Yuri Baranchikov

V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RASc., Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIA

Emerald ash borer in Europe:

2014 situation update 1 Acknowledgements Demidko Denis Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RASc, Krasnoyarsk, Russia Robinet Christelle INRA, Unite de Recherché Zoologie Forestiere, Ardon, France Gninenko Yuri Institute of Forest Management and Mechanization, Pushkino, Moscow District, Russia Seraya Lidiya Tsytsyn Main Botanical Garden RASc., Moscow, Russia Orlova- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Benkowskaya Moscow, Russia Marina Kurteyev Valentin “Data +”, Moscow, Russia

This work was partially supported by the Russian Fund for Fundamental Research 2 3 Photo: Yu.Baranchikov Photo: M.VolkovichPhoto:

4

5 Photo:Yu.Baranchikov (EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

Photo:M.Volkovich http://hyg.ipm.illinois.edu P.Nixon; P.Nixon;

6 Photo : Photo: E.Mozolevskaya 7 8 1935-1999; >20049 EAB killed all F. pennsylvanica trees in Vladivostok

10 Damage in U.S.A., associated with forest guild and cost category ($ mln/year)

Expenditures Loss Guild federal local private property timber value Borers (71/14) Emerald ash borer 38 850 350 380 60 Total damage 92 1700 760 830 130 Sap$ feeders (192/19)3 billion Hemlock wooly adelgid 4,3 66 44 100 1,1 Total damage 14 170 130 260 4,2 Foliage feeders (155/25) GypsyEAB moth - $ 331,3 50 billion46 120 4,6 Total damage 110 170 160 410 18

From: Aukema et al., 2011. PLoS ONE 6(9)11 EAB distribution in Russia, 2005

yes no

Perm’ Yekaternburg Krasnoyarsk Khabarovsk

Novosibirsk Abakan Chita Primoriye Irkutsk

12 EAB in Moscow 2008 Dying ashes near new building of Tretiakovskaya gallery

2012

13 Photo: Y.BaranchikovФото Ю.Н.Баранчиков, 2008 EAB in Moscow

14 Photo by E.Mozolevskaya, 2007 EAB in Moscow

15 Photo: Y.Branchikov,2009 EAB in Moscow

16 Photo: Y.Baranchikov, 2009 EAB in Moscow

Gogol boulevard, 2011

17 Photo: Y.Baranchikov EAB in wind protection forest belts (near the town of Puschino, 2012)

18 Photo: Y.Baranchikov EAB in forest belts along highways (near the town of Petushki, Vladimir Region, 2013)

19 Photo: Y.Baranchikov Dynamics of invasive EAB distribution in European Asia

Outer spots of infestation Sergiyev Posad, 2009 50 km 2012

Vyazma, 230 km

Lukhovitsy, 130 km

20 км 20

From: Baranchikov, Kurteev, 2012 Kurteev, Baranchikov, From: Puschino, 93 km Invasive EAB distribution in European Russia96 km

21 Dendrochrnological crossdating of dead trees was done at the habitat along highway near the city of Vaysma (230 km westwards from Moscow).

22 Fraxinus pennsylvanica trees died very recently, in 2010-2011, after massive EAB attack.

Alive, control trees, 4 km from highway

Dead trees, along highway

index Radialincrement Year of ring formation 23 Tree rings growth did not show signs of any period of tree weakening, these ashes died in the year of attack: A – at first half of summer; B – at second half of summer

Late wood A

Bark B

Early wood

24 It was demonstrated that in Michigan (USA) noticeable damage from EAB was recorded only after 10-15 years of its first appearance in the forest stand (Siegert et al., 2009). So we can assume that EAB was introduced in Moscow somewhere around 1990. It took EAB appr. 20 years to reach Vyazma, spreading westwards with the average speed of 10-12 km per year which is nearly similar to such characteristics in the US.

Resume of the experiments on the EAB flight dispersal

Observation Speed of distribution Source

Reconstruction based on Slow phase – 6.5 км/year Siegert et al 2009 dendhronological fast phase – 20 км\year methods Movement of point of 10,6 км/year Smitley et al., 2008 40% canopy thinning, 2003-2006 гг. Movement of visible 14,6 км/year; Gandhi et al., 2007 canopy thinning, 25 Means of long-distance dispersal in European Russia

Not with firewood, nursery stock and logs: very rear events

Natural distribution by adults flight

Hitchhiking on or inside vehicles. This may explain its high frequency of establishment along major highways, especially at rest areas and truck stops. 26 Distribution of Fraxinus in Europe

Fraxinus excelsior

Fraxinus ornus

Fraxinus ungustifolia

Source: FRAXIGEN, 200527 Fraxinus excelsior distribution

Moscow

28 13 administrative districts of Russian Federation with registered infestations by Agrilus planipennis, 2013 data

Source: Baranchikov, 2013; Orlova-Bienkowskaya, 2013) 13 administrative districts of Russian Federation with registered infestations by Agrilus planipennis, 2014 data

EAB infestations Yes No Tver’ Yaroslavl’

Smolensk Moscow Vladimir

Kaluga Belorussia Tula Ryazan’

Orel Tambov 1 Voronez 1 – Khabarovsk Kray

Ukraine 2 2 – Primorskiy Kray

Source: Baranchikov, 2013; Orlova-Bienkowskaya, 2013) Climate suitability for emerald ash borer in the world

Presenc e of EAB Presence of EAB until 2013 (A)

Koeppen-Geigen climate classes

(B)

LocationBased of the on suitable the 1182 records of presence of emerald ash borer collected so far climate classes across the world (Eastern Asia, Russian Far East, western Russia and North America), Christelle Robinet determined the climate classes where the insect(C)

was mostly observed based on Koeppen-Geiger classification (Kottek et al. Suitabl 2006). e climate Suitable climate for EAB distribution (D)

Climate suitability for emerald ash borer in the world (B)

Location of the suitable climate classes

(C)

Suitabl Suitable climate for EAB e climate distribution

(D)

The insect was mostly observed under a snow climate, fully humid but with warm summer (Map C, class 42, ). A large part of Eastern Europe is clearly suitable for the insect presence as it belongs to this climate class. Most of Western Europe from Poland to France is in the climate class 32 ( ), warm temperate climates, fully humid, with warm summer. This climate class is found in West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Virginia where EAB is present.

The area where climate is likely suitable for EAB is widespread across the northern hemisphere (Map D, ). Possible habitat of the Emerald ash borer in Western Russia and Europe

A – suitable climate; B – distribution of Fraxinus excelsior

A B

Possible habitat of the EAB in Western Russia and Europe fully coincides with natural distribution of European ash – its’ susceptible host.

Nowadays European ash in Central and eastern Europe may be even highly susceptible because of weakening by new pathogen – fungus Chalara fraxinea. 33 Will it be any future for ash trees in Europe ?

May be – YES ! 34 Spatius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac - new & perspective EAB parasite from the Russian Far East

35 From: Belokobylskij et al., 2012 Species is called by Dr. Galina Yurchenko – an oldest Far Eastern Entomologist (Khabarovsk). She found this parasite and studies its biology in 2009-2011.

S. galinae – EAB larval ectoparasite in Primorye region. Developing in 2-3 generations per year. Single EAB larvae can carry up to 16 parasites. Average level of parasitism is 50%.

In USA in quarantine laboratories rearing methods for this species were developed. The “official” description will allow to run PRA for the future release of the new parasite on American continent. Photo by Photoby G.Yurchenko

36 S. galinae can be reared in the lab conditions

37 Potential distribution of two Spatius species in different plant cold hardiness zones of the USA

Spatius galinae – zones 3-5

Spatius agrili – zones 6-8

38 polonicus Niezabitowski Discovery (: : Doryctinae)

39 Spathius polonicus Niezabitowski Portrait (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)

40 Source: Orlova-Bienkowskaja, Belokobylskiy, 2014 Spathius polonicus Niezabitowski Hosts (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)

Registered hosts: Agrilus suvorovi Obenberger, 1935 A. viridis Linnaeus, 1758 (on Populus nigra), B. constantini Obenberger, 1927, Anthaxia sp.,Coraebus florentinus (Herbst, 1801), Melanophila picta (Pallas, 1773), Melanophila picta decastigma (Fabricius, 1787), Ovalisia mirifica (Mulsant, 1855), Cratomerus sp., Sphenoptera kaznakovi Jakovlev, 1899 and S. davatchii Descarpentries, 1960, and exceptionally also Scolytus sp. (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

(Kenis & Hilszczanski, 2007; Belokobylskij, 2003; Yu et al., 2012) 41 Spathius polonicus Niezabitowski Distribution (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)

Moscow region; EAB last instar larvae 2014 parasitation up to 60%

42 Source: Orlova-Bienkowskaja, Belokobylskiy, 2014 Giardino di Boboli (Boboli Gardens), Florence, Italy

Thank you for attention !

43 44