Distribution and Spawning Habitat of Late-Run Chinook Salmon

DISTRIBUTION AND SPAWNING HABITAT OF LATE-RUN CHINOOK SALMON

First-Draft

LAKE CHELAN HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT FERC Project No. 637

December 7, 2000

Prepared by: BioAnalysts, Inc. Boise, Idaho

Prepared for: Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County Wenatchee, Washington

Late-Run Chinook Salmon

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION...... 1

SECTION 2: SPAWNING DISTRIBUTION OF LATE-RUN CHINOOK SALMON ...... 1 2.1 Columbia River Basin...... 2 2.2 Puget Sound...... 2

SECTION 3: SPAWNING HABITAT REQUIREMENTS ...... 5

SECTION 4: ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING CHANNELS ...... 9

SECTION 5: STREAM ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS ...... 10

SECTION 6: REFERENCES...... 11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Listing of streams with lengths less than four miles used by late-run chinook salmon in the Puget Sound and along the coast of Washington. Chinook presence from StreamNet (2000) and stream miles from Williams et al. (1975a, 1975b)...... 4 Table 3-1: Summary of published information on water depth and velocity in late-run chinook spawning beds...... 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3-1: Relationship between usable-area and stream discharge, North Nemah River (from Collings 1972)...... 7 Figure 3-2: Relationship between usable-width and spawning flow (from Thompson 1972)...... 8

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: LIST OF STREAMS (WASHINGTON)

APPENDIX B: LIST OF STREAMS (OREGON)

APPENDIX C: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

The Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County (Chelan PUD) is proposing to construct an enhanced stream along the Chelan River. This stream, located in the lower half-mile section of the Chelan River (Reach 4), would provide spawning and rearing habitat for late-run (summer/fall) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and summer steelhead (O. mykiss). Chelan PUD proposes to provide minimum flows of 30 cubic feet per second (cfs) from December 1 through May 14 and 40 cfs from May 15 through November 30. Native vegetation planted along the riparian zone would stabilize streambanks, moderate water temperatures and improve food supply for fish. Chelan PUD reasons that the enhanced stream will provide more spawning and rearing habitat than would occur within the main-channel of the Chelan River. During high-runoff years, flows through the Chelan River can reach 6,000 cfs and scour important spawning and rearing habitat in the river. Flows in the enhanced stream would be regulated so as to reduce erosion of spawning and rearing habitat.

The purpose of this report is to assess whether late-run chinook salmon would find suitable conditions and be likely to spawn within the proposed enhanced stream.1 The report first describes the distribution of late-run chinook in the state of Washington and Oregon. In this section, we identify some of the smaller streams (<50 cfs) that are used by late-run chinook for spawning. Next, the report describes the spawning habitat used by chinook. Here, we focus mostly on suitable water depths and velocities, because they are related to streamflows. We assume that suitable spawning gravels, water quality, and cover will be available and that stream temperatures will not preclude spawning. The report describes the success of artificial channels constructed for chinook spawning. Finally, the report provides a summary of stream enhancement projects that have been shown to be effective for particular target species, including late-run chinook salmon.

SECTION 2: SPAWNING DISTRIBUTION OF LATE-RUN CHINOOK SALMON

Late-run chinook salmon will spawn in small streams and side-channels two to three meters wide (e.g., small side-channels in the Okanogan and Methow rivers) and in the mainstem of large rivers like the Columbia and Snake rivers (Healey 1991; Miller and Hillman 1997). In this section, we identify the spawning distribution of late-run chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin, in Puget Sound, along the Washington coast, and along the Oregon Coast. We compiled a listing of all streams that late-run chinook use for spawning in Appendix A (Washington) and B (Oregon). Where available, we also included mean and maximum flows for the months of October through December. We found no flow data for most of the smaller streams.

1 This report does not consider the use of the enhanced stream by steelhead.

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2.1 Columbia River Basin Late-run chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin can be separated into two physiologically distinct types; the “tules” and the “upriver brights” (Myers et al. 1998). The tules spawn in the lower Columbia River basin west of the Cascade Crest, while upriver brights spawn east of the crest. Tules return to the river in mid-August and spawn within a few weeks. They spawn primarily in tributaries downstream from Bonneville Dam (Appendix A and B). They are distinguished by their dark skin coloration and advanced state of maturation at the time of freshwater entry. In contrast, brights mature more slowly (having a greater distance to travel upriver before spawning) and therefore retain their silvery oceanic coloration well into their freshwater migration. Brights spawn in the mainstem Columbia and Snake rivers and their tributaries, primarily in the Deschutes and Yakima rivers (Myers et al. 1998) (Appendix A and B). The most abundant population of brights spawns in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River (an 84-km reach from near Richland to Priest Rapids Dam) (Swan 1989).

Chapman et al. (1994) and Utter et al. (1995) considered the summer-run and fall-run (bright) chinook of the main Columbia River to consist of one evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) from the Hanford Reach through upriver areas, based on biochemical genetic traits. Thus, the late-run chinook in the upper Columbia River basin would include upriver brights and summer chinook that spawn as far upstream as the middle reaches of the Wenatchee River, Methow River, and the lower Similkameen River. A few late-run chinook also spawn in the Okanogan, Chelan, and Entiat rivers. These fish also spawn in the Columbia River between Rocky Reach Dam and Wells Dam (Giorgi 1992). Miller and Hillman (1997) observed late-run chinook spawning in the Twisp River and in small side-channels in the Methow and Okanogan rivers. Some of these channels were less than 2 m wide and some redds were in water depths of about 30 cm (1 ft). In the Entiat River, Giorgi (1992) found late-run chinook redds in water depths of 30-60 cm (1-2 ft).

2.2 Puget Sound Late-run chinook salmon spawn in most of the major streams in Puget Sound (Appendix A). For example, they spawn in the Elwha, Skokomish, Cedar, Green, Nisqually, Puyallup, White, Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Skagit, Nooksack, and Samish rivers (Cramer et al. 1999). Within many of these larger rivers they also spawn within small tributaries (Table 2-1). For example, in the Skagit, late-run chinook spawn in streams less than 2-miles long. Although we have no flow data for these streams, it is unlikely that their fall-early winter mean flows exceed 50 cfs. Chinook salmon spawn in Dogfish Creek, which is 3.5 miles long and its flows average about 8.9 cfs (Williams et al. 1975a).

2.3 Washington Coast

Late-run chinook spawn in most of the major rivers along the Washington Coast (Appendix A). They spawn in the North, Willapa Bay, Elk, Satsop, Wynoochee, Chehalis, Quinault, Queets, Hoh, Calawah, Bogachiel, Sol Duc, Sooes, and Hoko rivers (Myers et al. 1998). As in the Puget Sound area, late-run chinook also spawn in small streams and tributaries. For example, in both the Chehalis and Willapa rivers, late-run chinook spawn in streams with lengths less than 4-miles long (Table 2-1). It is unlikely that these short streams have mean flows greater than 50 cfs.

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2.4 Oregon Coast

Among the Oregon coastal rivers that support populations of chinook salmon, all support late-run chinook and less than about one-fourth support early-run (spring) chinook (Nicholas and Hankin 1988) (Appendix B). Late-run chinook spawn in the Nehalem, Miami, Kilchis, Wilson, Trask, Tillamook, Nestucca, Salmon, Siletz, Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Smith, Coos, Coquille, Floras, Sixes, Elk, Rogue, Hunter, Pistol, Chetco, and Winchuck rivers (Nicholas and Hankin 1988). Within these larger systems, late-run chinook spawn in smaller tributaries. One such tributary, Powell Creek in the Rogue River system, has mean flows much less than 50 cfs during the period October through December.

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Stream Basin Stream length (miles)

Puget Sound Unnamed stream Skagit 1.0 Day Creek Skagit 1.5 McLeod Slough Skagit 2.4 Unnamed stream Skagit/Sauk 0.7 Unnamed stream Skagit/Sauk 0.2 South Slough Stillaguamish 3.4 Bear Creek N.F. Skykomish 3.5 Gorst Creek Sinclaire Inlet/Kitsap 3.9 Anderson Creek Kitsap 3.8 Purdy Creek Skokomish 3.2 Cedar Creek Hood Canal 2.9 Finch Creek Hood Canal 3.3 Washington Coast O’Brien Creek Chehalis 2.2 Rainbow Creek Chehalis 2.3 Grouse Creek Chehalis 3.1 Clearwater Creek Willapa 3.4 Cement Creek Willapa 3.7 Bean Creek Willapa 2.8

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SECTION 3: SPAWNING HABITAT REQUIREMENTS

Substrate composition, cover, water quality, and water quantity are important elements of spawning habitat for late-run chinook salmon. The number of chinook spawners that can be accommodated in a stream is a function of the area suitable for spawning (i.e., suitable substrate, water depth, and velocity), area required for each redd, suitability of cover, and behavior of the spawners (Bjornn and Reiser 1991). In this section, we review water depths and velocities selected by late-run chinook for spawning. We do not address the importance of substrate composition, cover, or water quality (see Bjornn and Reiser (1991) for a review of these attributes).

Streamflows regulate the amount of spawning habitat available in any stream by affecting the area covered by water and the velocities and depths of water over the gravels. Fry (in Hooper 1973) summarized the effect of streamflows on the amount of spawning area in a stream.

“As flows increase, more and more gravel is covered and becomes suitable for spawning. As flows continue to increase, velocities in some places become too high for spawning, thus canceling out the benefit of increases in usable spawning area near the edges of the stream. Eventually, as flows increase, the losses begin to outweigh the gains, and the actual spawning capacity of the stream starts to decrease. If spawning area is plotted against streamflow, the curve will usually show a rise to a relatively wide plateau followed by a gradual decline.”

Collings (1972) used a process of depth and velocity contouring to assess the area suitable for spawning, while Thompson (1972) quantified the width of the stream at transects on spawning bars that met minimum criteria of depth and velocity at different flows. Both methods indicate that as flows increase, suitable spawning area increases; however, as flows continue to increase, suitable spawning area actually decreases (Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2). Thus, for each channel, there is a discharge at which spawning area is greatest.

Several researchers have measured the water depths and velocities selected by spawning late-run chinook salmon (Table 3-1). The overriding impression is that the range in depths and velocities that late-run chinook find acceptable is very broad. They will spawn in water depths from a few centimeters (>9 cm; >0.3 ft) to several meters (>900 cm; >30 ft) and in water velocities that range from 10 to 200 cm/s (0.3-6.5 ft/s). There is little agreement among observers about either the maximum or the minimum values for depth and velocity.

The range of depths and velocities selected by late-run chinook suggests that establishing meaningful minimum and maximum criteria for these factors is problematic. Available measurements do not indicate that chinook avoid shallow water and low flows. Minimum spawning depth is presumably governed by the water depth needed for successful digging; however, Sams and Pearson (1972) and Bovee (1978) reported chinook spawning in as little as 10 cm (0.3 ft) of water. After reviewing the available literature, Healey (1991) concluded that chinook appear to prefer spawning areas with high subgravel flow, which may explain why chinook spawn in areas with widely varying depths and velocities. Healey (1991) states,

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“Provided the condition of good subgravel flow is met, chinook apparently will spawn in water that is shallow or deep, slow or fast, and where the gravel is coarse or fine. The requirement for good subsurface flow is consistent with the probable incubation requirements of chinook relative to the other species.”

Geist (2000) found that fall chinook spawned predominantly in areas of the Hanford Reach where hyporheic water discharged into the river channel. Spawning chinook did not use hyporheic discharge zones composed of undiluted ground water or areas with little or no upwelling. These observations suggest that fall chinook cue on upwelling zones and secondarily on velocities and depths.

Table 3-1: Summary of published information on water depth and velocity in late-run chinook spawning beds.

Water depth (cm) Water velocity (cm/s)

Source Range Mean Range Mean

Chapman (1943) 30-460 Briggs (1953) 28-41 32 30-76 Collings et al. (1972) 30-45 30-68 Smith (1973) 39 19-81 50 Sams and Pearson (1973) >9 >27 Bovee (1978) 10-120 30 25-115 50 Vogel (1982) >18 >27 Chapman et al. (1986) to 700 37-189 >100 Swan et al. (1988) 152-914 Bjornn and Reiser (1991) >24 30-91 Giorgi (1992) 30-975 12-91 Rondorf and Tiffan (1993) 550-920 Dauble et al. (1999) 400-810 Groves and Chandler (1999) 20-650 10-200 Geist et al. (2000) 200-400 140-200 SUMMARY 9 – 920 cm 10 – 200 cm/s (.30 – 30 ft) .33 – 6.6 ft/s

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Figure 3-1: Relationship between usable-area and stream discharge, North Nemah River (from Collings 1972).

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Figure 3-2: Relationship between usable-width and spawning flow (from Thompson 1972).

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SECTION 4: ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING CHANNELS

We found little information on the use of artificial spawning channels by late-run chinook salmon. There are several articles that describe restoration of existing habitat (e.g., Everest et al. 1988; Kondolf et al. 1996; House 1996), but few that describe the use of artificially-created spawning channels. Williams et al. (1975a) reported that about 140 miles of incubation or artificial spawning channels have been constructed in the Puget Sound area. However, chum (O. keta) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) principally use these channels. We are most familiar with spawning channels constructed in the mid-Columbia region for late-run chinook salmon. Spawning channels were used by late-run chinook during 1963-1977 at Priest Rapids, 1961-1969 at Turtle Rock, and 1967-1977 at Wells (Chapman et al. 1994). Spawning within these channels was discontinued because of poor survival and recruitment (Chapman et al. 1994).

Allen and Meekin (1973) describe in detail the spawning channel constructed by Grant PUD downstream from Priest Rapids Dam. The channel consisted of 24 concrete-lined sections that provided a total length of 6,050 ft for spawning. Each section was 25-ft wide at the bottom and contained 30 inches of spawning gravel. Each section was separated by drop structures that improved water percolation through the gravels. The channel was designed to accommodate 2,500 pairs of adult chinook. After several years of operation, several problems developed with the spawning channel. Problems such as high pre-spawning mortality, delayed spawning, disease, high sediment loads in the channel, poor juvenile growth, and low smolt production eventually lead to the closure of the spawning channel.

The distribution of chinook redds within the Priest Rapids spawning channel was not even. Chinook most often spawned at the tail ends of each channel section where there was a drop structure. These drop structures tended to cause vertical water components in the tailout of each channel section. The fish probably cued on these subgravel flows (see Section 3). We suspect that a system of perforated pipes that supplied upwelling water in more portions of the channel might have worked to solve the distribution problem.

Based on our review, successful spawning channels for late-run chinook salmon need to provide suitable gravels, cover, and suitable water quality and quantity. Subgravel flow appears to be more important than water depth and velocity. Chinook will spawn in small channels with water depths and velocities greater than 0.3 ft and 0.3 ft/s, respectively, provided adequate subgravel flow is available. Subgravel flow can be provided artificially by using buried perforated pipes, or more naturally by creating or encouraging habitat complexity within the channel. Complex channels tend to provide subgravel flows at habitat boundaries (transitions between fast-water and slow-water habitat) or in gravel bars created near flow obstructions (e.g., boulders or woody debris). Miller and Hillman (1997) observed most late-run chinook spawning in these areas in the Methow and Okanogan rivers.

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SECTION 5: STREAM ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS

Our review indicates that the use of concrete-lined spawning channels in the mid-Columbia region did not significantly increase the production of late-run chinook in the area. However, the enhanced stream proposed by the Chelan PUD is not a concrete-lined, monotonous spawning channel. Rather, it is a “C” type stream enhancement (sensu Rosgen 1996), which lends itself successfully to spawning habitat restoration (Rosgen and Fittante 1986). In addition, the proposed stream will provide habitat diversity, stable flows and a riparian buffer zone. According to Bottom et al. (1985), salmonid production increases with increased habitat diversity and complexity. Thus, the proposed stream will offer both spawning and rearing habitat for salmonids and holding areas (i.e., pools with suitable cover) for adult salmon and steelhead.

The proposed stable streamflows during the incubation period should increase egg-to-fry survival. Gangmark and Bakkala (1960) studied the effects of controlled (stable) and uncontrolled flows on egg-to-fry survival of chinook salmon in Mill Creek, a tributary to the Sacramento River, California. They constructed an experimental side-channel adjacent to Mill Creek in which they were able to control streamflows. They compared survival of chinook salmon in the experimental channel (controlled flow) with survival in the main channel (uncontrolled flow). They found that the controlled channel produced 69 times more chinook fry than the main channel. They concluded that by controlling streamflows in the experimental side-channel, they were able to maintain suitable subgravel water velocities in the spawning gravels, which increased embryo survival.

Several other studies have demonstrated the success of developing side channels for salmonid spawning and rearing (e.g., see Parfitt and Buer 1981; Mundie and Traber 1983; Bachen 1984; Doyle 1984; Everest et al. 1984; Bonnell 1991; and Reeves et al. 1991). For example, Reeves et al. (1991) described a successful manipulation of spawning areas in the East Fork of the Satsop River, Washington, in which five side channels either were excavated, had existing gravel cleaned, or received up to 46 cm of added gravel. These side channels produced over 1 million chum fry and 100,000 coho (O. kisutch) fry. As another example, Everest et al. (1984) found that both coho and chinook spawned in a side channel developed in Fish Creek, Oregon. We describe other studies that document the development and use of side channels by salmonids in Appendix C.

As we noted in Section 3, subgravel flow is one of the most important attributes of spawning habitat for salmonids. The lack of suitable subgravel flow is likely one reason why concrete-lined spawning channels in the mid-Columbia region failed. Side channels with habitat diversity provide more opportunities for subgravel flow, which may be one reason why side channels tend to produce more salmonids than concrete-lined spawning channels. When gravels become embedded with fine sediments (silt and sand), however, subgravel flow is reduced and embryo survival decreases (Chapman 1988). Indeed, egg-to-fry survival is higher in sites where clean gravel has been added to the stream or where the fines have been removed from existing gravel beds (MacKinnon 1961; Mih 1978; West 1984; Reeves et al. 1991; Dalton and Mesick 1991). Chelan PUD proposes to use high flows during spring to clean fine sediments from spawning gravels. These higher flows are also needed to develop riparian structure. The spring flows will be regulated to prevent the washing of spawning gravels into the reservoir.

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In conclusion, we find reason to believe that the Rosgen C-type enhanced stream proposed by Chelan PUD will successfully produce anadromous fish. Based on our experience and review of the literature, we believe that late-run chinook salmon will spawn in the enhanced stream and that the stream will include all the habitat components necessary for successful production of late-run chinook. We further believe that both steelhead and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) could successfully spawn in the stream. Juveniles of the latter could easily rear in the reservoir, not unlike juveniles of sockeye that spawn in the upper reaches of the Methow River.

SECTION 6: REFERENCES

Allen, R. and T. Meekin. 1973. An evaluation of the Priest Rapids chinook salmon spawning channel, 1963-1971. Washington Department of Fisheries, Technical Report 11, Olympia,WA.

Bjornn, T. and D. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:83-138.

Bottom, D., P. Howell, and J. Rodgers. 1985. The effects of stream alterations on salmon and trout habitat in Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, OR.

Bovee, K. 1978. Probability-of-use criteria for the family Salmondae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Instream Flow Information Paper 4, FWS/OBS-78/07, Fort Collins, CO.

Briggs, J. 1953. The behaviour and reproduction of salmonid fishes in a small coastal stream. Bulletin of the California Department of Fish and Game 94:62 p.

Chapman, D., D. Weitkamp, T. Welsh, M. Dell, and T. Schadt. 1986. Effects of river flow on the distribution of chinook salmon redds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115:537-547.

Chapman. D. 1988. Critical review of variables used to define effects of fines in redds of large salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117:1-21.

Chapman, D. and eight others. 1994. Status of summer/fall chinook salmon in the mid- Columbia region. Don Chapman Consultants, Inc. Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, WA.

Chapman, W. 1943. The spawning of chinook salmon in the main Columbia River. Copeia 1943:168-170.

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Collings, M. 1972. A methodology for determining instream flow requirements for fish. Pages 72-86 in: Proceedings, instream flow methodology workshop. Washington State Water Program, Olympia, WA.

Cramer, S. and seven others. 1999. Status of chinook salmon and their habitat in Puget Sound. Volume 2. S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc. Prepared for Coalition of Puget Sound Businesses, Seattle, WA.

Dauble, D., R. Johnson, and A. Garcia. 1999. Fall chinook salmon spawning in the tailraces of lower Snake River hydroelectric projects. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:672-679.

Everest, F., G. Reeves, J. Sedell, D. Hohler, and T. Cain. 1988. Changes in habitat and populations of steelhead trout, coho salmon, and chinook salmon in Fish Creek, Oregon, 1983-87, as related to habitat improvement. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, DOE/BP-16726-4, Portland, OR.

Geist, D. 2000. Hyporheic discharge of river water into fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning areas in the Hanford Reach, Columbia River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1647-1656.

Geist, D., J. Jones, C. Murray, and D. Dauble. 2000. Suitability criteria analyzed at the spatial scale of redd clusters improved estimates of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning habitat use in the Hanford Reach, Columbia River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57:1636-1646.

Giorgi, A. 1992. Fall chinook salmon spawning in Rocky Reach Pool: effects of a three foot increase in pool elevation. Don Chapman Consultants, Inc. Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, WA.

Groves, P. and J. Chandler. 1999. Spawning habitat used by fall chinook salmon in the Snake River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:912-922.

Healey, M. 1991. Life history of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Pages 310-393 in: Groot, C. and L. Margolis, editors. Pacific salmon life histories. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C.

Hooper, D. 1973. Evaluation of the effects of flows on trout stream ecology. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Department of Engineering Research, Emeryville, CA.

House, R. 1996. An evaluation of stream restoration structures in a coastal Oregon stream, 1981-1993. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16:272-281.

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Kondolf, G., J. Vick, and T. Ramirez. 1996. Salmon spawning habitat rehabilitation on the Merced River, California: an evaluation of project planning and performance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:899-912.

Miller, M. and T. Hillman. 1997. Summer/fall chinook salmon spawning ground survey in the Methow and Okanogan River basins, 1996. BioAnalysts, Inc. Report to Chelan County Public Utility District, Wenatchee, WA.

Myers, J. and ten others. 1998. Status review of chinook salmon form Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-35, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA.

Nicholas, J. and D. Hankin. 1988. Chinook salmon populations in Oregon Coastal River basins: description of life histories and assessment of recent trends in run strengths. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information Reports No. 88-1, Portland, OR.

Rondorf, D. and K. Tiffan. 1994. Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migratory requirements of fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. Annual report 1993. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Project No. 91-029, Contract No. DE-AI79-91BP21708, Portland, OR.

Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied river morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO.

Sams, R. and L. Pearson. 1973. Methods for determining spawning flows for anadromous salmonids. Oregon Fish Commission Draft Report, Portland, OR. [Cited in Raleigh, R., W. Miller, and P. Nelson. 1986. Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: chinook salmon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(10.122), Washington, D.C.].

Smith, A. 1973. Development and application of spawning velocity and depth criteria for Oregon salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102:312-316.

Swan, G., E. Dawley, R. Ledgerwood, W. Norman, W. Cobb, and D. Hartman. 1988. Distribution and relative abundance of deep-water redds for spawning fall chinook salmon at selected study sites in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA.

Thompson, K. 1972. Determining stream flows for fish life. Pages 31-50 in: Proceedings, instream flow requirements workshop. Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission, Vancouver, WA.

Utter, F., D. Chapman, and A. Marshall. 1995. Genetic population structure and history of chinook salmon of the upper Columbia River. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17:149-165.

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Vogel, D. 1982. Preferred spawning velocities, depths, and substrates for fall chinook salmon in Battle Creek, California. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Fisheries Assistance Office, Red Bluff, CA. [Cited in Raleigh, R., W. Miller, and P. Nelson. 1986. Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: chinook salmon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82(10.122), Washington, D.C.].

Williams, R., R. Laramie, and J. Ames. 1975a. A catalog of Washington streams and salmon utilization. Volume 1, Puget Sound Region. Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.

Williams, R., R. Laramie, and J. Ames. 1975b. A catalog of Washington streams and salmon utilization. Volume 2, Coastal Region. Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, WA.

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page 14 December 7, 2000 APPENDIX A: LIST OF STREAMS (WASHINGTON)

Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Columbia River Abernathy Creek Clatskanie River 113 376 173 502 255 815 Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Columbia River Germany Creek Columbia River Hardy Creek Columbia River Mill Creek Columbia River Skamokawa Creek Columbia River Snake River Columbia River Snake River Columbia River Snake River Columbia River Snake River Columbia River Coweman River Cowlitz River 188 724 548 1732 909 2699 Cowlitz River Cowlitz River 4731 10860 15430 Elochoman River Elochoman River 238 882 590 1999 786 2461 Grande Ronde River Grande Ronde River 532 873 577 Grays River Grays River 501 1734 1211 3947 1210 3150 West Fork Grays River Grays River 133 694 283 1090 292 1203 Kalama River Kalama River 906 2305 1837 5018 2516 6272 Klickitat River Klickitat River Chelan River Lake Chelan 1632 2017 1624 1921 1623 1938 Cedar Creek Lewis River 647 1093 1070 2526 1584 2619 East Fork Lewis River Lewis River 355 1095 1487 Lewis River Lewis River 3071 6250 8036 Clearwater Creek Muddy River 74 235 292 710 296 980 Palouse River Palouse River 70 144 349 436 2198 Sand Hollow Sand Hollow 307 658 1713 6940 1390 4145 Green River Toutle River 410 897 1107 South Fork Toutle River Toutle River 368 1281 827 2732 1095 3553 Tucannon River Tucannon River 83 109 186 165 673 Washougal River Washougal River 524 2129 1314 5352 1770 7142 Wind River Wind River 465 1402 1358 4748 2072 6895 Marion Drain Yakima River 263 332 224 263 214 305 Yakima River Yakima River 2137 3073 12380 3931 17330 Puget Sound Deschutes River Deschutes River 106 341 524 Big Soos Creek Duwamish River 41 108 433 210 401 Crisp Creek Duwamish River Green River Duwamish River 633 1598 2168 Newaukum Creek Duwamish River Dungeness River Elwha-Dungeness River 213 348 431 Elwha River Elwha-Dungeness River 934 1715 2093 Gray Wolf River Elwha-Dungeness River Morse Creek Elwha-Dungeness River Dosewalips River Hood Canal Duckabush River Hood Canal Hamma Hamma River Hood Canal John Creek Hood Canal

First-Draft Study Report Lake Chelan Project No. 637 December 7, 2000 Page A-1 SS/5103 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Kirkland Creek Hood Canal Lilliwaup Creek Hood Canal North Fork Skokomish River Hood Canal North Fork Skokomish River Hood Canal 374 703 792 Purdy Creek Hood Canal Skokomish River Hood Canal 818 1952 2377 South Fork Skokomish River Hood Canal 549 1169 1504 Unnamed Stream Hood Canal Vance Creek Hood Canal Curley Creek Kitsap River Dewatto River Kitsap River Gorst Creek Kitsap River Olalla Creek Kitsap River Union River Kitsap River Unnamed Stream Kitsap River Bear Creek Lake Washington Bear Creek Lake Washington East Fork Issaquah Creek Lake Washington Issaquah Creek Lake Washington 55 159 440 248 520 May Creek Lake Washington McAleer Creek Lake Washington Mercer Slough Lake Washington North Creek Lake Washington North Fork Issaquah Creek Lake Washington Swamp Creek Lake Washington Thornton Creek Lake Washington Lynch Creek Nisqually River Mashel River Nisqually River Nisqually River Nisqually River 833 1665 2351 Ohop Creek Nisqually River Twentyfive Mile Creek Nisqually River Dakota Creek Nooksack Basin 258 1119 963 2759 1911 5779 North Fork Dakota Creek Nooksack River Carbon River Puyallup River Clarks Creek Puyallup River Fennel Creek Puyallup River Kapowsin Creek Puyallup River South Prairie Creek Puyallup River 144 314 723 367 728 Wilkeson Creek Puyallup River Big Quilcene River Quilcene River Little Quilcene River Quilcene River Baker River Skagit River Baker River Skagit River 2499 3300 7511 2914 5525 Dan Creek Skagit River Day Creek Skagit River Finney Creek Skagit River Friday Creek Skagit River Jackman Creek Skagit River Jones Creek Skagit River McLeod Slough Skagit River

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page A-2 December 7, 2000 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Morgan Creek Skagit River Samish River Skagit River Sauk River Skagit River 2846 4444 14690 4660 11580 Skagit River Skagit River 12310 18040 18860 Unnamed Stream Skagit River Unnamed Stream Skagit River Elwell Creek Snohomish River North Fork Skykomish River Snohomish River North Fork Tolt River Snohomish River 256 492 1145 530 1065 Olney Creek Snohomish River Pilchuck River Snohomish River 363 671 1140 903 1187 Quilceda Creek Snohomish River Raging River Snohomish River 72 216 602 259 472 Skykomish River Snohomish River 2728 4779 16370 4820 14490 Snoqualmie River Snohomish River 2556 4884 12850 5522 14530 South Fork Skykomish River Snohomish River South Fork Tolt River Snohomish River 85 224 597 210 425 Sultan River Snohomish River Tokul Creek Snohomish River Tolt River Snohomish River 443 789 1965 883 1897 Wallace River Snohomish River Woods Creek Snohomish River Youngs Creek Snohomish River Canyon Creek Stillaguamish River Cook Slough Stillaguamish River Jim Creek Stillaguamish River Pilchuck Creek Stillaguamish River South Fork Stillaguamish River Stillaguamish River South Slough Stillaguamish River Stillaguamish River Stillaguamish River Washington Coast Anderson Creek Chehalis River Anderson Creek Chehalis River Big Creek Chehalis River Big Creek Chehalis River Bitter Creek Chehalis River Black Creek Chehalis River Black River Chehalis River Canyon River Chehalis River Carter Creek Chehalis River Cedar Creek Chehalis River Chehalis River Chehalis River 1159 3003 4271 Cloquallum Creek Chehalis River Cook Creek Chehalis River Decker Creek Chehalis River Donkey Creek Chehalis River Dry Run Creek Chehalis River East Fork Hoquiam River Chehalis River East Fork Humptulips River Chehalis River East Fork Satsop River Chehalis River

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Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. East Fork Wishkah River Chehalis River Elk Creek Chehalis River Grouse Creek Chehalis River Hansen Creek Chehalis River Helm Creek Chehalis River Hoquiam River Chehalis River Humptulips River Chehalis River Johns River Chehalis River Lucas Creek Chehalis River Middle Fork Hoquiam River Chehalis River Middle Fork Satsop River Chehalis River Mox Chehalis Creek Chehalis River Neil Creek Chehalis River Newaukum River Chehalis River 185 737 1053 Newbury Creek Chehalis River North Fork Johns River Chehalis River North Fork Newaukum River Chehalis River 243 380 OBrien Creek Chehalis River Porter Creek Chehalis River Rainbow Creek Chehalis River Rock Creek Chehalis River Satsop River Chehalis River 1159 3003 4271 Schafer Creek Chehalis River Sherman Creek Chehalis River Skookumchuck River Chehalis River 141 233 482 Smith Creek Chehalis River South Fork Chehalis River Chehalis River 444 563 South Fork Newaukum River Chehalis River 110 290 362 Stevens Creek Chehalis River Still Creek Chehalis River Stillman Creek Chehalis River Unnamed Stream Chehalis River Unnamed Stream Chehalis River Unnamed Stream Chehalis River Unnamed Stream Chehalis River Waddell Creek Chehalis River West Fork Hoquiam River Chehalis River West Fork Humptulips River Chehalis River West Fork Satsop River Chehalis River West Fork Wishkah River Chehalis River Window Creek Chehalis River Wishkah River Chehalis River Wynoochee River Chehalis River 874 2152 2735 Brownes Creek Lyre-Hoko River Cub Creek Lyre-Hoko River Ellis Creek Lyre-Hoko River Herman Creek Lyre-Hoko River Hoko River Lyre-Hoko River 307 734 876 Lyre River Lyre-Hoko River North Fork Sekiu River Lyre-Hoko River

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page A-4 December 7, 2000 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Pysht River Lyre-Hoko River Sekiu River Lyre-Hoko River South Fork Pysht River Lyre-Hoko River East Fork Miller Creek Queets-Quinalt River Fox Creek Queets-Quinalt River Ziegler Creek Queets-Quinalt River Big Creek Queets-Quinault River Boulder Creek Queets-Quinault River Christmas Creek Queets-Quinault River Clearwater River Queets-Quinault River Cook Creek Queets-Quinault River Deception Creek Queets-Quinault River Elk Creek Queets-Quinault River Gatton Creek Queets-Quinault River Harlow Creek Queets-Quinault River Hurst Creek Queets-Quinault River Matheny Creek Queets-Quinault River McCalla Creek Queets-Quinault River McKinnon Creek Queets-Quinault River Miller Creek Queets-Quinault River Mud Creek Queets-Quinault River North Fork Quinault River Queets-Quinault River Prairie Creek Queets-Quinault River Queets River Queets-Quinault River 3486 7502 8231 Quinault River Queets-Quinault River Quinault River Queets-Quinault River 2307 4191 4886 Salmon River Queets-Quinault River Sams River Queets-Quinault River Shale Creek Queets-Quinault River Snahapish River Queets-Quinault River Solleks River Queets-Quinault River Stequaleho Creek Queets-Quinault River Tacoma Creek Queets-Quinault River Ten OClock Creek Queets-Quinault River Tshletshy Creek Queets-Quinault River Unnamed Stream Queets-Quinault River Unnamed Stream Queets-Quinault River Willaby Creek Queets-Quinault River Alder Creek Soleduck-Hoh River 122 416 564 3671 598 3255 Bear Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Bear Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Beaver Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Bockman Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Bogachiel River Soleduck-Hoh River Calawah River Soleduck-Hoh River Camp Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Coal Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Colby Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Cool Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Dickey River Soleduck-Hoh River

First-Draft Study Report Lake Chelan Project No. 637 December 7, 2000 Page A-5 SS/5103 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix A. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Washington (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. East Fork Dickey River Soleduck-Hoh River Elk Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Elk Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Gunderson Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Hoh River Soleduck-Hoh River 2143 3966 4163 Hyas Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Lost Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Maxfield Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Middle Fork Dickey River Soleduck-Hoh River Mill Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Morganroth Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Murphy Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Nolan Creek Soleduck-Hoh River North Fork Calawah River Soleduck-Hoh River Owl Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Quillayute River Soleduck-Hoh River Shuwah Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Sitkum River Soleduck-Hoh River Soleduck River Soleduck-Hoh River Sooes River Soleduck-Hoh River South Fork Calawah River Soleduck-Hoh River South Fork Hoh River Soleduck-Hoh River Swanson Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Tassel Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Thunder Creek Soleduck-Hoh River 443 396 317 Unnamed Stream Soleduck-Hoh River Unnamed Stream Soleduck-Hoh River Unnamed Stream Soleduck-Hoh River Unnamed Stream Soleduck-Hoh River West Fork Dickey River Soleduck-Hoh River Willoughby Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Winfield Creek Soleduck-Hoh River Bean Creek Willapa River Brock Creek Willapa River Canon River Willapa River Cement Creek Willapa River Davis Creek Willapa River Dell Creek Willapa River Fall River Willapa River Half Moon Creek Willapa River Lower Salmon Creek Willapa River Middle Nemah River Willapa River Mill Creek Willapa River Naselle River Willapa River 282 716 929 North Naselle River Willapa River North Nemah River Willapa River North River Willapa River Raimie Creek Willapa River Rue Creek Willapa River Salmon Creek Willapa River

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page A-6 December 7, 2000 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

First-Draft Study Report Lake Chelan Project No. 637 December 7, 2000 Page A-7 SS/5103

APPENDIX B: LIST OF STREAMS (OREGON)

Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Columbia River Clear Creek Clackamas River Deep Creek Clackamas River Eagle Creek Clackamas River Rock Creek Clackamas River Clatskanie River Clatskanie River Westport Slough Columbia River Deschutes River Deschutes River Grande Ronde River Grande Ronde River 6 16 67 278 128 397 Dog River Hood River East Fork Hood River Hood River Hood River Hood River 166 536 905 2887 15129 5391 West Fork Hood River Hood River Imnaha River Imnaha River 1359 2752 4175 12550 6404 23640 Clear Creek Kilchis River Lewis And Clark River Lewis And Clark River Arrow Creek Sandy River Bull Run River Sandy River 156 501 184 625 215 806 Cedar Creek Sandy River 560 2230 1870 4266 2663 7988 Gordon Creek Sandy River Little Sandy Creek Sandy River 201 1945 1019 4232 1721 5361 Sandy River Sandy River 366 2521 1755 6058 3300 7419 Trout Creek Sandy River East Humbug Creek Santiam River 10 52 47 187 60 283 Marion Creek Santiam River North Santiam braid Santiam River North Santiam River Santiam River 610 2410 1635 4880 4157 8340 South Santiam River Santiam River 61 329 479 1517 1099 3856 West Humbug Creek Santiam River Umatilla River Umatilla River 553 2540 3255 10230 5216 13350 Mill Creek Willamette River Pringle Creek Willamette River Willamette River Willamette River Willamette Slough Willamette River Klaskanine River Youngs River North Fork Klaskanine River Youngs River South Fork Klaskanine River Youngs River Youngs River Youngs River 96 493 276 1072 409 1450 Oregon Coast Alsea River Alsea River 368 569 632 2029 1302 4769 Arnold Creek Alsea River Bummer Creek Alsea River Canal Creek Alsea River Crooked Creek Alsea River Drift Creek Alsea River 42 172 140 590 179 589 Fall Creek Alsea River 51 225 287 1717 251 756 Five Rivers Alsea River 123 481 707 2879 1222 4163 Five Rivers Alsea River Grass Creek Alsea River Mill Creek Alsea River

First-Draft Study Report Lake Chelan Project No. 637 December 7, 2000 Page B-1 SS/5103 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. North Fork Alsea River Alsea River 69 238 325 1395 601 2199 North Fork Beaver Creek Alsea River 288 327 290 382 324 531 Peak Creek Alsea River Scott Creek Alsea River Seeley Creek Alsea River South Fork Alsea River Alsea River 37 141 206 1642 226 787 South Fork Alsea River Alsea River Tobe Creek Alsea River Brush Creek Brush Creek Chetco River Chetco River 32 404 189 1008 456 1851 Eagle Creek Chetco River Emily Creek Chetco River Jack Creek Chetco River Mill Creek Chetco River Mislatnah Creek Chetco River Nook Creek Chetco River North Fork Chetco River Chetco River Panther Creek Chetco River Quail Prairie Creek Chetco River South Fork Chetco River Chetco River Wilson Creek Chetco River Big Creek Coos River Daniels Creek Coos River East Fork Millicoma River Coos River Fall Creek Coos River Glenn Creek Coos River Marlow Creek Coos River Matson Creek Coos River Salmon Creek Coos River South Fork Coos River Coos River Tioga Creek Coos River West Fork Millicoma River Coos River 85 469 3752 6054 3522 6254 West Fork Millicoma River Coos River Williams River Coos River Baker Creek Coquille River Bear Creek Coquille River Big Creek Coquille River Bills Creek Coquille River Catching Creek Coquille River Cunningham Creek Coquille River Dement Creek Coquille River East Fork Coquille River Coquille River Elk Creek Coquille River Hall Creek Coquille River Hayes Creek Coquille River Hudson Creek Coquille River Johnson Creek Coquille River Middle Creek Coquille River Middle Fork Coquille River Coquille River 67 469 824 4259 1607 7410 Middle Fork Coquille River Coquille River

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page B-2 December 7, 2000 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Moon Creek Coquille River Myrtle Creek Coquille River North Fork Coquille River Coquille River 148 889 1162 4613 2046 7691 Rhoda Creek Coquille River Rock Creek Coquille River Rock Creek Coquille River Rowland Creek Coquille River Salmon Creek Coquille River Sandy Creek Coquille River Slater Creek Coquille River South Fork Coquille River Coquille River 150 802 611 3781 1115 6158 South Fork Coquille River Coquille River 1978 3497 4693 16650 10030 37410 South Fork Coquille River Coquille River Steel Creek Coquille River Weekly Creek Coquille River Woodward Creek Coquille River Yankee Run Coquille River Anvil Creek Elk River Bald Mountain Creek Elk River Bear Creek Elk River Blackberry Creek Elk River Butler Creek Elk River Elk River Elk River 268 1014 663 2193 1733 6900 North Fork Elk River Elk River Panther Creek Elk River Red Cedar Creek Elk River Cedar Creek Euchre Creek Euchre Creek Euchre Creek Buck Creek Five Rivers Cherry Creek Five Rivers Cougar Creek Five Rivers Crab Creek Five Rivers Green River Five Rivers Lobster Creek Five Rivers Little South Fk Kilchis River Kilchis River Murphy Creek Kilchis River North Fork Kilchis River Kilchis River Sam Downs Creek Kilchis River South Fork Kilchis River Kilchis River Minich Creek Miami River Moss Creek Miami River Peterson Creek Miami River Prouty Creek Miami River Waldron Creek Miami River Klootchie Creek Necanicum River Necanicum River Necanicum River North Fork Necanicum River Necanicum River South Fork Necanicum River Necanicum River Beneke Creek Nehalem River Buster Creek Nehalem River

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Coal Creek Nehalem River Cook Creek Nehalem River Cronin Creek Nehalem River Fall Creek Nehalem River Fall Creek Nehalem River Foley Creek Nehalem River Gods Valley Creek Nehalem River Helloff Creek Nehalem River Humbug Creek Nehalem River Little North Fk Nehalem River Nehalem River Lost Creek Nehalem River Middle Fork Cronin Creek Nehalem River North Fork Cronin Creek Nehalem River North Fork Nehalem River Nehalem River Salmonberry River Nehalem River Soapstone Creek Nehalem River South Fork Cronin Creek Nehalem River Sweet Home Creek Nehalem River Neskowin Creek Neskowin Creek Alder Creek Nestucca River Bays Creek Nestucca River Bear Creek Nestucca River Beaver Creek Nestucca River Bible Creek Nestucca River Boulder Creek Nestucca River Clarence Creek Nestucca River Clear Creek Nestucca River Elk Creek Nestucca River Fall Creek Nestucca River Farmer Creek Nestucca River Foland Creek Nestucca River George Creek Nestucca River Horn Creek Nestucca River Little Nestucca River Nestucca River Louie Creek Nestucca River Moon Creek Nestucca River Nestucca River Nestucca River 717 3412 2438 6207 3333 7828 Niagara Creek Nestucca River Powder Creek Nestucca River Slick Rock Creek Nestucca River South Fk Little Nestucca River Nestucca River Squaw Creek Nestucca River Testament Creek Nestucca River Three Rivers Nestucca River West Creek Nestucca River Wolfe Creek Nestucca River Floras Creek New River Willow Creek New River Bull Gulch Pistol River Deep Creek Pistol River

Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page B-4 December 7, 2000 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Farmer Creek Pistol River Koontz and Davis Creek Pistol River North Fork Pistol River Pistol River Pistol River Pistol River Scott Creek Pistol River South Fork Pistol River Pistol River Sunrise Creek Pistol River Applegate River Rogue River 2951 5109 5344 9857 6351 14300 Briggs Creek Rogue River Cheney Creek Rogue River Collier Creek Rogue River Deer Creek Rogue River East Fork Illinois River Rogue River 48 347 210 1179 340 1736 Elk Creek Rogue River 2157 5530 4865 9509 6562 12910 Evans Creek Rogue River 97 1120 250 1219 379 1518 Forest Creek Rogue River Foster Creek Rogue River Galice Creek Rogue River Grave Creek Rogue River 14 107 76 433 208 942 Grave Creek Rogue River Illinois River Rogue River 877 2559 1242 3766 2021 7212 Illinois River Rogue River Indian Creek Rogue River Indigo Creek Rogue River Jim Hunt Creek Rogue River Josephine Creek Rogue River Jumpoff Joe Creek Rogue River Lawson Creek Rogue River Little Applegate River Rogue River Lobster Creek Rogue River Mendenhall Creek Rogue River Murphy Creek Rogue River North Fork Rough & Ready Creek Rogue River Powell Creek Rogue River 6 60 10 59 25 123 Quosatana Creek Rogue River Rogue River Rogue River 224 1771 1459 6344 2688 9242 Rogue River Rogue River Rogue River Rogue River Rogue River Rogue River Rough & Ready Creek Rogue River Saunders Creek Rogue River Shasta Costa Creek Rogue River Silver Creek Rogue River Silver Creek Rogue River Slate Creek Rogue River 29 339 75 512 161 768 Slate Creek Rogue River South Fork Rough & Ready Creek Rogue River Sucker Creek Rogue River 61 343 138 669 311 1427 Sucker Creek Rogue River Taylor Creek Rogue River

First-Draft Study Report Lake Chelan Project No. 637 December 7, 2000 Page B-5 SS/5103 Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Thompson Creek Rogue River West Fork Illinois River Rogue River West Olalla Creek Rogue River Williams Creek Rogue River Wood Creek Rogue River Salmon River Salmon River Bear Creek Siletz River Buck Creek Siletz River Cedar Creek Siletz River Dewey Creek Siletz River Drift Creek Siletz River Euchre Creek Siletz River Jaybird Creek Siletz River Mill Creek Siletz River Palmer Creek Siletz River Rock Creek Siletz River Roots Creek Siletz River Sam Creek Siletz River Schooner Creek Siletz River Siletz River Siletz River 242 535 617 1325 714 1434 Siletz River Siletz River Sunshine Creek Siletz River 18 64 81 277 62 304 Sunshine Creek Siletz River Barber Creek Siuslaw River Bear Creek Siuslaw River Brush Creek Siuslaw River Buck Creek Siuslaw River Condon Creek Siuslaw River Divide Creek Siuslaw River Drew Creek Siuslaw River Elma Creek Siuslaw River Esmond Creek Siuslaw River Hadsall Creek Siuslaw River Knowles Creek Siuslaw River Lake Creek Siuslaw River 173 528 872 2826 1696 5128 Lake Creek Siuslaw River McLeod Creek Siuslaw River Morris Creek Siuslaw River North Fork Siuslaw River Siuslaw River Oxbow Creek Siuslaw River Porter Creek Siuslaw River Siuslaw River Siuslaw River 379 1392 2224 7602 4559 14216 Sweet Creek Siuslaw River Turner Creek Siuslaw River Whittaker Creek Siuslaw River Wildcat Creek Siuslaw River Wilhelm Creek Siuslaw River Wolf Creek Siuslaw River Crafton Creek Sixes River Crystal Creek Sixes River

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Dry Creek Sixes River Edson Creek Sixes River Middle Fork Sixes River Sixes River North Fork Sixes River Sixes River Sixes River Sixes River 251 1051 683 2393 2160 11250 Sixes River Sixes River Big Creek Smith River Buck Creek Smith River Johnson Creek Smith River Middle Fork North Fork Smith River Smith River North Fork Smith River Smith River South Sister Creek Smith River Spencer Creek Smith River Vincent Creek Smith River Wassen Creek Smith River West Branch North Fork Smith River Smith River West Fork Smith River Smith River Tenmile Creek Tenmile Creek 45 98 312 767 724 1474 Alder Creek Three Rivers Bewley Creek Tillamook River Fawcett Creek Tillamook River Kilchis River Tillamook River Killam Creek Tillamook River Miami River Tillamook River Munson Creek Tillamook River Patterson Creek Tillamook River Simmons Creek Tillamook River Tillamook River Tillamook River Wilson River Tillamook River Bark Shanty Creek Trask River Bill Creek Trask River Clear Creek Trask River E Fk of S Fk Trask River Trask River Edwards Creek Trask River Elkhorn Creek Trask River Gold Creek Trask River Green Creek Trask River Joyce Creek Trask River M Fk of N Fk Trask River Trask River Mill Creek Trask River N Fk of N Fk Trask River Trask River North Fork Trask River Trask River Samson Creek Trask River South Fork Trask River Trask River Trask River Trask River 4690 5594 5404 7814 6443 13150 Calapooya Creek Umpqua River 474 929 1052 2546 1461 4109 Canyon Creek Umpqua River Cow Creek Umpqua River Deer Creek Umpqua River Elk Creek Umpqua River

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Elk Creek Umpqua River 906 2077 3481 7882 3370 7523 Franklin Creek Umpqua River Little River Umpqua River 105 524 578 2816 954 4068 Little River Umpqua River Lookingglass Creek Umpqua River Mill Creek Umpqua River North Myrtle Creek Umpqua River North Umpqua River Umpqua River 97 481 267 1302 548 1948 Olalla Creek Umpqua River 9 61 80 543 239 1345 OShea Creek Umpqua River Paradise Creek Umpqua River Rice Creek Umpqua River Sawyer Creek Umpqua River Scholfield Creek Umpqua River Smith River Umpqua River 126 603 637 3230 1984 8178 Smith River Umpqua River South Myrtle Creek Umpqua River 14 61 62 365 151 693 Steamboat Creek Umpqua River 162 916 865 4536 1417 6292 Steamboat Creek Umpqua River 1876 14200 7091 29500 13520 51220 Steamboat Creek Umpqua River Umpqua River Umpqua River 40 86 97 211 113 232 Weatherly Creek Umpqua River Ben Smith Creek Wilson River Bottom Creek Wilson River Cedar Creek Wilson River Devils Lake Fork Wilson River Elk Creek Wilson River Fall Creek Wilson River Fox Creek Wilson River Hughey Creek Wilson River Jordan Creek Wilson River Little North Fork Wilson River Wilson River North Fork Wilson River Wilson River South Fork Wilson River Wilson River W Fk of N Fk Wilson River Wilson River White Creek Wilson River Wilson River Wilson River 88 271 212 588 246 585 Bear Creek Winchuck River East Fork Winchuck River Winchuck River Fourth of July Creek Winchuck River Wheeler Creek Winchuck River Winchuck River Winchuck River Keller Creek Yachats River North Fork Yachats River Yachats River School Fork Yachats River Yachats River Yachats River Bales Creek Yaquina River Buttermilk Creek Yaquina River Eddy Creek Yaquina River Elk Creek Yaquina River

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Hayes Creek Yaquina River Little Elk Creek Yaquina River Mill Creek Yaquina River Olalla Creek Yaquina River Randall Creek Yaquina River Simpson Creek Yaquina River Stony Creek Yaquina River Thornton Creek Yaquina River Yaquina River Yaquina River Unknown East Fork Bales Creek Bales Creek Bill Creek Bear Creek Jackson Creek Bear Creek Sankey Creek Bear Creek South Fork Bear Creek Bear Creek East Beaver Creek Beaver Creek South Fork Beaver Creek Beaver Creek West Beaver Creek Beaver Creek Fishhawk Creek Beneke Creek Axe Creek Big Creek Gnat Creek Blind Slough Thistleburn Creek Brush Creek West Fork Buck Creek Buck Creek Wilson Creek Buck Creek Bear Creek Canal Creek West Creek Canal Creek Middle Fork Catching Creek Catching Creek Wilson Creek Catching Creek Miller Creek Chickahominy Creek Anderson Creek Clear Creek Billie Creek Condon Creek Catching Creek Cow Creek Council Creek Cow Creek Middle Creek Cow Creek Mitchell Creek Cow Creek Russell Creek Cow Creek Union Creek Cow Creek West Fork Cow Creek Cow Creek Morgan Creek Daniels Creek Bear Creek Deadwood Creek Buck Creek Deadwood Creek Cougar Creek Deadwood Creek Elk Creek Deadwood Creek Failor Creek Deadwood Creek Fawn Creek Deadwood Creek West Fork Deadwood Creek Deadwood Creek Clear Creek Deer Creek Drake Creek Depot Creek Beaver Creek Depot Slough Depot Creek Depot Slough

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Anderson Creek Drift Creek Boulder Creek Drift Creek Gold Creek Drift Creek Meadow Creek Drift Creek Nettle Creek Drift Creek North Creek Drift Creek Sampson Creek Drift Creek Smith Creek Drift Creek Trout Creek Drift Creek Bear Creek East Beaver Creek Bear Creek Emigrant Creek Leopold Creek Esmond Creek Skunk Creek Fall Creek North Fork Foster Creek Foster Creek Savage Creek Grant Creek Meadow Fork Grass Creek Palouse Creek Haynes Inlet Big South Fork Hunter Creek Hunter Creek Little South Fork Hunter Creek Hunter Creek Elk Creek Indian Creek Herman Creek Indian Creek North Fork Indian Creek Indian Creek Taylor Creek Indian Creek Velvet Creek Indian Creek West Fork Indian Creek Indian Creek Crystal Springs Creek Johnson Creek Stump Creek Keller Creek Big Creek Knappa Slough Chappell Creek Lake Creek Deadwood Creek Lake Creek Fish Creek Lake Creek Green Creek Lake Creek Greenleaf Creek Lake Creek Hula Creek Lake Creek Indian Creek Lake Creek Nelson Creek Lake Creek Larson Creek Larson Slough Sullivan Creek Larson Slough Salmon Creek Little Elk Creek Steer Creek Little Rock Creek Deadline Creek Lobster Creek Little Lobster Creek Lobster Creek Lost Valley Creek Lobster Creek Preacher Creek Lobster Creek South Fork Lobster Creek Lobster Creek Little Matson Creek Matson Creek Horse Creek Meadow Creek Parker Creek Mendenhall Creek Cherry Creek Middle Creek Cerine Creek Mill Creek

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Appendix B. List of spawning and rearing streams used by late-run chinook salmon in different regions of Oregon (StreamNet 2000). Average monthly mean and maximum flows are given for the months of October, November and December (USGS 2000). October November December Stream Basin Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Salem Ditch Mill Creek Slack Creek Mill Creek Knapp Creek Miller Creek Milk Creek Molalla River East Creek Moon Creek Rock Creek Myrtle Creek South Myrtle Creek North Myrtle Creek Herb Creek North Sister Creek Poole Slough Poole Slough Shelton Ditch Pringle Creek Sevenmile Creek Randolph Slough Big Rock Creek Rock Creek Little Rock Creek Rock Creek Calkins Creek Salmon Creek Telephone Creek Salmon Creek Bear Creek Salmon River Deer Creek Salmon River Salmon Creek Salmon River Slick Rock Creek Salmon River Sulphur Creek Salmon River Widow Creek Salmon River Wolf Creek Salmonberry River Long Prairie Creek Sam Creek Long Tom Creek Sam Creek Andy Creek Sand Creek Jewel Creek Sand Creek Sand Creek Sand Lake Hurd Creek Sawyer Creek Erickson Creek Schooner Creek East Fork Scott Creek Scott Creek Cook Creek Simpson Creek Klamath Creek Simpson Creek Hatchery Creek Skunk Creek Elliott Creek Slate Creek Round Prairie Creek Slate Creek Waters Creek Slate Creek Trout Creek Slick Rock Creek Buchanan Creek Soapstone Creek North Sister Creek South Sister Creek Johnson Creek Spout Creek Canton Creek Steamboat Creek Deer Creek Sunshine Creek Fourth of July Creek Sunshine Creek Cedar Creek Sweet Creek Burnt Creek Tioga Creek Susan Creek Tioga Creek North Fork Tom Folley Creek Tom Folley Creek Saddle Butte Creek Tom Folley Creek Perkins Creek Wassen Creek Bear Creek Waters Creek

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Lake Chelan Project No. 637 First-Draft Study Report SS/5103 Page B-12 December 7, 2000 APPENDIX C: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Late-Run Chinook Salmon

Mundie, J. and R. Traber. 1983. The carrying capacity of an enhanced side-channel for rearing salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1320-1322.

It is assumed that side-channels produce more juvenile salmon and trout than main-channels. This study compared the productivity of an enhanced side-channel with the parent main- channel. The side-channel was 4.57 m wide with a total area of 1,810 m2. Discharge was controlled by an intake valve and was set at 0.14 m3/s, which was 2.6% of the river discharge. The streambed was a series of 25 gravel riffles, each 6-m long and 15-cm deep, alternating with 25 pools, each 9-m long and 90-cm deep. The surface velocity of the riffles was 60 cm/s and of the pools 10 cm/s. After introducing steelhead fry, they found that the side-channel density of steelhead smolts was 31 times higher than in the river. Biomass was 10 times higher in the side-channel than in the river. Channel discharge was 2.6% of the river discharge.

MacKinnon, D. 1961. Man-made spawning channels for Pacific salmon. Canadian Geographical Journal, pages 1-13.

This report describes the use of two different spawning channels by pink salmon in Canada. The Jones spawning channel was 14-ft wide and 2,000-ft long. Low weirs placed every 100 ft controlled depth within a range of 1-2 ft and velocity within a range of 1-2.5 ft/s. Graded gravels were placed in the channel at a depth of 12-18 inches. A valve-controlled inlet maintained flows at 20 cfs. Pink salmon spawned in the channel and egg-to-fry survival ranged from 38-63%. The accumulation of fine sediments in the spawning channel required managers to occasionally clean the gravels.

The report describes a second spawning channel, the Roberson Creek channel. A valve- controlled inlet pipe regulated the flow of silt-free lake water into the channel. The spawning channel was 2,500-ft long and consisted of 8,000 yds2 of spawning bed. Biologists planted pink salmon eggs in the channel and the resulting fry were intercepted and counted. Biologists estimated an egg-to-fry survival of 91% in the channel.

Mih, W. 1978. A review of restoration of stream gravels for spawning and rearing of salmon species. Fisheries 3:16-18.

This article compares the various methods for cleaning fines from spawning gravels. It looks at (1) reduction of the source of fine material upstream of the stream reach in question, (2) replacement of the spawning bed with new gravel, (3) mechanical disturbance to stir up fine material into suspension or mechanically separate fines, (4) hydraulic disturbance by water- jet action—baffle gate, (5) hydraulic disturbance by air-water jet action, and (6) hydraulic disturbance by water-jet action and removal of fine material by a suction system—riffle sifter. The article concludes that the hydraulic jet action and a suction system for removal of fines in the spawning stream appear to be the best alternatives.

Bonnell, R. 1991. Construction, operation, and evaluation of groundwater-fed side channels for chum salmon in British Columbia. American Fisheries Society Symposium 10:109-124.

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This article indicates that since 1978, more than 40 groundwater-fed side channels have been built in British Columbia, totaling over 100,000 m2 of new or improved salmonid spawning and rearing area. The method involved grading down, deepening, and widening intermittent or relic side channels on river floodplains. The constructed channels were rock-armored and dykes and local landforms protected the channels from floods. The channels were unmanned and depended on volitional entry of spawners and self-regulation of fish density. Data collected from 1978 to 1987 from 24 channels showed an annual production of emergent chum salmon of over 290 fry/m2 of developed spawning area, and a mean survival to emigration of over 16% of potential egg deposition. Yearling production of coho salmon was as high as 30 g/m2 in one channel. Channels constructed with introduced graded spawning gravel substrates did not result in greater survival or annual production of chum salmon fry than those constructed with existing gravel substrate. Production and survival of chum salmon remained high for more than 4 years after construction.

Reiser, D., M. Ramey, P. Cernera, and C. Richards. 1994. Conversion of remnant dredge mine ponds into off-channel chinook salmon rearing habitat: from feasibility to implementation. Pages 208-225 in: I. Cowx, editor. Rehabilitation of freshwater fisheries. Fishing News Books, Cambridge, MA.

Localized dredge mining activities reduced chinook salmon and steelhead rearing habitat in the Yankee Fork of the Salmon River. Dredging in the river channelized a 9.6-km reach of the river, and created over 30 small ponds, which were interspersed throughout the reach. This paper summarized the results of a 5-year project focused on converting the dredge ponds into chinook salmon rearing habitats. The opening of the ponds to the river made available about 1.62 ha of pond habitat and about 600 m of channel habitat (via the connecting channels). Fish were more frequently found in the interconnecting channel habitats, which contained abundant cover.

House, R. 1984. Evaluation of improved techniques for salmonid spawning. Pages 5-13 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest stream habitat management workshop. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Spawning habitat restoration techniques conducted over the last six years on North Pacific coastal streams have shown dramatic results in creating excellent spawning areas for anadromous salmonids. On East Fork Lobster and Tobe creeks, Alsea River, Oregon, gabion structures increased the useable spawning area, trapping an average of 15.9 m2 and 8.3 m2, respectively, of high quality gravels at each structure. Most treated areas showed a disproportionately high use by spawning salmonids compared to untreated areas.

Bachen, B. 1984. Development of salmonid spawning and rearing habitat with groundwater-fed channels. Pages 51-62 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest stream habitat management workshop. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

Northern Southeast Regional Aquaculture Association built a groundwater-fed spawning channel near Haines, Alaska in 1982. During its first year of operation 461 chum and 117 coho salmon spawned in the channel. Estimated egg-to-fry survival based on potential egg

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deposition was 22 to 24% for chum. The channel is also used as a rearing area for coho and Dolly Varden. Rock armor that protects the channel sides serves as protective cover for juveniles.

Doyle, J. 1984. Habitat enhancement on off-channel and terraced tributaries in Puget Sound river systems. Pages 81-96 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest stream habitat management workshop. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

This article states that some of the most important anadromous fish production areas exist as “off-channel” and “terraced tributaries.” The Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie Nation Forest treated over 300 off-channel or terraced sites. Rearing habitat quality and quantity was increased for coho salmon, steelhead, and chinook salmon. Actual increases in fish numbers or biomass were observed. They also observed that the enhanced areas were used for rearing during summer and winter. Large woody debris was an important component of the treated habitat.

West, J. 1984. Enhancement of salmon and steelhead spawning and rearing conditions in the Scott and Salmon rivers, California. Pages 117-127 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest stream habitat management workshop. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

The author manipulated spawning gravels at two sites on the Scott River using a tractor to improve egg incubation and fry emergence. This reduced fine sediments about 18%. Use of treated areas rose from no use to about 29 redds per season in treated areas. Boulder groups were placed in 4,000 feet of South Fork Salmon River to improve salmonid spawning and rearing conditions. Steelhead juvenile rearing increased 10 fold. Salmon and steelhead spawner use increased 3 fold. Use of control areas remained static.

Parfitt, D. and K. Buer. 1981. Chinook salmon-spawning enhancement potential in the upper Sacramento River. Pages 144-148 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the propagation, enhancement, and rehabilitation of anadromous salmonid populations and habitat in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

This report indicates that the development of side-channel spawning enhancement sites in the Sacramento River between Keswick Dam and Red Bluff, California, is the only viable alternative for increasing spawning habitat in the river. The authors identified 29 potential enhancement sites that, if fully developed, could accommodate up to 44,000 pairs of salmon each year. Design specifications included sized spawning gravel, adequate flow velocities, depths, and hydraulic diversity to provide habitat suited for successful spawning, egg incubation, and rearing.

Buer, K., R. Scott, D. Parfitt, G. Serr, J. Haney, and L. Thompson. 1981. Salmon spawning gravel enhancement studies on northern California rivers. Pages 149-154 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the propagation, enhancement, and rehabilitation of anadromous salmonid populations and habitat in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

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The California Department of Water Resources is studying spawning gravel enhancement techniques and locating potential new spawning areas in six California rivers. The purposes of the studies were to determine the effects of watershed and hydrologic changes on salmonid spawning and holding habitat, locate areas suitable for artificial gravel placement and other enhancement work, and develop management alternatives for each river. Three studies were completed. Construction of these spawning areas provided an additional 70,000 salmon pairs.

Overton, K., W. Brock, J. Moreau, and J. Boberg. 1981. Restoration and enhancement program of anadromous fish habitat and populations on Six Rivers National Forest. Pages 158-168 in: T. Hassler, editor. Proceedings of the propagation, enhancement, and rehabilitation of anadromous salmonid populations and habitat in the Pacific Northwest symposium. Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.

This article describes the development of a fisheries and watershed management program that protects, restores, and enhances anadromous fish populations and habitat on Six Rivers National Forest. The objectives were to identify habitat factors that were limiting fish production, develop and evaluate procedures to restore or enhance chinook salmon and steelhead habitat and populations, and develop streamside management policies and best management practices to protect fish habitat. Projects included the placement of gabion weirs, boulders, and egg incubation boxes to create spawning sites, rearing habitat, and fry production, respectively. Direct increases in fish utilization through improved chinook salmon and steelhead spawning and rearing habitat resulted from the projects.

Rosgen, D. and B. Fittante. 1986. Fish habitat structures—a selection guide using stream classification. Pages 163-180 in: J. Miller, J. Arway, and R. Carline, editors. Fifth trout stream habitat improvement workshop. Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA.

The authors present suitability guidelines that evaluate various fish habitat improvement structures using a stream classification system. The classification system uses morphological criteria of gradient, width/depth ratio, sinuosity, channel materials, channel confinement, entrenchment, soil, and landforms to guide structural enhancement designs over a wide range of stream types. According to the classification, gravel placement for spawning is rated as “excellent” in C2 channel types. That is, there is no limitation to location of gravel placement or special modification in design. Nearly all types of improvement structures are rated “good” to “excellent” in C2 channels.

Hall, J. and C. Baker. 1982. Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in western North America, 12. Rehabilitating and enchancing stream habitat: 1. Review and evaluation. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-138, Portland, OR.

This article reviews rehabilitation and enhancement of spawning and rearing habitat of anadromous fish. It considers the historical development and conceptual basis for habitat management, followed by a review of successful and unsuccessful techniques for manipulating spawning, rearing, and riparian habitat. Recent developments, including improved design of structures to accommodate variable streamflow, show promise of

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permitting increased application of these techniques. With regard to spawning habitat, the article describes various approaches that improve those habitats. The three that have been most successful are: (1) improving the quality of spawning gravel by removing fine sediments, (2) increasing that amount of spawning gravel, and (3) providing access for spawning adults above barriers.

Reeves, G., J. Hall, T. Roelofs, T. Hickman, and C. Baker. 1991. Rehabilitating and modifying stream habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:519-557.

This chapter in the book, Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitat, describes techniques for rehabilitating and modifying stream habitat. Under the topic of spawning habitat, the article discusses the success of various methods of gravel restoration including gravel cleaning, gravel placement, and development of spawning areas. Under the latter, the chapter indicates that spawning areas have been improved in regions where spawning habitat was lacking or extreme flow conditions reduced egg-to-fry survival rate. Such improvements were restricted to areas that had adequate groundwater flow for oxygenating eggs and removing metabolic wastes from the gravel. Such areas were generally limited to existing side channels in the floodplain of a river system. Spawning areas have been constructed or improved by removing silt and sand, introducing gravel of a specific size, excavating the stream bottom, and augmenting flow by diverting surface water. The chapter describes a successful manipulation of spawning areas in the East Fork of the Satsop River in western Washington. Five side channels either were excavated with a bulldozer, had existing gravel cleaned, or received up to 46 cm of added gravel. The cleaned channels in 1985 produced over 1 million chum salmon fry and 100,000 coho fry.

Olson, A. and J. West. 1989. Evaluation of instream fish habitat restoration structures in Klamath River tributaries, 1988/1989. USDA Forest Service Annual Report for Interagency Agreement 14-16-0001-89508, Yreka, CA.

Ten instream habitat techniques were evaluated to assess which most effectively restored salmonid spawning and rearing conditions. With regard to spawning habitat, boulder deflectors were most used by chinook spawners, while chinook use of “traditional” structures (weirs backfilled with gravel) was low. Steelhead spawners used structures that resulted in pocket-water type spawning areas. This habitat configuration proved most desirable when woody object cover was available to spawners. The highest steelhead spawner use was associated with boulder groups with wood and boulder/rootwad groups.

Dalton, B. and C. Mesick. 1991. A survey of brown trout spawning in 1991 restoration treatment sites in Rush Creek and Lee Vining Creek, Mono County, California. Prepared by Trihey and Associates, Walnut Creek, CA.

In 1991, five gravel beds were placed in Lee Vining Creek and ten were placed in Rush Creek to augment spawning habitat. The authors conducted a spawning survey during the second week of November in both streams. Brown trout used seven new gravel beds in Rush Creek and two new beds in Lee Vining Creek. Because the spawning survey was conducted

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only once, it is likely that the number of redds was probably lower than the actual number constructed that year. Most redds were within 10 feet of object cover. The authors concluded that proximity of cover for adult trout may be an important factor affecting where trout spawn.

Viola, A., M. Schuck, and S. Nostrant. 1991. An evaluation of instream habitat alterations in southeast Washington, 1983-1989. Washington Department of Wildlife, F.M. 91-11, Olympia, WA.

A long term instream habitat alteration project was initiated in 1978 as an effort to restore degraded stream habitat and increase rainbow/steelhead populations in the North and South Forks of Asotin Creek and the Tucannon River. They built 84 habitat structures between 1983 and 1985. A couple of benefits of the work after 6 years included a significant increase in the density and biomass of older wild rainbow/steelhead and increased spawning by both steelhead and chinook salmon. Hydraulic grading and accumulation of spawning-sized gravel produced spawning habitat downstream from many of the instream habitat structures.

Gowan, C. and K. Fausch. 1995. Trout response to habitat manipulation in streams at individual and population scales. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Federal Aid Project F-88-R, Fort Collins, CO.

The authors conducted an 8-year study on the effects of habitat enhancement on trout populations in six streams. They measured fish abundance and habitat conditions in each half of 500-m study reaches for 2 years before and 6 years after installing 10 low log weirs. Treatments caused significant increases in mean depth, pool volume, total cover, and the proportion of fine substrate particles in the streambed in treatment sections within 1-2 years, while habitat in the adjacent control sections remained unchanged. Abundance and biomass of adult fish, but not juveniles, increased significantly in treatments relative to controls in all streams.

Everest, F., J. Sedell, G. Reeves, and J. Wolfe. 1984. Fisheries enhancement in the Fish Creek basin— an evaluation of in-channel and off-channel projects, 1984. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Project No. 84-11, Contract No. DE-AI79BP16726, Portland, OR.

This document describes a five-year project that evaluated habitat improvements in the fish Creek basin. The project focused on activities designed to improve spawning and rearing habitat for chinook and coho salmon and steelhead. Specific habitat improvements included boulder berms, an off-channel pond, a side-channel, addition of large woody debris to stream edge habitats, and hardwood plantings to improve riparian vegetation. The evaluation was conducted at the basin level, rather than reach or site level. Boulder berms designed to increase spawning habitat impounded gravels and provided spawning habitat for steelhead. An off-channel coho rearing pond produced a few exceptionally large coho smolts. Coho and chinook spawned in a side channel development after it was constructed in 1984.

Petrosky, C. and T. Holubetz. 1986. Idaho habitat evaluation for off-site mitigation record. Annual Report to the Bonneville Power Administration, Project No. 83-7, Contract No. DE-AI79- 84BP13381, Portland, OR.

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The Idaho Department of Fish and Game evaluated habitat improvement projects for anadromous fish in the Clearwater and Salmon River drainages. Because of low escapements, it was not possible to observe full-seeding conditions at any of the projects. Some measures of the relative effectiveness of the various enhancement techniques have been made at less than full-seeding levels. Data collected during two years of evaluation indicated that instream structures, such as log weirs, boulder weirs, log deflectors, and overhead cover devices, have not markedly increased salmon and steelhead parr production. Off-channel ponds and side-channel development have dramatically increased production potential in degraded streams.

House, R. and P. Boehne. 1985. Evaluation of instream enhancement structures for salmonid spawning and rearing in a coastal Oregon stream. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5:283-295.

This report evaluates enhancement structures in East Fork Lobster Creek. According to the article, these structures were successful and functional after two winters with usual freshets. The structures increased the diversity of the stream bed, trapped gravel, and created shallow gravel bars and deep, covered pools. Also, the number, size, and quality of pools increased in areas with structures. Coho and steelhead spawning increased substantially, as well as the numbers of rearing coho, steelhead fry, and steelhead and cutthroat trout parr.

Gangmark, H. and R. Bakkala. 1960. A comparative study of unstable and stable (artificial channel) spawning streams for incubating king salmon at Mill Creek. California Fish and Game 46:151- 164.

The authors noted that production of chinook salmon in the Sacramento River system was limited by a series of factors that resulted from unstable stream flows. The researchers reduced the effects of unstable flows by controlling flows in an experimental section of Mill Creek. The experimental section consisted of an old streambed through which a channel was bulldozed and from which silt was flushed. Two pipes, each 30 inches in diameter and equipped with gate valves, provided for controlled-flow of water to the area. To reduce silt, water was filtered through gravel and then passed through a settling basin. The mainstem of Mill Creek provided an uncontrolled-flow area for comparison. Seepage velocities averaged 3.5 ft/hr in the controlled section, while seepage velocities in the uncontrolled area averaged 0.3 ft/hr. Controlling the stream flow was quite successful as the controlled area produced 69 times more fry than the uncontrolled area.

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