Classical Film Violence Classical Film Violence Designing and Regulating Brutality in Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1968 Stephen Prince Rutgers University Press New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prince, Stephen, 1955– Classical film violence : designing and regulating brutality in Hollywood cinema, 1930–1968 / Stephen Prince. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8135-3280-9 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-8135-3281-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Violence in motion pictures. 2. Motion pictures—United States. 3. Motion pictures— Censorship—United States—History. I. Title. PN1995.9.V5 P75 2003 791.43Ј6—dc21 2002015870 British Cataloging-in-Publication information is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2003 by Stephen Prince All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 100 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8099. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law. The publication program of Rutgers University Press is supported by the Board of Governors of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Design by Karolina Harris Manufactured in the United States of America This one is for Kim Contents Introduction 1 1 Censorship and Screen Violence before 1930 11 2 Cruelty, Sadism, and the Horror Film 30 3 Elaborating Gun Violence 87 4 Throwing the Extra Punch 139 5 The Poetics of Screen Violence 205 6 After the Deluge 252 Appendix A: Primary Sample of Films 291 Appendix B: The Production Code 293 Appendix C: Special Regulations on Crime in Motion Pictures (1938) 302 Notes 305 Bibliography 319 Index 325 Classical Film Violence “They [the public] want red meat and they want it raw.” —A FILM EXCHANGE MANAGER, 1910 “To avoid unnecessary cruelty, we earnestly suggest you reconsider the killing of the little child.” —PCA SCRIPT EVALUATION LETTER, 1958 Introduction After the bombing of the World Trade Center on September 11, for a brief moment Hollywood seemed to rethink its love affair with movie violence. Stu- dio executives worried that action movies featuring an arsenal of weapons and big buildings exploding were a tainted commodity. Their fears were short-lived, however; after a few weeks, it was business as usual. If movie violence today is an inescapable part of the film business, what about the earlier period of classical Hollywood, in the 1930s and 1940s, when the studios made movies on their sound stages and backlots? That was an era of regulated screen content. Before a project went into production, the con- tent of a script was carefully scrutinized for problematic religious and moral elements. Where did violence fit into this regulated screen world? And how does that compare with our own time? In Hollywood lingo, this book is a “prequel” to Savage Cinema: Sam Peck- inpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies. My earlier book studied the turn to- ward ultraviolence in American cinema after 1968, chiefly by examining the work of Peckinpah, modern cinema’s most famous practitioner of screen vio- lence, and that of filmmakers inspired by him. The present volume examines violence in Hollywood film during the era of the Production Code: from 1930, when the industry adopted the Code, until 1968, when the last vestiges of the Code were abolished. During this period, filmmakers had to get the sexual, moral, religious, and violent material in their scripts formally cleared before they could start production. Much is to be learned by looking at this earlier period. The explosion of graphic violence on-screen after 1968 can seem very disjunctive compared to previous decades of filmmaking. After 1968, for example, gunshot victims ex- plode in showers of blood; they did not do so in earlier decades. Looking 1 Classical Film Violence closely at this earlier period, however, some surprising discoveries await us, and they make the relationship of the eras before and after 1968 seem less stratified and more of a continuum. How did the industry regulate screen violence in the Hollywood period? Did the term “violence” have the same meanings in industry discourse that it does today? To what extent were Hollywood filmmakers drawn to hard vio- lence? Did they try to “push the envelope”—try to expand the boundaries of the violence they could depict—or is this interest more purely a manifestation of post-sixties filmmaking? How was screen violence stylized, aestheticized, in the Hollywood period? What contribution did sound make to this aestheticiza- tion? In what ways can we compare and describe screen violence in the Code and post-Code eras? These are some of the questions that I explore in the following chapters. The book is not meant to be an encyclopedic history of film violence. Its scope is limited by the methodology I chose to employ and, as such, there are bound to be some films that I do not discuss that an exhaustive history might cover. I offer instead an account of the stylistic development of American screen violence that is grounded in industry documentation about its negoti- ated depictions. I will be looking very closely at film style, at the ways filmmakers use the el- ements of cinema to design screen violence within the constraints that were im- posed on them by the Production Code. This emphasis on style will enable us to reveal some key features in the history of American screen violence that a more strictly ideological or social history approach would not. Indeed, this study is not a social history of movie violence, nor does it frame violence primarily in terms of ideology, race, class, gender or other macro-level kinds of variables. The sociological or social history approach generates many fine insights, but I propose instead to look at the cinematic components of film violence because these reveal a significant history and a striking relationship between screen vio- lence in the era of the Production Code and in our own time. Except in a few instances, this book does not examine movie violence in relation to big historical events that occurred within the time frame of the Pro- duction Code. These would include such things as the Great Depression, the Cold War and the Civil Rights movement. World War II will concern us in chapter four, but these other events will not. I have several reasons for bracketing these things off from the discussion. (Numerous other scholars writing on film violence have dealt with them.)1 First, I am interested in exploring film violence as a primary condition and el- ement of cinema. The social history or ideological approach to movie violence tends to treat screen violence as a symptom of some larger condition, whether 2 Introduction it be war, depression, ideology, gender, or race relations. Screen violence is re- sponsive to such conditions. It would be foolish to deny this. But the social history approach can run the risk of treating movie violence as a dependent variable, as a subset of the larger social or historical categories that have pride of place in the analysis. According to this approach, as they change, so, too, does movie violence. Thus, gangster movies and the appeal of their lawless heroes reflect or embody public antipathy for Prohibition. The graphic vio- lence of The Wild Bunch reflects the savagery of the Vietnam War. And so on. These are perfectly fine propositions, but they tend to relegate movie vio- lence to a back seat and reactive role in cinema. It is forever responding to noncinematic social categories or conditions. In contrast to this view, I regard violence as an essential component of cinema: part of its deep formal struc- ture, something that many filmmakers have been inherently drawn toward and something that cinema does supremely well. Some important consequences follow from this view, the chief one being that whereas the social history ap- proach will tend to regard movie violence as a kind of mask worn by the par- ticular organization of power relations within a given period, with the masks changing as the configuration of power relationships changes, I am more in- terested in the enduring elements of movie violence. These can be located chiefly in the ways that filmmakers have approached violence at the level of cinematic form. This consideration—the cinematic expression of violence in picture and sound—furnishes a compelling reason for bracketing off the social history ap- proach from this study. Because it treats movie violence as a dependent vari- able, the social history approach runs the risk of abstracting screen violence from its cinematic context. Violence becomes a theme, an idea, or furnishes a proposition about society. It is taken to a second-order level of existence, re- moved from the primary material of the films themselves. But it is this primary material—the formal organization of violence in pic- ture and sound—that is cinema’s unique inflection of violent subject matter. Violence, after all, exists in literature, painting, theater, in all of the represen- tational arts. Cinema, arguably, represents violence in the most vivid terms. Why? Because it deals with screen violence as a proposition about society, as abstraction rather than material form, the social history approach does not en- able us to answer this question. Furthermore, it is the opportunity to create screen violence through the ma- nipulation of cinematic form that draws filmmakers to gun battles, fistfights, and other forms of movie mayhem in the first place. At a basic level of craft, they learn how to do this mayhem, how to choreograph it for the screen, and how to build on and better the work of earlier colleagues.