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Deciphering the Messages of Baltimore's Monuments

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Deciphering the Messages of Baltimore's Monuments W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1994 Deciphering the Messages of Baltimore's Monuments Melanie Dawn Collier College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Collier, Melanie Dawn, "Deciphering the Messages of Baltimore's Monuments" (1994). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625868. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-48ak-xv07 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DECIPHERING THE MESSAGES OF BALTIMORE'S MONUMENTS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Melanie D. Collier 1994 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ^Master of Arts /Tf^/tisusU _______ Author Approved, April 1994 T Z - t - c v - r JLer-*-4L- ^ Theodore Reinhart Norman Barka ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ....................................... iv List of Tables ......................................... v List of Figures ........................................ vi Abstract ................................................ ix Introduction ........................................... 2 Research Goals ......................................... 4 Survey Location and Description ....................... 7 Previous Investigations of Monuments ................... 17 Methodology ............................................ 25 Survey Results ......................................... 3 0 Conclusions ............................................ 91 Appendix I Maps of Monument Locations ........................ Ill Bibliography ........................................... 121 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author of this thesis wishes to express her appreciation to her parents, Malcom and Doris Collier. Without their loving support and enthusiasm this thesis would not have been possible. The writer would also like to thank her fiancee, Christopher Grim, for his helpful criticisms, patience, and never ending encouragement. Curtis Jordan deserves special recognition and thanks for his creation of Figures 1 and 2, and for the maps in Appendix I. The writer also expresses her gratitude to Dr. Theodore Reinhart, Dr. Norman Barka, and Dr. Virginia Kerns for serving on the thesis committee and for their very beneficial criticisms of the manuscript. iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Monuments By Date Of Erection..................... 82 2. Monuments Grouped By Representation .............. 83 3. Monument Erectors ................................. 86 4. Monument Condition ................................ 89 LIST OF GRAPHS 1. Number of Monuments Versus Decade Erected ......... 97 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Baltimore City Map With Surveyed Blocks .......... 2 7 2. Baltimore City Map With Blocks Containing Monuments .............................. 3 2 3. Confederate Soldiers and Sailors ................. 34 4. Spanish War Cannon ................................ 3 4 5. Union Soldiers and Sailors ....................... 36 6. Star Spangled Banner Centennial ................... 3 9 7. Star Spangled Banner Centennial ................... 3 9 8. Rodgers Bastion Cannons .......................... 40 9. Rodgers Bastion Cannons .......................... 4 0 10. The Fallsway Fountain ............................ 42 11. Basins on Fallsway Fountain Where Pets Could Drink ............................ 42 12. Conradin Kreutzer Bust ........................... 45 13. Confederate Women ................................ 45 14. Southwest World War I Monument ................... 47 15. World War I Memorial Oak Grove .................... 47 16. World War I Memorial Oak Grove .................... 48 17. World War I Cross ................................ 48 18. Overlea World War I Memorial ..................... 51 19. War Memorial Building ............................ 51 20. Woman's Temperance Union Fountain ............... 54 21. World War I Congressional Medal Winners ......... 54 22. Edward Henry Bouton Pedestal ..................... 56 23. First Rendering of Star Spangled Banner .......... 56 vi LIST OF FIGURES continued Figure Page 24. Star Spangled Banner Flagstaff ................... 58 25. Southwest World War II Monument .................. 58 26. Spanish War Veterans ............................. 60 27. General Lee and Stonewall Jackson ................ 60 28. Loyola School Centennial Plaque .................. 62 29. Memorial Stadium ................................. 62 30. Brooklyn War Monument ............................ 64 31. James Cardinal Gibbons Plaque .................... 64 32. Boy Scout Armory ................................. 67 33. Elwood L. Brown Memorial/Wall of Pride .......... 67 34. Baltimore Police Department Memorial ............ 69 35. Paul R. Palmbaum Memorial Bell ................... 69 36. Coast Guard Cannon ............................... 71 37. McKeldin Square Plaque ........................... 71 38. McKeldin Square .................................. 73 39. Butchers Hill Best Neighborhood Award ........... 73 40. H. John Freeman/United Singers ................... 75 41. Veterans Park .................................... 75 42. Holocaust Memorial ............................... 77 43. Maryland Vietnam Veterans Memorial .............. 77 44. Baltimore Fire Department Memorial .............. 80 vii LIST OF FIGURES continued Appendix 1 Figure Page 45. Location of Boy Scout Armory Monument..... ........ 112 46. Location of Memorial Oak Grove and Elwood L. Brown Memorial ......................... 113 47. Location of Southwest Baltimore World War I and World War II Monuments ....................... 114 48. Location of Memorial Stadium, Confederate Women Monument, World War I Cross, Bouton Pedestal, Lee and Jackson, and Union Soldiers and Sailors Monument .......................................... 115 49. Location of Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument, World War I Congressional Medal Winners, and the Fallsway Fountain ............... 116 50. Location of War Memorial Building, Veterans Park, Police Department Memorial, Cardinal Gibbons Plaque, Women's Temperance Fountain, Loyola School Plaque, Star Spangled Banner, Fire Department Memorial, Holocaust Memorial, Palmbaum Bell, Coast Guard Cannon, and McKeldin Square ............................... 117 51. Location of Maryland Vietnam Veterans Memorial and Brooklyn War Memorial ........................ 118 52. Location of Overlea World War I Monument ......... 119 53. Location of Spanish War Veterans Monument, Spanish War Cannon, Rodgers Bastion Cannons, Star Spangled Banner Centennial, Butcher's Hill Award, Conradin Kreutzer Bust, and H. John Freeman Memorial .................................. 12 0 viii ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to discover what public monuments convey about dominant ideology and resistance to dominant ideology. Monuments were viewed as embodiments of the erector's ideology. The current condition of each monument was viewed as the people's reaction to the ideology being forced on them by the erectors. A twenty-five percent random sample survey of Baltimore city was chosen to find a data base of monuments for this project. Thirty-six monuments were found and recorded. Location, date of erection, representation, erector's money source, and current condition were all factors examined for each monument. Twenty of the monuments in the sample represented war. Ten represented people and six depicted historic events. It is suggested that groups with money and political power locate their monuments in prominent view of tourists and residents. Monuments erected by groups with less influence are relegated to traffic medians and roadside areas. It is found that monuments were most popular in the 1910s and the 1980s. During the 1910s monuments to war were frequent, while in the 1980s monuments to people were popular. Over time the ideology behind monuments to war changes from glorification to sacred remembrance to general honor back to sacred remembrance. The thesis concludes by suggesting that the elite groups which erect monuments have been generally successful in promoting their own ideology. However, through acts of vandalism and graffiti, lower class groups have spoken their resistance to the dominant ideology. ix DECIPHERING THE MESSAGES OF BALTIMORE'S MONUMENTS INTRODUCTION Baltimore, Maryland, dubbed the Monumental City in 1815 because it erected the first monument to George Washington, is the setting for this anthropological survey of public monuments. Monuments have been studied by scholars in the past, most in an art history framework. Some studies have been done by anthropologists, such as James Deetz*s (1977) study of New England grave stones and H. W. Janson's (197 6) efforts to promote public monuments. This project continues the study of monuments by showing that the monuments of one city offer a unique glimpse of the past and present cultures of that city. This thesis proposes to tell two stories: first, the "loud11 narrative of the social groups who erected the monuments; and second,
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