Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Supporting Information for

Allison A. Price*1, Matthew G. Jackson1, Janne Blichert-Toft2, Mark Kurz3, Jim Gill4, Jerzy Blusztajn3, Frances Jenner5, Raul Brens6, Richard Arculus7

1. University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Earth Science, 1006 Webb Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106 USA (*[email protected])

2. Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5276, Ecole Normale Supériere de Lyon and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69007 Lyon, France

3. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA 95064, USA

5. Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK

6. Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia

7. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

*Corresponding author

Contents of this file

Text S1 Figures S1 to S3

Additional Supporting Information (Files uploaded separately)

Data sets S1 to S3

Introduction

In Text S1 we provide an overview and interpretation of the mixing models shown in Supporting Information Data set 3 and Supporting Information Figure S3. Figure S1 shows a silica versus total alkali plot that includes the new Rotuman and Fijian OIB (FOIB) lavas in this study, with subdivisions for different rock classifications based on Le Bas et al. [1986]. In Figure S2 we show primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the FOIB and Rotuman lavas in this study. Figure S3 shows mixing models between Samoan components and ambient depleted mantle components shown in various isotopic spaces.

Text S1.

Introduction

Previous studies have provided compelling evidence for the presence of Samoan geochemical components in lavas erupted in the northern Lau Basin (e.g. Volpe et al. [1988], Gill and Whelan [1989], Poreda and Craig [1992], Wendt et al. [1997], Ewart et al. [1998], Pearce et al. [2007], Tian et al. [2008, 2011], Lupton et al. [2009], Hahm et al. [2012], Jenner at al. [2012], Lytle et al. [2012], Price et al. [2014, 2016], Nebel and Arculus [2015]). Recent work suggest that Samoan lavas host a variety of geochemical components, including EM2 (enriched mantle 2), EM1 (enriched mantle 1), HIMU (high µ = high 238U/204Pb), high 3He/4He, and DM (depleted mantle) components [Jackson et al. 2014]. To better evaluate how much of the new isotopic data from the northern Lau and North Fiji Basin lavas presented in this paper can be explained by the addition of these five Samoan components to the depleted backarc basin mantle, we provide a series of mixing models between four geochemically depleted end-member components (identified in lavas from the Lau and North Fiji Basins) and the five components suggested for the Samoan plume.

Methods and caveats

To generate the two-component mixing models presented in Supporting Information Figure 3, we use four geochemically depleted end-member components from the Lau and North Fiji Basins and mix them with five Samoan lavas, which are representative of the five Samoan components defined in Jackson et al. [2014] (EM2, EM1, HIMU, 3He/4He, and DM). The pertinent data for all end-members are shown in Supporting Information Table 3, and represent data from Samoan lavas and depleted Lau/North Fiji Basin lavas. The four depleted backarc basin endmembers and the five Samoan plume components were selected to generate an array of 20 (i.e., 4 x 5 = 20) mixing lines that encompass a large fraction of the new geochemical data on northern Lau and North Fiji Basin lavas. Of course, selection of additional depleted backarc basin components (and, thus, generation of additional mixing models) can encompass more of the geochemical data in the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins, but mixing models that include just four depleted backarc basin components capture much of the geochemical variability in the region. It is important to note that each of the lavas selected as end-members in the mixing model has complete geochemical dataset (including Hf, Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic and trace element data measured on the same sample). This approach severely limited the choice of possible end-members in the mixing model, as relatively few lavas from either the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins or the Samoan plume have complete datasets for Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf isotopic ratios and trace element concentrations. Furthermore, we note that other inputs to the northern Lau and North Fiji Basin region (e.g., subducted HIMU Rurutu hotspot EM1 Rarotonga hotspot tracks) are not considered in these models, as our goal is to evaluate how much of the geochemical variability in lavas from the backarc basins can be explained by incorporation of Samoan components.

Implications

Overall, we find that two-component mixing lines among four geochemically depleted backarc basin end-members with five Samoan components capture much of the geochemical variability in the northern Lau and North Fiji Basin lavas. However, not all of the geochemical variability in the northern Lau and North Fiji Basin can be explained by the mixing models presented here. For example, much of the previously published Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data from northeast Lau Basin (NELB) lavas plot outside the mixing models in nearly all isotopic spaces, in particular the Δ207Pb/204Pb - Δ208Pb/204Pb plot (See Supplementary Information Figure S3). Therefore the NELB lavas cannot be explained solely by the mixing of Samoan components with the ambient depleted mantle in the backarc basins. However, it was shown in Price et al. [2016] that NELB lavas likely sample components from both the Rarotona and Rurutu hotspot tracks, which are subducting into the northern Tonga Trench, but the Rarotonga and Rurutu hotspots are not included in our mixing models. Like the NELB samples, the mixing models presented here do not capture all of the radiogenic isotopic variability identified in samples from the FOIB and Rotuman lavas. In particular, the FOIB and Rotuman lavas have Δ208Pb/204Pb that is too low to be explained by the mixing of ambient depleted mantle and Samoan components (See Supplementary Information Figure S3). Similarly, one lava from the West Cikobia Volcanic zone (sample NLTD-9-1), has a strong EM1 signature with 207Pb/204Pb at a given 206Pb/204Pb (i.e., high Δ207Pb/204Pb) that is too high to be explained by mixing between depleted backarc basin and Samoan plume components. As NELB lavas have been shown to sample geochemically enriched hotspot components in the region that are not Samoan (Falloon et al., 2007; Price et al., 2016), it is not unreasonable to suggest that the FOIB and Rotuma lavas, as well as sample NLTD-9-1, might also sample non-Samoan geochemical components. However, this does not exclude the possibility that Samoan components are present in the NELB, FOIB/Rotuma, and NLTD-9-1 lavas: we only utilize two component mixing models here, and it is possible that multi-component mixtures (which include depleted backarc basin, Samoan and non-Samoan hotspot components) may explain the isotopic variability found in these lavas.

7 Basaltic Trachy- Andesite 6 Trachy- Trachy- Basalt Andesite

5 i kal Al te leii 4 Tho O (wt%) 2 3

2 O + Na Basaltic 2 Basalt Andesite K Andesite 1

0 45 50 55 60 SiO2 (wt%) Rotuma Island Fijian OIB in this study with new major element data Fijian OIB in this study with previously published major element data

Figure S1. Silica versus total alkali plot, with subdivisions for different rock classifications based on Le Bas et al. [1986]. The alkali-tholeiite line is from Macdonald and Katsura [1964]. Previously published major element data for Fijian OIB examined in this study are from Gill and Whelan [1989] and Pearce et al. [2007]. The one Fijian lava marked with a “+” symbol represents the Type II lava (WQ7b), while all other Fijian lavas are Type I (see section 3.3.7 of the paper for more information). The diamond with a “+” symbol is ROT-11 (the only Rotuman lava that is tholeiitic) and the diamond with an “x” symbol is ROT-6 (the only Rotuman lava that is a trachy-basalt). The dark grey field represents previously published Fijian OIB major element data for lavas not studied here and are from Gill [1984]. The light grey field represents previously published Rotuma major element data for lavas not studied here and are from Price et al. [1990].

A. 100 New Rotuma ICP Trace Element Data

ROT-4 ROT-12 ROT-3 10 ROT-8 ROT-11 Average Upolu Average MORB

Sample/Primitive Mantle Average BAB

1 Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta K La Ce Pb Pr Nd Sr Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Ho Y Er Tm Yb Lu 100 B. New Fijian OIB ICP Trace Element Data

W251 WQ208 W271a W135 10 FJ-12-5 WQ64 Mago Average Upolu

Sample/Primitive Mantle Average MORB Average BAB

1 Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta K La Ce Pb Pr Nd Sr Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Ho Y Er Tm Yb Lu C. 100 Previously Publ. Fijian OIB ICP Trace Element Data

WQ28 WQ7b Average Upolu Average MORB 10 Average BAB Sample/Primitive Mantle

1 Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta K La Ce Pb Pr Nd Sr Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Gd Tb Dy Ho Y Er Tm Yb Lu

Figure S2. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the lavas examined in this and previous studies. Panel A shows new data from Rotuma Island lavas, panel B shows new data from young Fijian lavas, and panel C shows lavas previously published young Fijian OIB (FOIB) lavas (Pearce et al [2007]). Average Upolu, which was calculated from Samoan Upolu shield data with MgO > 6.5 wt. %, is shown on all plots in black (and is from Workman et al. [2004]). All plots also show average MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) and average BAB (backarc basin basalt) from Gale et al. [2013] and are plotted as light and dark grey, respectively. The primitive mantle composition is from McDonough and Sun [1995].

A. 0.5133 B. FRSC CLSC Samoa 15.65 Uo Mamae Tonga Arc Rejuv. Rurutu Hotspot Samoa Nifo.

Nd 0.5130 15.60 Shield Pb

144 FRSC Samoa 204 Louisville 15.55 Louisville Shield Nd/

Samoa Pb/ 0.5127 Rurutu

143 Rejuv. Hotspot Nifo. 207 15.50 Tonga Arc Uo Mamae CLSC 0.5124 15.45 0.7025 0.7035 0.7045 0.7055 0.7065 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 87Sr/86Sr 206Pb/204Pb C. D. 0.2836 40.5 Samoa 40.0 Rurutu Shield Tonga Arc Hotspot Samoa

Pb 39.5 Hf Samoa CLSC Rejuv.

204 Uo Mamae

177 Rejuv. 0.2831 Samoa 39.0 Nifo. Louisville Pb/ Hf/

Shield 8 38.5 CLSC

20 Tonga Arc 176 Rurutu Hotspot 38.0 FRSC Uo Mamae 0.2826 37.5 0.5124 0.5127 0.5130 0.5133 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 206Pb/204Pb 143Nd/144Nd F. E. 0.5133 15 Uo Mamae CLSC Nifo. CLSC Tonga Arc FRSC Samoa

Louisville Pb Nd 0.5130 Tonga Arc Rejuv. FRSC Rurutu 204 144 Hotspot 5 Pb/ Nd/ Louisville 0.5127 Samoa

Nifo. 207 143 Samoa Shield Uo Mamae Samoa Shield Rurutu Rejuv. Hotspot 0.5124 -5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 206Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb G. H. 0.7065 0.5133 FRSC CLSC Uo Mamae Samoa 0.7055 Samoa Rejuv. Tonga Arc Shield 0.5130 Sr Nd

86 Nifo. Nifo.

0.7045 144 Samoa / Rurutu Sr/ Hotspot Rejuv. 87 CLSC Nd 0.5127 Louisville Samoa Rurutu

0.7035 143 Shield Louisville Hotspot FRSC Tonga Arc Uo Mamae 0.7025 0.5124 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 206Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb New Data: Previously Published Data Mixing Models: Rotuma

E Discussed in this Paper: Mixtures between depleted Lau and N. Fiji Basin end-members and a Samoan EM2 component

Fiji Type I Fiji Type4 II 100 km N. of Fiji (YYVZ) 7

1 Mixtures between depleted Lau and N. Fiji Basin end-members and a Samoan EM1 component East Futuna Volcanic Zone North Fiji Basin Mixtures between depleted Lau and N. Fiji Basin end-members and a Samoan HIMU component South Pandora Ridge & S. of Futuna Central Zone Mixtures between depleted Lau and N. Fiji Basin end-members and a Samoan high 3 He/ 4 He component South Pandora Ridge Futuna Spreading Center (FSC) Rochambeau Bank & Rifts Mixtures between depleted Lau and N. Fiji Basin end-members and a Samoan depleted mantle component West Cikobia Volcanic Zone Northeast Lau Basin (NELB) Yasawa-Yadua Volcanic Zone (YYVZ) Tafahi Fiji Triple Junction (FTJ) Niuatoputapu Figure S3. Two component mixing models between four different depleted Lau and North Fiji Basin components and five Samoan hotspot components, including (EM2 [four purple mixing lines], EM1 [four orange mixing lines], HIMU [four yellow mixing lines], DM [four green mixing lines] and high 3He/4He [four blue mixing lines]) (end- members are shown in Supporting Information Table 3). The hatched area on each isotope plot shows the region in isotopic space encompassed by the combination the mixing models, and shows that mixing between depleted backarc basin components and components in the Samoan plume can describe much of the geochemical diversity in the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins. The background datasets are exactly the same as shown in Figures 2 and 3 of the manuscript, and include new Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic data for lavas dredged from the Lau and North Fiji Basins, Rotuma Island and Fijian Islands. Also shown in the panels of the figure are data fields for lavas from the Samoan hotspot, Rurutu hotspot, Rarotonga hotspot, and Louisville hotspot. In addition to the new data, previously published data from the South Pandora Ridge [Price et al. 2014], North Fiji Basin [Nohara et al. 1994 , Peate et al. 1997, Price et al. 2014), Yasawa-Yadua Volcanic Zone (shown as 100 km N of Fiji in Price et al. [2014]), Rochambeau Bank and Rifts (Lytle et al. [2012]; Nebel and Arculus [2015]) the Northeast Lau Basin (Falloon and Crawford [1991]; Danyushevsky et al. [1995]; Falloon et al. [2007, 2008]; Caulfield et al. [2012, 2015], and Price et al. [2016]), and the northern Tonga Arc islands of Niuatoputapu and Tafahi (Ewart et al. [1987, 1998], Hergt and Woodhead [2007], Pearce et al. [2007], Regelous et al. [1997,2010], Turner et al. [1997, 2009], Wendt et al. [1997]) are shown as symbols for reference. MORB is mid-ocean ridge basalt and BABB is backarc basin basalt. The average MORB and average BABB data are from Gale et al. [2013], except for panels C (because sufficiently precise Hf isotopic data are not available). Data for the Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC) field are from Boespflug et al. [1990], Loock et al. [1990], Hergt and Woodhead [2007], Pearce et al. [2007], and Regelous et al. [2008]. Rurutu hotspot data, which include lavas from the young series of Arago Seamount, the young series of Rurutu Island, Mauke Island, and Atiu Island, are from Nakamura and Tatsumoto [1988], Chauvel et al. [1992, 1997], Hauri and Hart [1993], Hemond et al. [1994], Woodhead [1996], Kogiso et al. [1997], Salters and White [1998], Schiano et al. [2001], Lassiter et al. [2003], Bonneville et al. [2006], Salters et al. [2011], and Hanyu et al. [2011]. Rurutu sample 74- 394 from Chauvel et al. [1997] is excluded from this field (Chauvel et al. [1997] ignored this sample due to its unusual geochemistry and we note that it is a cobble of unknown origin). Values for Samoan data fields are from Wright and White [1987], Poreda and Craig [1992], Workman et al. [2004], Workman and Hart [2005], Jackson et al. [2007a], Jackson et al. [2007b], Jackson et al. [2010], Salters et al. [2011]. Louisville data are from Cheng et al. [1987], Beier et al. [2011], and Vanderkluysen et al. [2014]. Louisville samples identified as highly altered or very highly altered were excluded. Uo Mamae data are from Pearce et al. [2007] and Regelous et al. [2008]. Niuafo’ou data are from Regelous et al. [2008] and Tian et al [2011]. Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center (FRSC) data are from Escrig et al. [2012]. Tonga Arc data are from Hergt and Woodhead [2007], Escrig et al. [2012], Turner et al. [2012], and Caulfield et al. [2012; 2015]. Panel C includes a line representing the mantle array from Vervoort et al. [1999] defined as εHf = 1.33*εNd + 3.19, where the Nd and Hf epsilon notations were calculated using the CHUR values of 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638 [Hamilton et al. 1983] and 176Hf/177Hf = 0.282772 [Blichert-Toft and Albarède 1997]. Panels B and D include the Northern Hemisphere reference line (NHRL) from Hart [1984]. Δ207Pb/204Pb and Δ208Pb/204Pb are defined in by Hart [1984] in the following way: Δ207Pb/204Pb = 0.1084(207Pb/204Pb) + 13.491, and Δ208Pb/204Pb = 1.209(208Pb/204Pb) + 15.627.

Data Set S1. Major element data for Rotuma and Fiji Island samples.

Data Set S2. Trace element data for Rotuma and Fiji Island samples.

Data Set S3. Mixing end-members for mixing models shown in Supplementary Information Figure 3 and discussed in Supplementary Information Text S1.

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