MEMOIRS

of the NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA

MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA

Director J. MCNALLY

Deputy Director and Editor EEMUNDD. GILL

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL

12 APRIL 1971 Registered at the G.P.O., Melbourne for transmission by post as a book BROWN PRIOR ANDERSON PTY LTD 5 EVANS STREET BURWOOD VICTORIA INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY OF PORT PHILLIP BAY WITH SYSTEMATIC LIST OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS By R. J. KING," 3. HOPEBLACK? and SOPHIEC. DUCKER"

Abstract The zonation is recorded at 14 stations within Port Phillip Bay. Any special features of a station are discussed in relation to the adjacent stations and the whole Bay. The intcrtidal plants and animals are listed systematically with references, distribution within the Bay and relevant comment.

l. INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY South-western Bay-Areas 42, 49, 50 By R. J. KINGand J. HOPEBLACK Area 42 : Station 2 1 St. Leonards 16 Oct. 69 Introduction Area 49: Station 4 Swan Bay Jetty, 17 Sept. 69 This account is basically concerned with the distribution of intertidal plants and animals of Eastern Bay-Areas 23-24, 35-36, 47-48, 55 Port Phillip Bay. The benthic flora and fauna Area 23, Station 20, Ricketts Pt., 30 Sept. 69 have been dealt with in separate papers (Mem- Area 55: Station 15 Schnapper Pt. 25 May oir 27 and present volume). 70 Following preliminary investigations, 14 Area 55: Station 13 Fossil Beach 25 May stations were selccted for detailed study in such 70 a way that all regions and all major geological formations were represented. These localities Solnthesn Bay-Areas 60-64, 67-70 are listed below ar,d are shown in Figure 1. Area 63: Station 24 Martha Pt. 25 May 70 For ease of comparison with Womersley Port PEKp Beads-Areas 58-59 ( 1966), in his paper on the subtidal algae, the Area 58 : Station 10 Qucenscliff, 12 Mar. 69 bay is divided into the same regions. All Area 58: Station 5 Pt. Nepean, 15 Jan. 70 regions except Central Bay are included. Stations or groups of stations are considered The dates given are the dates of the main separately below. The basic zonation is out- investigation of the area, but all stations have lined in a table which, unless otherwise stated, been visited on several occasions. is that of open rock platform. The letters U, M or L after a species refer to its position within Northern Bay-Areas 1-14 the zone indicated. The position shown for a Area 6: Station 16 Williamstown, 28 Aug. 69 particular species is the level of maximum de- Corio Bay-Areas 15-18, 25-30, 37-40 velopment and individuals of this species may Area 16: Station 23 Kirk Pt. 2 Feb. 69 be found wcll above and/or below this. Sea- Area 25: Station 19 North Corio Bay, 17 sonal functuations in abundance occur for Sept. 69 many algae and in some cases this has been Area 26: Station 2 Liineburners Ck. 17 Sept. noted. 69 Northern Bay Area 27: Station 17 Pt Wilson, 2 Feb. 70 Area 29: Station 22 Eortariington, i4 Gci. Area 6 (Slh) Wllliamstown (Foreshore of cn Gloucester Reserve) 28 August 69 V7 Area 6 (S16A) ~illiBmstown"(0.25 mi E. ' School of Botany, Univrrsity of Mrlbonrne i Hun. Associate, Natio~ial Muse~unof Victoria of 16). INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

MEISOURNE

BELLARINE PENINSULA

N

MILES (Naut~cal) FIG.l-Map of localities.

Geology and Geomor*phology corded even though a special search was made The whole of the foreshore has been altered for them: Austrocochlea constricta, Bembicium by man and there is a sea wall along the back and Melarapha praetermissa. The animals are of the beach. Basalt boulders have been built mostly on steep rock faces e.g. Galeolaria up along the sea front and an artificial break- caespitosa and Mytilus planulatus, or in crevices water, also of basalt, has been built normal to e.g. Heliocidaris erythrogramma, Actinea tene- the sea wall approximately half way along the brosa, Bateriella calcar, the orange sponge reserve fi-ontage. At station 16A there is a Tetlzys australis, and numerous small anem- natural rock platform developed on Pleistocene ones. The algae are commonly on horizontal basalt. rock surfaces. Pools zt station 16A contained the following algae: Enteromorpha, Ulva lac- Elnvn nwR EIIIIM~ c U", "c -,*L' L UbW,,'~ tuca, Coraiiina aficinaiis, Grateloupia fiiicina The basic pattern of zonation is shown in and Lithothamnion. The brown algae Caulo- Table 1. The following species were not re- cystis cephalornitlzos, Cystophora polycystidea, By R. J. KING, T. HOPE BLACK & SOBHBE C. DUCKER 95

ZONE PLANTS ANIMALS LITTORAL Salicorniu q~~irzquefloru" Melaraplza unifasciata L FRINGE (in crevices and small holes) Bangia fr~scopzrrpurea* L

Siplzoizarin dien~en~ensisM Cellana tramoserica IM Austrococklen adeluidae3 A. odontis3 Patelloida aalticostata Porpkyral U MID- Enleromorpha irztestinulis U EULITTORAL Ulvtr lactucal U Poneroplax costata Gelidiznn p~isillunz E Mytilus plarrr~lat~r,~L - Hormosira banksii' U Galeolaria cnespitosa U LOWER Cerltroceras cl~zvulat~lmU EULITTORAL Polysiphorzial Actinin tenebrosn U Uli>(~lactuca M Caulerpa brownii L Pateriella calcar3

C. gent inata U = Upper part C. longifolia f. crispatn M = Middle] of UPPER C. remotifolia L = Lower J zone SUB- C. sirnpliciusccila = Seasonally abundant Corallina oficirialis = On natural platform only LITTORAL Ecklorzia radiatu (S.16A) Lithofhanznior~ 3 = In pools Sargass~lmspp.

C. retorta, Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum sp. fringed on the landward side by Atriplex cinerea and Scytosiphon lomentaria, were less abun- and behind this is a marsh area with Salicornia dant, and heavily covered with epiphytic col- quinqueflora and Arthrocnemum halccnerncides onial diatoms. Zostera muelleri occurs in shal- as the most common species. Table 2 shows the low sandy pools and was also heavily epiphy- basic zonation at these stations. The pattern is tized. substantially modified by conditions of local Glorio Bay (A) shelter. The strong development of the algae Centroceras clavulalum, Grateloupia filicina Area 16 (S23) Kirk Point 2 February, 1970 var. luxurians, Rhabdonia robusta, Xlzodoglos- Area 27 (S17) Point Wilson 2 February, sum and the excessive growth of Ulva lactuca 1970. probably indicates nutrient enrichment from the Geology and Geomorphology adjacent Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works sewerage farm. The same algal repre- These two stations are representative of a sentatives occur together near a waste outfall number of isolated and small outcrops of Pleis- pipe at Portarlington, Area 29 (S22). tocene basalt on the W. margin of the Bay. Only those animals capable of withstanding The outcrops form boulder beaches limited by the sheltered conditions and the sandy-clay sub- sandy beach in the upper regions, and by sandy- strate are present. On the rocky outcrops Bem- clay sedimcnts just below low tide level. bicum auratzlm occurs in the upper eulittoral, Fiora and Fuuna grading into Austrocochlea constricts above the The outcrops are backed by a sandy beach Mytilus planulatus-Caleolaria caespitosa band. with a high percentage of shell remains. This is On the Galeolaria and below it Corninella 96 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

TABLE2. CORIOBAY REGION (A> Point Wilson and Kirk Point (S17, 23)

MID- UIva lactuca U EULrTTORAL Erzteronzorpha U Mytilus planulaius L Gelidirinz p~lsillurn L Polysiphorzirrl Cmleolariu caespitosa U LOWER Cerztroceras clcrvulatrinz Corninella eburneu L EULITTQRAL Grateloupia fi licir~cllM Conzirlella lineoluta L Cn~llerpahrolvnii L Pyura praeputialis L Carllerpu remotifolia U U = Upper part UPPER C. longifolia f. crispata U M = Middle of SUB- Rhodoglo.ssurn U L = Lower I zone LITTORAL I = Seasonally abundant

eburnea and C. lineolata are common, while be- Flora and Fauna low this at low tide level scattered Pyura prae- The numerous boulders afford protection for putialis are found. On sandy patches between the intertidal animals and although the environ- the roclcs the large speckled anemone Oulactis mcnt has a limited fauna in species, the number muscosa is common, as are the molluscs Kate- of individuals is large. The general distribution lysia rhytophora and Barcarzassa pauperata. of species is shown in Table 3. There are no Anadara trapezia which was taken in numbers Melarapha although large boulders at the base in Corio Bay region by the benthic survey is of the cliff should provide a suitable habitat. found to extend into the upper sublittoral and Under stones in the mid- and lower eulittoral lower eulittoral zones on the sandy beaches are Cominella lineolata and Paragrapsus gai- to the north of Point Wilson and Kirk Point. mardii; also occasionally Lepsiella vinosa, Vela- They occur in large clumps of dead and living cumantus australis, Paterieila brevispina, and shells many clumps having up to a dozen live Tosia australis are found. Anadara trapezia is shells in them. present in small numbers. Algae growing in the To the SE. of Point Wilson there are large lower eulittorial and upper sublittoral zones beds of Zostera, with Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa are covered with epiphytic diatoms. species occurring on isolated rocks. On the Codo Bay (C) sheltered inner margin of these beds Acetabu- laria pen~iculus is found growing on dead Kate- Area 29 (S22) Portarlington 16 October, 1969. lysia scalarina shells. Geology and Geomorphology The bedrock is lower Tertiary basalt and Corio Bay (B) there is a small, almost horizontal, wave cut Area 25 (S19) Corio Bay North 17 Septem- platform (Jutson 1931). The platform lies ber, 1969. in the mid- and lower-eulittoral, and there is Geology and Geomorphology a sharp drop into the sub-littoral. The shoreline is in Tertiary limestone, mark Flora and Fauna and sands. These have eroded to form low cliffs The gcneral patterr, of zonation is shown in approximately 20 ft. high with a narrow boulder Table 4. In sandy patches in the upper sub- beach derived from the bedrock. The ciiff breaks iitrorai Zostera muelleri occurs heavily epiphy- away in large blocks up to six ft. across, which tized by Ulva lactuca and Punctaria latifolia are broken down and sorted by the sea. with some Acrosorium uncinatum. Near the By R. 91. ICING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHYE C. DUCKER 97 drain outlet at the W. end of the reef Cerztro- lactuca c.f. Kirk Point and Point Wilsona. Many ceras clavulatum, Gvateloupick filicina var. of the larger brown algae in the upper sub- Itr.xurians, Rhabdonia rabusaa and Rhodoglos- littoral zone are covered by Ectocarpaceae and sum occur with the increased growth of Ulva colonial diatoms.

TABLE3. CORIOBAY REGION(B), Corio Bay North (S19)

Ulva lactuca M Bembiciurn arlratum U Elzferoinorpl~aM Austrococlilea coizstrictcr MID- M EULITTouL Por~h~ra Notoacnzea septiforinis L Caloglossa lepriezlrii M Chthanzalus aiztennat~lsL Gelldiunz pzislllurn M Mytilus pla~izllatus L Chnetornorpha darwin.ii U LOWER Codiuin fragile M Galeolaria caespitosa EULITTORAL Petaloizia fascia M U Scytosipl~onlonzerzturia M

Caulerpa rernotifolia Alzdara trapezicrl L C. sirnpliciuscula = UPPER U Upper part SUB- Sargassunz M = Middle of LITTORAL Zostera rnuelleril L = Lower 1 zone = Sandy patches between boulders.

TABLE4. CORIOBAY REGION (C), Portarlington (S22)

SUPRA- LITTORAL Bangia f~~scopurpurealL Bernbiciu17z n7elanostonzurn U B. nclnrinz (rare) Austrococlzlea constricts M

Porplzyral M Chtlzarnalus antenrzat~ts U Enterornorpha irztestinalis M (on pipeline base) MID- Siphonaria diemenensis M EULITTORAL Patelloida alticostuta M Notoacmea septifornzis M Mytilrls planulutus L Hornzosira bnnhsii U Cerltroceras clavulat~inzM LOWEREULITToRAL Ulvu 1ac11~caM MorztfortulaGnleolarin caespito~a rugosu U U Clznetvrnorpka aerea" Lepsiella vino~aU Corallirza ofjicinulis M

Gr ateloupin filicina2 U RhodoglossunzW Caulerpa I ernotzfolia M U = Upper part C. s~ninlzczu.tctnlaM M = Middle of Caulocy~t~scephalomitlior M I_ = Lnwrr j Cystophora polycysfidea = Seasonally abundant Ec klonza radznta = Abundant near plpe outlet Snrgas~urnspp. 9 8 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

South-Western Bav laevis, Ratelysia scalauina, A ustrocochlea con- Area 42 (S21) St. Leonards 16 October, stricta (small) Cominella lineolata and Par- 1369. canassa pauperata. The platform lies in the iower eulittoral and Geology and Geomorphology below, and the distribution of species is sum- The bedrock is Pliocene ferruginous sand- marized in Table 5. Along the W. coastline stone, which forms a narrow platform just above the change from open coast species to low tide mark. the more typical bay species is quite abrupt, Figure 2, and this corresponds with a marked Flora and Fauna change in substrate and degree of wave action. The platform lies offshore, and behind this are beds of Zostera muellevi, and then a band Eastern Bay (A) of shingle between the Zostera and the sandy Area 23 (S20). Ricketts Point. 30 September beach. At about mid-tide level the shingles are 1969. covered with Enteromorpha intestinalis, and at Geology and Geomorphology lower levcls with Laurencia, Ceramium and Ricltetts Point consists of lateritized Tertiary Polysiphonia. Occasionally Caulocystis uvifera marine sediments, the ironstone point forming occurs on large roclts. Acetabularia peniculus an intertidal platform. On the higher parts, is recorded on dead shells of Katelysia scalarina. coarse gravel to sand are present. The Zostera beds are dense, and appeared to be accumulating sediments, being some 6-12 Flora and Fauna in higher than surrounding bare areas. The The basic zonation pattern is shown in Table Zostera is covered with epiphytes: Entero- 6. It should be noted that: morpha, Ulva lactuca, Champia afinis, and less 1. The littoral fringe is almost bare. There commonly with Acrosorium uncinatum and are no rock stacks, and no Melarapha. Polysiphonia. 2. The deillarcation between the lower eulit- The fauna of the Zostera beds includes toral and the upper sublittoral is not par- Actinia australis, Cnidopus veratra, Philyra ticularly clear.

TABLE5. SOUTH-WESIERNBAY REGION, St. Leonards (S21 1

Austrocochlea constricta L (on inshore pebbles)

Mm- Enteroinorpha irztestirzalis L EULITTORAL - Hornzosirn banksii U LOWER Ulva lactuca U Austrocochlea odo~ztis EULITTORAL Laz~rerzcia M Conzirzella lirzeolata Cazilerpa brownii L

Halicarcinus rostratus Caulerpa renzotifolia U Cystoplzora retorta U UPPER C. s~lbfarcinata Crr- ~aii]sCYS?~S,rep~G~cy::i?~:cS1 0"Y- LITTORAL C. uvifera 1 = Local Shelter Sargassum decipierzs 2 = Amongst algae By R. J. ICING, I. HOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER

C. f lexilk

C flexilis var. muelleri

C. obscura

C. papillosa

C. trifaria

m Sheltered coast species LEGEND Species of both sheltered and open coast

a Rough coast species

FIG.2-Distribution of Cnulerpa spp. on the W. coast of Port Phillip.

3. Where Ibla occurs, it forms colonics adja- tata and Pateriella calcar are common. Cnido- cent to Galeolaria; it does not shelter pus veratra occurs at all levels. amongst the worm tubes as on open coast. In sandy patches between the tongues of the 4. In the upper sublittoral the Fucales Caulo- platform Zosteva muelleri occurs with epiphytic cystis cephalornitlzos, Cystophora ~nonili- Cladophora and Punctaria latifolia or Ulva formis, C. retorta, C. subfarcinata and Sar- lactuca and Porphyra at slightly higher levels. gassum occur only as isolated plants, never The associated animals in these areas are the in a dense band. They are frequently cov- anenome Cnidopus veratra, and molluscs Aust- ered with Ectocarpaceae and colonial dia- rocochlea odontis with a few Austrocochlea toms. constricta and Parcanassa pauperata. No bi- In shallow pools in the mid-eulittoral Ulvn valves are recorded. lactuca, Corallina oficinalis, Lithothamnion and In sandy pools on the inner part of the plat- Austrocochlea constricta are common. In pools form there are scattered plants of Ulva lactuca, at lower levels Corallina oficinalis and Litho- the moiiuscs Zencumantus diemenensis, Parca- tlzamnion are dominant with Chaetomorphn nassa pauperata and a few Austrococlzlea aerea, Ectocarpaceae, Polysiplzonia, colonial constricta. diatoms, the molluscs Notoacmea pettevdi, The beach N. of Ricketts Point is of very Montfortula rugosa and the crab Parag~-apsus fine sand in which the dominant species is gaimavdii. Pools towards the outer edge contain Donacilla angusta. There are scattered holes fschnoradsia evanida. In poois in the iower probably of soldier crabs, Mictyris platycheles. eulittoral AustrocochEea odontis, Cominella A freshwater drain on the E. edge has a dense lineolata, Scibninella undulata, Poneroplax cos- population of Salinator fragilis. 100 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

TABLEQ. EASTERNBAY REGION (A), Ricketts Point (S20)

ZONE PLANTS Saliconzia quinqueflora U LITTORAL (occasional in small patches of FRINGE ironstone gravel and sand)

Bern bicium auratz4m U (very abundant) Cominella liweolata L Austrocochlea co~zstrictaL

Porplzyral M Cellana tmmosel-ica M MID- Ulva lactucal M Patelloida trlticostata M Gelidizltn pusillurn L Mytilus plrrnultrtr~s" 4 L -- Hornzosira ha~iksiiU Galeolaria caespitosa U LOWER Laurerzcia" Ibln qundrivalvis2 U EULITTORAL Corallina oficinalis2 L Lepsiella vinosa U Cmulelpa brownii4 L Szlbrzinella undulata L

Codium fragilg U Patierella hrevispina2 Ulva lactncu~~~3 Coscinasterius calan?ariu2 Calllocystis cephalornithos% 4 Cystophora moniliforniis3- 4 U = Upper 1 part UPPER C. retorta4 M = Middle SUB- C. snbfarcilzata" L =~ower1 z%e LITTORAL Dictyota diclzotoma2 = Seasonally abundant Sargassnm3~~4 2 = West side the platform Scptosiphon lomentarial~2 "South of platform Polysiphonia3 = East of platform Porphyrala 3

Eastern Bay (B) Sonthem Bay Area 55 (S15) Mornington (Schnapper Area 63 (S24) Martha Point 25 May 1970. Point) 25 May, 1970. Area 55 (S13) Mornington (Fossil Beach) Geology and Ceomorphology 25 May, 1970. The bedrock is upper Palaeozoic granodio- rite with well-developed intertidal platforms Geology and Geomovplzology (Jutson 1940). Schnapper Point is a resistant headland of Plioccne laterite. Bclow the cliff there is only Flova and Fauna slight platform development, and most of the The zonation is summarized in Table 8. It intertidal area is composed of isolatcd boulders. is basically similar to that at the Mornington At Fossil Beach, which is approxi~natelytwo miles S. of Schnapper Point, laterite is underlain Stations (Eastern bay (B) ) but the following by Miocene marine siltstone which forms the important differences occur: intertidal zone. 1. The prcsence of Lichina confinis in the Flora and Fauna spray zone and in the upper culittoral. This The basic zonation is shown in Table 7. is indicative of an increase in the amount Hovrnosira banksii, which is characteristic of wave action. the lower eulittoral zone throughout the bay, 2. Rivularia fif'ma was found in the mid- is not recorded. This appears to be due to edittoral. This species is otherwise recorded lack of suirabie subbilaie. Tiie genei-$ disciis- c,",!Yfor the two st2tk2~2t ?h!? He&. sion of this area is included with that of Martha 3. Normosira bannksii in the uppermost pa~ Point Area 63 (S24). of the lower eulittoral. By W. J. KING, 9. HOPE BLACK & SOQHIE C. DUCKER

TABLE7. EASTERNBAY REGION (B), Mornington, Schnapper Point and Fossil Beach (845, 83)

ANIMALS Melarapha unifasciata Melrrraplpha pmetel-missa

UPPER Bcmbiciunz auratunzl U EULITTORAL Bemhicium nanum U Austrocochlea concar7zerafal U Patelloida latistrigatal M Clzunzaesiplzo colurnrza L

Austrococlzlea corzstricta M Cellana tran~osel-icaM MID- Siphonaria dienzenerzsis EULITTORAL UEita lactuca M Actiniu terzebrosa M Galeolaria caespitosa L

Ulva lactuca U Corallina oificirzalis M Mytilrts planrtlatus U LOWFR Lithotlzanznion Patelloida nlticostuta U EULITTORAE Laurencia" Porzeroplax costata M Cauler~abrownii L Subnirr,ella r~ndulataL

C. g~minsrta C. scalpelliforrnis3 Notohaliotis ruber U C. remotifolia" C. sir?zplicirlscrtla U = Upper 1 part UPPER Amplziroa beauvoisii M = Middlc SUB- Ecklonia radiata L = Lower 1 z2e LITTORAL Caulocystis uvifera 1 = Local shelter Cystophora moniliforn~is3 2 = Schnapper Point only C. retortd 3 = Fossil Beach only C. subfurcinatu" C. torzilosu"

4. Ecklonia radiata occurs only with local Martha Point can be regarded as transitional shelter (as at the Heads region) and not between the rough open coast at the Heads generally in the upper sublittorall as it does and the more typical inner bay region. The throughout the more sheltered parts of the following species are not listed for the bay bay. proper but are found at the transition stations 5. Bembicium nanum has completely replaced and the Heads; the lichen Lichina confinis, the the bay species B. auratum. At Schnapper algae Rivularia fivma, Caulerpa flexilis, C, scal- Point both species are present but B. nanum pellifovnzis and Cystophova forulosa, and the only occurs at the outer edge of the S. end mollusc Bembicium nanum. of ;he platform. Figure 3 indicates the occurrence of Caul- Q. Mytilus plaaulatus only occurs in sheltered erpa species on the E. coastline. Caulerpa positions. 7. dbla quadvivulvis is abundant in crevices, remotifolia is the only Caubupa that can bp, re- and in the shelter of Galeolavia as on open garded as a truly calm water species, and this is corlip~eie~yreplaced ecologica!!j; bq7 CGilkrPi; coast. If we consider all the stations on the E. scalpelliformis at Fossil Beach. By coinparison coastline of the Bay, then Fossil Beach and the change on the W. coast is abrupt (Fig. 2). INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

C. rtjmotif~lb LJmwki

Cdmilg&

Chpliciuscula

C&- C&- f.crispata c- c-

Qc~pelliforrnis

C cacbdes

C.flexili$ var. muelleri

C. lonsifolia

C obscura

C. papillosa

C. trifark

Sheltered coast species LEGEND m Species of both sheltered and open coast

H Rough coast species FIG.3-Distribution of Caulerpa spp. on thc E. coast of Port Phillip.

TABLES. SOUTHERN BAY REGION,Martha Point (S24)

ANIMALS Melarnplza nnifusciata Lichirla confinis Melnrapha pr-aeternzissa Melarapha paludinella

Chaetorizorplza aerea Ben1 biciunz na12,urn U (Shallow pools) Melunerita melanotragusl U Grncilaria verrucosa Austrocochlea concanzerat~llU (Shallow pools) Austrocochlea constricts L Clzamaesipho colunzna M Cellana tramoserica U Bnteroinorplza Siphonariu dienzenensis Ulva lactuca M Ibla quadrivalvisl Rivularia firma M Mytilzis planulatusl Galeolaria caespitosa

Putelloida alticostata U Horrnosira barzksii U Porzeroplax costata M Cauler-pa brownii L Subninclla undulata L

C. genzinata C. sccrlpclliformis C. simplici~~scula UPPER Ecklorzia radiatal SUB- CySfgp!~g.vgn?o!?i!ijnm?i L = Lower J zone LITTORAL C. retorta 1 = Local shelter C. subfarcinata C. to~ulosa By R. B. WNG, J. HOPE BP

Port PBpilBip Heads C. glnndulaefolitkm, Laurencia data, Ptero- Area 58 (SS). Pt. Nepean. 15 January 1930. cladia capillacea. Amphibolis anfarctica is found Area 58 (S10). Queenscliff. 12 March 1969. in pools where sand covers a rocky substrate. Zostera is restricted to sheltered sandy pools. Geology and Geomorphology Cladophora rugulosa is common at Pt. Nepean The country rock is Pleistocene calcareous in shallow mid-eulittoral pools. Lenormandia aeolianite which forms low cliffs and is eroded prolifera is characteristic of sandy pools and into broad shore platforms broken by channels channels in the lower eulittoral and below. (Bowler 1966). Bird (1964) believes that the Like the algae, the fauna of the heads region platforms have been shaped partly by wave is more typical of the open coast than the rc- abrasion and partly by solution. At Pt. Nepean mainder of the bay. Austrscochlea con- the platforms extend over 400 ft seawards with camerata and Melanerita melanotragus colonize a fall of less than two feet, and then drop off sheltered areas of the upper eulittoral such as abruptly. The upper zones are represented on crevices and overhangs. Below this there are only a few isolated outcrops since the platform Modiolus pulex and Braclzidontes rostratus in is for the most part covered by sand on the patches but they do not form the extensive inner margin. sheets of many open coasts. Pyura praeputialis occurs in the lower eulittoral but in crevices Flora and Fauna reaches higher levels. Wave action at the Heads is at a maximum for Port Phillip and appears to be equivalent to 'moderate cxposure' of Bennett and Pope Area 26 (S2). Limeburners Bay. 17 Septem- (1960). ber 1969. The flora and fauna on the surface of the Area 49 (S4). Swan Bay Jetty. 17 September platform is fairly typical of much of the central 1969. Victorian coast. The pattern for Pt. Nepean is These two stations represent extreme shelter shown in Table 9. A similar pattern occurs at within Port Phillip and are therefore considered Queenscliff, but with a reduction in the intensity together. The station at Swan Bay Jetty is of wind and wave action the sub-littoral fringe described in detail. virtually disappears. A variety of habitats is provided in the pools and channels, and be- Geology and Geomorphology neath overhanging rock ledges. This develop- The country rock comprises sands, clays, ment is marked on the aeolianite, but is not limestone and lignites. The shore is fringed found elsewhere in the bay. Of the 68 species with calcareous sands and dune limestone; the of algae recorded for the Heads region, and coastal elevation is only a few feet above sea- not recorded at any other localities, 3 8 (56 % ) level in some areas. The floor is a sandy clay are restricted to rock pools. Some spccies, e.g. derived from these sediments, with a high per- Ecklonia radiata, common in the upper sub- centage of shell remains. Around the margin littoral within the bay occur only in pools or of the Bay there is accumulation of dead and with extreme local shelter at the Heads. decaying plant material, particularly of Zostera, Many of the species present are characteristic and H2S is formed. of rough coasts, e.g. Apjohnia laetevirens, Dic- Swan Bay is protected on its E. margin from tyosphaeria sericea, Caulerpa cactoides, C. the main area of the bay by Swan Island, Duck cliftoni, C. flexilis, C. sbscura, C. scalpelli- Island and Edwards Point, which runs S. froin formis, Codiurn galeatum, C. pomoides, the E. shore of the Bellarine Peninsula. Cystophora siliquosa, Durvillea potatorum, Macrocystis angustifolia, Padina fraseri, Petro- Flora and Fauna spongium rugosum, Ehyiiospora cornosa,Spiach- On tine W. shore the bay is bordered by a nidium rugosum, Xiphophora chonclvophylla. well-developed salt marsh with Arthrocnemum Ballia callitricha, B. scoparia, Gelidium australe, halocnemoides, Salicornia quinqueflora, and 10'4 INTERTIDAL EC8EOGY

TABLE9. Powa PWILEIPHEADS REGION, Point Nepean (S51

ZONE PLANTS ANIMALS Melaraplza ur~~ifasciata LITTORAL FRINGE Lichina confinis MelaraplzuMelarnpha paludinellapraeiermissa

Ban,gia fuscopurpureal Benzbiciunz nanurn U Melarzerita melanotragus2 Austrocochlea concamerata2 Chamaesipho col~nmrzaM Modlolzrs puler" Ckthamalcls antennatus Siplzorzaria diemenerzsis L Austrococlzlea constricta L Brachidontes rostratus L

Bry opsisl Patelloida latistrigata U Erzteromorphal U Cominella lineolata U Porphym' U Cellana trumoserica M MID- Rivuluria M Patelloidu ulticostata L EULITTORAL Petrospongium rugosunzl L Splachnidium rugosuml L Galeolaria caespitosa~L Ulva lactucal Actin,ia tenebrosaz L

Corcrllina officinalis Horrnosira barzksii U Gclldlun? pusillurn U LOWER Ulva lactuca Pyura praeputiulis" Cal~lerpabrownii L Poneroplax albida Cladosiephus verticillatusl~3 Poneroplax costata Cystopllora torulosa L Laurencia heteroclada L Padina fraseri L

Durvillea potatorum Dicatlzais textilosa SUB- Ballia scoparia Notohaliotis ruber LITTORAL Ckaetonzorpha darwinii Scutus antipodes Halopteris gracilescens FRINGE Lithothamnion Xiphophora clzondroplzylla

UPPER Ecklorzia radiataz U = Upper part SUB- Macrocystis angustifolia M = Middle of LITTORAL Plzy llospora como.sa L =Lower I zone Amphibolis antarctica2" 3 1 = Seasonally abundant 2 = Local shelter 3 = Sand overlying rocky substrate

Suaeda australis as dominant species. Salicornia substrate for a number of algae including plants are found on small isolated muddy out- Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca, Cerarniurn, Graci- crops along the edge of the bay and amongst laria, Polysiphonia, numerous diatoms and them are Saiinator fragilis, Velacurnantus nus- dinoflagellates, and Pizaeocystis giraudii. In tralis, Au,stuocochlea constricta porcata and deeper water Zostera has associated with it a Bembiciurn rnelanostomurn. This merges with fauna of amphigods and Assirninea brazieri Zostera nzuelleri which extends through the with Katelysia scalarina amongst the roots. Near eulittoral and into the sublittoral zone. Associa- the causeway on the E. side of the bay the ted with the Zostera are two other marine dominant species amongst the Zostera is Kate- angiusycl~il~Rkpptii miii-iitiiiii aiid occajioiiallj: Iysta i.!rytip,'ioi.ii. TUTndcr calm coiiditions debris Lepilaena cylindrocaupa. These sea grasses are and shell remains become a substrate for algal established in loose sedimcnts and form the growth; Acetabularia penicul~ts is commonly By R. %.KING, l'. HOPE Bk

found attached to dead Kotelysia scalari~za the open coast. A list of algae found only at shells. the Heads but not in the bay is given in xhe Animals are sparse, the most abundant and description of stations 5 and 10, Port Phillip obvious species being Zeacumanfus diemenensis, Heads. While a number of species wcur some Austrocochlea contricta, a few ascidians, throughout the whole bay, others appear to Microcosmos australis, and a few parchment tolerate the conditions of the bay to a limited tubes of Chaetopteris sp. protruding from the degree. Montfortula rugosa occurs to the S. sand, but no worms were collected. Dead shells of Clifton Springs (W. coast) and Schnapper of Katelysia and Homalina are abundant. Stag- Point (E. coast); Kellia australis and Ponero- nant pools which form in the marsh area during plax albida occur on the E. coastline S. of winter and spring are characterized by a dense Ricketts Pt. and at the Heads. growth of Enteromorpha. In some cases one particular species may be In Limeburners Bay at Station 4, the spit ecologically replaced by another. The green alga running into the bay from the foreshore in front Cuulerpa scalpelliformis occurs at the Heads of Geelong Grammar School differs from Swan and on the E. coastline S. of Schnapper Pt., but Bay in two aspects. Firstly the marsh area is is completely replaced elsewhere in the bay by separated from the intertidal region by a beach the densely pinnate form of Caulerpa remoti- of loosely compacted silty sand with a high folia. The mollusc Bembicium nanum occurs as proportion of marine skeletal material. Secondly far N. as Portarlington (W. coast) and Schnap- dense beds of sea grass are not developed in per Pt. (E. coast) and is then replaced by either the sublittoral. Bembicium auratum or B. melanostomum. Algae are poorly represented; the following A number of species occur throughout the species were found attached to occasional rocks bay but occupy different ecological niches un- or posts: Enteromorpha, Ulva lactuca, Colpo- der the differing environmental conditions. menia sinuosa, and Scytosiplzon lornentaria. On Meturaplax retrojecta is intertidal on open coast posts Caloglossa leprieurii occurs near mid-tide. but occurs at 1 5-3 fm within the bay. Ibla In the uppcr zones the dominant and only quadrivalvis requires the shelter of Galeolaria obvious animal was Bembicium melun40stomum, caespitosa at Martha Pt. (E. coast) and the which then graded into abundant Eubittium Heads, but within more sheltered parts of the lawleyanum and finally at low tide Velacuman- bay occurs in rock crevices adjacent to the tus australis. Hiding among the pebbles and the Galeolaria. Some algae, e.g. Ecklonia radicta, algae are the crabs Philyra laevis and Paragrap- which are sublittoral within the bay are restric- sus gaimardii. ted to deep pools and other positions of local shelter at the Heads. Discussion Biological zonation within the bay is not as The flora and fauna of the intertidal zones well developed as at the Heads, and with in- of Port Phillip can be used to divide the bay crease in shelter both the sub-littoral fringe into two main biological areas, (1) the open and the littoral fringe (spray zone) clisappear. coast area of Port Phillip Heads, and (2) the Some difficulty is experienced in recognizing bay proper. This division is not clear cut on zones within the bay area, and this is in part due the E. margin of the bay. to the poor development of rocky plarforms, The major difference between the intertidal and the narrow tidal range (1 m. or less for zones of the bay and of the Heads is the re- most of the bay, C.£. approx. 1 7 m at the duced number of species found within the bay. Heads). With the increase in shelter the algae However, although fewer species occur, the become more important as zone indicators. actual population density remains much the However, algae within the bay show marked same. Most of the bay species also occur at seasonal fluctuations whereas at the Heads the Heads but the reverse is not true. A nuinber there is a reiariveiy srabie cover of Fiol-mo~ira of animals e.g. Patellanax peroni, Scutus anti- banksii and Cystophora species in the lower podes, Siphonaria funiculata, are restricted to zones. 106 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

References not been studied in any detail since Bayle BENNETT,ISOBEL and POPE,ELIZABETH C., 1960. In- worked the material collected by the Royal tertidal zonation of exposed roclcy shores of Tas- Society Survey of 1888-95. Recently MPS J. mania, and its relationship with the rest of Aus- tralia. AUSC.J. mar. Fresh~~at.Res. 11 : 182-221. Waison has made extensive collecuons which BIRD, E. C. F., 1964. Coastal landforms. ANU Can- she is now studying. Her results will show to berra. BOWLER.J. M,. 1966. Port Philli~Survev 1957-1963. what extent the distribution of this group has The geology and geomorp6010gy. .Mem. natrz. changed within the bay. Mus. Vict. 27: 19-67. JUTSON,J. T., 1931. Erosion and sedimentation in ACTINIARIA Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, and their bearinq on the theorvAof recent relative uplift of the sea AcGnia aostrdiensis Carlgren, 1950 floor. pro;. roy. Soc. Vict. 43: 13'0-53. Actirziu australierzsis Carlgren 1950 Corallimorpharia, , 1940. Shore platforms of Mount Martha, Actinaria and Zoantharia from N.S.W. and S. Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Ibid. 52: Qd. Ark. Zool. 1 (10): 131-146. 164-74. WOMERSLEY,H. B. S., 1966. Port Phillip Survey Survey area 27 (S17), 29 (S22), 40 (S6), 1957-1963. Algae. Mcnz. natrz. Mus. Vict. 27: 42 (S21). 133-156. A small brown anemone found under stones in the mid- and lower-eulittoral of rock plat- 2. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF INTERTIDAL forms. In Port Phillip it is often found amongst ANIMALS the Galeolaria. Actinia lenebrosa Farquhar, 1898 A..~t~ilzn . . teriebrosn Piarquhar, H., 1898. Preiimina~y The list is of the commoner intertidal ani- account of somc New Zealand Actinaria. Journ. mals, and not a definitive record of all species Linrz. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 26: 535. found in the littoral zone. It is biased towards Survey area 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) species occupying a rocky substrate, as these (S10). reflect ecologic changes more clearly than those Very common on rock platforms in the mid- from sandy or muddy bottoms. No attempt is and lower-eulittoral in areas of moderate ex- made to include the large number of species posure. At Daveys Bay on the flat sandstone that live in rock pools and in the sub-littoral. platform it occurs in large numbers. References have been kept to a minimum Ouliactis marisccssa (Drayton, 1848) as most of the species have been discussed bq. Metridiurn inuscosurn Drayton J., 1848 in J. D. Dana the various authors in the systematic papers Willtes U.S. Espcd. Zoophytes, p. 153. published in this and the previous survey vol- Survey area 9 (S12). ume. Distribution within the bay is listed and This brown speckled anemone occurs in the brief remarks made on their ecology. lower eulittoral on rock platforms usually living The additional locality numbers in this sec- in cracks and holes where sand and skeletal tion are stations worked but not included on material has accumulated. the chart or discussed in Section 1 (Intertidal Ecology) of this paper. Cnidopus veratra (Drayton, 1848) Actinia veratra Drayton 1848 in J. D. Dana Wilkes Porifera V.S. Exped. Zoophytes, p. 129. It has not been possible to obtain identifica- Survey area 23 (S20). tions of sponges, but fortunately they are not This green anemone is found in shallow pools an important component of the intertidal and crevices in the lower eulittoral. ecology. Most species are benthic, although Gerlawthass sp. several, including Sycon and Tythya corticata inhabit intertidal pools. Survey area 9 (S 12). Burrowing anemone found on sandy mud Coelenterata fiats i2 areas of extrexe shelter^ A !ewer zulit- Hydrozoa. A number of species is found in toral species in Port Phillip but occurs 5-10 pools and in the sublittoral, but the group has fm in the warmer N.S.W. waters. By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BL ACK & SOPHIB C. DUCKER

AWNELIDAPOLYCHAETA ISQPOHBA Galeolada caespitosa Lamarck, 181 8 Pa~doteamaanda Hale, 31924 Survey area 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), Pnridotoe i17urzda Naylor E., 1966. Isopoda, Port 27 (S17), 37 (Sl), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), 55 Phillip Survey. Meln. ~zutn.Mus. Vict. 27: 183. (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (SlO), 63 (S24). Survey area 42 (S21). Pmidotea ~mgulnlata(Pallas, 188 1) Galeolaria occurs as a band at the top of Pnridotea urzgulata Naylor E., 1966: 183. the lower eulittoral on open coasts which afford Survey area 5. some shelter. In localities of extreme exposure it is only found where rock stacks or boulders Crabyzos longicandabs (Spence Bate, 1888) protect it from the full force of the sea. In the Crabyzos longicaudut~rsNaylor E. 1966 ibid. p. 183. bay it is found as a fringe on boulders, favour- Survey area 5. ing the exposed sides. BRACHYURA CRUSTACEACIRREPEDIA Griffin, D. J. G., and Yaldwin, J. C., Brackyzrru, this PbBa qua~valivisCuvier, 1817 volume. lbla quudrivalvis, Cuvier 1817. EBabia (Phyhia) intermedia Miers, 1886 Survey area 23 (S20), 40 (§6), 48 (S14), Survey area 42 (S21). 63 (S24). A common species living among Galeolaria Philyra Baevis Bell, 1885 tubes on open coasts, but in the shelter of the Survey area 26 (S2), 58 (S3). bay it forms separate colonies usually ir? de- This small pebble crab is found on Zostera pressions and fissures adjacent to the Galeolaria. beds from the sublittoral down to several fath- Chthmalus amteaanatlas (Darwin, 1854) oms. Clztlzan~alusantennutus Pope E. C., 1965. A review Halicwcirnus ovataus Stimpson, 1858 of Australian and some Indomalayan Chtha- malidae. Proc. Lirzn. Soc. N.S.W. 90: 45. Survey area 10 (intertidal) 42 (S21). Survey area 58 (S5). Two species of Halicavcinus are common Occurs in the upper eulittoral of open rock 1-7 fm in Port Phillip Bay, but only this species platforms in Port Phillip; it does not occur N. has been taken in the eulittoral. of the Nepean Bay Bar. Naxaxia awita (Latreille, 1825) Chmaesipho columwa (Spengler, 1790) Survey area 6 (S16 j, 40 (intertidal), 42 Chamaesi~~/zocol~o~zrzu Pope E. C., 1965: 64. (intertidal), 58 (S10). Survey area 25 (S19), 48 (S14), 55 (S13), In areas of extreme shelter. 58 (S5), 63 (S24), 69 (S11). Occurs in the upper eulittoral on rock plat- Nstsmithrz minor (Filhol, 1885) forms of open coasts, within the bay it is con- Survey areas 42 (intertidal), 55 (S. side fined to the S. half, but penetrates into Corio Schnapper Point, intertidal). Bay North. Careinus maenus Einnaeus, 1758 Elmhius modesbs Darwin, 1854 Survey area 5 (intertidal), 69 (S1 1). Elminius nzodestus Pope E. C. Cirripedia, Port Phil- This introduced European species is com- lip Survey Mem. nntrz. Mus. Vict. 27: 181. mon in association with Zostera beds through- Survey area 63 (S24). out the bay. This species occurs from low tide to high water neaps, depending on the configuration Nectocarcinos inte@hons (Latreille, 1825) of the locality and the degree of exposure. Survey area 42 (intertidal). Tekaelih pnqurescens (Wood, 18 15) Ovallipes aostraliensis Stephenson and Rees, Lepas purpurescens Wood, 1815. Gen. Coilch. 1968 Survey area 58 (S10). Survey area 9 (S12), 69 (Sll), 63 (inter- Occurs on rock piatforms 'in piaces sheltered tidal Sal'eiy Beaci~). from the sun' (Bennett and Pope 1953 : 133). This swimming crab occurs on Zostera beds Its occurrence is similar at S10. or sand patches adjacent to them. 108 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Acriaes persnii (H. Milae Edwards, 1824) HopigbaseHa maMbewsi (Iredale, 1920) Survey area 59 (S25). Survey area 55. Pilramnus acer Rathbun, 1923 Under stones in the sub-littoral. Survey area 59 (intertidal). Metmopla retrojecta (Pilsbury, 1894) PiPnmus monil3er Haswell, 188 1 This species is a common crypt-dweller of the lower eulittoral of open coasts, but within Survey area 5 (intertidal). Port Phillip it was only taken on reefs at 1.5- Pilumnopeus serratifrons (Kinahan, 1856) 3 fm below low tide. Survey area 27 (S17). Ischnnochitsu e8smgahs (Blainville, 1825) kitoclbiera bispinssa Kinahan, 1856 Survey area 55. Survey area 42 (intertidal). There are several species of Ischnochitonidae This and the above four species are found living under stones in the sublittoral. under stones in the mid- and lower-eulittoral. Hschoradsia evanida (Sowerby, 1840) Cyslograptus audouinii (13. Milne Edwards, Survey area 23 (S20), 55 (intertidal), 1837) (S13). Survey area 14 (intertidal, Beaumaris) Occurs under stones in the sublittoral of the Paragrapsus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards, E. coast of the bay. 1837) GASTROPODA Survey area 55 (S13). Nstshdisiiis mber (Leach, 1814) Pmgrapsars gaimardii (W. Milne Edwards, Survey area 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). 1837) This species was common in the sublittoral until comn~ercialfishing by skin divers denuded Survey area 23 (S20), 26 (S2) (S9), 55 the population. A number of small specimens (S13). up to 2.5 in. (6 cm) in diameter were recorded A common species living under stones in the for the above localities. mid- and lower eulittoral. Montfortlala rangosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) Mictyris plaqcheles (H. Milne Edwards, 1852) Survey area 40 (S6).55 (intertidal), 58 (S5) Survey area 5 (intertidal) 23 (S20). (S7). This soldier crab occurs on firm sandy bea- An open coast lower eulittoral species which ches, and when present is usually very abundant. only occurs in the S. half of the bay. Scutus antipodes (Montfort, 1810) Macpherson, 3. Hope, and Gabricl, C. J., 1962. Mnr- i~z~eMollz~.rc.s of Victorici, p. 19. Survey area 58, 59. Macpherson, J. Hope, 1966. Mollusca. Port Phillip Only occurs in the region of the Heads where Survey, Me~n.nntrz. MILS.V~ct. 27: 201-263. suitable stones afford it shelter. AMPHINEURA Gellana tramoserica (Sowerby, 1825) Poneroplax aaHbida (Blainville, 1825) Survey areas 6 (S16), 7 (S18), 23 (S20), 48 Suniey area 23 (S20), 58 (S5). (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) (SIO), Occurs with P, costnta in the lower eulittoral. 63 (S24), It appears to be less adapted to sheltered A common mid-littoral species which is able conditions, and has been taken only on the E. to adapt itself to a wide range of conditions, side of the bay. aid so occurs on most platforms both within Psneroplax lrostata (Blainville, 1885) and outside the bay. Survey area 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 40 (S6), Patellanax peroni (Blainville, 1825) A0 IClA\ -to \OL-r)> 55 (S13) (SIs), 58 (S5), 63 Survcy area 5& (SlOj. (S243. An open coast lower eulittoral species which In the lower eulittoral below the Galeolaria. does not penetrate the Wepean bay bar. By W. I. KING, 9. X-IOBE B1

PateIilloida alticostata Angas, 1856 AustrocochIea conskicta (Larnarck, 1822) Survey areas 6 (S16), 7 (S18), 23 (S20), Survey areas 7 (S18), 23 (S20), 26 (S9) 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 ($5) (S7) porcata, 27 (S17), 35 ($41, 48 (S14), 49 (SlO), 63 (S24). (S4) porcata, 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). Occupies a similar situation to Cellana with This species is common in the upper eulittoral a similar range. of open rock platforms, and is widely distributed PatelIoida latistrigata (Angas, 18 65) on the platforms within the bay. It also occurs in areas of extreme shelter where it is found Survey area 55 (S13) (S15). on areas of sandy mud such as Zostera beds, Another open coast species that penetrates and at the base of mangrove trees. Specimens the bay as far as area 55. in the latter type of habitat are smaller and Notoacmea petterdi (Tenison Wood, 1876) have been given the varietal name porcata (A. Survey areas 23 (S20), 58 (S10). Adams, 1851). Open coast species found on exposed rock Austrocochlea concamerata (Wood, 1828) surfaces. Survey areas 55 (S13) (S15), 63 (S24). Notoacmea granosa (Macpherson, 1954) An open coast upper eulittoral species which Survey areas 55 (S13), 25 (S19). is found in crevices or under overhangs which An open coast species which was recorded afford shelter. by the survey only for the E. coast. Alastrocochlea adelaidae (Phillippi, 1849) Notoacmea mayi May, 1923 Survey areas 6 (S16), 58 (S7) (S10). Survey area 55 (S13). This and the next species occur in algal Also an open coast species which penetrates pools from the mid- to lower-eulittoral. the bay to Mornington on the E. coast. Aaastrocochlea odontis (Wood, 1828) Notoacmea scabrifirata (Angas, 1865) Survey areas 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 26 (S9), Survey area 58 intertidal. 58 (S5). Lives under stones in the mid- and lower- Subninella undulata (Solander, 178 6) eulittoral. Survey areas 23 (S20 j, 55 (S13 j (S15), Cantharidus pu~cherrirrmlns(Wood, 1828) 58 (S5) (S7) (SlO), 63 (S24). Survey area 58 (S7) (S10). Occurs in crevices and pools in the lower This species is confined to the Heads region eulittoral. of the bay, living amongst algae. Micrastraea alnrea (Jonas, 1844) Phasianotrochaas eximins (Perry, 18 11) Survey arcas 27 (S17), 58 (S10). Survey arca 58 (S7). This species is common in many situations Like the previous species this is an inhabitant below low tide to approximately 7 fm. It was of the intertidal algal beds. taken in the sublittoral at the above stations. Phasiano&lochusrutillns (A. kdams, 185 1) Melanerita melanotragaas (A. E. Smith, 1884) Survey area 58 (S5). Survey arca 55 (S13 j , 63 (S24 j . This is a common species in Western Port Occurs in crevices and under overhangs in Bay, but it is rare even in the Heads region the upper eulittoral of open coasts. In Port of the bay. Phillip it is one of the open coast species that penetrates up thc E. coast. Thdotia conica (Gray, 1827) Melarapha na3asciah (Gray, 1826) Survey area 5S (S7 j (SIC j. Another of the algal dwellers which is con- Survey areas 6 (SlG), 25 (S19), 48 (S14): fined to the Heads region. 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (SS) (SlO), 63 (S24). 1PO INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

This and the next species are common on Cymagella Besaenri Lredale, 2929 vertical rock slaclcs in the infra-littoral fringe. Survey area 58 (S7). This species tends to occur a little higher than the following one. Eepsiellls vinosa (Lamarck, 1822) Melzapha praetermissa (May, 1908) Survey areas 6 (S16), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), 40 (S6), 58 (S7) (SlO), 63 (S24). Survey areas 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), Common in the mid- and lower-eulittoral in 58 (SlO), 63 (S24). association with mussels and Caleolaria on Mekaapha paludinella (Reeve, 18 5 7) which it feeds. Survey area 63 (S24). kepsielllla reticdata (BlainviUe, 1832) This very small species occurs on open coast rock platform in the upper eulittoral amongst Survey area 58 (S7). the barnacle Chamaesipho columna. Its situa- An open coast species. tion is similar at Martha Point (S24). Dicathais textilosa (Lamarck, 1822) Bembichm lnanum (Lamarck, 1822) Survey area 58 (S5) (S7) (S10). Survey areas 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15), Living in sheltered positions such as crevices 58 (SlO), 63 (S24). and overhangs in the lower eulittoral to several This is an open coast species and penetrates fathoms. the bay to S. of Schnapper Point. Cominella ebnrnea (Reeve, 1846) Bembicfnm amatnm (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) Survey areas 40 (S6), 6 (S16). Survey areas 23 (S20), 27 (S17), 37 (Sl), Occurs in sheltered situations in the mid- 40 (S6), 48 (S14), 55 (S13) (S15). eulittoral often completely replacing the more Occurs in areas of partial shelter where it open coast species C. lineolata. replaces the above species. Cominella Eneolata (Lamarck, 1809) Bembicianm meHanostomum (Gmelin, 179 1) Survey areas 7 (S18), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), Survey areas 25 (SlS), 26 (S2), 49 (S4). 40 (S6), 55 (S13) (S15), 58 (S5) (S7) Occurs in area of extreme shelter attached (SlO), 63 (S24). to any hard substrata including mangrove stems A widespread species on rock platforms, and roots. common in open positions, but penetrates into Velacumantus australis (Quoy and Gaimard, even well-sheltered bays and inlets. 1834) Parcanassa ganpeaata (Lamarck, 1822) Survey areas 25 (S19), 26 (S2) (S9), Survey areas 23 (S20), 26 (S9), 37 (S1). 49 (S4). A shelter-loving species. A common species in sandy mud situations. Zeacnmantus diemenensis (Quoy and Gaimard, Tavmiotha optata (Gould, 1860) 1834) Survey area 69 (S 1 1) . Survey areas 23 (S20), 26 (S9), 49 (S4). Occurs in areas of sand and muddy sand Found on open sandy mud. froin the sublittoral to 9 fm. EobiMiom Iawleyanom (Crosse, 1863) Floroconus anemone (Lamarck, l810) Survey area 26 (S2). Survey area 58 (S10). A sublittoral species found only in extreme Occurs under stones in the lower eulittoral shelter. in areas of medium shelter. Cymatieua verranccpsa (Reeve, 1844) Salinator fragilis (Lamarck, 1822) Survey area 58 (S7). Survey areas 2 (SS), 23 (S20), 40 (S6), TL:- --,l +L- C 11 -...:-I " nn /CA\ lura allu cl~~~uuw~l~g apu.,il;a are iiihabi- 't7 (D*). tants of open rock platforms where some shelter On sandy mud areas usually in the vicinity such as algal growth is available. of freshwater runnels. By W. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK $! SOPHIE C. DUCKER 111

Siphonaria diemenesrsiis (Quoy and Gaimard, %;elk aasbalis (Earnarc%, 2 8 18) 1834) Survey arca 63 (S24). Survey areas 6 (S16), 40 (SQ), 48 (S14), Lives in the shelter of Galeolaria and mussels 55 (S13) (%15), 58 (S5) (S7) (SIO), 63 on open coasts. (S24). Electrsma gesrgiana (Quoy and Gaimard, Common on the upper eulittoral of rock 1835) platforms both within the bay and on the open coast. Survey areas 69 (Sll), 27 (817). Found within the bay from the sublittoral Siplhon~atasmanica (Tenison Woods, 1876) to 10 fm wherever algae and such like are Survey area 58 (S10). available for attachment. In similar situations to the above species, but only found in the Heads region. Kakelysia sedarina (Lamarck, 1818) Siplhon~afu~culata Reeve, 1856 Survey area 49 (S4), 69 (S11). Occurs on sand from the sublittoral to sev- Survey area 58 (S10). eral fathoms. Confined to the S. of the bay. Katelysia rhytiphora Lamy, 1937 Siphonaria bacsni Reeve, 1856 Survey areas 26 (S9), 37 (Sl), 49 (S4). Survey area 58 (S5) (S7). Occurs in association with Zostera. On the sheltered side of Point Nepean this species is common on flat rock surfaces in the DonaciBla angusta (Reeve, 1854) mid-edittoral. Survey areas 23 (S20), 69 (S1 1). Onclhidella patcelloides (Quoy and Gaimard, Living in sand in areas of shelter. 1832) HomaIiaa deltoidags (Lamarck, 1818) Survey area 58 (S10). Survey areas 27 (SIT), 37 (Sl). An open coast rock platform species. Occurs in the sublittoral to 7 fm in areas of extreme shelter. Anadara trapezia (Deshayes, 1840) ECH~NODERMAIA Survey areas 25 (S18), 26 (S9), 27 (S17). Pateriella calcar (Lamarck, 1 8 16) Occurs in the lower eulittoral on the silty Survey areas 23 (20), 48 (S14), 58 (S10). clays and silty sands of the W. shore of Corio Common in rock pools and under stones Bay. from the mid-eulittoral to several fathoms. ModioHus pnkx (Lamarck, 18 19) PaterieHa brevispina (H. L. Clark, 1923) Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). An open coast mid-eulittoral species. Survey area 23 (S20), 58 (S10). In similar situations to the above species, Brachidonates roskffatans (Dunker, l857) Pate&eBBa gami (Gray, 1840) Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). Forms extensive beds in the mid-eulittoral Survey area 58 (SIO). on open coast platforms. This and the previous species are often con- sidered to be conspecific, but recent work Pdytilus glannlahs (Lamarck, 1819) separates them. Survey areas 2 (S), E, (S16j9 9 (S12), 23 (S20), 25 (S19), 37 (Sl), 40 (S6), 48 (S14), Tosia austalis Gray, 1840 55 (S13) (s15), bj (S24), b9 (Sii). Survey arcas 25 (S19 j, 58 (SIG). Occurs from the lower eulittoral to 10 Under stones in the lower littoral to several fathoms in sheltered waters. fathoms. 112 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Cosmasterias cnalamada (Gray, 1840) species which were not recorded for the inter- Survey area 23 ($20). tidal zone, but which are common components h shallow benthic from time of the drift have been included in this list. to time invades the upper sub-littoral. For each species the fuiI original quot at' ion is cited but not the basionym. Recent mono- er~throgmma(Val., 1846) graphs dealing with species which occur in Port Survey area 58 (S10). Phillip Bay are given. This common! sea urchin of the Port Phillip intertidal occurs in rock pools in the lower Phylum CHLOROPHYTA eulittoral and under ledges to several fathoms. Order ULVALES Familv ULVACEAE ASCIDIACEA Enteromsrplma Link Pyura praeputialis (Heller, 1 87 8) A number of species of Enteromorpha is Survey areas 40 (S6), 58 (S5). cominon throughout the bay, in the eulittoral Occurs in the sublittoral but in some areas and upper sub-littoral zones. of shelter such as gutters, may extend up into Enterornorpha intestinulis (Linnaeus) Link 1820: 5. the lower eulittoral. Bliding 1963: 139, Fig. 87. Pyura pachydermatina (Herdman, 188 1) N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). Survey area 58 (S5) (S10). Upper- and mid-eulittoral; also recorded for Attached to rocks, often under overhangs, in the sub-littoral down to several fathoms. Altona. Microcosmos austraIis Herdman, 1899 UIva Thuret Survey areas 9 (SL2), 49 (S4). Ulva lactuca auct. (Non Linnaeus). Papenfuss 1960: Occurs on sand and clayey sand in areas of 306. Bliding 1968: 537, Figs.- 1-5. shelter from the sub-littoral down to several N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 fathoms. (S23), 25 (S19), 26 (S2), 27 (SIT), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 3. FLORA OF THE INTERTIDAL (S5, S10). REGION Widely distributed and common upper eulit- By R. J. KING and SOPHIEC. DUCKER toral to sub-littoral. Often epiphytic, particu- larly on Zostera. The species of Ulva with the Introduction dissected and ribbon-like thallus which Wom- The algae and flowering plants collected dur- ersley (1966) has noted from the vicinty of the ing field trips to the 14 intertidal stations are Heads was collected at Portarlington and listed. This list is by no means exhaustive, Queenscliff. notable omissions being microscopic epiphytic Ulva sputlzulata Papenfuss 1960: 309, P1. 3, fig. 15. algae. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SlO) . Unless specifically stated all algae occur in Epiphytic on Gladostephus verticillatus. the intertidal regions or the adjacent upper sub- littoral. Order CLADOPHORALES The distribution within the b2y is given ac- Family CLADOPHORACEAE cording to the region and followed by the area number with the station inlmber in brackets Chateomowha Kiitzing (see above). Short ecological notes, and further Chaetuntorphn aerea (Dillwyn) Kiitzing 1849: 379. distribnticr, record., taker, from S;,-timer,:; in cOrio =ay aria 29 (~22).E. bay aiea 23 the Herbarium of the Botany School, University (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip of Melbourne (MELU) , are included. Several Heads area 58 (S5, S10). By R. I. KING, I. HOPE B1

Occasional in mid- and lower-eulittoral!pools; Order C~DIALES at Portarlington dense growth in the lower Family BRYOPSIDACEAE eulittoral. Bqopsis Lamouroux Chuetonlorpha dnrwinii (J. D. Hooker) Kiitzing Bryopsis gemellipara J. Agardh 1887: 25. 1849: 380. Kornmann 1969: 335, Figs. 1-13. Corio Bay area 25 (S19). Port Phillip Heads Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). area 58 (S5, S10). Epiphytic on Gelidiurrz australe in lower Usually epiphytic on Nalopteris spp., Clado- eulittoral pools. stephcts verticillatus, and Gelidium australe in Bryopsis llypnoides Lamouroux 1809: 333. the lower euIittora1 and upper sub-littoral; also N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 in lower eulittoral pools. (S23), 25 (S19). E. bay area 55 (S13, S15). Clzateomorpha sp. Lower eulittoral and occasionally above. Corio Bay area 26 (S2). Bryopsis plun~osn (Hudson) C. Agardh 1823: 448. Intermingled strands in upper euiittoral. Recorded for Port Phillip Bay. In the W. H. Harvey herbarium (TCD) specimens from Cladoplaora Kiitzing Brighton Beach (570F) and Geelong (5706) Cladoplzora species are recorded throughout are under this name. Womersley (1966) re- the bay but these have not all been identified. cords B. plumosa from N. bay area 10 ( 103). C/~dophorafnscicularis (Mertens in C. Agardh) Kiitz- We have found it difficult to differentiate be- ing 1843: 268. Sakai 1964: 25, Fig. 8, P1. 4 (1). tween B. plumosa and B. hypnoides, and have Port PhiIlip Heads area 58 (S10). assigned to B. hypnoides only plants where the Lower eulittoral channels and sub-Iittoral monoecious character was established (Feld- fringe. Also recorded for Altona, Werribee and mann 1957). Sandringham. Bg'opsis vrstita J. Agardh 1878: 3. Cladophora repens (J. Agardh) Harvey 1851: P1. 236. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Dense patches in upper eulittoral zone. Upper eulittoral outer edge of the reef. Clndophora rugz~losaMartens 1866: 112; Sakai 1964: Family CODIACEAE 67, Figs. 31-32, PI. 15 (1). Codkm Stackhouse Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Codi~lnz azcstralicunz Silva in Silva and -W-omersiey Shallow inner sandy pools in mid-eulittoral. 1956: 280, Fig. 13, P1. 2 (2). Also recorded for Beaumaris 2nd Mt Martha. Recorded from Pt Nepean in lower eulittoral Order SIPHONOCLADALES pools. Family SIPH,ONOCLADACEAE Codiunz capitulatum Silva et Womersley 1956: 263, ApjoMa Harvey Fig. 2, PI. 1 (l). Port Pldlip Heads area 58 (S5). Apjohniu laetevirens Harvey 1855b: 335. Dawes 1969: 78, Fig. 1. On vertical and shaded faces in lower eulit- Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). toral pools. Lower eulittoral pools. This species is restric- Codiunz dutlriae Silva in Silva and Womersley 1956: ted to pools on rough coasts. 275, Fin. 10, P1. 1 (2). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Mid- %ianlily VALONIACEAE and lower-eulittoral pools. Dictyssphaesia Decaisne Codiunz frurile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: 32. Silva Dictyosphurria sericea Harvey 1855a: 565. and Womersley 1956: 282, Flg. 14d. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 On vertical and steep faces in the upper (S19), 27 (S17). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port zones of lower eulittoral pools; also in channels Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). open to the lower euiittorai. This species does Aii levels from mici-euliiiurai io uppel sub- not occur within the sheltered waters of the littoral, and in mid- and lower-eulittoral pools: bay. sub-littoral plants are often covered by epiphytic 114 PNTERTHDAL ECOLOGY

Ceramiales. At the Heads this species is com- Lower eulittoral, sub-littoral fringe and upper mon in the mid-eulittora& in rough positions. sub-li'itoraii on rock platform; also lower edit- Codiuin galeal'um 9. Agardh 1887: 42, P1. 1, fig. I. toraI pools. Silva and Womersley 1956: 273, Fig. 9. Caulerpa flexilis var. nzuelleri (Sonder) Womersley Port Phillip Heads area 58 ($5). 1956: 367. Deep lower eulittoral pools; a rough coast Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). species not found within the bay. Hyrneno- Mid- and lower-eulittoral pools. cladia sanguinea is characteristically epiphytic Caulerpa gerninata Harvey 1855a: 564. on C. galeaturn. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). E. bay area 55 Codiurn lr~casiiSetchell in Lucas 1935: 200, Fig. 3; (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Silva and Womerslcy 1956: 265, Fig. 3. Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Common in the upper sub-littoral, but oc- Under ledges in lower eulittoral pools and on casionally in the lower eulittoral, the sub-lit- sides of lower eulittoral channels. Also recorded toral fringe (at the Heads), and in lower for Pt Nepean. eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Williams- Godillnz mztelleri Kutzing 1856: 34. Silva and Wom- town, Beaumaris, Werribee and Geelong. Wom- ersley 1956: 278, Fig. 12. ersley (1966) discusses the various ecological Recorded for Pt Nepean. forms of C. genzinata occurring within the bay. Codinm perrinae Lucas 1935: 203, Fig. 4. Silva and Caulerpa Iongifolia C. Agardh 1823: 437. Womersley 1956: 267, Fig. 4. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Lower eulitloral pools; uncommon. Under ledges in lower eulittoral pools. Car~lerpalongifolia f. crispata (Harvey) Womersley Codiuln pomoides J. Agardh 1894: 100; Silva and 1950: 147. Womersley 1956: 271, Fig. 7. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Port Phillip Heads area-58 (S5, S10). (S23), 27 (S17). Port Phillip Heads area 58 Lower eulittoral pools, under ledges and in (S5, S10). crevices. Common in the Heads region but not Lower eulittoral pools and channels, and found within the shelter of the bay. upper sub-littoral. While f. crispata is common Order CAULERPALES both within the bay and at the Heads, the typical form appears to be confined to open coast. Cauaaalerpa Lamouroux Caulerpa obscrira Sonder 1845: 50. Ccrulerpa browrzii (C. Agardh) Endlicher 1843 : 16. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 27 Lower eulittoral pools on vertical and over- (S17). SW. bay area 42 (S21 ). E. bay areas hung rock faces; characteristic of such condi- 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 tions on rough coast and not found within the (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, ,910). bay. Lower eulittoral, the sub-littoral fringe (at Caulerpn papillosa J. Agardh 1872b: 42. the Heads), and most commonly in the upper Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). sub-littoral; also in lower eulittoral pools and Lower eulittoral pools, occasional in the channels. Bower eulittoral. This species has not been re- Caulerpn cac toides (Turner) C. Agardh 1823 : 439. corded within the bay, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Gaz~lerparenzotifolia Sonder 1852: 660. Lower eulittoral pools and channels often N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 associated with Amphibolis antauctica. This is (S23), 25 (S19), 26 (S2), 29 (S22). SW. an open coast species not recorded within the bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area 55 (S15). bay. Common in lower eulittoral and upper sub- Cauierpa fiexzi~siamouroux 1813: 283, Pi. 7, fig. 3. littoral. Also recorded Iur Altv~iaand Swaa E. bay area 55 (S13). Port Phillip Heads Bay. All specimens collected were very densely area 58 (S5, S10). pinnate. By R, J. MNG, J. HOPE BL

Caulerpa .scalpelliforn~is (R. Brown in Turner) C. Estssqus Lyngbya Agardh 1823: 437. Ectocarprls fasciculatus Harvey 1841: 40; Wussell E. bay area 55 ($13). S. bay area 63 (S24). 1966: 268, Figs. 1-2. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Mornington, Queenscliff. Upper sub-littoral but also lower eulittoral Epiphytic and epilithic in littoral zone pools; pools. considerable seasonal variation in abundance. Ca~llerpasimpliciuscz~la (Turner) C. Agardh 1823 : Ectocarprls siliculoszls (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819: 13 1; 439. Russell 1966: 275, Figs. 3-4. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 Mornington, Geelong. (S19), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). E. bay area 55 Epiphytic (probably also epilithic) : rare. (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Common within the Feldmannia Hamel bay in the sub-littoral; mid- and lower-eulittoral Feldman~ziaglobifera (Kiitzing) Hamel 1939: XVII, pools in rough conditions. fig. 61 (g); Cardinal 1964: 57, Figs. 31-32. Caulerpa trifaria Harvey 1863: P1. 261. Mornington, Queenscliff. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Epilithic and epiphytic; common in littoral Lower eulittoral pools, often associated with zone rock pools but also in the sub-littoral Amphibolis antarctica. fringe. Feldmnrznia lehelii (Areschoug ex Crouan frat.) Family UDOTEACEAE Hamel 1939: XVII. Chlorodesmis Harvey et Bailey Queenscliff. Clrlorodestnis baculifera (J. Agardh) Ducker 1966: Epiphytic; common in littoral zone pools. 245; 1965: 151, Figs. 1-4, as C. bull~osa. Recorded from Pt Nepean lower eulittoral Giffordia Batters pool. Giffordin fr~scata (Zanardini ex Meneghini) Kuckuck 1961: 1401, Figs. 11-16. Order DASYCLADALES Mornington, Beaumaris. Family DASYCLADACEAE Epilithic; uncommon in the upper sub-littoral Acetabnlaria Lamouroux zone. Aeetabulariu penicrnlus (R. Brown in Turner) Solms- Giffordia granulosa (J. E. Smith) Hamel 1939: XV: Laubach 1895: 27, P1. 2, figs. 2, 6-7. fig. 61 (e) ; Cardinal 1964: 39, Figs. 19-20. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay areas Mornington, Queenscliff. 42 (S21), 49 (S4). Usually epiphytic in the mid- and lower- Lower eulittoral and upper sub-littoral, com- eulittoral and sub-littoral fringe; much seasonal monly growing on dead shells of Katylesia variation in occurrence. scalarina. Very common at Swan Bay Jetty; Giffordia intermedia (Rosenvinge) Lund 1959: 48, also ~ecordedfor W. Rosebud and Blairgowrie. Fig. 5. Mornington. Phylum PHABOPHYTA Epilithic and epiphytic in the lower eulittoral Order ECTOCARPALES and the sub-littoral fringe; uncommon. Family ECTOCARPACEAE Giffordia irregularis (Kiitzing) Joly 1965: 72, Figs. Acinetsspora Bornet 111-119. Aci~lefosporacrirzita (Carmichael ex Harvey in 5. D. A species complex; taxonomy, etc., under Hooker) Kornmann 1953: 223, Figs. 1-14. investigation. Mornington, Beaumaris, Geelong, Queens- Mornington, Swan Bay, Beaumaris, Geelong, cliff. Queenscliff. Epiphytic and epiiithic; distributed through- Epiphyric and epiiiiiiic, curlllllon in the lit- out the mid- and lower-eulittoral in sheltered toral zone in pools and damp places, also in pools. the sub-littoral fringe. I B 6 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Giffordia nzitclrellac (Harvey) Hamel 1939: XIV, fig. Family CLADOSTEPNAGEAE 61 (c, cl). Cardinal 1964: 45, Fig. 23. Cladoslephas G. Agardh Mornington, Queenscliff, Beaumaris. Gladostephus verticillnius (Lightfoot) C. Agardh Epilithic and epiphytic; common in the lit- 1817: XXV. Lindaner et al. 1961: 195, Fig. 24. toral zone pools and sheltered damp positions. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads Giflordia sandl-iarza (Zanardini) Hamel 1939: XIV. area 58 (S5, S10). Cardinal 1964: 37, Fig. 18. Occasional in the lower eulittoral, frequent in Mornington, Werribee. lower eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Ric- Epiphytic, epilithic; uncommon, in the upper ketts Pt. sub-littoral zone. Order CUTLERIALES Kuckuckia Hamel Family CUTLERIACEAE Kuckuckia spi~zosa (Kiitzing) Kuckuck 1958: 172, Cntleria Greville Figs. 1-4. Crltlcria multifida (J. E. Smith) Greville 1830: 60, Iflornington. PI. 10. Epiphytic and epilithic; uncommon in the E. bay area 55 (S15). upper sub-littoral zone. Young plants in upper sub-littoral on vertical concrete sea wall within shelter of the Morning- PilayeUa Bory ton Jetty. Often a significant component of Pilnyella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman 1872: 99. drift at Werribee. Mornington, Beaumaris. Order DICTYOTALES Epiphytic and epilithic; common in the lower Family DICTYOTACEAE eulittoral and the upper sub-littoral. Dictyota Lamouroux Sorocarpus N. Pringsheim Dictyota alternifidu J. Agardh 1894: 80. Sorocarpus nlicrornor~is(Bory) Silva 1950: 256. Recorded from Queenscliff and Pt Nepean. Mornington. Dictyota apicz~lataJ. Agardh 1894: 67. Epiphytic and epilithic; rare in the upper Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). sub-littoral zone. Lower eulittoral pools. Order SPHACELARIALES Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux 1809: 33 1. N. bay area 6 (S16). E. bay areas 23 Family SPHACELARIACEAE (S20), 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area 63 (S24). Sphacelaria Lyngbye Occasional in thc lower eulittoral and upper Splzacelavia sp. sub-littoral; sometimcs forming a dense cover, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). e.g. at Ricketts Pt. Also recorded for Queens- Shallow lower- and mid-eulittoral pools. cliff and Werribee. Family STYPOCAULACEAE Diliophus J. Agardh Halopteris Kiitzing Diloplzr~sfastigiutzl.~ (Sonder) J. Agardh 1880: 107. Halopteris frnniccl1ari.s (Montagne) Sauvageau 1904: Recorded for Half Moon Bay in the upper 393. Lindauer et al. 1961 : 167. Fig. 20. sub-littoral. Recordcd for Queenscliff. Lobasspka Areschoug Haloptcris grczcilescens (J. Agardh) Womersley 1967: Lohospira hiscuspidata Areschoug 1854: 364. 202. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, SIO) Lower eulittoral pools and channels. Lower eulittoral pools and channels. Pachydictycon J. Agardh Halopteris pseudospicata Sauvageau 1904: 408. Packydictyon paniculatunz (J. Agardh) J. Agardh Port Phi!:ip IIeaSs area 58 (S16 j. 1894. 84. kower eulittoral and below. Also recorded SW. bay area 42 (S2 1). Port Phillip Heads for Ricketts Pt. area 58 (S5, S.10). By R. J. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOPHPE C. DUCKER 117

Upper sub-littoral zone, often eplphytic on Leathesia Gray Arnphibolis antarctica, Caulocystis cephalouni- Lentl~e~radrffornizs (L~nnaeus)Arescboug 1846: 370. thos and Plzyllospora cornosa. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family ZONARIEAE Associated with Amphibolis in lower eulit- Dictyopteris Lamouroux toral pools; also in the upper sub-littoral zone. Dictyoptrris rnuelleri (Sonder) Reinbold 1899: 43. PeePospongiam Nageli Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Petrospongirlnz rugosunz (Okan~ura)Setchell et Gard- Common in lower eulittoral pools and chan- ner 1924: 12. MacLennan 1956: 1, Fig. 1. nels from October to February; occasional in Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). the sub-littoral fringe. Also recorded for Wil- Outer edge in the mid-eulittoral, slightly liamstown, Geelong and Ricketts Pt. above Hormosira banksii. Also recorded for Point Nepean. E'adina Adanson Padina fraseri (Greville) Gre~lille1830, synop. XLIV. Family CHORDARIACEAE Gaillard 1968: 21, Pls. 1-2. Myriogl&a Kuckuck Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Myriogloia sciurus (Harvey) Kuckuck 1929: 62, Fig. Lower eulittoral; also in littoral zone pools. 81. Taonia J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Mid-eulittoral, growing through sand. Tnorzia austrnlnsica J. Agardh 1894: 30. Common in drift at Pt. Wilson and Corio Polycerea 6. Agardh Bay during January and February 1970. Polycerea nigrescens (Harvey ex Kiitzing) Kylin 1940: 36, Fig. 20 (A, B), PI. 7, fig. 16. Zonaria C. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5) This genus is well represented in the bay Epiphytic on Amplzibolis antarctica. but specific identification is impossible since many collections are only represented by young, Thocladia Kylin infertile specimens. Tinocladia australis (Harvey) Kylin 1940: 34, PI. 6, fig. 14. Zorzarra sinclarii J. D. Hooker et Harvey 1845: 530. N. bay area 6 (S16). Port Phillip Heads Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). area 58 (S5). On rock platform, mid-eulittoral. Occasional in the lower eulittoral. Family SPLACHNIDIACEAE Zoncrria turrzerinrtn J. Agardh 1870: 438. Splachnidium Greville Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Splachnidiru?z rugosum (Linnaeus) Greville 1830, Lower eulittoral pools. synop. XXXVI. Price and Ducker 1966: 261, Figs. 1-3. Order CHORDARIALES Family MYRIONEMATACEAE Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Oc- Myrionema Grcville casionally in the mid-eulittoral. A common species on exposed Victorian Adyriorzrnza strangu1cm.s Greville 1827: PI. 300. coast but never recorded within the shelter of Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 the bay. ($21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family NOTHEIACEAE Epiphytic and restricted to Ulva; common Notheia Harvey et Bailey October-February. Nothcia anomala Harvey et Bailey 1851: 371. Nlza- Family CORYNOPHLAEACEAE mudd~nand Womersley 1960: 673. CoryanopMaea Kiitzing Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads Cory~zoplzlaeacystoplzorcre J. Agardh 1880: 22, P1. area 58 (S5, S10). 1 (1). Epiphytic on Normosira banksii fringing Port Pliillip Heads area 58 (S5j. eiifittora: ..,,----A- UIILVIIuIIVII ..,:+p;- the Epiphytic on Cystophora moniliformis in Bay even though Hormosira is widely dis- lower eulittoral pools. tributed. INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY'

Order SPORDCNNALES N. bay area 4 ($16). Gorio Bay areas 25 Family SP~ROCNMACEAE (S19), 26 (%2), 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 Nereia Zanardini (S20). Nereia australis (Harvey) Barvey 1860: 289, Pi. 188. Mainly in mid- and lower-ealittoral pools; Common in the drift at Williamstown and occasionally lower-eulittoral zone and below on Werribee. the platform. Berithalia J. Agardh Order LAMINARIALES Perithalia caudata (Labillardikre) Womersley 1967: 239. Family LESSONIACEAE Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Macrocystis C. Agardh Uncommon in crevices in the upper sub- Macrocystis angustifolia Bory 1826: 10. Womersley littoral zone and the sub-littoral fringe. 1954a: 119, Pls. 2, 5-6. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Order DICTYOSIPHONALES Characteristic of the upper sub-littoral zone; Family PUNCTARIACEAE also in deep lower-littoral pools and occasional Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbks et Solier young plants in the sub-littoral fringe. Colpomenia peregrina (Sauvageau) Hamel 1937: 201. Family ALARIACEAE Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Ecklonia Hornemann Epiphytic on Caulocystis uvifera. Also re- sorded for Werribee. Ecklonia radiuta (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1848: 146. Lindauer et al. 1961 : 278, PI. 7. Colpornenia sinuosa (Martens ex Roth) DerbLs et Solier 1851: 95. Lindauer et al. 1961: 261, P1. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 4 (b). (S22). E. bay area 55 (S13, S15). S. bay area N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, (S19), 26 (S2), 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 S10). Upper sub-littoral zone within the bay, (S21). E. bay area 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 but at the Heads mainly in deep littoral pools. (S24). Port Phillip Reads area 58 (S5, S10). Also recorded for Ricketts Point and Altona. Lower eulittoral and below, usually epiphytic on Sargassum, Cystophora or Caulocystis spe- Order FUCALES cies. Also recorded for Canadian Bay and Vier- Family DURVILLEACEAE ribee. Durvillea Bory Betdonia Derb2s et Solier Durvillea potatorum (Labillardikre) Areschoug 1854: Petalonia fascia (0. E. Miiller) Kuntzc 1898: 419. 343. Wynne 1969: 17, Figs. 6-8, Pls. 6-13. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Corio Bay area 25 (S19). E. bay areas 23 Characteristic of the sub-littoral fringe. Com- (S20), 55 (S15). mon outside the Heads region but not found Epiphytic on Zostera in the upper sub-littoral within the bay. zone and in shallow littoral pools. Family HORMOSIRACEAE Punetaria Greville Hormoska (Endlicher) Meneghini Pzcrzctaria laiifolia Greville 1830: 52. Horlnosira hanksii (Turner) Drcaisne 1842: 331. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 Lindauer et al. 1961: 320, Pls. 16, 25. (S20). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 Epiphytic on Zostera. (S22). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area Scytosiplhion C. Agardh 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Scytosipkon lonzentaria (Lyngbye) Link. Wynne Reads area 58 (Ss, S10). Characteristic of 1969: 32. PIS. 14-17. the lower eulittoral, although common in pools We have been unable to ascertain the date with epiphytic Notheia anomala. Apparently and place of publication. absent from the W. side of the bay. By R. I. KING, J. HOPE BLACK & SOBHHE C. DUCKER I I?

Family FUCACEAE Cystopl~orar7zoizilifornzis (Esper) Womersley et Niza- Xipliasghol~aMontagne m~tddinin Womersley 1964: 71, Fig. 6, PI. 3 (1),- X'iphophora clzor7drophylla (R. Brown ex Turner) Montagne ex Harvey 1855~:215. Nizamuddin E. bay areas 23 (SZO), 55 ($13). S. bay 1964: 1, Figs. 1, 3, 5-8. area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (SS, SlO). Lower eulittoral and sub-littoral fringe; also Common in the sub-littoral fringe at the in lower eulittoral pools. Heads, mainly upper sub-littoral within the bay; also in lower eulittoral pools. Family SEIROCOCCACEAE Cystoplzora polycystidea Areschoug ex J. Agardh Phyllsspora C. Agardh 1848: 240. Womersley 1964: 73, Figs. 10-11, P11y llospora cornosn (Labillardike) C. Agardh 1839 : P1. 4 (2). 311, PI. 28, fig. 11. Nizamuddin 1968: 81, Figs. 1-18, P1. l. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 27 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S17), 29 (S22). Common in the upper sub-littoral at the Almost always in the upper sub-littoral zone, Heads; not recorded within the bay. Occasion- but occasionally in larger pools; also recorded ally young plants occur in deep pools, and in for Werribee. the sub-littoral fringe. Cystoplzora retorta (Mertens) J. Agardh. 1848: 243. Womersley 1964: 92, Figs. 34-35, P1. 11 (1-2). Family CYSTOSEIRACEAE N. Bay area G (S16). SW. bay area 42 Acrocarpia Areschoug (S21). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13). S. Acrocarpia parziccllatn (Turner) Areschoug 1854: bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 336. Womersley 1964: 98, Fig. 42, PI. 14 (2). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). (S5, S10). Confined to deep lowcr eulittoral pools on Characteristically in lowcr eulittoral pools, the outer cdge of the recf. but also lower eulittoral channels, the sub-lit- toral fringe and the upper sub-littoral; also GaarBocystis Areschoug recorded for Werribee. Catilocystis ceplzalornitl~os(Labillardikre) Areschong 1854: 335. Womers!ey 1964: 102, Figs. 44-47, Cystophora siliqz~oso5. Agardh 1870: 445. Warners- PI. 16. ley 1964: 93, Fig. 36, Pl. 12 (1). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S22). SW. bay arca 42 (S21). E. bay area Lower eulittoral zone and below; character- 23 (S20). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, istic of the sub-littoral fringe under conditions S10). Lower eulittoral pools, occasionally in of local shelter. Not recorded within the bay. the lower eulittoral and upper sub-littoral zones. Cystoplzora subfarcin,ata (Mertens) J. Agardh 1848: Caulocystis uvifera (C. Agardh) Areschoug 1854: 240; Womersley 1964: 95, Figs. 38-40, P1. 13. 335. Womersley 1964: 101, Fig. 45, P1. 15 (2). SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay areas 23 Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay area 42 (S20), 55 (S13). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port (S21). E. bay area 55 (S15). Port Phillip Phillip Heads area 58 (SS, S10). Meads area 58 (S1 0). Lower eulittoral to upper sub-littoral, par- Lower eulittoral and below; also in lower eu- ticularly with local shelter. littoral pools. Cystophora torzilosa (R. Brown ex Turner) 5. Agardh Cystophapra 9. Agardh 1848: 243; Womersley 1964: 85, Figs. 28-29, Pl. 9 (l). Cysiophora congesta Womersley et Nizalnuddin in Womersley 1964: 86, Fig. 30, PI. 9 (2). E. bay area 55 (S13). S. bay area 63 (S24j. ?%l I---. -*-- L?. ~ayULLU E (S1Ej. Port Pkillip IIeads Fort Phillip Hcads arca 58 (S5, S10). area 58 ($10). Characteristic of the lower eulittoral at the Lower eulittoral pools, and sub-littoral fringe. Heads; upper sub-littoral within the bay. Family SARGAS§ACEAE Liagcrrua Larnouroux Swgrgassmm C. Agardh Liagora Izarveyiarzu Zeh 1912. 270; Womersley P965b: A number of species of this genus is com- 480, Figs. 63-69, PI. 7 (1). mon throughout the bay but is usualIy repre- Port Phillip Heads area 58 (Ss, S10). sented only by basal parts of the thallus. These Lower eulittoral and in pools. are often common in the upper sub-littoral but Liagorn wil.so:ziana Zeh 1912: 269; Womersley 1965b: never dominant. 483, Figs. 70-75, P1. 7 (2). Snrgnssum decipiens (R. Brown ex Turner) J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). 1872b: 63. Womersley 1954b: 348, Fig. l (e-f), Lower eulittoral zone. PI. 4 (1). Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 Wemalion Targioni-Tozzetti (S21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Nemalion ebninthoides (Velley) Batters 1902: 59. Lower eulittoral and below; occasionally in Womersley 1965b: 455, Figs. 1-9, PI. 1. lower eulittoral pools. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Upper eulittoral zone attached to jetty piles. Phylum RHODOPHYTA Also recorded from Pt. Nepean and Mt. Eliza. Order BANGIALES Family BANGIACEAE Family CHAETANGIACEAE Bangia Lyngbye Galaxaura Lamouroux Bnrzgia fuscoprrrpzlrea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye 1819: 83. Sommerfcld and Nichols 1970: 640, Figs. 1-28. G~laxnuranzarginata (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux N. bay area 6 (Si6). Corio Bay area 29 1816: 264 (Syn. G. lnxn Kjellman 1900: 71). (S22). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Upper eulittoral and into the littoral fringe. Rare in pools in the sub-littoral fringe. Also recorded from lower-eulittoral pools. Poqhyra C. Agardh Porphyr-a sp. Order GELIDIALES N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 Family CELIDIACEAE (S19), 29 (S22). E. bay area 23 (S20). Small GeBidium Lamouroux plants common in the mid-eulittoral, large plants Gelidiutn australe J. Agardh 1872a: 30. in lower eulittoral and the supper sub-littoral; it Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). is possibie that these are two different species. Sub-littoral fringe and also lower-eulittoral Seasonally abundant June-December. pools. Order NEMALIALES Gelidium glarzd~~loefoliunzJ. D. Hooker et Harvey Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE 1847: 406. Helminthosladia J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SS). Helminthocladin nr~stralis Harvey 1863, PI. 272. Lower-eulittoral zone in crevices. Womersley 1965b: 470, Figs. 46-53, PI. 5. Grlidi~rnzpusillrlm (Stackhouse) Le Jolis 1963: 139. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). N. bay area 6 (S16), Corio Bay areas 25 Mid-eulittoral pool. (S19), 27 (S17). E. bay area 23 (S20), Port Helrninthocladia dotyi Womersley 1965b: 465, Figs. Phillip Hcads area 58 (S5, S10). 23-31, PI. 3 (2). Mainly confined to the lower eulittoral but Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). with isolated occurrences in the mid-eulittoral, Common in patches, lower eulittoral. particularly in crevices; often associated with Hellminthsaa 9. Agardh Galeolaria caespitosa. Helminthora australis J. Agardh ex Levring 1953: Pterocladia J. Agardh 497, Figs. 27-30; Womersley 1965b: 461, Figs. 17-22, Pls. 2 (2), 3 (1). Pterocladia cnpillacea (Gmelin) Bornet et Thuret ?xi ?hi!lip EIezds are2 58 (SIO). 1876: 57. Epiphytic on Amphibolis antarctica, in lower Port Phillp Heads area 58 (S5). eulittoral pools and the upper sub-littoral. Sub-littoral fringe. By W. J. KING, 9. MOPE BL

Order GRYPFONEIVIIALES Metago~oBi&onWeber-van Bosse Family SQUAMARIACEAE Mctagoniolithon clzaroides (Larnouroux) Weber-van Ethe& Weber-van Bosse Bosse 1904: 102, P1. 15 (11). Etltelia artstralis (Sonder) Weber-van Bosse 1921: Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). 300. Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools. Recorded from Queenscliff. Meta,qoniolitl~on stelligerunz (Lamarck) Weber-van Family CORALLINACEAE Bosse 1904: 103, P1. 15 (9 and 13). Amphioa Lamouroux Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Arxphiroo bcauvoisii Lamouroux 1816: 299; Hamel Epiphytic on Arnphibolis antavctica in lower- and Lemoine 1953: 42, PI. 5 (1, 7). eulittoral pools. E. bay area 55 (S15). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Family CRYPTONEMIACEAE Upper sub-littoral zone and eulittoral zone Grateloupia C. Agardh pools. Ginfclorrpin filic~rza var. luxuririnr A. et E. S. Gepp Corallina Linnaeus 1906: 259. Corallino oficirzrrlis Linnaeus 1758: 805 (see Johan- This variety of Grateloupia filicina (Lamou- sen 1969: 63). Johansen 1970, p. 79, Figs. 1, 3, 5-6, 9, 11. roux) C. Agardh 1822: 223 is abundant near N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay area 29 sewerage outlets. A similar observation has (S22). E. bay areas 23 (S20), 55 (S13, S15). been made in England (Farnham and Irvine S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 1968). 58 (S5, S18). N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Common in the lower eulittoral, sub-littoral (S23), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads fringe (at the Heads) and the upper sub-littoral, area 58 (S10). where occasionally dominant. Also lower eulit- Common in the lower eulittoral and upper- toral pools. sub-littoral but at Queenscliff restricted to Habptylon (Decaisne) Johansen lower-eulittoral pools. Also recorded for Ric- Holiptylorz, sub~rluta (Ellis et Solander) Johansen ketts Pt and Newport. 1970, p. 79, Figs. 10, 12. Port Bhillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Order GIGARTINALES Lower eulittoral pools and channels, and Family GRACILARIACEAE the lower-eulittoral zone. Gracilaria Greville Jania Lamouroux Grnciluria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss 1950: 195. Jarlin fastigialu Harvey 1847: 107. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay area 49 Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). (S4). S. bay area 63 (S24). Shallow littoral pools; also the lower-eulit- Found in lower eulittoral and below, also toral zone and the sub-littoral fringe. in shallow rock pools. Litbothamnion Philippi Lithotllan~nion muelleri Lenormand in Rosanoff Family PLOCAMIACEAE 1866: 101, PI. 6, figs. 8-11; see Foslie and Printz PBoc@aminmLamouronx 1929: 43, P1. 7 (1-10). Epiphytic on Amphibolis antarctica. Plocarnirrnt angustun? (J. Agardh) J. D. Hooker et Harvey 1847: 404. Lithothamnion sp. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). N. bay area 6 (S16). E. bay areas 23 (S20), Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools, and in 55 (S13, Sl5). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (Ss, S10 j. the upper sub-littoral. Also recorded for Ricketts In pools and on the platform, lower eulit- Pt. toral and below; often forming an almost com- Plocamium leptophyllurn Kiitzing 1849: 885. plete cover in the upper sub-littoral where Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). associated with Corallina oficinalis. Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools. INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Family ~HABDONIACEAE C~rioBay areas 27 (S17), 29 (S22). Rhabdon~aHarvey Common in upper sub-littoral and lower- Rhabdo~i~crlobu\ta (Grevllle) J. Agardh 1851 355. eulittsral zones, particularly near wastc outfall Corio Bay areas 27 (S17), 29 (S22). pipes. Also recorded for Altona and Werribee. Found in the lower eulittoral and upper sub- Order RIIODYMENIALES littoral; also recorded for Rickeits Pt. Family RHODYMENIACEAE Rhahdonlu ver ticillntn Harvey 1863 P1. 299. Botryocladia (J. Agardh) Kylin Corio Bay area 27 (S17). Bofr yoclndra ohovatu (Sonder) Kylln 1931 : 18. Occurs infrequently in the upper sub-littoral Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). zone. Although common in the sub-littoral zone Family HYPNEACEAE within the bay this species is restricted at the Hypnea Lamouroux Heads to lower-eulittoral pools and channels. Hypnea sp. Cloiodermaa J. Agardh Corio Bay area 27 (S17). Gloiodermu 11 rl.tor~e (J. Agardh) De Ton1 1900: 496 Uncolnmon in the upper sub-littoral. as G w~lrorr~r Port Phillip Heads area 58 (Ss). Family MYCHODEACEAE Rarc in lower eulittoral pools. Myehodca Harvey Hymenocla&a J. Agardh Myrlrodcu hn~~iataHarvey 1860. 323. Hyn?rrzocladi~r scinguinea (Harvey) Sparling 1957: Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). 370, P1. 58 (a-e). Pools and channelx in the lower eulittoral. Characteristically epiphytic on Codium galea- tuln in the Port Phillip Heads region. Family DICRANEMACEAE Dieranema Sondcr Family LOMENTARIACEAE Champia Dcsveaux L)lc~.nnr/n~grevillei Sonder 1845: 56. Churnpl~afirzis (4. D. Hooker et Harvey) J. Agardh Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S 10). 1876: 304. Epiphytic on Amphibolis nrztarctica. SW. bay area 42 (S2 1) . Family ACROTYLACCAE Epiphyiic on Zo,rtera in the lower eulittoral. Acrotylras J. Agardh 3110111picrtnsnzrirzica Harvey 1844a: 407. Pl. 19. Acrotyli~r ~11~sfiu11s3 Ag'11 dh 1849 87. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S 10). Occasional in lower-eulittoral pools. Corio Bay area 29 (S2). Port Phillip Meads 58 (SIO). Order CERAMIALES Uncommon in the lower eulittoral and upper Family CERAMIACEAE sub-littoral. Amoenotham~aiioaaWollaston An~ooiuthumn~onpltmlctu~~~cr~nz Woll3ston 1968 377, Family GIGARTINACEAE Fig 35 (D-Q), P1 10. Gigartima Stackhouse Port Phillip Heads arca 58 (S10). Gljin~/iilrti~racliraiu Halvey 1860 325 Lower-culittoral pools. Corio Bay area 27 (S17). Aaati~amniona Ndgeli Rare in upper sub-littoral. A~~trtlznmnlon11~inori~ioidcr (Sondel) De Ton1 1903 1398 Wollaston 1968 295, Fig 19 Bsdoglaessu~n S. Agardh Port Phillip Reads arca 58 (S10). Both Khodoglossum foliiferum (Harvey) 6. Lower-euliitoral pools. Agardh 1876: 186 and Rhodoglossurn prolife- Ballha Harvey ru,w J. Agardh 1885 : 27 are recorded for Port Rallia cnliitricira (C. Ag;irdh) Kutzing 1843: 293, Phillip Bay. Specimens collected on this survey Wollaston 1968: 308, Fig. 21 (A-I). are riot eaaiiy assigned to either species, xhe Port Piliiiip Heads area 58 (S5 j . limits of which are obscure and may even Sub-littoral fringe and the upper sub-littoral overlap. zone; also recorded from Queenscliff. By R. J. KING, .H. HOPE BLACK 8r SOPHHE C. DUCKER 123

Balliu scoparia (J. D. Hooker et Harvey) Ilarvey Coqmospsra J. Agardh 1860: 333. Wollaston 1968: 3 17, Fig. 23 (A-E), Coryrzospora grifitlzsioides (Sonder) Kylin 1956: 583. Port Phillig Heads area 58 (S5, ,510). Common in the sub-littoral fringe and the Corio Bay area 27 (S17). upper sub-littoral zone; occasional in lower- Occasional in the upper sub-littoral; also eulittoral pools. recorded for Werribee. Bolrnetia Thuret Ptillscladia Sonder Bornetia sp. Ptilocladia pulchra Sonder 1845: 53. Port Phillip Hcads area 58 (S10). Recorded for Queenscliff and Point Nepean. Lower-eulittoral pools. Family DELESSERIACEAE Callitlhamnisn Lyngbye Acrossrium Zanardini in Kiitzing Although Callithamnion species occur Acrosorium uncirzatum (Turner) Kylin 1924: 78, throughout the bay, none was recorded in this Fig. 61. survey. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 Centroeeras Kiitzing (S21). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Commonly epiphytic, particularly on Zos- Centroceras clavulatslm (C. Agardh) Montagne 1846: 140. Hommersand 1963: 241, Figs. 29- tera; also a conspicuous component of drift on 30a. the W. margin of the bay. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Caloglossa (Harvey) J. Agardh (S23), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). Port Phillip Beads Cciloglossu leprieurii (Montagne) 5. Agardh 1876: area 58 (S10). 499. Papenfuss 1961: 8, Figs. 1-301. Occurs throughout the bay as a conspicuous Corio Bay areas 25 (S19), 26 (S2). component of the lower eulittoral. Occurs in the mid- and lower-eulittoral mix- Ceramilmm Roth ed with Galeolaria caespitosa. This species is Ceramium spp. generally regarded as characteristic of salt Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay areas 42 marsh, commonly attached to mangrove pneu- (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port matophores, e.g. as at Tooradin, Western Port Phillip Heads area S8 (S10). Bay, Vic. Lower eulittoral and below. Phitymophora J. Agardh Cronaania J. Agardh Pl~itynzophora anzansioides (Sonder) Womersley 1965a: 436. Crouania sp. Port Phillip Meads area 58 (S10). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Uncommon in the sub-littoral fringe. Occasional, epiphytic in the sub-littoral fringe. GrBtHssia C. Agardh Family DASYACEAE Several unidentified species of Grifithsia are Dasya C. Agardh recorded for Port Phillip. Dasya capillaris J. D. Hooker et Harvey in Harvey Criffithsia teges Harvey 1855a: 559. 1847: 60, P1. 19. Recorded for Newport and Point Nepcan. Oc- Corio Bay area 27 (S17). SW. bay area 42 casionally in drift in the W. bay. (S21). Upper sub-littoral zone; also recorded from Haloplegma Montagne Swan Bay. H~lopicgrnaprcissii (Harvey) Sonder 1846: 171. Drisya villosa Harvey 1844b: 433. Recorded for Queenscliff. Often found in drift throughout the bay. Eophothsamnioa J. Agardh Family RHODOMELACEAE L~p:icit/iiiiiiiiii;iico;i;ii:;;;?; J. LAhgordh1892: 43. Brong~artenaBory Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SS). Bro~zgniartella austmlis (C. Agardh) Schmitz 1893: Common in shallow littoral pools. 218. 124 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

Recorded in the upper sub'littoral at Altona Polysiphonia GrevilPe and Wesribee; also in drift. Polysiplzonia spp. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 16 Coe%ocioaaiomJ. Agardh (S23), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas Coeloclonii~mopuntioides (Harvey) 9. Agardh 1876: 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). 640. Port PhiIlip Heads area 58 (S10). Common in drift at St. Eeonards, Queens- Common in association with centroceras cliff and Pt Neapean. clavulatum in the lower eulittoral. Didyome~aGreville Polysiphoizia Dlundi Harvey 1862: PI. 184. Dictyomerzia tridens (Martens ex Turner) Greville, Port Phillip Heads area 58 (Sl0). 1830; synop. LI. Lower eulittoral, at higher levels on outer Corio Bay area 27 (S17). edge of the platform. Epizooic on Pyura in the lower-eulittoral zone. Protokkhkgiat Falkenberg Protolciitzirzgin australusica (Montagne) Falkenberg Laarencia Lamouroux in Schmitz and Falkenberg 1897: 469. Laurencia botryoides (Turner) Gaillon 1828: 363. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5). Uncommon in the upper sub-littoral and Occasional plants throughout the lower eulit- lower eulittoral. toral. Phylum CYANOPHYTA Laurencia elata (C. Agardh) Harvey 1847: 81, PI. 33 (b). Order NOSTOCALES Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Family OSCILLAT,ORIACEAE Occurs mainly in the sub-littoral fringe, but Lyngbya G. Agardh ex Gomont also in lower eulittoral pools. Lyngbya sp. Laz~rencia Ireteroclada Harvey 1855a: 544. Cribb Corio Bay area 27 (S17). 1958: 175, P1. 10, figs. 1-11, P1. 13, fig. 4. Covering rocks in upper eulittoral. SW. bay area 42 (S21). E. bay area 55 (S13). Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). Family RIVULARIACEAE Lower-eulittorai zone; also in the sub-littoral CalotEarix C. Agardh fringe and pools. Young Laurencia plants Calotlzrix confervicola (Roth) C. Agardh 1824: 70. which are possibly L. heteroclada are found throughout the bay. Epiphytic on Myriogloia sciurus. Laurencia tnsn~anicaJ. D. Hooker et Harvey in Har- Kvnla~aC. Agardh vey 1847: 84. Corio Bay area 29 (S22). SW. bay area 42 Rivzclaria firn7a Wolnersley 1946: 130, Fig. 2 (a,b). (S2 1) . Lower eulittoral. S. bay area 63 (S24). Uncommon in the mid-eulittoral. Also re- Lenormandk Sonder corded for Pt Nepean. Lenornzandia prolifera (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 1863: 1103. Phylum CHRYSOPHYTA Port Phillip Heads area 58 (SS, S10). Order PRYMNESIALES Sandy lower-eulittoral pools and channels. Family PHAEOCYSTACEAE Lophuwlla Schmitz Bhaeocystis Lagcrheim Lophurrlla periclados (Sonder) Schmitz in Schmitz Pl~aeoc~istisgiraudii (Derbks et Solier) Lagerheim and Falkenberg 1897: 441. 1893: 32.

QIXT. LT, na ~cn\ C~rioBay arca 23 (S22). Port Phillip Heads V I, "LLJ '&LULL T, \"7,. area 58 (S5, S10). Colonies epiphytic and free floating in Zos- Lower eulittoral and below. tera beds, during winter months. By R. J. KING, J. MOPE BLACK & SOPHIE C. DUCKER 125

LICHENS N. bay area 6 (Sf6). Corio Bay area 2'6 Eichina C. Agardh (S17). SW. bay area 49 (M). E. bay area Liclzzna confinrr (Muller) C. Agardh 1820: 105. 23 (S20). S. bay area 63 (S24). Port Phillip Heads This typical salt marsh plant seems to be area 58 (S5, S10). capable of existence in small pockets of sod Littoral fringe but also in the upper eulittoral in the top of the up~er-eulittoralzone. under sheltered conditions. Acknowledgments ANGIQSPERMAE(Flowering Plants) MON~OCOTYLEDONEAE We are pleased to acknowledge help in the Family ZOSTERACEAE work from Margaret N. Clayton and G. N. MacRaild (Botany School, University of Mel- ~h~ sea g;rasses of tlze world p.n H~~~~~ ( 1970), covers most of the taxa listed below. bourne), Helen Aston (National Herbarium, Victoria), and the Fisheries and Wildlife De- Zoslera Linnaeus partment of Victoria. Zostera nzurllc~iIrmisch ex Aschcrson 1867: 168. N. bay area 6 (S16). Corio Bay areas 25 References (S19), 27 (S17), 29 (S22). SW. bay areas AGARDH,C. A., 1817. Syrzopsis algarurn scarzciir~u~~ine 42 (S21), 49 (S4). E. bay area 23 (S20). Port . . . Lund, xl + 135 pp. 1820. Species ulgarurn. . .Vol. 1 (l), Phillip Heads area 58 (S10). Luni 168 pp. Common in lower eulittoral and upper sub------1822. Species a1,oar~rm. . .vol. I (2), LU"~169-398. littoral on flat, sandy or muddy areas; also in 1823. Species algarlrnz . . . Vol. 1 (2). shallow sandy or muddy pools. Often densely ~und,399-53 1. covered with epiphytes. , 1824. Systenza algarurn. Lund. xxxviii + 312 pp. , 1839. Revision der Algengattung Mncro- Family RUPPIACEAE cystis. Nova Acta Acad. Caesar. Leop. Carol. 19: Rappia Einnacus 28 1-317. Ruppia nqaritin~aLinnaeus 1753 : 127. AGARDH,J. G., 1848. Species genera et ordines oi- grirzrrn . . . Vol. l, Lund. viii + 363 pp. SW. bay area 49 (S4). , 1849. Algologiska Bidrag. Ofvers. K. Vct- In upper sub-littoral associated with Zostera ens/<-Akad. Fiirlz. 6: 79-89. , 1851. Spccies genera et ordirzes nlgaruna and Lepilaeza cylindrocarpa. . . .Vol. 2 (2: l), Lund, pp. 337-505. , 1863. Species genera et ordines algarur~z Family ZANNICHELLIACEAE . . .Vol. 2 (3: 2), Lund, 787-1291. AaaapKboEs C. Agardh , 18701. Om Chathamoarnes Alger. Ofvers. K. Vetensk-Akad. Forlz. 27: 435-456.

Anzpl~ibolis antarctica (Labillardikre) Sonder et p, 1872a. Bidrag till florideernes systematik. Ascherson ex Ascherson 1867: 164. Acta Univ. lund., 8 (Afd. 2, No. 6): 1-60. Port Phillip Heads area 58 (S5, S10). , 1872b. Till algernes systematik. Nya bid- rag. Acta Univ. lund. 9 (Afd. 2, No. 8): 1-71. Occurs in shallow, sandy lower-eulittoral , 1876. Species genera et ordines al,~aar.~ir~.~ pools and channels, and in the sub-littoral zone. . . .Vol. 3 (1). Epicrisis systematis floridearun?. This species is not recorded in the sheltered Leipzig>vii + 724 pp. , 1878. DC Algis Novae Zelandiae marinis. waters of the bay. Acta Univ. b111d. 14 (Afd. 2, No. 4) : 1-32. , 1880. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. Lepilaena Drummond ex Harvey Acta Univ. bnd. 17 (Afd. 3, No. 4) : 1-134 + 2. Lepilaena cylindrocarpa (Kornicke ex Walpers) Ben- -, 1885. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. than1 1878: 180. Acta Univ. lund. 21 (Afd. 3, No. 8): 1-117 + 3. , 1887. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. SW. bay area 49 (S14). Acta Urziv. l~ind.23 (Afd. 3, No. 2): 1-174 + 6. , 1892. Analecta Algologica. Acta Unii~. DICOTYLEDONEAE lurrd. 28 (Afd. 2, No. 6): 1-182. Family CHEN'OPODIACEAE , 1894. Analecta AlgoIogica, Cont. I. Acta Urziv. Ismd. 29 (Afd. 2, No. 9): 1-144. Salicornla Linnaeus A4~F~sc~ou~,1 F., 1846 Ennmeratio phycearum in Salicorrzia q~rinqueflora Bunge ex Ungern-Sternberg maribus Scandinaviae crescentium, Sectio prior. 1866: 59. Fucaceas continens. Nova Actu R. Soc. Scieni. (Syn. S. australis Solander ex Bentham 1870: 205). 14psnl. 13: 223-382. 126 INTERTIDAL ECOLOGY

, 1854. Phyceae novae et minus cognitae in GAILLON,B., 1828. Thalassiophytes. Dict. Sci. naf. 53: maribus exlraeuropaeis collectae. Acta R. Soc. 350-406. Scierzt. zipsal., Ser. 3, 1: 329-372. GEPP, A. and GEPP, ETHEL S., 1906. Some marine ~SCHERSON,P,, 1867. Vorarbeiten zu einer Uebersicht algae from New South Wales. J. Bot., Lond. 44: der phanerogamen Meergewachse. kin~zaea 35: 249-261. -152.708. - - - - . GREVILLE,R. K., 1827. Scoftislz Cryptogamic Flora, BATTERS,E. A. L., 1902. A catalogue of the British . . . Vol. 5: 4 + Pls. 241-3007 + vi. marine algae, . . . J. Bot., Lond. 40 (Suppl.) : 2 , 1830. Algae britannicae . . . Edinburgh, 4 +107. + lxxxviii + 218 pp. BENTHAM. G.. 1870. Flora Au.straliensis Vol. 5. HAMEL,G., 1930. Chorophyc6es des c6tes fran~aises. London, viii + 599 pp. Revue al,~ol.5: 1-54. , 1878. Flora Austvalielzsis Vol. 7. London, , 1937. Phae'oplzyce'es de France. Paris, Fasc. xii f 806 pp. 3: 177-240. BLIDING.C.. 1963. 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