Liberal Economy in Turkey

CEU eTD Collection Submitted to THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS TOTHE NEO- LIBERAL ECONOMYINTURKEY:THE CASE OFGULEN In partialfulfillment oftherequirements forthedegree ofMasters ofArts Second Reader Second Supervisor Central European University, Political ScienceDepartment Political (Budapest, Hungary- 2012) MOVEMENT Birkan Karata : Professor Emel Akcali MA Thesis : Professor An Professor : By ú Õ l Duman CEU eTD Collection corporation, which is integrated into whichis neo-liberalcorporation, the integrated economy Turkey. of with it, in by aleadingin economicacting asa and Turkey pursue current system role the insteadtoday, of beingin astate of with conflict the state, they be are trying on to good terms in which behavior. all, representstheirhierarchies All organizational their within groups, position Lastly,and credibility. paperreveals the relations embeddedthe power and they aimed to tobein compatible order neo-liberal with by groups themselves.doctrines those Secondly, create their Firstly,groups. of stage the changeof moderation ideological and istheir backgrounds done alternative those of success the of stages the identifies paper The groups. those of favor in has changed society mainstream this inAnatoliaof thesis revealsthat nature groups However,religious this rulers. withinpolitical current the or state the with conflict in been always have they history, their the TurkishDuring Anatolia. of region in the active been always have movements (Islamic) religious The society to sustain their ABSTRACT i CEU eTD Collection my motivation cheer mevia tomy videos channels inorder to network social account upandboost various a owe mythank brother, Atakan to Karatas, whose focusedefforts onsendinghilarious for proofreading,importantly, and most for her presence bymy side in thisjourney.Lastly, I journey.expresslike Iwould Secondly, my to tomy gratitude dear girlfriend, AylinAkyar, Professor Emel Akcal number of people, this thesis would have been written. Therefore, firstly, Iwould like to thank companionship the However,might ofa without thisbe whowrote I MA thesis. the one . Õ , whose patience,, whose kindness, and supportenlightened my way this during ACKNOWLEGMENTS ii CEU eTD Collection in TURKEY in RELIGIOUSGROUPS and ISLAM, POLITICAL CHAPTER I:NEO-LIBERALISM, INTRODUCTION ‘MUSLIM’ BOURGEOISIE AND CASH INFLOWS TO TURKEY FROM EUROPE TO TURKEYFROM INFLOWS ANDCASH BOURGEOISIE ‘MUSLIM’ CREATING A ECONOMY; CHAPTER II:FILLING THEGAPSINNEO-LIBERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION COMMUNITY CHAPTER III: THE FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS; MEMBERS AND THE 1.2 Religious Groups and Their Background: Links to Neo-Liberalism...... 18 1.1 ...... 11 Neo-Liberalism 3.2 Interviews: Information with regards to methods of ...... 40 the interviews 3.1 Members in Gulen movement...... 39 2.3 CASE: Deniz Feneri Derne 2.2 Funding the Turkish economy by sustaining the ‘Muslim’ bourgeoisie...... 28 2.1 The Necessity of a ‘Muslim’ Bourgeoisie...... 26 1.1.2 The Connection of Islamic Movement with Neo-Liberalism ...... 14 in Turkey 1.1.1 Neo-liberalism in Turkey: The State Perspective...... 12 oain?...... 45 donations? 3.2.2 Interviewee B, How does the movement manage its resources; Members and their 3.2.1 Interviewee A, Why do people want tobecome a part ...42 of the Gulen Movement? 2.2.2 Emerging Turkish Groups in Europe...... 31 2.2.1- Turks in Europe...... 29 2.3.1 The ...... 36 Consequences ...... 11 ...... 51 ...... 39 ...... 55 ...... 1 ÷ i (Light House Association)...... 33 iii 26 CEU eTD Collection which are targeted by such which movement, are targeted as, Indonesia from from Gulen countries the east, the includes many politically and geographically nations andinapproachabledistant for Turkey, positive linkbetween their modern day the Thisvariety,Islam and values. ashe states, religious of variety huge is a There movement. the of focus only the not are Judaism and andChristianity, ethnic communitiesMoreover, asÖktem (2003) argues,this dialog this extends limits dialog’s by indicating that example for such dialogthat is the famous meeting of John Paul II and FethullahFethullah Gulen. between the majormonotheist religions, Islam, Christianity,and Judaism (Michel 2005). One in dialog a of Gulenimportance the that state doctrines Gulen’s well. as force economic major is seeking religious in missionit goesbeyondis Gulenmovement’s the Turkey, Turkey groups a and to reachother the unlike because Movement Gulen Fethullah the on and concentrate mainly will I groups, create a ideology isAmong spreadingwhich basedonteaching these Islam. and people religious interest groups these intomainstream groupsturned than rather religious continuing their politics. In one of words, identifyother mainaimsof the thisis study to and describe how mainstream over intoreveal and political analyzed partly power economic their order andsecularist. Islamist being on is trend dilemma political today’s now and rebellions, Kurdish and nationalists and Turkish of seekers, democracy d’états coup supporters andliberals, became communists dilemmas history controversies. and Throughoutthe Republic,of Turkey of Turkish people politic of mosaic a having of because also but variety, cultural and ethnic its of because solely The subjectbackgroundandtheresearch question In this study, the nature and influence of certain religious groups will andinfluence groups becritically In this nature of religious certain study, the As Turkish people define themselves, Turkey is agreat‘mosaic’.it However,is not INTRODUCTION 1 CEU eTD Collection organizing the students who are membersorganizing whoare religious thestudents someone of this community with a or with is responsible who leader student so-called a is interviewee other The members. their to community the of message the delivering and members) external and (internal One between is relationship interviewee of the the parties the sustaining responsible with movement. Gulen of member important regionally two with conducted been have interviews These examined. interviews are 3,two in hand, chapter Ontheother inorganization Europe. Association event, which refers toa multinational financial fraud event based on a faith-based Feneri mentions acase;Deniz this paper economy, havethey over Turkish that influence economic the for hand, one the On variable. group religious for indicator an as movement Turkey. of system economic current the into integrate movements Islamic which in findcase religiousthe groups thewillof waysin study and ananswerto Turkey seek to main the as Movement Gulen the take will thesis this given, information of light the within and indicators all these to Due movement. Gulen the respect to them make make movement Gulen from the receive they that benefits the movement, criticize the groups other the attraction to Turkish groups. religious and increases people’s groups thepathof illuminates other and domestic, international terms of being a role model for them. Moreover, the success of Gulen Movement, both based doctrines,on Said-i has asynthesizerNursi role forreligious the in in groups Turkey ideas Gülen’s Fethullah movement, the with relations hasclose which Gazetesi, Yeni Asya to According achieve. to is trying movement the that role only the not is mission external this manages find to the missing piece linkbetween Islam and other religions. On hand, other the has big toachieve goals in of terms arankachieving of being anIslamicthat movement clearly movement The States. United the neo-liberalism, symbol or of the of Africa, south the The case studying researchmethodthat paperthis is useisgoing to focused on Gulen is Overall, Even Gulen Movement ashieldfor Turkish the groups. religious though, 2 CEU eTD Collection the society society the promptrise that of religiousthe groups. modernization hasbetween secularthe population and a caused inside unsatisfied the ‘gap’ of structure and the class balances in the Middle East region (Ibid). Therefore, this disconnection of Islamic shiftthis of population unsatisfied towards is religious movements property the primary factors underlying the rise of Islamism in their explanation’ (Ibid). are the secure employment without immigrants andrural-to-urban bythe state, supported arenot jobs, businessmen who without provincial graduates and ‘University classes. in sectors some satisfying social of the stating secularmodernization inadequacy of the the (1989, 1991),Ayubi andKeddie(1991), (1991)whoare focusedexplain to the phenomena by scientists’ studiesexplain which to try phenomenon. this These studiesbelongAbrahamian to social movements.the Inhis somereviews behind of study, Tugal Islamic of the existence respectively. be mentioned to theory, movement social the theory and economy political the theories; via two explained be can Turkey of economy neo-liberal into integrated be to seek they why explain to in order Therefore, members. their to and mission their both to responsibilities their on based social movement representative on linkthe between economy and civil The of society. nature religiousthe groups, of that a allows them to act according to their preferences Literature Review which are 3. interviews in tothe chapter regards information are also some listed in the sub-section, Methodology and Analysis, of this part of the thesis. Moreover, there potential Themethodology sympathies the group. and information relevantto isand other As the perspective of political economy theory in out, As theperspective of Tugal’s reason study points the political theory economy states, canexplainthe reason The Tugal(2009,20) economy political as theory, by background couldThe research theoretical bebestquestion’s illustrated reflecting 3 CEU eTD Collection Europe and in Turkey. This power of the movementanalyzes isdynamics based on of thethe Islamic power of dictatesthe group to overlocal its members who are located in and andnetworks, occupational growth”centres, pre-existing (Ibid). structure mostly in communication media and levels expense, degreeof affluence, of institutional access to aims a create mediato bourgeoisie in Turkey “Theas explained; aspects utilized include that strategy casegroup’s selected the explains McCarty Moreover, movement. social of the a partare not peopleand movement who social activists within the other the brings together last isthebase The base that achieve high importance. in to agoal strategic of countries order event that includes enormous amount of financial transaction to Turkey from mostly EU acase indicates this paper this point, illustrate To themovement. ideas of the to according members’and apply themselvesin to theirstrategies order aremodified and goalstheir which the authorities or any other obstacles interviewee.on The secondtheir base includes the tactics and strategiesway. of the movements to deal Theywith can apply to mobilizemention the resources theor may not beuncommitted directly or indirectly committed to the movement. population supportfrom may society.the Thesesupports from may come be a supporter that In this thesis, membersI am going to base (3). In the firstbase, the social movements achievein the necessary resources and the selectedbase mobilization; support (1), strategy and base tactics (2),andrelations tolarger society case movement and resource the of members. attendance their by the wordsunderstandto ways the socialthat activistsmovement manage tocontrol andmobilize both of an itsThis (Cohen focus etal, aim 2004). et al,theory McCarty and 1992; Edwards 1977; regards topolitical inIslam and groups religious Turkey, would be‘resourcemobilization’ Overall, what these two theories demonstrate can be traced in this thesis, which AccordingMcCarty al to et (1216-1217), arethere three mainin stages resource the with theory movement social the in found be to explanation best the case, this In 4 CEU eTD Collection Therefore religious groups, who have whofrom groups, religious Therefore been excluded by publicthe arena secular the they achancetobeunionizedgained to hold and gatherpower in aposition fresh market. this market, in Turkish implementations economic neo-liberal of blessings the after Right Turkey. of period economic intheclosed position achieve aneconomic to inorder appreciation game. economic Industrialistin Association,founded 1973),andnew and Businessmen in players this available including for those the previous industrial high elite bourgeoise, untouched, valuable highly marketwith potential promises a good becameof publicly an words, other In doctrines. neo-liberal the to free according was set market the onwards), Afterreligious groups. changes the in currenteconomicthe system of Turkey (from 1980’s itself, needs which beto explained. and implementations. This correlation, therefore, bounds the Islamic social movements to and property withare pro-private highly neo-liberalstrategiessupporters marketcorrelated in 1,whichinformation themainstream source showsthat groups ideological chapter of these theory. movement of social standards the within success case study’s selected reveal the basesabove theory’s social movement I contend that 2), (chapter to Turkey movements’ power over its members abroad to lead them to mobilize their financial resources behaviourwith (chapter 3) decisions and regards totheirjoin reason to movementand the the members’ by Moreover, movement’s Gulen the describing projects. various entrepreneurial into converted be can resources financial these where Turkey, into assets their mobilize in and them inEurope andunionize toorganize migrants Turkish peopleorder Turkish and Additionally, politicalin economy the is this theory, paper, also by proven the These new members are the ones who could not receive the secular state’s support and support state’s secular receive the not whocould ones are the newmembers These The existence of a neo-liberal economic structure is also highly beneficial for the ishighly beneficial also structure economic of The existence a neo-liberal 5 TÜS ø AD (Turkish CEU eTD Collection inwere Turkey, main the who of thistargets light so-calledcoup d’état. groups Islamic fundamentalist existing the from movement aseparate as themselves seeing to regards his ofFethullah13 April summarizes points (CNN Turk, words 2012).These Gulen politicalininterfere Turkey in situation the corrupted to Turkey’, way wasademocratic of ‘the Iranization toavoid is so-called move,done which this military that implemented clearly He democratic ways. to accordingdo it to has what done has military that by stating leader of FethullahGülen Movement, Gülen, latestthe supports so-called ‘lightcoupd’état’ the of words the movements, Islamic anti-fundamentalist new this demonstrate to hand, other for On issources inTurkey opportunities movementwhose repressedbythestate. the the transnational movements internationaland non-government organisations (2), alternative three ways that he lists; weakened state monopoly by globalisationin (1), Movement role Gulen modelling the by benefited otherbeen has force globalisation This in Turkey. dimensions Islamic new created has globalisation with system liberal new the of engagement the (Ibid), Kuru according to in ofinternational relations, On hand, andideologies. ideas one terms the Islam-centred case groups’ fundamentalist previous the rejects also, and relations international them a new connectsthat into them today’s political mainstream ideologies. This connection provides way to prove themselves ideologies. that farm they theircan authority they that have desired possess. hitherto to missing This linkisthenew publicsphere as an ideological Turkey has provided thein missing ring chain the togetof groups religious powerand the mainstreampolitical isIslam which embedded in movementsreligious (Kuru 2011, 390). of institutionalization media and economic, educational, thaton based bourgeoisie Islamic is open thenewpro- liberalizations; economic appearedthrough stage to appearon started state, to The dimension other of benefitstheir from in neo-liberalism the Turkey is point the in atmosphere spirit andentrepreneurial global theneo-liberal, words, in state other To 6 CEU eTD Collection its loyal specificmembers which to institutions offers aunique capability attraction of resources to Turkey. The other dimension is their ability to recruit or, in other words, employfinancial ability of these is mobilizingwhich groups based on Turkish migrants’ economic theirpredicting actions. that andinterpretingfocusing groups environment on summarizedthese the occurred and as canbe this thesis interpretivistadds to approach what Therefore, totheirregards position. sociological background of in these groups makeorder to healthy economical interpretation neoliberalism in inTurkey is this paper, examined within contextof the both historical and groups andpursuinginterpretivisttheir Thereligious with relationship approaches. mainam This why be reason I isthe understood. which greatacknowledgement requires to studyinginin in phenomena the its words, own its context, environmentunique other own versions of what the truth is (Ibid.). The nature of this statement comes from their strategyinfluenceall of overshaping have direct world their of andunderstanding viewer’s perception of that assumes approach the Moreover, 132). Mehta 2002, and (Roth subjective understanding of patterns with the contrary, correlated the whichis,on event, the toward understanding andAnalysis Methodology old-fashionedand unpopular ones. rooted new movements underline type betweenthisof Islamic difference to inexplained this order be require mainstream existingthe supporter. Now, pointingrights to out groups religious reputation in and institutionalization, asliberal of andaccepted good perceived being terms religious movements support neo-liberalto economy in Turkey; for spacethe The research question is goingmentioned to by the dimension that it offers. Oneis the inits truth seek have an objective not does to approach The interpretivist From the information above, we can extract and finalize the two crucial reasons for the 7 CEU eTD Collection obviously provable or observable (Ibid.). In this case, this contemporary obviouslyIn observable provable case,thisthis contemporary or (Ibid.). isphenomenon the not are context its and event the between boundaries the when important more especially contemporary phenomenon itswithin life real context (Yin is it1994, 13).Moreover, a caseresearch; in economicAs different Turkey.states the power Cavaye ways (1996,227-28) conductingof andtheir groups religious between these catch link the to ininterviews order and studies in experiences time the line of and these groups, founders’ ideologies.their according tocurrent conditions; instead, the paper will include the whole context based on the haveinstance, in. settled For Iam goingnot focus to only interpretingon the religious groups they that context whole the covers also but itself topic the by only not object the to approaches sincea logical itinto order of this paper dimensions puts and sensible the approach descriptive/interpretivist This thesis. this of mainstream the into fits methods sociological modern Turkey, over the influences economic and political andcontemporary their groups, religious of these historical existence between their analyzetherelationship critically strengthened bycase based oneventsandresearches interviews. itsregard thetopic dimensions, and Ihavepursued interpretivewhich is approach attractingnewly community.expressthe young people to my to graduated order thoughts In anything in anything extremesbetween in two these anycombination. almost interpretive, inductive of investigation unstructured, it case; lastly,one can be structured, positivist,deductive investigation multipleof it cases; can also be an be highly can Case research cases. multiple or one investigate can methods, adeductive take aninductiveuse qualitative or can approach, andquantitative can interpretive stance, or an taking apositivist out canbecarried Case research The case research method is an empirical enquiry which aimed to investigate a to aimed which isenquiry empirical method an The caseresearch isThe interpretivist study approach this that pursing by isbe going tosupported case lightWithin theof using historical-descriptive/interpretive to in order approach, 8 CEU eTD Collection of of business life and startrunning profitable corporations originally funded by theirmembers. becamea showssuccessfully part howthey This caseeventdirectly market. real-life Turkish collectintoamounts ofmoney in investment significant various it typesand turn of the dimension is religious the manipulated sentiments by inTurkish religious groups to order common its is that about special case the makes What Europe. across groups religious of cash flowsamount a event. The caseTurkey. caseAssociation great represents This is DenizFeneri the collected in bourgeoisie new the and wealth this of relation the and wealth members their over control from Turkish people who are directly model ascorporations. acting a business became economy and or indirectly study the firstly,mention is itself in that to going how they restructured neoliberal this connectedwhichimplemented is by first politiciansthe by who supported Afterthese thistariqas. part, to how andpoint out why neoliberalism community this group andsupports religious in Turkey, economic of studies Said Nursi, knownas also ‘Risale-i Nur’, willbe examinedin to order main groupcasestudy, religious ‘Nur’ Movementwhich belongs tariqa, Gulen to the for the instance, For is studied. that totimeline according of Qur’an content the interpreting each that tariqas have theirunique ‘Seyh’ ( own essence of their ideology based on, naturally, the Qur’an, however, the important distinction is religious groups,within the contextof of economic thoughts Islam and theirstands init. The main two backgroundtoday’s ideological, of which andhistorical tariqas, theses created parts; and and requires moreimportant effort detail analyze andinterpret. to more becomes case the selection Therefore, evident. isnot cases,theirthe existence even rise inof religious groups Turkey, and its context andclearly itself isnot in evident, some of The second chapter mentions a case studies related withmentions and The secondacasereligiousgroups their related studies chapter This in study bewillwill This chapter structured first chapters. three beinto divided 9 ù eyh) who iseyh) with who and responsible dictating CEU eTD Collection market and becoming a part of it time. of over part and a becoming market which I believe thatreligious haveimportancegroups significant on establishingin it Turkish in Turkey neo-liberalism with discussion the start will I Therefore, platforms. international to become an economic player in this game who can fund itself as a corporation and lead its way specifically, arenot these ingroups only interested religioussubjects dialogs or also but More Islamic groups. system and anti-secular between secular Turkey’s topic asaconflict rather the than groups approaching these with related facts economic the attraction to people’s modern history the in interestedam Turkey.of especially investigating Inthis thesis, I inreligious groups Turkey with capitalism undermined thathasbeenignored or throughout labor newand (mostly force the graduates). market linkimportantly,between movement’s the Gulen the inthe providing job power Turkish of movement,organizing participiants, giving andmost religious the speechto this quarters iswith areamanagerwho responsible movement interviewee isasenior Gulen first analyzing of the two interviews conducted with two active members of Gulen movement. The with its functioning. thesis the Then, continous with mainfocusthe iswhich focused on of organizational structuring in of group the Turkey, and and keyfactors definitions related The expected contribution of contribution of The expected will betopointout thesis this relationship the with in starts movementGulen terms The andthelastchapter describing chapter third 10 CEU eTD Collection and social institutional itrestructuring,has implemented aset of strategies include that political of in terms agenda hegemonic its up follow to able be to order In implemented. is has ina bigger agenda terms of forming through all andpolitical institutions social it in which neoliberal has orthodoxy comehegemonic upwith a new project of world capitalism which which maymarket impedestructures logic’. the pure Tofoster ideas,these wecansay that ‘destroying collective itswhich targets owngoal has machine’ thatthis ‘infernal He states societies. western by simply spreadingdeveloping towards from countries developed-advanced capitalist capitalism world of interest in the economies world restructure to aimed orthodoxy neoliberal decades, three During from thelast social areasof many provision’. withdrawal state the of measures thatincludereform andfinancial privatization liberalization, trade and the states and import-substitutiondeeply entrenched industrialization via regimes economic (ISI) 2005; Tugal As2009). Patton(2009,438) states; ‘this new FordistOrthodoxy onto welfare agencies, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, andConsensus Washington (Harvey hegemonic in 1980’s ofmajor projects project the late the monetary international through a into hadturned movement neoliberal the in early 1980s, the storm theneoliberal after inThatcher Britain. Right meanwhile,Great by Margaret or, States, Reagan intheUnited project, neoliberal orthodoxy began to propose its hegemonic position implemented by up hegemonic its own toset Inorder method. anewaccumulation isseen as which liberalism 1.1 Neo-Liberalism CHAPTER I: NEO-LIBERALISM, POLITICAL ISLAM, and RELIGIOUS and ISLAM, POLITICAL I: NEO-LIBERALISM, CHAPTER Moreover, the words Moreover, the words of Bourdieu (1998)coulddeepen this neoliberal restructuring. During theearly 1980’s,capitalism strategy shifted replace Keynesianism neo-to with GROUPS inTURKEY 11 CEU eTD Collection economic crises that Turkey facehadeconomic2000, and Turkey adoubt that to crises (1994,1999, 2001), occurred itself induring the late1970s’ (Öni found had country the that crisis economic deep the from recovery ‘swiftand market Turkish opened inAugust 1989.Moreover, thisfirststage hadpositive brought to incentives the Turkey with the successfulflexibilization Thismarkets. oflabour firststageof neo-liberalization in was accomplished implementation of capital and trade of commodity liberalization via wasshaped neo-liberalism first stage, very account deregulationleadership model transitional and strategy successbroughtdevelopment Turkey. Inthis to which was fully Neo-liberalism Perspective 1.1.1 in Turkey:TheState 23). 2005, (Thompson of elites’ economic anew power the in constitute cases, some or, restore, strengthen, to aproject a project: is logic. It also acultural and imperatives, set of political described as follows; ‘itis the elevation of capitalism, as amode of production into an ethic, a orthodoxy depends on ofthe intensification the influence of whichis rule and capital neoliberal Overall, mainstream of the and388). andYeldan 2005, (Cizre rates stability’ growth the restore and efficiency economic raise would policies neo-liberal of adaptation the and sustained‘increasedby growth paceof generate would saying that accumulation capital scale global on legitimize themselves to is noalternative-TINA, there motto, their they used liberalism had to clear its way out in the world politics to show its true meaning. reduction of public expenditures costs andlabour (Bourdieu 1998; Cizre andYeldan 2005). Therefore, the to austerity fiscal and regimes, rate flexible exchange deregulation, financial privatization, Neo-liberalism became in successful Turkey in by early Özal the 1980’s Turgut whose neo- orthodox politics, world the in be sustainable to order in hand, other the On ú 2004, 113). However; we 2004,113). big once examine the 12 CEU eTD Collection versus rural proletariat. Naturally, this process ended up with high unemployment rates in rates high unemployment endedupwith process Naturally, this proletariat. rural versus urban class, working the within causeda competition migration areas,this in therefore, urban caused urban huge flowsmigration of sectors from agricultural to amount areas, countryside of Thecollapse causedachainreaction. which inturn backwardness country, of the consumer goodsand householdAnother bills.effect of neoliberal reforms is agricultural the constraints on wages of both bluevisibleis in is purchasingthe powerof basically Turkish people. This ineffect seen the and white collar workers and relations power on the effects the of One country. the within relations formation power of the the rise on the prices of all by programmes dictated funds, monetary international IMF and World Bank,generally. foreign further fiscaldependency towards capital flows; even disciplineandstructural reform increasedhasfragile more the into a which economy speededthe transformation economy up privatization of public andenterprises, loans from getting fiscalinternational agencies. indebting, domestic the raising was which crisis, economic every overcome to economy Yeldan 2005). Naturally,do waslittle there for to foreignthe cashinflow-dependentTurkish and (Cizre wastriggered crisis economic major a rates, low exchange and interest domestic andinvestmentwhich are highly upon dependent short term-profitseeking capital flows; high accumulation the high tendencytowards the due to specifically, More market. the inflow to choice of implementation of growth strategy that is embedded into short term foreign capital baseddevelop strategies, tothe in andbackup export holders to support capital domestic order to policies economic of insufficiency the from listed be can which factors, of range a wide economy. Turkish on deadlocks total crisesthese were because, crises onthese neo-liberalism causesof theprecipitated about public among the This transition period of neoliberal restructuring in Turkish market has also changed All in all, the problem of and the solutions to be offered to this problem within Turkish The mainbehind reasons theseeconomicimpacthuge with canbe explainedvia crises 13 CEU eTD Collection activities, while the Moderates are ready to engage in the ideas of both being secular and bothbeingsecular inideas engage of are ready the to Moderates activities,the while in religious engagement of level minimum want who ones the are Secularists ‘Clericalists’. and ‘Moderates’, ‘Secularists’, ofpeople inTurkey:types ideologically different 1.1.2 The Connection of Islamic Movement with Neo-Liberalism in Turkey section. next in the mentioned is society, people whohad been negatively affected byit. This gap andits consequencesin Turkish system and, therefore, could create its policies in order to fill these gaps, taking the support of space for thepolitical could gapsand in This wave seethe Islam. dysfunctional the parts aperfect in prepared system population and the & economic between political the Turkey tied totheneoliberal itrestructuring,was affected by itlongfor a period of time. This gap negatively was asitof amount population, the a great becomes obviousit that perspective, labour capital. andthe the between caused aconflict has inevitably, and classes various between inequalities fundamental the fostered has Turkey strengthen Therefore,with Islamic capital the neoliberal(Dogan 2006). inrestructuring themselves and they have managed by this implementing ideological transformations as well leads incompetency capital. thesmallandmiddle toreorganise This sizedenterprises larger significantly with firms international with compete to able be to capital enough not andhaving strategies beingdeveloporiented repositioning unable becauseof export to brings neoliberal that market inthe trend this globalisation to fragile more were positioned. They firms local sized middle and small in which in markets occurred bankruptcy of storm indistribution mid-sized andlarge relations.the capital Duringgroups the transformation, a the among restructuring the targeted neoliberal transformation Additionally, urban areas. In his study In his study ‘Politics and Islamin Rustow (1957) defines Turkey 1920-1955’, three Overall, when we bring all these effects together and view them from a broader 14 CEU eTD Collection areas, and of areas, andof local owners. business small urban tothese areas from rural the migrants especially city peripheries, inthe conditions population inof at that time,Turkey also but livedgetting thesupportof people who inpoor economicWelfare innot only successful of support the gaining rural was the reforms. Party from neoliberal suffered victims who meet needs of material post-1980 the was to the Patton momentum in441), (2009, early 1990’s. According mainconcern the party the to of Islam by neo-liberalism is Welfarethe Party iswhich emerged in late 1980s, and reached its for political space created of perfect advantage took the the that structuring The firstpolitical they becomeTurkey. chancein had the to Now, amajorplayerscene. political Turkish the by in continued created neoliberal the transformation gap whichwas until political the Islam in political instabilities These time. over strength its lost party system, political Deputy Prime Minister (Ibid.). However, owing tothe political instabilities within the Turkish becameyear, the following Duringsenators. Erbakan the get48deputies, managed and3 to andvotes of andachieved 11.8%the in 1973elections successful became unsurprisingly under the name Partisi, Nizam Milli the down which closed coup, military second the after right occurred of Milli education in University Istanbul 88). Thesecond 1999, (Shankland attempt, onthe hand,other Selamet Partisi becauseNakshibendi relations Erbakan had with tariqa good his this tariqa during (National party2011). The deputies by represented was inthe by two parliamentand wassupported the SalvationMilli Nizam (National Partisi Order Party) which wasformed by Erbakan (1926- Necmettin Party).political parties. outset Atthe of first1970’s,attemptwas conducted by the party called the This timelegally many organizeTurkish chances had these Clericalists to themselves republic, within the party they history from the will the of carry them removing Surprisingly, society. the throughout of secular reforms in impression the which Turkey were doneunder ofWestern positivism and with uncomfortable highly are hand,Clericalists other the On sametime. the at faithful 15 CEU eTD Collection not directly not neoliberaltarget as economy sidein an opposite terms property of private Order did Just of vision andErbakan’s WelfareParty’s the However; theeconomy. planning individual initiative), and thebests of socialism, including being a leading role for thestate in construction which aims 442) asautopian construction economic (2009, an of alternative Durhan in Patton to take the bests of capitalism (in that sense; private property, and Erbakan’s and the party’s socio-economicis vision, Just Order, described byÇ 1994 local andin elections 1995 nation-wide elections. Thefounder of party,the Necmettin in both results election Party’s Welfare the for outcomes positive brought life routine daily endeavour to bring about greater unity of the Muslim umma’. to and distribution, income justice and welfare social secure to values, moral and spiritual Düzen) aimed, as Patton (Ibid.) known Party,Order (Adil The as; Just economicWelfare agendaalso of solidarity codes. states, Islamic of principles the to ‘to references made ideology restore This grounds. these on ideology, social solidarity by negative neo-liberalism outcomes toattractof reinvigorating largeand managed its numbersof into people Islamic other words, it shows deducted a lessonthat from failurethe of the early transition period of TurkishWelfare political system. In Party capitalizedincome’ (Ibid.). This description of the situation by Patton points out that Welfare Party really and set up members findits jobs; and often paid school fees and hospital bills for those with insufficient political strategy network thatdelivered fuel, food, andclothingto families in dire helped straits; family on the extensivewelfare ‘Party activists conditions.established an lived people inpoor who support in to ethic codes order ofIslamicsolidarity the organizations theprinciples within party of via other and charities supports these mobilized party The newneoliberal economy. the from comes life business inthe success whose industrialists, and businessmen conservative This successful strategy This successful aimedstrategy that atembedding the party itspolicies into supporters’ The foundedparty get itself to by these supports channeling the financial support of 16 Õ nar and CEU eTD Collection through through enormous individual supports politicalto Islam, have they managed finally maketo modernmodernized insights into interpretations Thus,day Islam (Yavuz 1999,585-86). consciousness’ of ‘understanding an of anditsIslam strategy for transformingby society individual raising successfully implement the differentiations offered by Nurcu Path.and This path offers the chance to managed has which Movement includingGulen the thesis; this of model case is the answer decades auniquecreate neoliberalism? The two the to of combination and political Islam the past in the two the between change ideasactually did What disciplines. neoliberal and ideologies of Saidfounders Nurdi,of politicalpolitical Islamin Turkey. However,attheideologies when we look of followers the and the Islam, who the weraised that gap see political is the mentioned, is it a as great system, political putTurkish into assigned conflict more in between globalisedhastheir economicgreat andintentions political and neo-liberalism. with relationship their and movements Islamist of tostrategies and brace itself structure the reshaping of the actions caused reflected whose bourgeoisie Islamic conservative to deal consequencesin serious alienation the brought 442). This the of of of series terms actions with the obstacles.had considerable contributed financial backingfor the movement’Islamist 2009, (Patton One globalization,military,‘alienated pro- liberalizing Muslim bourgeoisie, whosegreen capital of the primarily the Turkey, of establishments secular the with strugglesconfrontations constant Erbakan’s that 1999, 99). moral unity of the family.state-led economic activities apopularistwithin Islamic which framework centralized the They called thisturning intomore model; state-developmentalistmodel. In this economic model, they simply pursued and neoliberal from a retreat implementing was Order Just The enterprise. free and ownership It isIt thatneoliberal true into putmanystruggles transformation Turkishwhich market and persuasions economic capitalist unorthodox highly Party’s Welfare general, In 17 Milli Görü ú - National View (Shankland View National CEU eTD Collection enemies list; ‘ignorance, and poverty, Nurcu dissension-internal Moreover, enmity’ (p.592). its into facts key three centred has movement Islamic unorthodox This movement. looking itis inmodernisation however,as Kemalist Turkey, a reaction as aforward to considered Movement from other Islamic movements (p. 586). Moreover, the ideology itselfput forward Nurcu the differentiate factors that are the consciousness individual in of society the terms Turkey (Ibid). combine a Islamandhis reforms, constituted powerful inIslamic movement contemporary that strategies and Islam of readings reforms, His secularism. Turkish such as epistemology positivist of influence high the under is which society and in Islam understanding the aims study on In the later God. and with connection via and an ultimate be solved creating this can of reality and Nur desire between tension of state in a be to going always are individuals movement,resources, limited andhis/her desires unlimited a person’s between is aconflict since there that, believed is to He 589). society’ (Ibid, inandhis life a permanent harmony create to weakness andfailure develop ‘intellectual with filled is believes, Nursi Said which, nature human in consciousness and religious the foster and raise isto createstudy the of aim main The years. imprisonment and exile new faith powerful movementwritten most declaration, of and its were written parts during his ways thatas defines of of of a series Qur’aninterpretation which consists sixthousandaround pages,and known a new 1.2 Religious Groups andTheir Background: Links to Neo-Liberalism progress. Turkey was ready to Now, stuck by thatpeace withneoliberalism, road clean upthe and neoliberal transition the period. Risale-i Nur Külliyat The understanding of Islam and strategies that the movement conducts to transform to conducts movement the that strategies and Islam of understanding The volumes six wrote Scholar, a Kurdish and Movement Nur of founder the Nursi, Said Õ (The Epistles of Light). This study is widely accepted as the most 18 CEU eTD Collection indicatesliberal Asthoughts. Park(2008)sums up ideasthe Fethullah of Gülen; unorthodox ethnically defined activities and global (YavuzGülenrelations 1999, 592). has more thoughts as modernisation firstput the of roots by among religious groups supporting education, an Islamic who Nursi Said of ideas the of up follow a basically are ideas His Gülen. Fethullah of ideas leader. He formed men influencedbusiness bymiddlepro-Western by are who classed freemarket the is definitely been basically has ‘IzmirCommunity’, asan known Hiscommunity, people. nationalist against fundamentalism and However, he gained his first communal in communal hegainedhisfirstpower However, in Edirne. mosque a at asasimple preacher started career His activities. clandestine hadSaidimprisonments andexilesduetothe alifewhichconsistedof Nursihad.He worldwide. andpower economical death, Fethullahç wasborn SaidNursi’s butthat movementafter the social such asYavuz (1999) scientists Nurcu movement might philosophies’ and on contrary,appreciates the notthe progressive industrialization Europe. of be considered‘meaningless as to referred is which secularism against radically is he as that show also a ideas political Islamic movementunbeneficial industries and meaningless philosophies which harms civilizations.the These by some of the forindustries thelife Christianity, via following justice and side true other holds the while the whodividesintosides. two EU Oneside the follows path of serving mankindbeneficial Movement supports Turkey’s role in EU and NATO by following the words of its creator, modern coup" that removed Necmettin Erbakan's Welfare Party from power, Welfare Party Erbakan's Necmettin removed that modern coup" "politicalopposed to sympathized with 1997 "post- Islam,"Turkey's and even of Shari'a,engulf Turkish society.though Thus, Gulen is notin favor of the political implementation thethat the state protectfreedom itself and its citizens against the chaos that was threatening to ittohim sympathizemilitary regardingappropriate Turkey's with coup, as to 1980 express andone's external security and stability for its faithcitizens. Gulen's internal providestate-centrism to responsibility secular has afunctionally state Gulen, the For even led should be respected. He is The founder of Gulen Movement, Fethullah Gulen, had more or less the same lifeas less same the or hadmore Gulen, Fethullah Movement, Gulen of The founder Õ lar has (Gulen managedMovement), togain amount enormous of political 19 ø zmir which is known as the castle of is zmir of as thecastle which known secular CEU eTD Collection other words, all resources in this universe neither distributed ‘widely’ or ‘scarcely’. Therefore, in we got, that needs resources our and the between balance in.is been havea perfect There well as it beenenough inshould have that all distributed resources Nursi states this universe, Said Uslu, to According views. economic Nursi’s Said of framework theoretical the explains people’s life inaccordance with InhisIslamic codes. column, (2009)briefly Sami Uslu in implemented be should life economic how interpret and illustrate to dedicated is which one of the volumes of Risale-i Nur study, namednot excessive. Indeed,Helikes not those whoexcess.” commit (Qur’an,Surat,Al-A’raf-7:31). as, society. of side the by be forprogress Islam,protested ideasgenderisenoughto modernisedthe these on arguing dictated to them and theyGender can discourse, be administrators supportingto Muslim butcover Christiangroups, and Jew He alsogroups. ideas hasprogressive on thatin the women society. should notEvenbeing (p.144).Moreover, an atheist." hisIslamic tolerance arenot anddialogues limited only be forcedthough to thiswear theis a clothesclearwords, that "no areone should condemn2000). His liberal ideas regarding Muslims in Anatoliaanother are on the phase of peace. By his own for being a member withas political (Aras radicala group unlikethe agenda, a secret andCaha Islamic groups of a religion or scold are highly from againstideas takingavoiding opposite not the debates seem public inorder to him for integrationthe of its followers existing to political neoliberal system in fact, Turkey. they In the first steps towards an "Iranianization" of Turkish political and social life. followers embarkedon were and his Erbakan believed that incame wake.He its although Gulen was himself caughtup in on religious crackdown the activity that This very illustrativebasic but Surat,widely by accepted Nursi inSaid shape order to “O childrenofAdam, takeyouradornment atevery masjid, andeat drink, butbe These ideas are about, as it is called, tolerant Islamic discourse which aims to foster 20 ø ktisad Risalesi ktisad (Risale on Economy) on (Risale CEU eTD Collection financial of struggle capitalism (Ibid.).Firstly,is asit themajor rule, people should notwork tocloseorder thedoorfights,of close thedoor of banks’ (Uslu 2009). Said Nursi can finalize the ideological of perspective Nur Movementtowardsfinance; ‘In wars foughtfor class (Sözler-649). Anotherdistinction’ Lemeât, Lemeat (Shiningof words) War One, whosays wars fought ‘The light by and people states will heavy itsgive placeto globalwill lead to financial by war are predicted Nursi,duringSaid World the yearsafter eventually, which, political hugeeconomic based disorders today’s caused crisis economic takes the ideas of Saidwhich makes people Nursiearn money without effort. Moreover, as many of Nur followers do, Usluand carries them by approved since itincludesIslam, ‘interest rate’in everysingle almost financial activity to the next stage, foresights.(religiously andnot appreciated forbidden) ways.Thebankingindustry is not especially Uslu citesshouldbe avoided by since people toearnmoneythey people encourage in that ideas, weshould at look his finance ideas. oriented based and agricultural After production Nursi’sdistribution resource ones (Ibid). Said of production,gives especially meaningto that activity asaneconomic and trade encourages since hefeeds hand,by it crucial itas supports usall.On other sector the most the describing on them his focus of most hegives matters, agricultural For metals. the produce to resources workers and the resources that they extract from the mines and how the big factories use these as a tool gives that raw meaning During to resources. thestudy, hementions themining dimensions; Trade,Industry,ideas and Agriculture. His regardingare aboutseeing industry it of importance asamatter usage of forof resources no excessivegiving room usage. the best appropriate economic system thatfits into this balance is the system that seeks out the On hand, comes stagedIslamic other the this Saidwith a three solution Nursi to As Uslumentions, Said (Ibid), according to banking banking Nursi, like industries or economic three the centralizes Nursi Said production, as ameanof Moreover, 21 Haram CEU eTD Collection up; sums (Ibid.) Uslu as system, economic his In capitalism. against is totally he that either, say fundamental rules of liberalism, especially the ones related with finance. However, we cannot movement. Gulen of inside solidarity represents theissuesin discussedfor chapter3which includesadirectexample economic this is directly solidarity economic acreated Hence, of path. Nurcu followers the within solidarity in acommunity,is, solved therefore, according tohis ideasby create a to financialtrying that enlighten its followers. The solution that he seeks for the financial issues that might occur following doctorines Said-i of hisNursi’s represents basicdailylife economic perspectives the Therefore, in(Ibid). society the unity for the consequences negative cycle create and available people resources. Moreover, should also notbetooambitious whichcan disturb this Islam andSaidNursi. prodigality people shouldbe abstinent Thirdly,avoid accordingand to to the fosters bankingindustry, sortofconflicts every within which asociety, according to regards with can necessities financial bypass the method tointerests this alternative Therefore, by interest toavoidloansindictated (taking rates bybanks. order of alms)released terms according to Islam it (approvedshould be one fortieth by of one’sIslam) income) andway people comes who take from the people who should give it by not implementing interest oriented interest implementing not by it they Then,ifneedthat financial live withand take interests. should hestates people resources, and its latest main stream idea, neoliberalism. Moreover, the other movement that other the Moreover, idea, neoliberalism. main stream latest and its capitalism Movementtoward brief ideasof Nur people. mainand These are the which stagnates state the from waiteverything makes to people socialism that socialism that does not harm moral values, however, he does not accept the side of destroys moral values of the society. On hisideas, to which,the high according consumption lead peopletowards sides that other hand, he is pleased with side of its rejects but aspect income he the takes from capitalism, For instance, sides. theiraspects of and twoeconomicthese andtakes positive systems productive socialism.nor capitalism It carriesneither is up its builds own preferencesBediüzzaman that system which economic The are based on rejecting the negative Generally, founder the of SaidNurcu Movement, most Nursiis of against the Haram 22 ways. The demand andsupply this of Zekat (giving alms, (giving Sadaka Halal CEU eTD Collection quite profitable for the movement. be outto turned hegemonic in project this between and Islam 92). This capitalism (p. alliance States United the country, leading capitalism’s in itself centralizes fact, in and neoliberalism ideologies Gramscian by explained be can movement the that add to he continues Moreover, economy.” that and hasdevelopedbenefit firms profitable ableto from privatization and themodern aims to Gulenreform movement uses the modern capitalist system as a tool to fulfil its goals and objectives “Thea University; Yeditepe at a professor Tahsi, with Deniz conducted of he interview the new type a part As Keskin states from former the ones. movement the that differentiated political path of and hegemonyeconomical different a followed Movement Gulen Therefore, with). bare had Nursi Said thatwhich doesled to the movement’snotmadehad Movement Nurcu that from mistakes the learned Movement the Gulen whereas dramaticconflict end (the inhuman capitalism nature, values as a themoral destroys system that directly targeted conflict with with the doctrinesstate and allfundamental the rejected themovement the which in in Turkey, exiles Movement Gulen by ofachieved ofPolitical(Keskin Thisbalanceis 2009,88-89). auniquefar be isso combination which the to only one Islamic channels Turkish politics beliefs ofpeople modernity ofTurkey within neoliberal and Islamic the (such identity of between secular the a political balance out it since carries markets, economical as Welfareis The movementinspired. as for booster a development considered Turkish and political Party).is Movement Gulen which from Movement, Nurcu group, core the than relations positive Welfare Party’sThe relationship between neoliberal school and Gulen hasbeenMovement built more upon essence a large media empire. It owns Sizinti (a scientific monthly), Ekoloji (an Ekoloji monthly), scientific (a Sizinti owns It empire. media large a andGülen's isbased a web business networks community complex on controls of positive perspectives toward neoliberalism. toward perspectives positive and of ideas, havemorearised from tolerated Gulen Movement, ashes Nurcu the The powerof groupisthe summarized by Yavuz (1999,596); 23 CEU eTD Collection law, a free-marketlaw, economy 2004). a forth (Religioscope and so modern implementing; bysupportingits democracy world and institutions,and the rule of Path within,in terms of spreading theideology beingof a Muslim who gained his in place added by theNurcu carries himself movement Gulen of Gulen threekey characteristics these Yavuz, Hakan to according Therefore, policies. neoliberal follows and underlines clearly he we see that Gulen is a state oriented Turkish nationalist. On the other hand, as market policies, Yavuz names, aneo-Nur Movement. When we look at the case from a nationalist perspective, makeit, asHakan himself Gulen to by beenFethullah created have that obvious differences Movement rooted relying Jul Hakan on interview on (21 Religioscope He states Yavuz’s Gulen that 2004). in the ideologiesTurkish economy January after 24, 1980(Keskin 93). 2009, of Saidchanges inmarketconditions, such thewidespread privatization as deregulation of the and Nursi’s Nurvariation Movement, and of structure its itsof because movement activities. Islamic global multi-dimensional and powerful, “This however, is a result of Keskinthe (2009)’sneoliberalist therestudy. Accordingin mentioned intellectual, to Yildirim,writer-public Yildirim, process, Mustafa and Keskin Gulenarebetween interview Movement isand one of duethe most tocomplex, important Hayati Hayati Dayan dollars US in capital.billion a half Moreover, over has and a powerful partners association sixteen by backed is of businessmen,which Finans, Asya ISHAD institutions, ( financial growing fastest the of one controls community the outlets, religiousSamanyolu publication), and TV, Burch FM. Inaddition mediato these language Fountain (English newspaper), The weekly magazine), Zaman (a daily Aksiyon (a journal), Umit(a theological magazine),Yeni environment-related over 100foundations. includes universities and colleges, highschools, dormitories, summercamps, and Gülen'smerchants, supports also educational infrastructure activities. This Overall, wecan summarize the neoliberal economic ideologies of Gulen Movement by face-to-faceThe sourceof can such a by various reasons,a power be explained Õú ma Dernegi), which includes over 2000 businessmen includes 2000businessmen over and ma which Dernegi), 24 øú CEU eTD Collection financial market. financial are aimed beto a new type of bourgeoisie by bringing high amount of cash inflows Turkishto levelstudy in activities Turkey, religious corporate which to group paperisgoing chapter, the ‘organising is organisations’In within themainstream which chapter III. thisof oncoming followof to upastrategy have started they ofitovertime. Therefore, becoming apart and market insideof formed newly this centralize themselves they seek to liberal transformation, heal AfterTurkish migrants thecaused thesetools byneo- inEurope. to wounds across two by Tigers’ supported by GreenCapital the whose resources are fundedpolitical of Islam the way as all power groups have achieve.to Thus by that necessity, they have created ‘Anatolian same in the society, in the bourgeoisie own their create to had movements Islamic Turkey, of in neoliberal economy secure the to in their position However, order II. in mentioned chapter anda financial diggedout was in mine right frontalways that of beTurkey, which will found movements Islamic achievement, this from revenues the collect and market, Turkish in problem this overcome to order In institutions. financial international to dependent highly the feedpost-privatization support era and hungerwhich the financial made of market, the it inside Turkish of the society. Firstgapis highcashinflowthe in necessity marketTurkish to economic of gaps has playedamajorperiod these role inthe appearance liberal economy As the economic and political gaps listed in this chapter demonstrate, transition to neo- 25 CEU eTD Collection internationally known ‘Anatolian bourgeoisie’ group, known as ‘Anatolian Tigers’. This Tigers’. ‘Anatolian as known group, bourgeoisie’ ‘Anatolian known internationally move is groupsprovided desireformal creating of of the bythegaps religious the and a ideologies via both written and oral-visual media tools. However, the most important strategic channels. Thisderegulation gave ofraisingIslamicvoices, chance the expressingtheir liberalisingwords, the of rightbroadcasting by the state-basedremoving rule overthemedia politicalthe isin reforming Turkey deregulation the broadcasting inTurkey,inof other the ideas of trying to attract culturally and economically “parallel tocreate in offeredbyneoliberalism theirsociety” based on opportunities order own left out groups. For instance, one of groups. conservative internationalbeensupport to has also bydomestic positively Islamic capital reacted with secular Turkish bourgeoisie hadlinkswhich close Western with Capitalism (Ibid). This competeinTurkey come to to order to capital international Islamic-conservative encouraged Turkish capital, and between alinkinternational the create was aim to main which Özal’s overtime. Welfare Party consisted of to itself transformed which Party, Salvation National member of aformerbeen and had order only the secular type with ties Naqshibendi hadstrong He inMalatya. family a conservative Özal belonged to that of Turkish capital.Özal meanings hisYashin liberal about of missions in (2002, 224)’ssummary and the Turkey Therefore, hefor new from Welearn asideologies. by political nichesmany opportunities occurred Özal, formatted system economical and political inTurkish liberalization of phase early the In Özal. member Prime of order, Naqshibendi (1983-89) and Minister President(1989-93), Turgut 2.1 TheNecessityofa‘Muslim’ Bourgeoisie CREATING A ‘MUSLIM’ BOURGEOISIE AND CASH INFLOWS TO INFLOWS ANDCASH BOURGEOISIE A‘MUSLIM’ CREATING CHAPTER II: FILLING THE GAPS IN NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMY; NEO-LIBERAL THE GAPSIN FILLING CHAPTER II: As Yavuz (1999, 585) states, religious groups had successfully managed to use hadstates, religiousAs Yavuz successfully managed tothese (1999,585) groups by has been apowerful therisecapital triggered Anatolian The mainmomentum of to TURKEY FROMEUROPE TURKEY 26 CEU eTD Collection business dynamics of this new bourgeoisie; and firms.As summarize and medium sizedAnatolian Demir(173-74) thecharacteristics linked anew create small with roots had bourgeoisie managedinconservative Turkey to groups- tariqasmany and companies runby (2), neo-liberalism shareholders (3).Eventually, firms holders business (1), religious aredirectly capital by held conservative, which religious thetypesDemiral. Anatolian 169), et (2004, forms; of aredividedinto three Tigers study their In dynamics. and characteristics business their both in differences major carry they capital, Turkish-Anatolian of in terms fact, In Islam. by political supported activities important, since notall of these Anatolian Tigers are associated with conservative or religious subsidies provided by Turkish(Öni state no or little have they though even market, world in the orientations export significant Denizli, Kahramanmara in especially located firms medium-sized or small anumber of relatively accommodate aresomethere inTurkey which cities ‘Anatolian suggests, as theword However, Tigers’ Turkey’s biggest city industrialIstanbul, activities locatedare in partthis of Turkey. to closeness and advantages landscape transportation, as; such reasons various the to Due TV stations, have empower served to Islamic groupsin Turkey’. new the and MUSIAD as such spaces, alternative ‘new states; (Ibid) As Yavuz MUSIAD). ve Sanayici Müstakil called an association form to bourgeoisie Anatolian growing this led desire øú Adamlar The characteristics of these cities and businesses positioned therein therein positioned are quite cities of andbusinesses these The characteristics Most of the industrial firms are generally, located in the Marmara region of Turkey. institution will be more beneficial to their interests. their to beneficial more be will institution themselves as 'Progressive Conservatists'. as'Progressive themselves x x Õ Derne Supporting institutional change since carrying the hopeof newthe 'Being loyalvalues,beingchange'.'Being religious whileopento to call They ú , Çorum, Gaziantep, and Gaziantep, , Çorum, ÷ i (Independent Industrialist’ Association,andi Industrialist’ Businessmen’s (Independent ú 1997, 759). 1997, 27 ù anl Õ urfa. The firms infirms have theselocations urfa. The CEU eTD Collection 2.2 Funding the Turkish economy bysustaining the ‘Muslim’ bourgeoisie has vital importance. it back bourgeoisie, therefore, and of upthis new type Turkey with related to to cash inflows central and rooted in Turkish political system, the next chapter examines the three case studies its in positive necessities, brought according to which outcomes. turn neo-liberalism. well These groups examined this new trendglobal andpolitical acted kind that perfectly absorbsalways standfor, andhigh quality education. Inotherwords, this newbourgeoisie isthe new the societal, modernizationmarket, viaideas abandoning fundamentalist movements as Gulen and Nur economical, and political free andopen in of neo-liberalism terms of free-spirit the fosters bourgeoisie that type of requirementsnew creatingbased a ismaker on Anatolia. This peace powerof and productive the thoughts, assigned by itfeelingsand by among society partof the centralized the and dominated conservative find have makera peace groups managedto Thereligious isanswered. thesis question of this research the to answers the of one fact, in generosity, this examining By generous. than more In order to expressIn orderto sustainabilitythe enables religious tobecomethat tool groups more Overall, what we can say is that, the blessing of neo-liberalism for political Islam was Islam political for neo-liberalism of blessing the is that, say can we what Overall, to establish a strong link with the state bureaucracy (chapter 3). had managed bourgeoisie new this showsthat casewhich today's bureaucracy, unlike state and new bourgeoisie is between this There distance ahuge financial assets. to the choice of using their own resource or personal loans to make investments. ones with less noor mutual bounds. of bond with the state who is going to subsidies level. education qualified with more schools to its private-conservative supporters rather than the a partof a political party. goods. rather cultural goods than focusandmaterial-value art identities addable of on the x x x x x x Due to the no state relations, they are unable to turn government power government turn to unable are they relations, state no the to Due to due accumulation capital the fosters behaviour entrepreneurial Their lack a have since they market in the interventions state against They are Giving high priority education to of their by children establishing Supporting right-wing parties, while notgiving impression the beingof Having businessmen aclass of has morewho profit economicoriented 28 CEU eTD Collection nolonger ‘Turks in the but‘Turkish-Europeans’.Europe’, country. they that underlines are This percentage citizenship host of the to the been accepted inthe region of applied and immigrants outthat42.1% Turkish the studyalsofact, the points 5.2 million people. In upgraded to thisTurkish Bulgaria, ofGreeceand number memberships liveAfter of ethnically the borders who Union. inthe European the people, Turkish the Europe. According to TAM Associationwhich Turkish people are located, such as Döner Kebab in, especially, in Germany and rest of (Turkey Research in region the by cultureof the havebeenaccepted Center), words Turkish all the see person can that there are 4.2 million immigrants in compare the areother in Then, Union. numberthe moreEurope the with to 2.2.1- Turks inEurope solution would be, they found it; in Turks Europe. best the what on much so thinking not without Therefore, society. in the initiative more take bourgeoisie trigger neededfinancialrelations theirto they inTurkey, sustainable to resources markets.make toachieveorder Inorder to international in competitiveness theirpower export strengthen smalland the support and mid-sizedfirms in Turkey, which need more subsidies in Gulen Movement on the behalf of Nurcu Path. Therefore, they seek a solution that at least can refers to of course, which, based economies, freemarket neo-liberal support ideologically absorbed as Especially, the groups. itthese isof problem absorbedbythe ones that is problem this Turkey, in Islam political of rise the of years following the In economy. from inflow foreign the is necessity,cash which for into turned abig Turkish dependency is resulted gap This economic period. posttransformation in this occurred reforms economic the by healed truly been never has that economy in Turkish gap a caused has transformation active inTurkey neo-liberalits and thissystem, paper underlines neo-liberal that When one travel across the E.U., she/he can observe that Turkish immigrants in After explaining relationship between who the religiousthe groups are politically 29 CEU eTD Collection Akkoyunlu and Kholodilin1) state statistical(2006, the for thecase;data in important economy significantlytoday’s of which Turkey last in expanded decade. the approximately, billion 4.2 annuallyEuro, (TAM Association 2007, 20). is, thetotal household saving of the research, the to inaccording 1.054.000, is, Turkey family,the 1800€and the restfor saving,the 330€.Since the total numberTurkish household Theconsumption 2.130 Euro. biggest portion incomethis of expenses livelihood goesto of of people responsible role for the of ‘bread winner’ is 1.36 with a monthly income average of Turkish householdhas members in average the numberof one family.4 The average of migrants. to Turkish of capital accumulation portion hadmigrants achieved oflaborwhich greatamounts force in turn animportantbrought years(Ibid). almost the However, in throughout old 50 Turkish history Europe, Turkish basically, under the category of unskilled labor force, which mostly consisted of male workers were,legal migrants most The of and Thethese France Netherlands (1964), (1965). (1964), 1961 andfollowed upby agreements with other othercountriesthe in BelgiumEurope, in was signed War The agreement World II. the after collapsed which country’seconomy the force withreconstructwithall agreement n. the It labor whowished started d.). to Germany Gazetesi, (Sabah background has ahistorical between EUandTurkey the labor trade force the in Union, migrants European held by the Turkish of importance capital the the accumulation Turkish ethnicity in the relation of Turkey and E.U. (TAM Association 2007, 18). ethnicmember in importance groups countries eightof the underlines of the Union,the which total emittances to Turkey. During the 1970s and 1980s total reached remittances 1980s total Turkey. 1970sand the total During to emittances ‘Turkish workers’ remittances from Germany constitute a large share (80%) of The role of financial the from transactions inTurkish migrants is Union the quite a of population average the are remarkable: finds out study the that factors Economic describes Eren Hikmet Association, Relations Economic of Eurasia president As the Overall, the sum of the population of ethnically Turkish people are more than the other 30 CEU eTD Collection argument of chapter: argumentthis of than the European banks. What they have done with the money of the migrants is the main channels such investmentinterestas charities, projects,oroffering rates better significantly hadbased groups managed tomobilize themigrants money into flowing toTurkey via various Moreover, throughout thisyears almosthistory, in old 50 Turkish migrants Europe religion impacthad country liberalisthad grouping. on this hostapositivethe social also policies of hand,ideologies protectionist the of migrantsarenot theonlyinitiators inthese race,the this socialthe formed groups focused Turkish by migrants the onreligious matters.On other the Islam. case; in this and religious; point: one on centered were which values their for much too survivepeoplenow, had who, to inindustrialized-capitalist Naturally, geographies. they cared by instincts havebeenfostered by feelings situation causedthis protectionistthe of these from a distant region isolated mainly and based on agricultural theirsurvival production, Since among most groups towards the migrants. tendencies of the people come these Turkish insidenetworks in Turkishthe groups migrantMoreover, the region.the psychology supports potential itnot surprisingis5 billion ofEuro many peryear),social seetheexistence of to 2.2.2 Emerging Turkish Groups inEurope resources. annualenormous in amountsaving Turks is such blissEurope seekingfor groups the financial respectively. investments from billionGermany andonly totaled to17.8 billioneuros 4.2 euros, whereasinflows47.5 billiontotaled euros, and foreign direct capital the to During[...] 1964-2005Turkish the period workers’ fromGermany remittances 4% of Turkish GDP and remittances from Germany were 3% of Turkish GDP. In the light of these protectionist ideas with regards to their Islamic identity, most of identity, their Islamic to ideasregards with light protectionist of these In the Having that much capital accumulation among Turkish people in Europe (with almost As the numbers in the last two paragraphs argument, thetemptation our As thenumbersinlasttwo support this of creating their own with bourgeoisie significanteconomicpower. 31 CEU eTD Collection bourgeoisie. create financialgoingcase examine for to whichaimedto next the new this resources extracted from the Turkishmentionfundedbeenhaveby financial is some to going firmsthese the of resources that migrants. Therefore,insection, paper Therefore, the next the andJet-Pa. Ittifak, Sayha, AnadoluHolding, Edüstri, in this section Büyük such asKombassan, grew rapidly, firms of of specific some the establishment the of this chapter, themoney mobilized from migrants,the as Demir etal states, usedin(2004, 170) the paper is link achieved the ideologies restof between the population the The and the of group. the had movement the thatmeans power economic an creating share. Therefore, markettheir structure of bourgeoisie Turkey, with haddevelop Islamic background neverbeen able to financial and humanitarian, necessities of the group. holdsbourgeoisie in akeyposition of sustainingand terms providing physical,both the a strong role of the Therefore, respectively. source, ideological and economical of terms On the other hand, the merchants and the journalists are the outsourcing power of the group in join be day, the active intheor whoare,one staff supporters. group, division to going either of the customers model are the in this students the Therefore, schools. located internationally its upon agenda whose is dependent group staff the of direct arethe teachers instance, There is no doubt that these socioeconomic groups implement a division of the group. For by merchants.’ and Anatolian arelargely Istanbul-based supported educational activities enactjournalists, realization students to the hisof and ethos.These Turko-Ottoman teachers, merchants, on Gulen relies Asia. Central and in Turkey landscape educational the ‘The mobilizedmedia combination of money, knowledge, has students and molded already Due to the conflict between the Islamist portion of the society and the secular state secular the and society of the portion Islamist the between conflict Due tothe Yavuz597) clearly (1999, financialpoints out the of Gulenthe resources Movement; 32 CEU eTD Collection application process of Turkey has never been truly internalized by Europe’s non- Europe’s by internalized truly been never has Turkey of process application Party. Development and Justice starting by Party, the Virtue Party, empowered with and with Welfarethe continued the inestablishment every 1994 onwards,the hassupported channel form of Islam, political which is publiclycalled is channel The tendencies. Islamic political to regards with one known to haveis acontroversial launched was the program that channel television the that program. Notice a random relationship mission support to the from the had shown of publicthe monetary resources whomany great betweenpeople and weredonatingfoods, clothes, other provisions. Additionally, program the accepted politicalinstance, For by audience. the external provided resources to program the is openness of the Islam. From its becametool program essenceused, whichthe financial multinational the that this sourcing, of money. some key the stocks of such limited amount or as food subsidies However, temporary the big cities. After finding these people, the program uses its own resources to provide of in peripheries the theones especially settlement country, the areas around from squatter the find outpeoplesmall living or communities have very conditions, such whopoor people as to aimed basically The program House). (Light Feneri Deniz case, the of name as thesame receivers whoseekfinancialat support period that in connection with religiousthe group. interpretby looking thisdimensions scenario atthe two of case;timethe period andpossible wecan approach, ofdescriptive/interpretivist However,within thevirtues interpret. hard to makes case the that factor is a also of court documents sharethe of the in Turkey on Justice ministry of banof the the phase.Moreover, in premature their project the hit justice German interpretations, since itwas blocked by in German the government 2008. The attackof the 2.3– CASE:Deniz Feneri Derne Turkey’s relation with the European Union has always been on thin lines. The lines. thin on been always has Union European the with relation Turkey’s Very drastically, roots of the casethis a goback to television program, whichis called Unlike the previous two cases, what was mainthe target of this case cannotgo beyond ÷ i (Light House i (Light Association) 33 Kanal 7 (Channel 7), CEU eTD Collection makes subjective news in favor of the government. Therefore, Erdogan Erdogan himself the of Therefore, news infavor subjectivedraws makes government. the should be another side which eithermakes high quality there objective mediastatement, this outcomes, to or, according clearlyhand, other the On outcomes. media subjective makes and as Banu is (Ibid)states, willing so tomisleadactual facts the about Turkishgovernmentthe represents the secular identity of Turkish people. Moreover, according to Erdo according to Moreover, people. identity Turkish of thesecular represents actions, and sideagainst JDP government’s opposition inthe always stands is that side the one hisstatement, to According categories. into two media Turkish the divided automatically for their media channels to make them more competitive among their rivals. creatingmoreagendas resources for whichisabout othersecretof were used organization, the organization consist of Party (JDP)’ Businessmendonations (Banu2010,270).These madeby transactions a non-profit doneDevelopment and ‘pro-Justice and on 7), (Channel the 7 Kanal channel, purposetelevision Islamist the to of helping the poor in by donationsillegally thathavebeencollected transferred Association DenizFeneri was the Turkey. They million portion the decision,of euro Turkey. 14.5 thecourt Accordingtransferredto to million managedyears’ collect association this the donations 41 in period, seven euro to total, continued until of outset the investigationthe in with amountthe 2008 of 1.9 million In Euros. Association’sFeneri transactions began in 2002 with amountthe millionof 1.8 andeuro indictment, Deniz court of an translation certified online according to However, process. became spoton this another application decision,most Frankfurt, recentGerman the court compromised and disciplined view andTurkey’s less Bigeffort- gain Therefore,philosophy. Dogan Dogan Yay name by is intheDeniz investigation media accepted Feneri which secular the leadedby his tohimin after regardsto proposed questions the rightby Minister Prime the Erdogan, ‘Yanda Õ n Grubu (Dogan Media n Grubu (Dogan Group)-(Banu 2010,271).By saying Erdogan this, ú Medya’ (Partial Media), this word is quite popular these days. It is first used first is It days. these popular is quite word this Media), (Partial Medya’ 34 ÷ an, this side, CEU eTD Collection hold on the assets of movement.the This information provided by an executive in Turkish Investigation for the relatedparties with Gulen whichMovement isbe going to triggered bya Feneri in Deniz the is be wave asecond to there going explain that to He continues track infivetrack forof Movement’sassets Germany Gulen years(Ayd the been keeping has government German Asia Department), of Head Office- Intelligence Kozino isinside. Movement.located According mainsubjectof this Gulen group This thesis, to the associationfar looks likewhich, so a pool eitherthat smallorbig inis Islamicgroups Europe linked Theiswith supportof religious group also Nakshibendhi another with this this group. founder. of the which he with Esad Ço relations had close Mehmet hisyears in backwith the community degree relationshipthe to goes of primethis suspect Dergah tariqa innaksibendhi group Islamic an of name the is also name middle donates his life solely forAkman changed hisname by adding amiddle-name, ‘Zahid’ meanswhich ‘a person who the activities relatedSerpil According to Y council. with Allah’. The key factorhis by immunity hisdiplomatic granted as position supremethe media inTurkish control here is that this acourier investigation moneys thedonation as whocarries by Turkey from Germany to using background reveals his linkclose with in Islamicgroups the Turkey. His name is cited in the of concern political inIslam to sustainorder its political stability in Turkey. directly which media channels, non-secular and secular the between a clash to attention Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurumu Radyo veTelevizyon ÷ Moreover, this relationship between limited is association the and groups religious not One of the key suspects of the investigation is Aykut Zahid Akman who was the headZahid whowasthe Aykut is Akman investigation of One keysuspects the of Õ . lu, who is the head of Milli Milli of head is the who lu, This community isby Mehmet Accordingfounded ZahidKotku. Y to Õ lmaz’s article on Hürriyet Gazetesi 2008), Gazetesi lmaz’s article(25 September on Hürriyet (Supreme Board of Radio and Television, RTUK). His ø stihbarat Te stihbarat 35 ú an got theleadershipwho death after the ú kilat Õ –Asya Ba –Asya Õ nl Õ k, 25 December 2011). k, 25 ú mü , Iskenderpasa ú ter Õ lmaz (Ibid.) Õ (Turkish CEU eTD Collection receivers,Kanal is nothing7, butaboutthe necessity of ‘keeping themedia business running’. specific into Turkey from Germany from inflows financial the between link the case, of his actions, henaturally mediasaw the powerof overTurkish in people. Therefore, this outcomes After seeingthe its requirements. lifeand Islamic the daily about speeches he gives hisinstance,of Samanyoluchannels, TV, in television are aired onone that For programs as channels. media mass using via fundamentalism of level high this over got Gulen Fethullah However, daughters. their of right a basic limits and beyond go even can which life daily secondary or high schools.’ The Islamic communities were that much radical in terms of decade ago,thistheireven religious community was not toallowwilling togo their to daughters tryingintroduce his to religiously conservativelevel community to a modernof A society. modernize its community on channels.different As Hakan Yavuz (1999,601)states; ‘He is The Consequences 2.3.1 relationships groups. the among these to point out the direct relation with the movement and its500.000€ which is notin association, accountingthe documents of association.the Even though itis hard the links lead to prove Co., which, according to the statement, sold foods to the association for the amount of Asya Finans Bank, which is known as the bank of the Gulen Movement, in the name of Aytac from aredirecttransactions there June 2011), in(11 Birgün Gazetesi inanarticle represented andholly views, they havenot could achievedsuch holiness’. asita great Additionally, is supports the mission of the association by saying that ‘If these people would not carry good official website, denizfeneri.org.tr, an article of Fethullah Gülen is presented. In the article, he linked with local butalso groups religious amovementhas that enormous powersworldwide. only not are activities illegal its and thatthis out association points directly Office Intelligence As I mentioned in the previous chapter of mentionedAs chapterof inthe I are trying thesis,this GülenMovementprevious to their In website. official in their also shown is Movement Gulen of support The 36 CEU eTD Collection Islam inchapter, theissue and Turkey. relationship next the the In between of groups these political the is which founders, their of benefits the for serves who bourgeoisie’, ‘Muslim undeniablethe influencemedia of channels the over society, which are by controlled new this channels. Thelast base,larger ‘relations to via society’, is supported thismedia channels and ‘donations’ and new‘Muslim’bourgeoisie in Turkey,in which, this case, consists mediaof tactics base’, paperreveals the findings link regards tothe the between usethe of this and base, ‘strategy second for the hand, other Onthe Association. Deniz Feneri are given to which name ‘donations’, of the under society the from require comes Islamic movements that necessary illustrates base’, the that resources chapter For the base, first the ‘support 1977). resource mobilization, of main stages three information about the of light Within the focus. mobilization’ ‘resource the findings of this chapterfindingsThese themain also construct ideological ofsocial background movement theory’s have an answer for eachapproaching theirmembers to asa financial which potential resource anytime.can beutilized stage (McCarty are they is that indicates chapter this answer the system; economical and political Turkish in (mainly Gülen Movement), how they mobilized their powers to achieve their current position casestudy. from the gathered findings the and theories, economy political and movement social frameworks, theoretical important contribution comes from the points that show the positive match between the vulnerable related with points Turkey and national values.- traditional However, most the successful in immigrants’ the gapsin using Turkish-European the psychology; their wellness to support their bourgeoisie; in this case, it is the Kanal 7. mediaachievesecular theTurksinand To channels. this,they used financial theirEurope Overall, they have to fund their ‘Yanda As the research focus of this thesis is set to find out; what lies behind these groups, Overall in it section,this has been demonstrated that,religious are quitegroups ú Medya’ in order to keep them compatible with the 37 CEU eTD Collection (Y Kotku, says ‘A society’s members.As founder,effect their upon existing Iskenderpasa community MehmetZayid most clever ones their maintain or attract tool to best andthe population the effect over direct has aremedia which the ones who makesholds powerof the bourgeoisie is that the in chapter this mentioned bourgeoisie Turkey. This the businessin bourgeoisie their for pools of financial create media’they followers, radical their of consists which farms in outthatbyharvestingEurope, their points thischapter somegiven space.Moreover, theirmembers and the members’financial liabilities with regards tothese willgroups be Õ lmaz 2008). 38 CEU eTD Collection paper ispointpaper going details to out the of bondbetween this perspectives religious the and theirfaithin them108). In in chapter, gives peace this their usuallives (2012, addition, the life?’ is 66%of around participants.the Moreover, %84percent of participantsthe say that 34 cities ofTurkey, the question answerof‘Yes’ the to of‘Does yourfaith leadyour daily sociological study sociological study Dr. Halil of Nalçao quantitative the to According people. of Turkish characteristic religious level high the of in andliterature terms data providing interpretations. of qualitative clear andstraightforward with lotsof academic contribution current to promising academic ideologies which sometimes andtheir find undeniableout religious the groups aimed existing among and those point to clashes or support Thischapter the ‘Media Bourgeoisie’. selectedcaserepresents bourgeoisie, whichinthe liberal doctrines. in grounds Turkish competitive economyby subsidizing thefreshly conservativeemerging The aim of this chapter inTurks ThisEurope. mobilized financial has beenresource usedtosustain their economic is implementation strategy focusedthe on the study chapter, second Inthe doctrines. economic pro-neoliberal of the religiousfor is itself, Movement Gulen the version, groupsmodernized and reformed its while school, liberal aimed to mobilizeneo- the with contradictions many had Path, Nurcu the Movement, financial Gulen the of origin the that wellnessrevealed It ‘Cemaat’. of context the within of Turkey in Islam political and liberalism of roots historical the analysed has thesis this chapter, first the In orientations. foundation economic behind the religious structuring group inmodern Turkey, which centres its members into its Gulen movement Membersin 3.1 CHAPTER III: THE FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS; MEMBERS AND THE AND MEMBERS BENEFITS; FRIENDS WITH THE CHAPTER III: The main source of canbe of religiousby The mainsource the groups attractionsthe towards explained aims economic sub-text theactual describe beento has thesis this aimof The overall ÷ COMMUNITY lu, onnearlyconducted is which 16.000participantsin 39 CEU eTD Collection this case, both interviewees clearly run away from any possible conflict they might face, might they from conflict any possible run away clearly interviewees both this case, in and parties Therefore, of other society. state the the from scarier made people democracy weak Turkish the helpof inTurkey with lasting conflicts long issue.The secularism the around of especially society, the parts different within national anddemocracy tensions lack isof considered: Turkey of political condition current the isonce understandable request This interviewee. beinganonymous and an recording noelectronic reasonable condition, in groups. these Therefore,religious groups. the topicbe should by approached understanding their conditions for these service tothe dedicated simply lives are these cases in some life, their of portion sensitive highly and values.Thesevaluesmakeupa significant codes interviewees’ the with questions of the of relatedness the because behad answeredcarefully, to my questions 3.2 Interviews: Informationwith regards tomethodsofthe interviews with intensive political authority inof group the Turkish institutions. which underlines also of group domestic isinthe the economic sourcing amutual relation its it expectations needsthe Moreover, members. presents and of how this groupresponds to Movement, theGulen within authority significant holds a regionally who interviewee second from the Theinformation gathered codes. community tothe or members community the of their lives social andfreedoms, personal sincehave they nowresponsibilities towards other people’s minds, why to become they want apartof a religious which group, mostrestricts of information intervieweeprovided by first the releases theembeddedness of in religion The tools. viacommunication online haveinterviewsconducted been which on two isbased The chapter mainly communities. religious life the of ‘Cemaat’, daily in context the Additionally, intervieweesboth tomake haveaccepted interview the under one and and is debateable thetopic so time, of since amount enormous interviews took Both 40 CEU eTD Collection occupational occupational reasons. he forfrom any which hasneverused university,a reputable Chemical Degree Engineering a holds He time. over it of part a became naturally, and, movement in the spent been has he says: areas duties distruption. interview with the intervieweetogether, presentingideological, suchanethnic, and mosaic ofTurkey. cultural The online A took 2 hoursinterview ishis in position such peoplea university of where all from parts Turkey come which was done in betweenone session withoutthe universityany words,sustainingother the existence of at movementthe university.the he Briefly, is linkthe in member, areliable become to apotential with members new andfinding meetings, student all the movement.Gulen Movement’s student council in his university thewithin responsibilities of organising The main reason is in headof located reputable the city Turkey-Ankara.of Turkey, He of university capital the to choosemost from of the one brother), (elder ‘Abi’ lexicon, leader’ orin their ‘student so-called him to make this community. their target either from the community which they are a part of fromor other external parties which might I am responsible with 300-350 people.” responsibilities, unusual the of beside Overall, of. care take to have I that families and their small merchants in between 25-30 are there Moreover, student. school accommodates region which of lighthousesconsists 20 my where approximately 5 university students manage to is in responsibility my daily eachhand, other the On winner. be the to house, who make elective in to order our arrangements necessary require which local elections be the are would example An fix them. responsible to actions necessary taking and issues the out withmovement) has a duty instance,For ofmy and one responsibility.find isduties to the education“Yes, of 3 high everyone in the Hizmet (Service, which represents the mission of the He is 35 years old, never married. Both during and after the university years of him years of university the after during and never Both married. He is35years old, whose movement, in the responsible senior is a hand, other the on B, Interviewee A,as Interviewee I namedis him, a years whois28 old, seniorstudent, university a 41 CEU eTD Collection cause, are simply influenced by their friends who are a part of the community. Todemonstrate He adds that the others, movement’scause. the inhisfamily movementthe becauseof simply towards sympathy the whose families haveAccording to him, like he did,no most of the people that he contactedsympathy so far have decided tojoin but decided aroundothers himin how they terms of joindecided to movementthe it andhow ishappened. to be a part of thisMovement, manages reachto them. Iasked aseries of question about the story of him and the thesis is the reason why people wants to be a part anditstudy,refers source the of to economicthe that hold. religious power groups how these groups, especiallymy is questions in memberbehaviourthe In group. this theoreticalthe framework of this Gulen important by information are also by themost B.Indeed, Interviewee revealed confirmed the informationGulen regards to Movement’s organisational structuring andbehaviours which sarcastically says;much ‘itis finite too me’.business for However, he many gives important he as isfailure about, academic of this The reason department. an engineering year of senior ‘Abi’, in his case, it himself his more to faith. Today herefers is28years old, and achieved the of beingposition an to being the studentheOvertime, ashe stepsof the climbed describes, in movementby hierarchy the the giving leader. However, he is still Interviewee3.2.1 A,Whydopeople wantto become apart oftheGulen Movement? studying at the case. revealed huge amount of qualitative datawhich are gatheredfrom a firstperson witness in this achieving after of longinterview.behind However, full the him, he this trust unexpectedly main reasons him are the of activities daily andtheother interviewee the of characteristic hours, which in was conducted sessionstwo in samethe day.The sceptics andbiased First findingsFirst from interviewintervieweethe with Afor one of purposes the of this inA becameThe intervieweeof a he movement the part 1999 when was15yearsold. sevenUnlike interviewee interview this A, with eight the interviewonline took to 42 CEU eTD Collection formal structure. However, as interviewee A says about the structure in the university area; a or membership formal no is there since society in the members their and groups these end upwith offering hugebenefits tothemovement. serveis aimed the purpose to of starting achainreaction inis thesociety that clearly to going makingpurpose of expandnew This membersto strategic themovement. manoeuvre clearly the for community the in entrepreneurs its sharp keep to wants movement the that presents movement of the characteristic well’. Asthis as community of the reputation increasing isjoinit of because the hesitate think also to not us. I do students conservative registered signalthe having of aconservative Ashenewly background. saysof ‘70%percent these newfindinup tothe orientationgives members programs possible the university out who to adds thattheymaking huntingare joinmember Membersof of fresh community students. the universitythe they achieve his name and withget contact him easily. hand, On other the he our she should always ask her or him to come to our light houses in order to listen at least one of a meets with if aperson that repeat always (abi) responsible with finding anewmember(s)for their ‘ cause. Ashestates elderthe brothers community. in the taught byAbi, other entertainment picnics, activities and young fortrip and students families this environment social attraction heof community,the gives examples the free lessons of sohbet not a surpriselevel Abi Ablaand and (Elder Brother Sisters). In big cities, such Istanbul,itis as to see that about the city, Icansay has neighbourhood each samething.the its own Each senior street sociology andmerge philosophy, If wesometimes hadhas groups. to two we talk its own lowerHowever, duetothesmall number friends of our inspecific such departments as level Abi faculty. for each respondents havedifferent “Inside university, of the we and Abla. It is As itis mentioned in by chapter two words the Yavuzof is (1999),it hard totalk about Furthermore, he gives an example of how each member in the community is (in-house community speeches).’. Moreover, he states that if one of members won members of ifone that he states Moreover, speeches).’. community (in-house 43 temiz temiz fikirli (morally upright) person, he or CEU eTD Collection brothers who managed to make a good career’. Like an alumni service, membersmanagedmake of career’.Like who an alumniservice, the brothers to agood group. He states that; inbehaviours A thestudent some important interviewee point, of members’ describes the this At be explained. to has itself, movement’s the and members benefits, with friends two these between relationship the Therefore, members. its and system economic the both with describing of groups economicrelations is religious the about the argumentation of paper this so far obvious that economic It is they require. whenever create resources financial their on ability focused to thesisthe has requests within school, of the doctrines linkwith economic the achieve agreat to managed have where they the group are not an unusual way. The main varieties. shows group the become of apart to people want vertical hierarchy within the group. On the other hand, as he indicates, the reason behind why structuring of wecan itGulen Movement, shows say that very structured professionally organisational academic the about current Addition literature loyalty.productivity to and youris with yourservice correlated which Sister lengthof onthe or Brother depends because he just intentions.” has other one another to despise to business our not is It works. volunteer on depends offer to them. However, the members, oras we call each other; directlythatthe guestscan opportunities askanyjob from reference guests,or the geta These public from membersmanageto or guests host sectors. private for a we gather when surface tothe comes often and had often they struggles with rules the house.Theirmainintention of the community. Somemembers, of them doprofessional say businesslife.However,Icanclearly most of the that the not even whoknow“One how joined to perform of theour us rolesafter theiris to preparethird or lastour membersyear, do tonot next really level, care whichthe refers to Abi which depends on the size of class.” Administration Mechanicalor have Engineering Department, its ownnumber of exactly thing same the in university bigthe departments, suchwhere as Business He underlines the movement’s power over the labour market eldermovement’s He underlinesby saying over‘our that the the labour power After mentioningAfter theirlinks with Turkish the neo-liberal economic system in Turkey As hecontinues tospeakabout this structuring, hementions rank thatthe of Elder 44 Sohbet in which sometimes, we sometimes, in which Karde Namaz ú (brothers), (pray) CEU eTD Collection and bounded to the ideology of the movement. Moreover, he does not claim that he has a he has that claim not he does Moreover, movement. the of ideology the to bounded and underlines lack the basicnecessity of group, the of in who the movement, personnel knows enough people in the community, ‘Ihavethat nooccupation, actually, from Chemistry Igraduated isEngineering butthere not while a lot he also attracted to the hisoccupation, movementbyafriend.when Surprisingly, said aasked of works to do’. By saying in parts of movementthe of He was followsdifferent Turkey which his career. educational these words, he heinpart of movementNow in histhe is years years. life teenage 35 old, aspent service the donations? Interviewee3.2.2 B,How does themovement manageitsresources; Members andtheir reasons. various level movement whoorganizes respondent andcommunicates nearly with 400 people for of organisation.the The nextsection’s interviewee, on otherthe is hand, a senior and upper member asa seen be still and movement the of level lower in the is who interviewee the from and by isinformation up tothispoint approved have society. accepted been the The gathered members tomakeitself more which expects who characteristic viaits members’ well-behaved movement’s is the there hand, other the On conditions. academic strong have who brothers from such free accommodationand andbasicsupplies,educational support as theirsenior can make years, conditions some in thatto careeropportunities, difference university their in regards expectations certain whohave of members group the the are there hand, On one the movement. and members the between relationship economic the that underlines movement, merchantSometimes, our brothers give pocketmoney ones to the whoneed financial back up. answered that we do not pay any billsraised the question ‘Whatkindof does opportunities movementthe provide you?’ He or rent, they brings us food interview,I when duringthe Moreover, market. in job the eachother support movement and other stores as well. Interviewee B has donated his life to the movement. Like Interviewee A, he became a became heA, Like movement. Interviewee the life his to has donated B Interviewee In this section, the information gathered by a member with a position in the 45 CEU eTD Collection responsible for the Europe region. He summarizes that some of the cities in Turkey too host inTurkey some region. cities of the that Hesummarizes Europe the for responsible is which case, Istanbul the he gave example another asked I prophets. of city the as; known financed via from donations the collected ina city Turkey, called spending. of Accordingthis example interesting me avery gives and donations via these covered are movement to questionhim, all Gulen again.used for. Hedidnotsay anything aboutthe amount and kindly, me notask asked to this Movement are donations the Forpurposes what for and donations the of amount the theenlighten to aimed which schools purposes, in entire minecontinuously. Thefollowing of questions related with were second chapter’s argument, he said Indonesia mostforwardfinancial wecanput previousstrategy resources, this implements movement the that of theregion expenses are of the houses in entire been used; donations includes the how which donations arecollected have and for whatthey purposes the about information important gives He movement. Gulen the of activities economical social club or an association that seeks to enlighten Turkish society via societal development. which makes him feel more‘role’ responsible in the movement, to the community.on the contrary, He defines he states the communitythat he has asa ‘mission’a in the movement arrangements accordingly.” arrangements make necessary the hand,and atone donations city’s entirethe collect We it, is Iam say itcannot confidential. afraid much about I matters, monetary the For houses. two our to coating ceramic he made As adonation, ceramics. merchandises who brother a have we instance, For with. related are businesses not some money. onlydo They services also donate donate or their They goods that Allah. of name the in them spend we that know They to. want they simply, We want. they anytime donations give doThey donations. giving simply by notcommunity our to attributes many make that makemerchants some are there region, my “In any request or reminder. They give the donations because, As for the second chapter’s argument about the movement’s power on mobilizing power on about themovement’s the As forargument second the chapter’s highly the about information confirming directly he gave interview, the Throughout 46 ù anl Õ urfa is,which urfa publicly, CEU eTD Collection them them as ‘faithful and trustful labours’. side. Some of the conservative businessmen request labour from the community. He defines process after these young people achieve the position after position they that seek. Heansweredas; the theseyoung peopleprocess achieve favour? toenlighten such requestfor Thequestionis the aimed a generous counter directly what about movements the But offers. declinethese not he says they do clearly that Therefore, isreligious achieved patient by brothers, whoour elder help young also these students’. opportunities in public sector, which was totally restricted to these people once. This changing findjob people can Today, religious is changing,soasTurkey. ‘World He says that requests movement. Topursue this relationship, Iaskedhim how he, thesethat generally, respond while the other side isseekingtogain blessingsthe by offered currentthe positions of the community. side One requests new memberssustain donations and in to order its existence, that the most of the members come up with different requests. He says that ; some regions. of the reconstruct much him and helps him out. After that they generally give some donations to the to community. Butdonations as I said, some those give things are normal.” generally they that After out. him helps and him incidents like abusinessman troubled himself in a country. The community finds the amount of 10-15% of their monthly income. Moreover, there are also some occurred insideoccurred young of our make people, them which give “We do notnormally make any request after the recruitment. However, a tradition with businessmen or bureaucrats who are members of our community.” inget touch to they request often Moreover, lady’. and decent well-mannered a ‘find whichmeans theymake us of that married, getting the request graduated, after food and sometimes, etc. Additionally, such as free accommodation, conditions. We accommodate them to our houses and offer generous bad in us are come that economically to students “The Eastern-Anatolian most conditions hay Moreover, he notdoes addsthatthisMoreover, marketfromrequest job only labour come the Interviewee B outthemutual also points relationshipbetween themembers and the A. Hestates by Interviewee proposed information somethe of he verifies Moreover, Õ rsever (philanthropists), which creates a budget surplus that can subsidize ortotally 47 Burs (scholarship) in CEU eTD Collection case?’ He directly sharply saidand ‘No’ and explained these that peoplein (Turks Europe) a series of questions. First question was ‘Do you believe thatuntouched. statement Deniz Feneri event isanother discussion bring debateable our willto Therefore,I off-topic leave discussion. this a fraud would nothave answeredyour question as honestly as I have donenow’.This statementcould my mind, before Iaskhim. ‘if Hestates, we would conductthis interview adecade I ago, inme. thequestion he answers Moreover, jobinterview for to‘arrange’ an organisation the in the organisation and, in case of a reference matter, he states that he can call fewa people in (Fethullah Gülen) as a leader with economic authority maker?’; decision and asaleader authority with economic Gülen) (Fethullah the see and economy, Turkish over power significant a with player economic movementyou asan seethe ‘Do thesis; this of researchquestion the to answer following one ofyou’. The so interviewlong took andovertime, this strategy has come upwith the order to gain his trust, Ihave used many proper Islamic lexiconscreate to the feelings of ‘I am in Interview, the During getting answered. any of expectations askedwithout from a question many European many IndustrialistsEuropean Turkey.” to on countries with Islamicits population,expanding butnow Europeand to attracts each day.It is first started with a parallel organisation MÜSto withrecruited referencesour andits industrial aregettingrelations in expanding Confederation Businessmen is Most of of TUSKON).and Industrialist, staff the is called Türkiye Türkiye called is It markets. in increasing andinternational known domestic itssuccesses both and Probably,you and many people have ideano about theiris existence,butit getting in Turkey. society economic is instance, an unpopular there economy. For are goingbe to the capital owners in and they Turkey will Turkish shape the bureaucrats’, future mindthe workers’, mind. and administrators’ of Thosepeople times many by various but ideology isenemies from wesurvived all our of them. Today, in attacked been has that full-strength with together us bounds faith our imagine asecond, for Just in playerwe areamajor Turkey. economic course, “Of In order to confirm the second chapter’s case study, Deniz Feneri Association, Iasked Feneri confirm Deniz study,In order to case chapter’s second the He continues to give me advices on how a talented student like me would be beneficial In this interview, the most importantinterview,most In contribution of this the Bwasgathered Interviewee the øú Adamlar Õ ve de Sanayicileri Konfederasyonu (Turkish Konfederasyonu Sanayicileri de ve 48 ø AD, with the focus Hocaefendi CEU eTD Collection this game by fulfilling the requirements of by fulfillingthis requirements of mobilizing the labour andcapital, game the a and creating in player economic being andstrong anactive of met key they the that have responsibilities seems It in thecommunity. speakers from person first with proof an actual chapter and second time. over capture is to community going the that power capital economic player. To support their ideas he gave the example of labour mobilization factor and economic orientation of the movement. He, finally, revealed their projections:in the function being their an and donations the to regards with were examples His basis. voluntary on are collected donations mentioned the that B interviewee Thirdly, Said-i Nursi. Bediüzzaman, of people the Bsays,are interviewee as of who Turkey, parts and Eastern Eastern from ofpeople of with South- dominance the from Turkey, all parts indicated interviewees both as are members movements the of distribution Demographical headmen. local and majors, governors, has It state. a of that resembles movement the structurally, that shown the community secureto a position in labourthe market. Secondly, Interviewee Aand Bhave any religious reasons. They solely aimedthe movement. to It turnedbenefit out that a significant portionfrom of them attendthe the movement political without and memberbecomesocialare seeking apart/ of to minds,who young people’s some ideasinthe of the influence of revealed has paper the A, Interviewee of help the by Firstly, community. the about things Deniz Feneri is case from farstill being nothing but abig puzzle. the here, point a have might he though Even inthem. trusted still people if the happen only ended up withmore power than before after the charges made againstit. He says that it would Deniz Feneri indicated that issue. He on this asafundamentalist Allah. name the Hespoke of claimed, that they will take those amounts of money into their private accounts and spend itin voluntarily money give these people.to Theyactually whatisknow happen, going to he These ideas served to the research question of research servedideas These paper’sfirst tothe of the question andfinalized thesis this important a few out point the tried paper the mythesis, of chapter last this in Overall, 49 CEU eTD Collection presented in presented first andsecondthe chapter. Overall, this chapter market. its overtheTurkish consequences Case and Feneri paperhasexamined the Deniz the is about to demonstrate demonstrate this recruit to link, new members.Inorder to thisand provide resources society and verify the knowledgenew type ofmid-sized and small sizedin industrialists Turkey who would be a role for model and argumentations a create media to they channels used have bourgeoisie, Turkish newly formed conservative donationsin Allah.name the which iscorrelated of with Lastrequirement, successful their indicates, interviewee second asthe Feneri, or in of Deniz example the is demonstrated It people. the over trust influence basedon have usedtheir they cause, For thesecond today. institutions in Turkey on basisthe of students, like the actual interviewee position that holds managedhave mobilized requirement, first the labour, bysupporting educational the they both interviewees, of As information from the backseach other. up that society cohesive 50 CEU eTD Collection Turks in AsTurks themediaEurope. partof newtypethis bourgeoisie after the of represents moves. Therefore, themovementrequired power, which significant itis found in of assets the your to alwaysgroups interest counteract since the other achieve, hardto iseconomy always settled already in an bourgeoisie of type a new Founding movement. the to eventually, and activities, religious the to them bounds which characteristic conservative with bourgeoisie find away make to in peacewith political ideology the mainstream world.the of the movement, who took many lessons from the fallen similar movements who could not network. Overall, the discussion in this part of the thesis reveals neoliberal-capitalist doctrines holds variousa bank, media channels, and achain internationallyof positioned schools sympathy in the Nurcu Path. Contrary, he establishes an economic faith based community that socialist the of existence the eliminates founder, movement’s Gulen the Gülen, Fethullah depended beings.itleads protect However,them theirto values. moral Onthehand, other state and lazy people makes which socialism, criticize he while brings, system economic and the trade the hardworkinghevalues the that contrary, this inthesociety. supports On infall eventually, his follows makes ambitiousmoral the and therest, them thoughts, of ideologies. him, According to by free market caused consumerism excessive shows thedangerof that pointare the economy ideasconflictfreemarket with thatperspective His models. economic and socialist in has today between liberal athe conflict theway communities many illuminates of religious thoughts regards to economy and how an economic life of a Muslim’s should be. His idea that The founder,foundersmixed GulenMovement. of has carriedtoday’s out Said-i Nursi, During the next step of this paper, the momentum turn into the necessity of a of necessity the into turn momentum the paper, this of step next the During The opening chapter of the thesis has pointed out the economical thoughts of the of thoughts economical the out pointed has thesis the of chapter opening The Õ sraf (wasting)sraf CONCLUSION 51 isthe makesreason that people selfish and, CEU eTD Collection requests. reasonable position in themovement. However, only two of them responded positively my to agentspeople whohold andaskedhave a 30 different 10different approximately used arrangedwhichmake found not easily. andconvincedthemto were interviews, I I Until the breakhaveto twocomprehensive ininterviews, thisinevitability I conducted this research, in approaches by paper.However, interpretive-descriptive the in this in lastthe section, order influenced pursue aresearch if issue.barehave also to had on I this they want to researchers interpretationson anditis assumptions. However, aninevitable these consequencethat based theoretically all areconducted researches Almost, topic. the about empirical researches lack of is the paper the restricted that limitation important most the research, the Throughout will. free members’ revealed is financial the sourcing inside of who group the is donationsopen to based on that orientation economic Another position. bureaucratic or hold abusiness members who membersmainly focuses link which, on providingmembers junior a between and seniorthe for its movement of the orientation economic reveals the part The regional responsibilities. informationmember employment, further portfolio,andafter regardsto some donations the group, within the positioning structural on;the focused mainly are The insideactivities group. the within activities economic inside important the of some out point also interviewees both the hand, other the On expectations. economic with movement the of a part became members the of portion significant a that shown is it interviews, both In cause. its into people and groups this newtype of is revealed. bourgeoisie investigation made by German courts, linkthe between in trianglethe religious of Turks, Like all research studies, this study is also bounded into its own limitations. own its into isbounded also study this studies, research all Like The last and strong power that the Gulen Movement holds is the power to attract 52 CEU eTD Collection interviewee are highly unsatisfied because of the members’ economy oriented requests andmembers’ requests becauseoriented of economy the interviewee arehighly unsatisfied As I observed, both in movement. mainstream of the the deviation the reveal interviewees strongly by intoday day the Turkish economy.Especially, during the interviews, both more settle to them enables system Their economy. in Turkish position economic significant Withingroup. lightof the these itisdimensions, undeniable that they have managed a into manyfar the managed attract hasso coherence to outsiders This reasons. organizational various for other each help can who members its between in relationship the sustain they how that point the is point last The members. its of assets financial the mobilizing of ground sustain levelis their on economic point Second the theexistence group. desireto the of acceptable andputs in with them afundamentalistbeing adistance position as perceived makes themglobally which withdoctrines economic neo-liberal peace’ achieved ‘finally academicworld. the research in information available the lackof since as bea significant contribution counted deserves to general memberbehaviorbeen andin 3also psychology have that represented chapter look into and theschemaofthose aninsightgroups political structural Moreover, systems. in asastrong interestincreasing group power they that both economical and Turkey’s the got purposeof money are,actually, these for the mobilizing that toargue thesis groups only these and used for various reasons.isIt shown in example in whose many of the Turks mobilized Europe, Turkey from to Europe On the other hand, these financial people’s andassets bring those assets Turkey to and intoinvestment. turn them some can use the can mobilize lifeeasily assomesort of who coach, in ofbeingaccepted thesociety terms over contributions from this ingroups Turkey. Some as could arguethat, itis in discussed 2,they chapter have huge power being a starting pointfor someone who wants to study the economic effects of religious Overall, the paper answers its research question on three main dimensions. One is their The main contribution of this thesis could be the point that it represents in terms of 53 CEU eTD Collection in of terms bringingnegative positive or outcomes toTurkish economy. measuring the actual outcome of movement,the which can only be truly seen in long-runthe still is economy Turkish economy. Turkish on effects positive some naturally have Turkey sources to financial globally, mobilizing spreading reputation of Turkey bourgeoisie, the performance of isTurkey highly argumentative. Their closely new typeembedded of economical in Indeed,their role market. current in with Turkish a role player economic the an being by beexplained only can which movement, the of mainstream in the shift this exposes discussion The movement. the and faith to themselves devoting than rather actions 54 CEU eTD Collection 4. 12. 11. 10. 9. 7. 14. 8. 5. 2. 1. 6. 3. 13. CNN Türk,“Gülen 28 Cizre, Ümit and Erinç Yeldan.“The Turkish Encounter with Neo-Liberalism: SystemsInformation Journal Cavaye, Angela L. M. “Case Study Research: amulti-facetted research approach for Creswell, John W. John Creswell, yapti?” ne sisteme laik sermaye, “Yesil Kemal. Can, “The 1998. Bourdieu, Pierre. Essenceof Neoliberalism”, Atatürk Today, “Deniz Feneri Populist?” or Fundamentalist “Khomeini: ----. Ervand. Abrahamian, Ayubi, Nazih. Akkoyunlu, Sule and Konstantin A. Kholodilin.“What Affects the Remittances of Aras, Bulent and Ömer Caha. "Fethullah Gülen and his liberal 'Turkish Islam' movement." 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