythms 52

d. music appreciation - patient participation and planning

e . elementary instrumental instruction

3. Advanced levels - treatment philosophy

a. patient band

b. patient orchestra

c. advanced instrumental instruction

d. patient choir or chorus - reading of muslc

e . square and folk dancing

f. social dancln.g

UNIT II: Bibliography

Ho D, Aiken, "The Aesthetic Revelance of Belief. " Journal of Aesthetics. 9(1950)301.

Herbert Alexander, "Effects of Music on PersonaUty by Way of Figure Drawings.'' American Journal of PsychotheraEI_. 8(1954)687. 11 Gordon W, Allport, The Psychology of Participation a " Occu{!!~_om1l Psycho'h.~. 20(1946)54.

Eugene L. Aten, ''Psychiatric Concepts of Music Therapy for Children." Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Joseph E o Barmack, "Boredom and other Factors in the Physiology of Mental Effort, an Exploratory Study. " Archives of Psychology. 218(1937)1.

Ruth Barnard, "Milieu Therapy 0 " Menninger Quarterly. Spring (1954)20.

------, "The Use of Music Therapy in a Psychiatric Hospital. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Associationa 8(1953)266. 53

Frank Barron, "The Psychology of Imagination. " Scientific American. 199-3(1958)151.

Ronald G. Beals, "Measurable Factors in Psychiatric Occupational Therapy." American Journal of Occupational Therapyo 3(1949)297.

V. Bennett, ' 1Music and Emotiono" Musical Quarterly. 28(1942)406.

Barbara J. Betz, ' 1The Musician in the Therapeutic Team." Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Marguerite E. Bick and George Saslow, "Use of Occupational Therapy to Modify Significant Patterns of Personality Functioning in Desired Directions." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)327.

Charles Braswell, "The Influence of Musical Preference Upon Physiological Response of Trained Musicians. " Unpublished Research Paper, University of Kansas, 1956.

Robert L. Briggs, ''Psychological Foundations of Music. " Bulletin of the National Association for Music Therapy. 5(1956)7.

Alexander Capurso, "Written Responses as a Function of the Stability of Emotional Behavior in a Music Situation." Journal of General Psychology. 23(1940)289.

Evelyn M. Carrington, "Psychological Foundations of Occupational Therapy. " Occupational Therapy. 25(1946)

J. 0. Cavanaugh, "Relation of Recreation t_o Personality Adjust- ment." Journal of Social Psychology. 15(1942)63,

Norman Cazden, "Musical Consonance and Dissonance: A Cultural Criterion." Journal of Aesthetics. 4 (1954)40

Marian Chace, "Common Principles in Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Stanley Cobb, Borderlands of Psychiatry. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1948.

Isador H. Coriat, "Some Aspects of a Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Music." Psychoanalytic Review. 32(1945)408. 54

J. E. Davis, Clinical Applications of Recreational TheraPY. Thomas Company, Springfield, Illinois, 1952.

------, "Psychiatric Concepts of Recreation." Occu- pational Therapy. 21(1942)1.

Otto Deri, "Musical Taste and Personality. " Unpublished Master's Thesis, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1947.

Austin des Lauriers, "Psychiatric Concepts of Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1952. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1953.

John Dewey, Art as Experience. Minton, Balch and Company, New York, 1934.

Rudolph Dreikurs, "Clinical Interpretation of Music Therapy. '' Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

------, ''Psychiatric Concepts of Music Therapy for Children." Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas , 19 54.

______, "The Dynamics of Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 19540

Paul Ro Farnsworth, "Sacred Cows in the Psychology of Music. " Journal of Aesthetics. 7 (1948)48.

Gail Fidler, "Psychological Evaluation of Occupational Therapy Activities. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)284.

E. Thayer Gaston, "Musical Factors Influencing Social Behavior .. " Kansas Welfare Digest. 10-3-(1951)2.

______, "Nature and Principles of Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

------, "Psychological Foundations of Music." American Journal of Occupational TherapY. 2(1948)1.

C. G. Gifford, E. E . Landis and S. S. Akerly, ' 1The Use of Social Group Work as a Therapeutic Factor in the Hospital Setting." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 29(1953)142. 55

Theodore M. Greene, "The Problem of Meaning in Music and the Other Arts. : Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 5( 194 7)308.

Marta Grunewald, ''A Physiological Aspect of Experiencing Music.'' American Journal of Psychotherapy. 7(1953)59.

Ralph H. Gundlach, "An Analysis of Some Musical Factors Determining The Mood Characteristics of Music. " Psychological Bulletin. 31(1934)592.

"The Characterization of Music as Related to its Structure. '' American Psychologist. 1(1946)265.

Marcus E. Hahn, "A Proposed Technique for Investigating the Relationship between Musical Preferences and Personality. " Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 19 54.

Peter J. Hampton, "The Emotional Element in Music. " Journal of General Psychology. 33(1945)237.

Howard Hanson, "A Musicians Point of View Toward Emotional Expression." American Journal of Psychiatry. 99(1942)317.

J. M. Harmon, "Psychology of Recreation." Education. 71(1950)99.

Robert E. Hemphill, "The Aims and Practice of Recreational Therapy. '' Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1( 193 7)3 5.

Karen Horney, Our Inner Conflicts. W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1945.

Robert S. Johnson, "Clinical Interpretation of Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 19550

C. G. Jung, Psychology of the Unconscious. Moffat, Yard and Company, New York, 1916.

Max Kaplan, "A Sociological Approach to Music and Behavior. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 4(1950)20.

Keinz Kohut, "Psychological Significance of Musical Activity. " Musical Therapy 1951. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1952.

------, ''Some Psychological Effects of Music and Their Relation to Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956. 56

Heinz Kohut and S. Levarie, "On the Enjoyment of Listening to Music. '' Psychoanalytical Quarterly. 19(1950)64.

Alaine Krim, ''A Study in Non-Verbal Communications." Unpublished Master's Thesis, School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, 1952.

Ernst Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art. International Universities Press, New York, 1952.

William C. F. Krueger, "Psychological Factors in Music Therapy. '' Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956.

Herbert E. Krugman, "Affective Response to Music as a Function of Familiarity. " Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 38( 1943)388.

Susanne Ko Langer, Feeling and Form. Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London, 1953.

------' Philosophy in~ New Key. Mentor Books, New York, 1951.

James Mann, "The Dynamics of the Music Therapy Relation." Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

Jules H. Masserman, ''Music and the Child in Society.'' American Journal ~ Psychotherapy. 8(1954)63.

______, ''Music as a Tool of Delightful Delusion." Music Therapy 1953. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1954.

Karl A. Menninger, "Genius,'' J. F. Brown, Psychodynamics of Abnormal Behavior. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1940.

William C. Menninger, ''Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Patients' Reactions in Occupational Therapy, Recreational Therapy and Physiotherapy." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1(1937)35.

------, "Recreation and Mental Health." Recreation. 42(1948)340.

Leonard B. Meyer, Emotion and Meaning in Music. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 19 56 .

------' ''Learning, Belief and Music Therapy. " Music Therapy 1955. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1956. 57

A. Montani, ''Psychoanalysis of Music. '' Psychoanalytic Review. 32(1945)225.

Gardner Murphy, James Simpson, Fred Snyder and Teodoro Ayllon, ''Studies in Perceptual Learning. " The Menninger Foundation Report of Progress 1954 - 1955. Capper Printing Company, Topeka, Kansas, 1955.

James L. Mursell, The Psychology of Music. W. W. Norton and

Company, New York, 1937 o

C. C. Pratt, •'Structural vs. Expressive Form in Music." Journal of Psychology. 5(1938)150.

Otto Rank, Art and Artists. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1932.

Melvin G. Rigg, •Speed as a Determiner of Musical Mood.'' Journal of Experimental Psychology. 27 ( 1940)566.

Wayne W. Ruppenthal, "Experiential Determinants of Perception, Some Considerations for Music Therapy. '' Music Therapy 1954. The Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1955.

William S. Sadler, Modern Psychiatry. C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1945. (See: Chapters 55, 56, 57, 59 and 60).

Jay S. Shivers, "A Taxonomy of Recreation." Phi Delta Kappan. 40-7 (1959)292.

Benjamin Simon, Jules D. Helzberg and Salvatore L. Alessi, "The Recogniti

S. R. Slav son, Recreation and the Total Personality. Associated Press, New York, 1946.

O. K. Timm and J. E. Davis, "The Modification of Activities as a Treatment Aim." Mental Hygiene. 35(1951)69.

J. H. Waterman. "Importance of Recreation in Rehabilitation. " Recreation. 45( 1951)308.

R. Wittenberg, "Psychiatric Concepts in Group Work, Applied Through the Media of Drama and Music.'' American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 14(1944)76. 58

UNIT ID: RESEARCH STUDIES IN MUSIC THERAPY*

A. Opinions Based on Empirical Methods

B. Experiments on Physiological Effects

C. Experiments on Mood Effects

D. Some Interpretations

E. The Application of Music

F. Music in Occupational and Physical Therapy

G. Music and Anesthesia

H. Current Research

Unit ill: Required Reading

Research Sections of: Music Therapy 1951, Music Therapy 1952, Music Therapy 1953, Music Therapy 1954, Music TherapY 1955, Music Therapy 1956, Music Therapy 1957.

*Taken From the Text for This Unit: Doris Soibelman, Therapeutic and Industrial Uses of Music. Columbia University Press, New York, 1948. Mu 444

HOSPITAL ORIENTATION

2 semester hours credit

2 hours lecture per week

Grade:

1/3 mid semester and unit examinations

1/3 notebook

1/3 final examination 59

UNIT I: PSYCIDATRIC TERMINOLOGY

The student is responsible for the formal definition and meaning of approximately 200 t.erms commonly used in the psychiatric hospital. Definitions are obtained from references listed in the bibliography; terms are discussed and illustrated during lecture periods . aberration anomaly abreaction anorexia abulia anoxia acromegaly anxiety affect anxiety neurosis afferent apathy agnosia aphasia akinesia apraxia ambivalence athetosis ambiversion aura ambulatory autism amentia autonomic nervous system amnesia Babinski reflex anal character behaviorism anamnesis benign 60 benign stupor cyclothymia birth trauma deduction blocking defense mechanism catalepsy delirium tremens catatonia delusion catharsis dementia central nervous system dementia praecox cerebral arteriosclerosis depression cerebral palsy deterioration choria diagnosis clonus dichotomy cognition diffuse coma disease compensation discrete compulsion dissociation confabulation echolalia conflict effect congenital efferent conversion ego convulsion elation cretinism electra complex culture electroencephalograph cutaneous empathy cyanosis empirical 61 encephalitis illusion enuresis imbecile epilepsy incontinent etiology induction euphoria inhibition exacerbation insight exhibitionism intellectualiz ation extrovert introjection familial introvert fixation Jacksonian seizure free association Karsakow syndrome functional latent period genesis libido geriatrics life space gestalt malingering gestalt psychology mania grand mal manic-depressive psychosis group psychotherapy masochism hallucination melancholia hebephrenia meningitis hypochondria metrazol id milieu therapy ideation modalities identification morbid idiopathic mores 62 mute pathology myxedema perception narcissism perserveration narco-analys is petit mal narcosis phobia negativism phylogenesis neologism precipitating cause neurasthenia predisposing cause neurology predisposition neurosis prognosis nosology projection obsession psychiatrist obsessive-compulsive neurosis psychiatry

Oedipus complex psychoanalysis ontogenesis psychogenesis oral stage psychology oral dependency psychomotor organic psychopath orthopsychiatry psychodrama overcompensation psychosis paranoia psychosomatic paranoid schizophrenia psychotherapy paresis rationalization passive reaction formation pathogenesis regression 63 repression stereotypy resistance sublimation sadism superego schizoid surrogate schizophrenia symbolization schizothymic symptom semantics syndrome senile psychoses tics senility topological psychology set transference sibling trauma social psychology unconscious socialization valence somatic vector psychology spasticity waxy flexibility

Unit !: Bibliography

James Drever, A Dictionary of Psychology. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth-Middlesex, 1952.

Horace B. English and Ava Champney English, A Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. Longmans, Green and Company, New York, 1958.

Nandor Fodor and Frank Gaynor, eds. Freud: ~Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Philosophical Library, New York, 1950. 64

Philip Lawrence Harriman, ed., Encyclopedia of Psychology. Cidatel Press, New York, 1946.

Leland E. Hinsie and Jacob Shatzky, Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford University Press, New York, 1953.

Clarence Wilbur Taber, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 6th ed. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1954.

Howard C. Warren, ed. , Dictionary of Psychology. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1934.

UNIT II: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY; PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

The student is required to memorize, understand and illustrate approximately 100 prefixes and suffixes commonly used in medical terminology.

Prefixes a, an capit derma amb cardi di amph cephal dia ante cholecyst dipla, diplo anti chrom dys auto circum ec, ecto bi, bis contra en brach cyst endo 65 entero mal pneu epi med poly eu meta post ex, exo micro pre gastro mono proto glosso multi pseud hemi myo psych he mo neo pyro he pa neuro retro hetero non rhino homo oculo sclero hydro oligo semi hyper opthalmo sub hypo ortho super, supra idio osteo tele infra oto thoracic iso path thyro laparo peri trans latero pharyn tropho

phleb vaso

Suffixes

-aemia -aisis -otomy

-aesthesia -ism -pathy 66

-algia -itis -phobia

-cele -kenesis -phylaxis

-cide -logy -plegia

-dynia -mania -rhagia

-ectomy -meglia -rhea

-emia -oma -sclerosis

-esthesia -opia -scopy

-genesis, genie -osis -tomy

Unit Il: Bibliography

Oliver Hazard Perry Pepper, Medical Etymology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1949.

Lucile Petry, The Encyclopedia of Nursing. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1952.

Thomas Lathrop Stedman, 16th ed. , Practical Medical Dictionary. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1946.

Clarence Wilbur Taber, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1954.

Sir Cecil Wakeley, ed. , The Macmillan Medical Dictionary. Macmillan Company, New York, 1953. 67

UNIT ID: PROFESSIONAL DEPARTMENTS WITHIN THE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

A. Department of Psychiatry

1. Definition

2. Function

3. Methods

B. D3partment of Psychology

1. Definition

a. emphases

2. Function

3. Methods

C. Department of Social Services

1. Definition

2. Function

3. Methods

D. Department of Nursing Services

1. The Nursing Department

a. definition

b. function

c. methods

2. Nursing Aides

a. definition

b. function 68

Co training

Unit ill: Bibliography

Franz Alexander, Fundamentals of Psychoanalysis. W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1948.

J. F. Brown, The Psychodynamics of Abnormal Behavior. McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York, 1940.

John R. Cavanaugh and James B. McGoldrick, Fundamental Psychiatry. Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee, 1953.

Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, "The Psychiatric Nurse." American Journal of Nursing. 35(April, 1935)351.

Jo R. Gibbs, Grace N. Platts and Lorraine F. Miller, ~amics of Participative Groups. John S. Swift Company, New York, 1951.

Madeline Elliott Ingram, Principles of Psychiatric Nursing. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1942.

Marcia A. Leader and Lewis R. Robbins, "Psychiatric Social Service in a Small Private Psychiatric Hospital. " Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 15(1951)3.

Lawson Gentry Lowrey, Psychiatry for Social Workers. Columbia University Press, New York, 1947.

Jules H. Masserman, The Practice of Dynamic Psychiatry. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1955.

William C. Menninger, Psychiatry, Its Evolution and Present Status. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1948.

Lawrence I. O•Kelly, Introduction to Psychopathology. Prentice- Hall, Inc., New York, 1949.

Stanley D. Porteus, The Practice of Clinical Psychology. American Book Company, New York, 1941.

James E. Royce, Personality and Mental Health. Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee, 1955.

5. Activity setting

6. Observation and criticism

a. suitability of the activity

b. amount of patient participation

c. relative success of the activity

7. General impressions

UNIT V: THE ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY DEPARTMENT AND THE TEAMWORK APPROACH

A. Educational Therapy

1. Definition

2. Methods

3. Function as a member in the treatment team

B. Industrial Therapy

1. Definition

2. Relation to other adjunctive groups

3. Methods

C. Music Therapy

1. Definition

D. Occupational Therapy

1. Definition

2. History

3. Areas of specialization 4. Methods 71

E. Recreational Therapy

1. Definition

2. Methods

3. Materials

F. Volunteer Services

1. Definition

2. Administrative control

3 . Limitations

4 . Methods and liaison

Unit V: Bibliography

Ruth Barnard, "The Use of Music Therapy in a Psychiatric Hospital." Journal of American Medical Women's Association. 8(1953)266.

Ronald G. Beals, "Measurable Factors in Psychiatric Occupational Therapy." American Journal of Occupational Therapy...: 3(1949) 297.

Marguerite E. Bick and George Saslow, ''Use of Occupational Therapy to Modify Significant Patterns of Personality Functioning in Desired Directions. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)327.

Faber Birren, "The Emottonal Significance of Color Preference. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 6(1952)61.

G. A. Black, "Physical Recreation and the Schizophrenic.'' Physiotherapy Review. 24(1944)57.

Arthur Burton, ''The Occupational Therapist as Therapist. '' American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 8(1954)78.

J. 0. Cavanaugh, "Relation of Recreation to Personality Adjustment." Journal of Social Psychology. 15 (1942)63. 72

Elizabeth Clarke, "Gardening as a Therapeutic Experience. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 4(1950)109.

Jules V. Coleman, "Motivations of the Volunteer in Health and Welfare Fields. " Paper Presented at the National Conference of Social Work, St. Louis, May 22, 1956.

H. Dan Corbin, Recreational Leadership. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1953.

J. E. Davis, Clinical ~pplications of Recreational Therapy. Thomas and Company, Springfield, Illinois, 1952.

------, ''Recreation is More than Fun." Recreation. 46A(1953)75.

Gail Fidler, "Psychological Evaluation of Occupational Therapy Activities.'' American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2(1948)284.

Russell Finegan and Kenneth Finegan, "Mixed Groups in Recreation. " Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement. 25(1951)206.

R. Fisher, "Therapeutic Implications in the Use of the Group in Recreation with Psychotics." Mental Hygiene. 32(1948)465.

Stephen Fleck, "Recognition and Utilization of the Motivatibn of Volunteers." Paper Presented at the National Conference of Social Work, St. Louis, May 22, 1956.

Irwin Friedman, ''Art in Therapy: An Aid to Reintegrative Pro- cesses." American Journal of .occupational Therapy. 6(1952)169.

Joseph Gardner and Norman C. Morgan, "Industrial Therapy." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 7(1953)250.

J. M. Harmon, "Psychology of Recreation." Education. 7(1950)99.

P. Haun, "Recreation in the Mental Hospital: A Philosophy. " American Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation Journal. 23 (1952)7.

R. E. Hemphill, "The Aim and Practice of Recreational Therapy. '' Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1(1937)117. 73

Inez Hunting, "The Importance of Interaction Between Patient and Occupational Therapist. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 7(1953)107.

Inez Hunting and Elvin V. Semrad, "More Specific Prescribing of Occupational Therapy. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 6(1952)265.

Robert W. Hyde and Charles R. Atwell, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Psychiatric Occupational Therapy Program." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2 (1948)332.

Robert W. Hyde and Richard H. York, "A Technique for Investigating Interpersonal Relationships in a Mental Hospital. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. " 2( 194 8)3 50.

D. W. Martin and N. A. Beaver, "A Preliminary Report on the Use of the Dance as an Adjunct in the Therapy of Schizophrenics. " Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement. 25(1951)176.

Marjorie L. McKillip and Ralph M. Fellows, "Industrial Therapy. " American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 4( 1950) 154.

William C. Menninger, "Recreation and Mental Health. '' Recreation. 42( 1948)340.

Melvin Shabshin, "Nurse-Doctor-Patient Relationships in Psychiatry. " American Journal of Nursing. 57-2(1957) 188.

James G. Stachowiak, "Recreational Therapy." American Journal of Occupational TherapY. 11(1957)245.

Edith R. Stetson, "The Role Played by Volunteers in a Mental Hospital." American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 5(1951)203. 74

UNIT VI: PROFESSIONAL ETlfiCS

A. The History of Professional Ethics

1. General

a. the Hippocratic oath

b. ethics during the renaissance

c. formulations of the seventeenth and eighteenth century

2. Specific

a. standards of the American Medical Association

b. standards of the American Nurses• Association

c. ethics devised by other groups

B. Ethical Formulations: General

1. Therapist-patient relationships

a. objectivity - the professional attitude

b. empathy vs. sympathy

c. negative feelings toward patients

(1) defensive

(2) fearful

(3) inferior

(4) jealous

(5) possessive

(6) protective (exaggerated)

(7) reactive behavior 75

(8) romantic

(9) solicitous (exaggerated)

(10) superior

d. positive feelings toward patients

e o the therapist and the process of identifioation

f. approaching ·patients

C. General Procedures

L The doctor's permission must be obtained for a patient to enter a ward other than his own

2. The staff member in charge should be notified when accompanying a patient to a ward or activity.

3. Notify the staff member in charge immediately upon returning a patient to a ward.

4. Assume that everyone you meet is a patient unless otherwise notified.

5. Alcoholic beverages may not be purchased for or sold to a patient.

D. Financial

1. No staff member may sell articles or promote the sale of articles to patients.

2. No staff member may cash checks or become an inter- mediary in the cashing of checks for patients.

3. Do not give a patient money or other articles that can be bartered.

E . Confidential Information

1. Information of all types concerning patients must be considered as confidential. Any unauthorized information released by the therapist will reflect upon his personal integrity and could ·effect the reputation of the hospital. 76

2. Because of the stigma attached to mental illness, it is important that the names of patients be kept confidential.

3. News releases containing patient's names or pictures are usually prohibited. In unusual cases, the superin- tendent may gl"ant the authority for such releaseso

4. In dealing with patients, the therapist often comes in contact with confidential informationo This material may be revealed only to the patient•s doctor or other ·professional staff members working directly with the patient, and may be revealed only if it can aid in understanding the patient or contribute in some way to his therapeutic program.

F. Security Measures

1. Most hospitals do not allow patients to carry matches or lighters. As a general rule, do not give matches or lighters to patients. Because matches are easily misplaced, it is advisable for the therapist to carry a lighter.

2. Do not mail letters or make t.elephone calls for patients.

3 o Do not give your home address and telephone number to patients.

40 Depressed patients are usually considered to be suicide risks. As a general rule, do not take this type of patient off the ward. If circumstances call for a patient's removal from a ward, demand written authori- zation from the patient's doctor, and be alert at all timeso

5. Pick up all articles such as nails, broken glass, etc., that are potentially dangerous to a patient. Many articles of this type are used in suicide attemptso

6. Do not carry large amounts of money on hospital grounds.

7. Avoid carrying reports or notes that should not be

seen by patients 0 Tear this type of material into s·mall pieces before throwing it away. 77

8. Take note of all unusual situations. Quite often patients will give advance warning before eloping or attempting suicide. For example, any marked change in the dress or behavior of a patient should be noted, assessed and reported by the therapist.

9. Care of Hospital Keys

a. always keep keys on a chain secured to your clothing

b. never loan your keys to a patient or non- professional staff member

c. report the loss of a key immediately to your supervisor

d. should a key become damaged or broken in a lock, do not leave the key - wait until a patient with privileges or a staff member arrives and send to the maintenance department for help

e. should it become your responsibility to care for departmental keys, keep a written record of their location at all times.

10. When accompanying patients memorize their clothingo

11. Know your patient, his diagnosis, treatment aims and probable behavior.

G. Personal Appearance

1. Be as neat and well-groomed as possible at all times.

2. Wear appropriate clothing or uniforms.

3. Do not wear excessive jewelry, make-up or perfume.

H. Personal Conduct

1. Use appropriate language at all times. Do not tell questionable jokes to patients.

2. Be punctual for appointments and activities. 78

3. Observe hospital smoking regulations. Do not smoke while on an activity or while accompanying patients. It is acceptable to smoke with patients in the canteen, during ward parties or other social occasions.

4. Except for a social greeting such as shaking hands, or unless it is necessary for a patient's safety, never touch a lJlental patient.

5. Never sit on a patient's bed.

6. Fraternization with patients after duty hours is prohibited.

7. Do not address an employee by his first name in the presence of patients.

I. Addressing Patients

1. Be courteous and friendly at all times 0

2. Use tact and judgment in making requests.

3. Do not be condescending or too sympathetico

4. Try to be as natural in your behavior and manner of speaking as possible.

5. Be patient when making requests or awaiting replies 0

6 . Try to be truthful and honest with a patient at all times. Avoid making promises that you cannot fulfill. Once a promise is made, carry it through.

7. Speak in a clear voice so that the patient can understand you.

8. Before beginning an activity explain it clearly to a patient. Do not say ''come with me" without explaining where and why.

9. A good sense of humor is one of the strongest assests of a therapist.

10. Always address a patient by his last name unless specific instructions to the contrary are issued by a doctor. This is an important courtesy that can give a feeling of dignity to a patient. 79

11. Do not refer to a patient in the third person in his presence.

12 0 Avoid asking personal questions or appearing curious about a patient•s symptoms, illness or personal life.

13 0 Avoid saying ''how are you" unless you know the patient and his probable reaction to the question.

14. Be a good listener.

15. Remain as objective as possible; do not become

emotionally involved with a patients or his problems o Many patients react to the non-objective feelings of a therapist by becoming frightened and retreating from the relationship. It is important to remember that patients usually cannot cope with the emotions they have ; it is unwise to add to their burdens .

16. Patients do not need the sympathy of a therapist; patients need acceptance and understanding.

17. Do not discuss your personal life or personal prob-

lems with a patient 0

18 0 Within limits set by goals of treatment, treat all

patients alike to avoid favoritism 0

19 0 Do not discuss a controversial subject such as politics

or religion with a patient 0

20 o Avoid any type of argument with patients 0

21 Never discuss medical subjects with a patiento

220 Expect patients to address you by your last name ..

23. Do not discuss other patients or staff members with a patiento

24 o Do not accept gifts from patients 0 Most hospitals have

this rule 0 If not, make it a policy of your departmento

250 Do not discuss a patient's illness or progress in treatment with himo Refer all questions to the doctoro 80

26. Be accepting of symptoms - do not react to them.

J. Relationships with Other Professional Groups in the Hospital

1. Avoid any discussion of hospital policies with a staff member when patients are present.

2. Avoid arguing with a staff member when patients are present.

3. The strength of the hospital •s therapeutic program depends upon teamwork practiced by members of different professional groups. Disloyalty from any person or unit can seriously damage the entire program.

4. In order to become a better member of the therapeutic team, the therapist should become acquainted with the training requiremmts and activities of other professional departments in the hospital.

5. A therapeutic aim of most hospitals is to teach the patient the values and methods of group participation. The patient's outlook on groups and group function will depend, to some extent, on the kind of teamwork practiced by the hospital staff. His "picture" of the community and his motivation to return to the community will often depend on the degree and type of teamwork carried on by his therapists.

6. Many hospitals require staff members to address each other by the last name and appropriate prefix. other hospitals limit this rule to occasions when patients are present. Whatever the custom at your hospital, it is wise to address staff members by their last names until, by mutual agreement, the use of first names is indicated.

7. The medical staff of a hospital, by professional practice, are always addressed as "doctor". No matter how friendly the relationship after working hours, it is mandatory that a doctor be addressed by his title during all professional situations. 81

8. When a patient is joined by his doctor, leave the area and allow them to speak privately.

K. The Therapist and the Community

1. It is often a temptation for the student or beginning therapist to exaggerate the difficulties of working in the field of mental health. Unfortunately the public usually expects accounts of a sensational nature from a mental hospital. One of the best means of public education is by the release of sensible, professionally guided opinions and information by the therapist.

2o The Therapist is a member of the community where he lives; he is also a representative of the hospital where he works. Public opinion and support of the hospital's program will often depend upon the conduct of hospital workers within the community.

3. Any disagreement with hospital policies and practice, publicly expressed, can cause serious damage to both the therapist and institution involved.

4. News releases and formal public statements should be cleared with the proper hospital authorities.

5. At times the therapist may be called upon to talk with members of a patient's family. The therapist should use tact and good judgement in his statements . Any discussion of the patient's illness should be referred to the patient's doctor.

L. Professional Development of the Therapist

1. The therapist should constantly recognize the need for critical self-evaluation concerning his relationships with patients.

2. Should the therapist find himself becoming too involved with a patient, either positively or negatively, the situation should be discussed immediately with an appropriate supervisor.

3. All activities should be goal-directed and frequently evaluated for therapeutic effectiveness. 82

4. The therapist must assume responsibility for his knowledge of the psychodynamics of mental illness. The symptoms of each patient should be evaluated by the therapist and when symptoms or behavior are not understood, every effort should be made to acquire the appropriate knowledge.

5. The therapist must read and study the professional journals dealing with his specialty and related fields, and take an active part in the professional societies in which he is a member.

Unit VI: Bibliography

~ Code of Ethics, Jointly Agreed to and Authorized by Executive Actions of the: American Association of School Administrators, Music Educators National Conference, and the American Fede- ration of Musicians. Chicago, September, 1947.

Camilla M. Anderson, Emotional Hygiene, the Art of Understanding. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1943.

Mary Elizabeth Gladwin, Ethics, Talks to Nurses. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1930.

Helen Fredericka Hansen, Professional Relationships of the Nurse. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1947.

Manual on Clinical Training for Students. Department of Adjunctive Therapy, The Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas.

Charles Joseph McFadden, Medical Ethics. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, 1953.