Shostakovich Franck Viol.In Sonatas

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Shostakovich Franck Viol.In Sonatas SHOSTAKOVICH FRANCK VIOL.IN SONATAS SHosrAKOVICHIIOIJ.f (I/IIC/IICS SERGEYKHACHATRYAH :f;ltn1~R cesar franck 1822-1890 dmitri shostakovich 1906-1975 violin sonatas sonates pour violon et piano sergey khachatryan VIOLIN I VIOLON lusine khachatryan PIANO les sonates de franck et de chostakovitch par patrick szersnovicz Entre la publication de ses Trios concertants et la composition de son Quintette pour piano et cordes en fa mineur, termine en 1879, Cesar Franck (1822-1890) s'est impose un cesar franck 1822-1890 silence de plus de trente-cinq ans dans Ie do maine de la musique de chambre. Ce Quintette - premier grand quintette de la litterature fran(faise - marque pour la musique de chambre violin sonata in a major I son ate pour violon et piano en la majeur 1886 en France une renaissance preparee par Edouard Lalo et Camille Saint-Saens et pour Franck 1 Allegro ben moderato 6'15 lui-meme Ie debut d'une periode creatrice intense, chaque fois renouvelee dans son 2 Allegro 9'12 approche et approfondie dans son essence. Composee durant I'ete 1886 et creee Ie 16 3 Recitativo fantasia, ben moderato 7'37 decembre 1886 a Bruxelles par Ie dedicataire, Ie violoniste Eugene Ysaye, et madame 4 Allegro poco mosso 6'39 Bordes-Pene, la Sonate pour violon et piano en la majeur obtient un triomphe. Par la suite, apres la creation parisienne par les memes interpretes (5 mars 1887), Ysaye avec son frere Thea puis Raoul Pugno au piano I'imposent a travers Ie monde entier avec Ie meme succes. La Sonate en la majeur est une muvre de la haute maturite, ecrite lorsque Ie compositeur dmitri shostakovich 1906-1975 a presque soixante-quatre ans, et inspiree en partie par son amitie pour Eugene Ysaye. C'est une piece chaleureuse, au Iyrisme immodere, qui ne se reclame guere de la convention violin sonata opus 134 I sonate pour viol on et piano opus 134 1968 classique. Ses quatre mouvements sont etroitement relies par des parametres thematiques 5 Andante 10'08 dont la logique fait de cette sonate Ie locus classicus de la forme cyclique qu'affectionnait 6 Allegretto 6'08 Franck. Les trois premiers mouvements ant un air de rhapsodie. L'Allegro ben moderato 7 Largo 14'14 a 9/8 initial n'est pas qu'une simple introduction: c'est un mouvement de sonate a deux themes sans veritable developpement. En quatre mesures et sur des accords de septieme, Ie piano presente I'element harmonique et prepare I'entree de la premiere idee, un theme tranquille, soup Ie et chantant, qui s'eleve au violon et genere une extension. II est construit sur une cellule cyclique dont Ie rythme se repetera inlassablement. Le second theme replique, confie au piano. Un conduit modulant, inspire du debut, remplace Ie developpe• ment. Les deux themes se reunissent pour la conclusion dans un apaisement extraordinaire. Dans Ie deuxieme mouvement, un Allegro a 4/4 construit com me un lied en trois parties, Ie theme principal est relie a I'extension du theme initial du mouvement precedent, bien que Ie caractine ardent de la musique dissimule ce fait. Cet Allegro au climat enflamme, Le grand dessein de Dimitri Chostakovitch (1906-1975) fut d'explorer, dans toute sa richesse et dont I'inquietude tragique evoque I'atmosphere du Quintette en fa mineur, remplit la et sa flexibilite, un langage deja historique mais encore capable de traduire les plus fines fonction d'un scherzo et une partie plus lente mais pleine d'eloquence remplace Ie tradi• variantes expressives avec une precision, une souplesse et une coherence extremes. Malgre tionnel trio. Apres la reexposition, une coda dramatique, marquee quasi presto, conclue dans la clarte du dessin melodique, la plupart de ses gran des CBuvres sont egalement celles qui I'impetuosite. Le troisieme mouvement, intitule Recitativo fantasia, est une rhapsodie aban• admettent Ie plus la corruption de I'harmonie tona/e, ou plusieurs elements du materiau ne donnant toute conception formelle preetablie sous laquelle couve /e materiau du debut de se justifient que comme references ironiques et provocantes du passe. Tel Paul Hindemith, I'CBuvre ; elle va vers une tres belle conclusion dans la tonalite principale. Ce mouvement, Benjamin Britten ou Michael Tippett, Chostakovitch conserve I'apparence de la tonalite une des creations les plus lib res et les plus audacieuses du compositeur, est base sur un et n'en tend pas moins a une liberte d'utilisation des dissonances excluant toute possibi• recitatif dont les elements derivent de la cellule cyclique initiale (celle-ci apparalt au piano lite de recours serieux a de strictes relations tonales. II est ainsi arrive a obtenir un style des les premieres mesures). Apres une reponse can fantasia au viol on seul, violon et piano completement personnel. Lorsque, dans les annees 1960 (Romances sur des poemes se superposent brievement, malta lento, avant la reprise du recitatif. L'episode central du d'Alexander Blok, Deuxieme Concerto pour violon et orchestre, Sonate pour violon et piano, mouvement, qui demarre sur de tranquilles triolets du piano, se dramatise rapidement. Quelques Douzieme Quatuor a cordes), il semble se convertir tardivement au dodecaphonisme, il ne mesures, differemment rythmees, rappellent enfin la phrase initiale et Ie mouvement recherche jamais I'effet gratuit. Sa tentative de synthese entre theme dodecaphonique devient de plus en plus passionne pour conclure pianissimo. et tonalite revele autant d'audace que de coherence. Chostakovitch a cherche, plus sans Ce n'est que dans Ie quatrieme mouvement, allegretto poco mosso, que la tonalite princi• doute que Schoenberg ou Bartok, un nouveau concept d'organisation.1I a suscite par la distri• pale de la majeur est soulignee de fagon persistante. Tout au long de ce finale, la technique bution de I'energie sur de tres longues peri odes une problematique neuve du recit et de la utilisee est celie du canon, et Ie theme principal, enonce d'abord par Ie piano, a lui aussi tectonique musicale. Composee entre Ie Douzieme Quatuor a cordes opus 133 et la une certaine parente avec Ie motif qui ouvre I'CBuvre. Brillamment soutenu, Ie dialogue Quatorzieme Symphonie opus 135, terminee en octobre 1968 et dediee au violoniste David canonique a I'octave entre les deux instruments provoque un profond sentiment d'accom• Ulstrakh pour son soixantieme anniversaire, la Sonate pour violon et piano opus 134 est plissement interieur. Le developpement central, passionne, en si bemol mineur, est suivi creee devant un auditoire prive, a l'Union des compositeurs sovietiques, Ie 8 janvier 1969, d'un court episode en re diese mineur, qui module en fa mineur sur une large melodie du par Ie dedicataire au viol on et Ie compositeur Mieczyslaw Weinberg au piano. La premiere violon. Le mouvement s'acheve par une coda retentissante et exaltante, et I'ensemble de execution publique, par David Ulstrakh et Sviatoslav Richter au piano, a lieu Ie 3 mai 1969 I'CBuvre represente I'une des plus completes et complexes expressions de la personnalite dans la Petite Salle du Conservatoire de Moscou. musicale de son auteur. Cette Sonate en la, CBuvre capitale dans I'evolution du genre de la Bien qu'« officiellement» en sol majeur, I'CBuvre emprunte, tout comme Ie Douzieme son ate pour violon et piano, ne serait -elle pas la fameuse « sonate de Vinteuil » evoquee Quatuor, au serialisme dodecaphonique, technique qui pouvait paraltre totalement par Proust dans Du cote de chez Swann? superflue pour Chostakovitch au vu de la musique qu'il avait composee jusque la. Les themes principaux des mouvements externes contiennent en effet les douze sons de la gamme =========================1 · ....I chromatique, mais Chostakovitch n'en fait pas une utilisation methodique dans Ie sens de Comme beau coup d'autres mouvements de Chostakovitch, c'est une grandiose passacaille, Schoenberg; c'est pour lui un moyen d'elargir Ie territoire musical en faisant deriver serie de variations sur un theme qui est repete plusieurs fois, mais pas litteralement, car I'oreille loin de toute sensation tonale. En trois mouvements, I'reuvre forme une sorte de tripty• II chacune de ses reapparitions il est varie par extension, par Ie rythme et parfois par une que autobiographique, Chostakovitch n'hesitant pas II se citer lui-meme comme II rendre transposition. Apres quelques mesures d'ouverture plut6t rhetoriques exposant Ie theme hommage II Alban Berg (Ia premiere mesure du theme initial du Concerto « a /a memoire principal, la premiere variation est enoncee tres simplement par Ie violon, jouant pizzicato. d'un ange » s'insere dans la passacaille finale de la Sonate). Malgre certains passages Dans Ie developpement des variations suivantes, ou intervient un second theme, la vehements, la Sonate pour vi%n et piano opus 134 revele une « froideur» et un aspect musique se poursuit avec une intensite et une agitation croissantes jusqu'au moment ou « intellectuel » assez inattendus, soulignes par une durete radicale. Les deux instruments chaque instrument (d'abord Ie piano, puis Ie violon) se voit confier une variation soliste dialoguent souvent dans leur registre Ie plus caracterise, Ie violon sur la chanterelle, Ie virtuose en forme de cadence. Clavier et cordes reintroduisent alors les differents demi• clavier sur des basses profondes, creant ainsi une atmosphere de mystere et de severe tons de la serie chromatique initiale. Le cycle se referme, tant sur Ie plan de I'utilisation des gravite. On decouvre ici un Chostakovitch tres different et encore totalement inconnu. intervalles que sur celui des deux themes principaux, I'un II la basse du piano, I'autre en La virtuosite de cette Sonate opus 134 n'est pas superflue et ne recherche jamais I'effet. tremolos au violon. C'est un rappel du climat de la fin du premier mouvement, avant que La difficulte extreme de la partie de chacun des deux instruments est mise au service d'un I'reuvre ne s'eteigne dans Ie silence.
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