DOCSLIB.ORG

Mass Surveillance Part 1 - Risks and Opportunities Raised by the Current Generation of Network Services and Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mass Surveillance Part 1 - Risks and Opportunities Raised by the Current Generation of Network Services and Applications Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Mass Surveillance Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications STUDY EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight (STOA) Unit PE 527.409 EN Mass Surveillance What are the risks for the citizens and the opportunities for the European Information Society? What are the possible mitigation strategies? Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications Study IP/G/STOA/FWC-2013-1/LOT 9/C5/SC1 December 2014 PE 527.409 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment The STOA project “Mass Surveillance – Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies Part 1” was carried out by TECNALIA Research and Investigation in Spain. AUTHORS Arkaitz Gamino Garcia Concepción Cortes Velasco Eider Iturbe Zamalloa Erkuden Rios Velasco Iñaki Eguía Elejabarrieta Javier Herrera Lotero Jason Mansell (Linguistic Review) José Javier Larrañeta Ibañez Stefan Schuster (Editor) The authors acknowledge and would like to thank the following experts for their contributions to this report: Prof. Nigel Smart, University of Bristol; Matteo E. Bonfanti PhD, Research Fellow in International Law and Security, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa; Prof. Fred Piper, University of London; Caspar Bowden, independent privacy researcher; Maria Pilar Torres Bruna, Head of Cybersecurity, Everis Aerospace, Defense and Security; Prof. Kenny Paterson, University of London; Agustín Martin and Luis Hernández Encinas, Tenured Scientists, Department of Information Processing and Cryptography (Cryptology and Information Security Group), CSIC; Alessandro Zanasi, Zanasi & Partners; Fernando Acero, Expert on Open Source Software; Luigi Coppolino,Università degli Studi di Napoli; Marcello Antonucci, EZNESS srl; Rachel Oldroyd, Managing Editor of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism; Peter Kruse, Founder of CSIS Security Group A/S; Ryan Gallagher, investigative Reporter of The Intercept; Capitán Alberto Redondo, Guardia Civil; Prof. Bart Preneel, KU Leuven; Raoul Chiesa, Security Brokers SCpA, CyberDefcon Ltd.; Prof. Hugo Scolnik, Departamento de Computación, Universidad Buenos Aires STOA RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR Peter Ide-Kostic Scientific Foresight (STOA) Unit Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services European Parliament, Rue Wiertz 60, B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact STOA or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.ep.europa.eu/stoa/ Manuscript completed in December 2014 Brussels, © European Union, 2014 DISCLAIMER The content of this document is the sole responsibility of the author and any opinions expressed therein do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. It is addressed to the Members and staff of the EP for their parliamentary work. Reproduction and translation for non- commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the European Parliament is given prior notice and sent a copy. PE 527.409 ISBN: 978-92-823-5535-0 DOI: 10.2861/269619 CAT: QA-05-14-155-EN-N Mass Surveillance - Part 1: Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies Abstract This document identifies the risks of data breaches for users of publicly available Internet services such as email, social networks and cloud computing, and the possible impacts for them and the European Information Society. It presents the latest technology advances allowing the analysis of user data and their meta-data on a mass scale for surveillance reasons. It identifies technological and organisational measures and the key stakeholders for reducing the risks identified. Finally the study proposes possible policy options, in support of the risk reduction measures identified by the study. This study covers the analysis of the existing generation of network services and applications at the time of the study (2014) and the short to mid-term technical measures and policy options suitable for counteracting mass surveillance practices and guaranteeing privacy and security of electronic communication channels. Future long-term technological and policy options addressing privacy and security in information and communication technologies are outlined in part two of this study, published by STOA. This study is accompanied by an Annex, which provides detailed answers to the thirty five questions posed in the original tender for this study. The annex is published as a separate document. STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment Mass Surveillance - Part 1: Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 4 2 DOCUMENT STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ............................................ 5 2.1 Format conventions............................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Document Structure ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Methodological approach applied ................................................................................................... 5 3 CURRENT PRACTICES OF INTERCEPTION AND ANALYSIS OF END-USER META-DATA ... 7 3.1 Types of Meta-Data and their retention .......................................................................................... 7 3.2 The role of commercial Cookies and trackers................................................................................. 9 3.3 Meta-data analysis for mass surveillance purposes..................................................................... 11 3.4 Complicity between mass surveillance organizations and other parties.................................. 12 4 CRYPTOGRAPHY RELIABILITY IN A “POST SNOWDEN” WORLD............................................ 16 4.1 Current and upcoming cryptography problems.......................................................................... 17 4.2 Malware in platforms and end-points ........................................................................................... 21 4.3 Cryptography and cyber warfare arena ........................................................................................ 22 4.4 Telecommunication sector............................................................................................................... 23 5 EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS FOR DOING MASS SURVEILLANCE ................ 26 5.1 Commercially available mass surveillance products................................................................... 26 5.2 Legal context for mass surveillance tools and services ............................................................... 29 5.3 Effectiveness of surveillance products and resources needed ................................................... 31 5.4 Cryptography and encryption analysis......................................................................................... 33 6 TECHNICAL CREDIBILITY OF NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCIES’ HACKING CAPABILITIES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 6.1 Cooperation of private companies with national security agencies.......................................... 35 6.2 Hacking capabilities of national security agencies ...................................................................... 35 6.3 Efficiency of intelligence services surveillance programs........................................................... 37 6.4 Credibility of accusations on mass surveillance........................................................................... 40 6.5 Efficiency of solutions to fight mass surveillance ........................................................................ 40 6.6 Threats and opportunities of using foreign OS and applications in public administration... 42 7 TECHNICAL AND POLICY OPTIONS PROPOSED FOR MITIGATING THE IDENTIFIED RISKS ................................................................................................................................................................... 44 7.1 Best practices for preventing cryptography problems ................................................................ 44 7.2 Technical options for mitigating surveillance risk....................................................................... 45 7.3 Short to mid-term policy options for controlling mass surveillance ......................................... 53 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment 8 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 55 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 56 ANNEX (see separate document) Mass Surveillance - Part 1: Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The disclosure of controversial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19
    National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 HC 2397 National Crime Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 Annual Report presented to Parliament pursuant to paragraph 8(2) of Schedule 2 to the Crime and Courts Act 2013. Accounts presented to the House of Commons pursuant to Section 6(4) of the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000. Accounts presented to the House of Lords by Command of Her Majesty. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 22 July 2019. HC 2397 © Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to National Crime Agency, Command Suite, Unit 1, Spring Gardens, Tinworth Street, London, SE11 5EN. ISBN 978-1-5286-1296-8 CCS0519221654 07/19 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Contents Foreword by the Home Secretary 7 Part Two – Accountability Report Part One – Performance Report Corporate Governance Report 43 Directors’ Report 43 Statement by the Director General 9 Statement of Accounting Officer’s Who we are and what we do 10 responsibilities 44 How
    [Show full text]
  • Download (589Kb)
    This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/95227/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Décary-Hétu, David and Giommoni, Luca 2017. Do police crackdowns disrupt drug cryptomarkets? a longitudinal analysis of the effects of Operation Onymous. Crime, Law and Social Change 67 (1) , pp. 55-75. 10.1007/s10611-016-9644-4 file Publishers page: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9644-4 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611- 016-9644-4> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. 1 Do Police Crackdowns Disrupt Drug Cryptomarkets? A Longitudinal Analysis Of The Effects Of Operation Onymous In recent years, there has been a proliferation of online illicit markets where participants can purchase and sell a wide range of goods and services such as drugs, hacking services, and stolen financial information. Second- generation markets, known as cryptomarkets, provide a pseudo-anonymous platform from which to operate and have attracted the attention of researchers, regulators, and law enforcement.
    [Show full text]
  • Privacy on the Internet: the Vole Ving Legal Landscape Debra A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Santa Clara University School of Law Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal Volume 16 | Issue 2 Article 10 January 2000 Privacy on the Internet: The volE ving Legal Landscape Debra A. Valentine Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Debra A. Valentine, Privacy on the Internet: The Evolving Legal Landscape , 16 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 401 (2000). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol16/iss2/10 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRIVACY ON THE INTERNET: THE EVOLVING LEGAL LANDSCAPE Prepared Remarks of Debra A. Valentinet TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction ................................................................................ 401 II. Privacy on the Internet-The Evolving Legal Landscape ............. 403 A. Federal Trade Commission Act and Informational Privacy ........... 404 B. Other Federal Statutes and Informational Privacy ......................... 408 C. Federal Intemet-Law ................................................................... 410 III. Current Federal Policy on Internet Privacy .................................. 412 IV. The U.S. Approach
    [Show full text]
  • Mutual Watching and Resistance to Mass Surveillance After Snowden
    Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183-2439) 2015, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 12-25 Doi: 10.17645/mac.v3i3.277 Article “Veillant Panoptic Assemblage”: Mutual Watching and Resistance to Mass Surveillance after Snowden Vian Bakir School of Creative Studies and Media, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] Submitted: 9 April 2015 | In Revised Form: 16 July 2015 | Accepted: 4 August 2015 | Published: 20 October 2015 Abstract The Snowden leaks indicate the extent, nature, and means of contemporary mass digital surveillance of citizens by their intelligence agencies and the role of public oversight mechanisms in holding intelligence agencies to account. As such, they form a rich case study on the interactions of “veillance” (mutual watching) involving citizens, journalists, intelli- gence agencies and corporations. While Surveillance Studies, Intelligence Studies and Journalism Studies have little to say on surveillance of citizens’ data by intelligence agencies (and complicit surveillant corporations), they offer insights into the role of citizens and the press in holding power, and specifically the political-intelligence elite, to account. Atten- tion to such public oversight mechanisms facilitates critical interrogation of issues of surveillant power, resistance and intelligence accountability. It directs attention to the veillant panoptic assemblage (an arrangement of profoundly une- qual mutual watching, where citizens’ watching of self and others is, through corporate channels of data flow, fed back into state surveillance of citizens). Finally, it enables evaluation of post-Snowden steps taken towards achieving an equiveillant panoptic assemblage (where, alongside state and corporate surveillance of citizens, the intelligence-power elite, to ensure its accountability, faces robust scrutiny and action from wider civil society).
    [Show full text]
  • SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021
    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021 1 Page Break To request this document in another format, call 1-800-525-0127. Deaf or hard of hearing customers, please call 711 (Washington Relay) or email [email protected]. Publication Number 420-339 For more information or additional copies of this report: Disease Control and Health Statistics Public Health Outbreak Coordination, Information, and Surveillance 1610 NE 150th Street, MS: K17-9 Shoreline, WA 98155 Phone: 206-418-5700 (24-hour contact for local health jurisdictions only) Email: [email protected] 2 Page break SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Breakthrough Surveillance and Case Information Resource Washington State Department of Health September 22, 2021 COVID-19 vaccines are effective and critical tools to aid in the control of this pandemic. Large- scale clinical studies found that COVID-19 vaccines prevented most people from getting COVID- 19 illness, but like most other vaccines, they are not 100 percent effective. This means some fully vaccinated people will still get infected with SARS-CoV-2. These individuals may or may not develop COVID-19 symptoms. Vaccine breakthrough occurs when someone gets infected with an organism they are fully vaccinated against. For the COVID-19 vaccine, this means someone tests positive for SARS-CoV- 2 two weeks or more after receiving the full series of an authorized COVID-19 vaccine. Since millions of people in the United States are getting vaccinated, we expect to see some breakthrough disease. Fortunately, there is evidence from research studies that the COVID-19 vaccine reduces the risk of people getting really sick and needing to go to the hospital or dying from COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Intel X86 Considered Harmful
    Intel x86 considered harmful Joanna Rutkowska October 2015 Intel x86 considered harmful Version: 1.0 1 Contents 1 Introduction5 Trusted, Trustworthy, Secure?......................6 2 The BIOS and boot security8 BIOS as the root of trust. For everything................8 Bad SMM vs. Tails...........................9 How can the BIOS become malicious?.................9 Write-Protecting the flash chip..................... 10 Measuring the firmware: TPM and Static Root of Trust........ 11 A forgotten element: an immutable CRTM............... 12 Intel Boot Guard............................. 13 Problems maintaining long chains of trust............... 14 UEFI Secure Boot?........................... 15 Intel TXT to the rescue!......................... 15 The broken promise of Intel TXT.................... 16 Rescuing TXT: SMM sandboxing with STM.............. 18 The broken promise of an STM?.................... 19 Intel SGX: a next generation TXT?................... 20 Summary of x86 boot (in)security.................... 21 2 Intel x86 considered harmful Contents 3 The peripherals 23 Networking devices & subsystem as attack vectors........... 23 Networking devices as leaking apparatus................ 24 Sandboxing the networking devices................... 24 Keeping networking devices outside of the TCB............ 25 Preventing networking from leaking out data.............. 25 The USB as an attack vector...................... 26 The graphics subsystem......................... 29 The disk controller and storage subsystem............... 30 The audio
    [Show full text]
  • TCAS II) by Personnel Involved in the Implementation and Operation of TCAS II
    Preface This booklet provides the background for a better understanding of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) by personnel involved in the implementation and operation of TCAS II. This booklet is an update of the TCAS II Version 7.0 manual published in 2000 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It describes changes to the CAS logic introduced by Version 7.1 and updates the information on requirements for use of TCAS II and operational experience. Version 7.1 logic changes will improve TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) sense reversal logic in vertical chase situations. In addition all “Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust” RAs are converted to “Level-Off, Level-Off” RAs to make it more clear that a reduction in vertical rate is required. The Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for TCAS II Version 7.1 were approved in June 2008 and Version 7.1 units are expected to be operating by 2010-2011. Version 6.04a and 7.0 units are also expected to continue operating for the foreseeable future where authorized. 2 Preface................................................................................................................................. 2 The TCAS Solution............................................................................................................. 5 Early Collision Avoidance Systems................................................................................ 5 TCAS II Development .................................................................................................... 6 Initial
    [Show full text]
  • An Evolving Threat the Deep Web
    8 An Evolving Threat The Deep Web Learning Objectives distribute 1. Explain the differences between the deep web and darknets.or 2. Understand how the darknets are accessed. 3. Discuss the hidden wiki and how it is useful to criminals. 4. Understand the anonymity offered by the deep web. 5. Discuss the legal issues associated withpost, use of the deep web and the darknets. The action aimed to stop the sale, distribution and promotion of illegal and harmful items, including weapons and drugs, which were being sold on online ‘dark’ marketplaces. Operation Onymous, coordinated by Europol’s Europeancopy, Cybercrime Centre (EC3), the FBI, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and Eurojust, resulted in 17 arrests of vendors andnot administrators running these online marketplaces and more than 410 hidden services being taken down. In addition, bitcoins worth approximately USD 1 million, EUR 180,000 Do in cash, drugs, gold and silver were seized. —Europol, 20141 143 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 144 Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, and Cybercrime THINK ABOUT IT 8.1 Surface Web and Deep Web Google, Facebook, and any website you can What Would You Do? find via traditional search engines (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, etc.) are all located 1. The deep web offers users an anonym- on the surface web. It is likely that when you ity that the surface web cannot provide. use the Internet for research and/or social What would you do if you knew that purposes you are using the surface web.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Legal Research Assistance That Can Make a Builds
    EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF BIOMETRIC MASS SURVEILLANCE PRACTICES IN GERMANY, THE NETHERLANDS, AND POLAND By Luca Montag, Rory Mcleod, Lara De Mets, Meghan Gauld, Fraser Rodger, and Mateusz Pełka EDRi - EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS 2 INDEX About the Edinburgh 1.4.5 ‘Biometric-Ready’ International Justice Cameras 38 Initiative (EIJI) 5 1.4.5.1 The right to dignity 38 Introductory Note 6 1.4.5.2 Structural List of Abbreviations 9 Discrimination 39 1.4.5.3 Proportionality 40 Key Terms 10 2. Fingerprints on Personal Foreword from European Identity Cards 42 Digital Rights (EDRi) 12 2.1 Analysis 43 Introduction to Germany 2.1.1 Human rights country study from EDRi 15 concerns 43 Germany 17 2.1.2 Consent 44 1 Facial Recognition 19 2.1.3 Access Extension 44 1.1 Local Government 19 3. Online Age and Identity 1.1.1 Case Study – ‘Verification’ 46 Cologne 20 3.1 Analysis 47 1.2 Federal Government 22 4. COVID-19 Responses 49 1.3 Biometric Technology 4.1 Analysis 50 Providers in Germany 23 4.2 The Convenience 1.3.1 Hardware 23 of Control 51 1.3.2 Software 25 5. Conclusion 53 1.4 Legal Analysis 31 Introduction to the Netherlands 1.4.1 German Law 31 country study from EDRi 55 1.4.1.1 Scope 31 The Netherlands 57 1.4.1.2 Necessity 33 1. Deployments by Public 1.4.2 EU Law 34 Entities 60 1.4.3 European 1.1. Dutch police and law Convention on enforcement authorities 61 Human Rights 37 1.1.1 CATCH Facial 1.4.4 International Recognition Human Rights Law 37 Surveillance Technology 61 1.1.1.1 CATCH - Legal Analysis 64 EDRi - EUROPEAN DIGITAL RIGHTS 3 1.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Privacy and the Future of Mass Surveillance’
    ‘The Right to Privacy and the Future of Mass Surveillance’ ABSTRACT This article considers the feasibility of the adoption by the Council of Europe Member States of a multilateral binding treaty, called the Intelligence Codex (the Codex), aimed at regulating the working methods of state intelligence agencies. The Codex is the result of deep concerns about mass surveillance practices conducted by the United States’ National Security Agency (NSA) and the United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The article explores the reasons for such a treaty. To that end, it identifies the discriminatory nature of the United States’ and the United Kingdom’s domestic legislation, pursuant to which foreign cyber surveillance programmes are operated, which reinforces the need to broaden the scope of extraterritorial application of the human rights treaties. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the US and UK foreign mass surveillance se practices interferes with the right to privacy of communications and cannot be justified under Article 17 ICCPR and Article 8 ECHR. As mass surveillance seems set to continue unabated, the article supports the calls from the Council of Europe to ban cyber espionage and mass untargeted cyber surveillance. The response to the proposal of a legally binding Intelligence Codexhard law solution to mass surveillance problem from the 47 Council of Europe governments has been so far muted, however a soft law option may be a viable way forward. Key Words: privacy, cyber surveillance, non-discrimination, Intelligence Codex, soft law. Introduction Peacetime espionage is by no means a new phenomenon in international relations.1 It has always been a prevalent method of gathering intelligence from afar, including through electronic means.2 However, foreign cyber surveillance on the scale revealed by Edward Snowden performed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), the United Kingdom Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and their Five Eyes partners3 1 Geoffrey B.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Surveillance
    Thematic factsheet1 Update: July 2018 MASS SURVEILLANCE The highly complex forms of terrorism require States to take effective measures to defend themselves, including mass monitoring of communications. Unlike “targeted” surveillance (covert collection of conversations, telecommunications and metadata by technical means – “bugging”), “strategic” surveillance (or mass surveillance) does not necessarily start with a suspicion against a particular person or persons. It has a proactive element, aimed at identifying a danger rather than investigating a known threat. Herein lay both the value it can have for security operations, and the risks it can pose for individual rights. Nevertheless, Member States do not have unlimited powers in this area. Mass surveillance of citizens is tolerable under the Convention only if it is strictly necessary for safeguarding democratic institutions. Taking into account considerable potential to infringe fundamental rights to privacy and to freedom of expression enshrined by the Convention, Member States must ensure that the development of surveillance methods resulting in mass data collection is accompanied by the simultaneous development of legal safeguards securing respect for citizens’ human rights. According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, it would be counter to governments’ efforts to keep terrorism at bay if the terrorist threat were substituted with a perceived threat of unfettered executive power intruding into citizens’ private lives. It is of the utmost importance that the domestic legislation authorizing far-reaching surveillance techniques and prerogatives provides for adequate and sufficient safeguards in order to minimize the risks for the freedom of expression and the right to privacy which the “indiscriminate capturing of vast amounts of communications” enables.
    [Show full text]
  • What Data Is Best Kept Private and Why?
    What data is best kept private and why? Hi, My name is Catherine Gicheru. I am an ICFJ Knight Fellow and the Director of the African Women Journalism Project, an initiative that works to support, train and mentor women journalists in Africa in covering underreported communities and issues. Last week Arzu Geybulla took you through what online harassment looks like, how to look after your emotional wellbeing and shared resources for psychosocial support. This week, l will be telling you about online privacy...what is it and why it's important. You will learn what information you should or shouldn't share online and how the information you share online can make you vulnerable to online attacks and targeted by bad actors. We shall also share some practical tips on what you can do to protect your privacy online. This week in addition to the videos there will be additional reading materials. I encourage you all to participate in the discussions that we shall be having throughout the week. Thank you for joining me and I look forward to working with you to better understand Online Privacy. I would like to start this second module by quickly talking about how the internet works so that you can better understand what data you share knowingly or unknowingly, and why some information should be kept private. There’s a lot of technical explanations of how the internet works, but the simplest explanation is this, the Internet is a vast, sprawling collection of networks that connect to each other. In fact, the word “Internet” comes from this concept: interconnected networks.
    [Show full text]