STATE ~ State Fauna Series 10
FAUNA OF MANIPUR
(PART-3)
Invertebrates
Edited by The Director, Zoological Survey of India. Kolkata
Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Editor-Director, 2004. State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Manipur, Part-3 (Invertebrates), 1-123 (Published-Director, Zool. Surv. India, KoJkata)
Published : June, 2004
ISBN 81·8171·045-2
Project Co-ordinator Dr. J. R. B. Alfred (Director, Zoological SurVey of India)
© Govt. of India, 2004
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Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, AJC Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, (13th Floor), Nizam Palace, Kolkata-700 020 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. STATE FAUNA SERIES FAUNA OF MANIPUR
Part·3 2004 1-123
CONTENTS
1. PROroZOA ...... 1-44 A.K. Das, Rina Nandi, N.C. Sarkar and D. Saha
2. NEMOTODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES ...... 45-67 S.R. Dey Sarkar and Amalendu Chatterjee
3. MOLLUSCA ...... 69-118 K.V. Surya Rao, H.P. Mookherjee, S.C. Mitra, R.N. Manna and S. Barua
4. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : PALAEMONIDAE AND POTAMONIDAE ...... 119-123 T. Roy, S.K. Ghosh and S.S. Ghatak Zool. Surv. India State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Manipur, 1-44, 2004
PROTOZOA
A. K. DAS, RINA NANDI, N. C. SARKAR and D. SARA Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053
INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS
Protozoa are cosmopolitan in distribution and Freeliving protozoa were collected from occur in each and every habitat of all terrestrial freshwater ponds, ditches, lakes, rivers and streams and aquatic ecosystems of the globe. Even then, as well as mosses grown on soil, rocks and trees there is no published report of any protozoan of different districts of Manipur. Parasitic protozoa species ffom Manipur excepting a published were recovered from five host species as account of Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) wherein mentioned in the following systematic list and 16 species of testacid rhizopode have been taxonomic account. reported from this state. In this context, the present Freshwater samples were collected along with communication deals with a consolidated little algal mass, aquatic weeds, bottom ooze and taxonomic account of 86 species of protozoa, of flocculent matter arising out of squeezing of which 78 species are freeliving and 8 species aquatic vegetation of the sampling localities. parasitic. These protozoan species have been Samples were kept in wide mouthed glass jars. collected, examined and identified by the present These jars were brought to the laboratory and authors.· Collection of the samples was made kept for a few days, with their lids open for from 7 districts of the state, namely, Imphal, considerable increase in protozoa population. The Bishenpur, Senapati, Tamenglong, Jiribum, samples were then thoroughly examined under Churachandpur and Chandel while two districts, light microscope from time to time. Freeliving namely, Thoubal and Ukhrul remain unatte~ded ciliates were examined in living condition by for protozoa collection. keeping them in natural medium. Sometimes The systematic account of protozoa of Manipur methocyl solution was used for slowing down the is dealt with under two broad sub-heads, viz., movement of the fast moving ciliates for the freeliving protozoa and parasitic protozoa for the study of their internal structures ill situ under conveninence of taxonomic treatment and for light microscope. Sometimes Lugol's solution maintaining earlier treatment of protozoa fauna was added as killing agent and for detecting of the State Fauna Series published by the perepheral organellae. Schaudinn's fluid and Zoological Survey of India. It is worthmentioning Carnoy's fluid were used as fixatives of freeliving here that all the protozoan species dealt with in ciliates for preparing their permanent slides. The the present paper constitute first record for the first one is very effective for keeping the exact state excepting 13 species of testate amoebae natural shape of the specimen while the second belonging to the genera Centropyxis, Plagiopyxis, one is better for studying their nuclear structure. Corythion, Euglypha, Tracheleuglypha and Heidenhain's and Delafield's haematoxylin were Trinema as mentioned elsewhere in the systematic used for staining the ciliates. These slides were account. mounted in DPX. 2 State Faulla Series 10: Fauna of Man;pur
For the preparation of permanent slides of SYSTEMATIC LIST OF PROTOZOA testaceans (rhizopods) their tests were isolated (Classification following Levi ne et ale 1980) from the bottom ooze of freshwater biotopes with Phylum SARCOMASTlGOPHORA the aid of a micropipette. These protozoans were Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA also collected by squeezing different parts of Class PHYTOMASTlGOPHOREA aquatic vegetation including their roots and Order CRYPTOMONADIDA submerged portion of leaves. These testacids were Family CRYPTOMONADIDAE placed on a glass slides covered with thin layer of Genus Chilomonas Ehrenberg albumen glycerol, with the aid of a micropipette. 1. Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg These were then air dried with room temperature, transferred to xylene for about 10 hours and Order DINOFLAGELLIDA mounted in DPX. Family GYMNODINllDAE Genus Gymnodinium Stejn For collecting moss dwelling protozoa moss 2. Gymnodinium aeruginosu,n Stein samples were scraped from the top soil, rocks and barks of trees with spatula and brought to the Family PERIDINIIDAE laboratory in closed plastic bags. The samples Genus Ceratium Schrank were then processed with non-flooded petridish 3. Ceratium hirundinella Muller method as described by Foissner (1987). For that 4. Ceratium tripos Nitzch purpose 1-2 g of field-moist subsamples taken Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg from each bulk sample was kept in a petridish 5. Peridinium tabulatum Claparede & with 10-15 cm diameter. The sample was then Lachmann saturated but not flooded with distilled water. Order EUGLENIDA After 48 hours about 2-3 ml run off collected Family EUGLENIDAE after tilting petri dish was thoroughly examined Genus EuglelUl Ehrenberg under a compound microscope for ciliates and 6. Euglena acus Ehrenberg rhizopods usually at magnification 450x (occular 7. Euglena oxyuris Schmadra lOx and objective 45x). Such examination was continued for 2-3 weeks, depending upon ~e Genus Phacus Dujardin availability of protozoan specimens. Testaceans 8. Phacus acuminata Stokes or ciliated protozoa observed in the run off were 9. Phacus pleuronectes (Muller) fixed, stained and moun~ed in the same manner Genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg as described earlier for freshwater. protozoa. 10. Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) For parasitic protozoa hosts were dissected 11. Trachelomonas ureeolata Stokes and their gut contents, lungs, livers and blood Family ANISONEMIDAE smears were thoroughly examined under a Genus Entosiphon Stein compound microscope. Gut contents were 12. Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin) examined after ~i1uting them with physiological Subphylum SARCODINA saline. Organ smears and blood smears were Class LOBOSEA drawn on clean and greeze free slides, air dried, AMOEBIDA fixed and stained with Giemsa or Leishman's Order stains. The gut dwelling forms were fixed in Family THECAMOEBIDAE Schaudinn's fluid and stained with Heidenhain's Genus Thecamoeba Fromental iron haematokylin. For more details Das et ale 13. Thecamoeba striata (Penard) (1993, 1995) may be consulted. 14. Thecamoeba terricola (Greet) DAS et ale : Protozoa 3
Order ARCELLINIDA Family ? Family ARCELLIDAE Genus Phryganellll Penard Genus Arcella Ehrenberg 41. Phryganella acropodia (Hertwig & Lesser) 15. Arcella discoides Ehrenberg Class FaOSEA 16. Arcella hemispherica Ehrenberg Order GROMIIDA 17. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg Family EUGLVPHIDAE Family CENTROPYXIDAE Genus Assulina Ehrenberg Genus Centropyxis Stein 42. Assulina muscorum Greef 18. Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg) 43. Assulina semi/unum (Ehrenberg) 19. Centropyxis aerophila Deflandre Genus Corythion Taranek 20. Centropyxis ecorn;s (Ehrenberg) 44. Corythion dubium Taranek 21. Centropyx;s minuta Deflandre Genus Euglyp"" Dujardin 22. Centropyxis platystoma Penard 45. Euglypha acanthophora (Ehrenberg) 23. Centropyxis spinosa (Cash & Hopkinson) 46. Euglypha rotunda Weiles & Penard Genus Cyclopyxis (Deflandre) 47. Euglypha tuberculata Dujardin 24. Cyclopyxis arcelloides (Deflandre) Genus Tracheleuglyphtl Deflandre Genus Plagiopyxis Penard 48. Tracheleuglypha dentata (Vejdowsky) 25. Plagiopyxis callida Penard Genus Trinemtl Dujardin 26. Plagiopyxis declivis Bonnet & Thomas 49. Trinenw enchelys Ehrenberg 27. Plagiopyxis m;nuta Bonnet 50. Trinema lineare Penard Genus Trigonopyxis Penard Class HELIOZOA 28. Trigonopyxis arcula (Leidy) Order ACfINOPHRYIDA Family DIFFLUGIIDAE Family ACTINOPHRYIDAE Genus Difflllgia Leclerc Genus Actinophrys Ehrenberg 29. Dijflugia acuminata Ehrenberg 51. Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg 30. Difflugia corona Wallich 31. Difflugia curvicaulis Penard Phylum CILIOPHORA 32. Difflugia lithophila Leidy Class KINETOFRAG 33. Difflugia lobostoma Leidy MINOPHOREA 34. DiJIlugia murifomlis Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas Order PROSTOMATIDA 35. Difflllgia oblonga Ehrenberg Family COLEPIDAE 36. DiJflugia pyrifonrJis Perty Genus Coleps Nitzch 37. Diffiugia urceolata Carter 52. Co/eps hirtus (Muller) Family NEBELIDAE Family ENCHELYIDAE Genus Heliopera Leidy Genus LAcrynuuia Ehrenberg 38. Heleopera rosea Penard 53. Lacrymaria nzinin,a Kahl Genus Lesqllerellsia Schlurnberger 54. Lacrynlaria olor (Muller) 39. Lesquereusia spiralis Ehrenberg Family SPATHIDIIDAE Genus Nebela Leidy Genus Spathidium Dujardin 40. Nebela tincta (Leidy) 55. Spathidiunl muscicola Kahl 4 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Family TRACHELIDAE Class POLYHYMENOPHOREA Genus Dileptus Dujardin Order HYPOTRICHIDA 56. Dileptus anser (Muller) Family SPIROSTOMATIDAE Genus Trachelius Schrank Genus Blepharisma Perty 57. Trachelius ovum Ehrenberg 69. Blepharisma intermedium Bhandary Order PLEUROSTOMATA Genus Spirostomum Ehrenberg Family AMPHILEPTIDAE 70. Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrenberg Genus LoxophyUum Dujardin Family METOPIDAE 58. Loxophyllum nimecc£llse (Stein) Genus Metopus Kahl Order COLPODIDA 71. Metopus fuscus Kahl Family COLPODIDAE Order OLIGOTRICIDDA Genus Colpoda O.F. Muller 59. Colpoda cucullus Muller Family HALTERIDAE Genus Haltena Dujardin Order NASSULIDA 72. Halteria grandinella (Muller) Family MICROfHORACIDAE Genus Drepanomonas Fresenius Family STROBILIDIIDAE 60. Drepanomonas dentata Fressenius Genus Strobilidium Schewiakoff Genus Microthorax Engelman 73. Strobilidium gyrans (Stokes) 61. Microthorax pusillus Engelman Order HYPOTRICHIDA Order CYRTOPHORIDA Family SPIROFILIDAE Family CHILODONELLIDAE Genus StiChotnkha Perty Genus Chilodonella Strand 74. Stichotricha socialis Gruber 62. Chilodonella cucullulus (Muller) Family OXYTRICHIDAE Clas's OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA Genus Oxytricha Bory Order HYMENOSTOMATIDA 75. Oxytricha fallax Stein Family OPHRYOGLENIDAE Family ASPIDISCIDAE Genus Ophryoglena Ehrenberg Genus AspUlisca Ehrenberg 63. Ophryoglena flava (Ehrenberg) 76. Aspidisca costata (Dujardin) Family PARAMECIIDAE Family EUPLOTIDAE Genus Paramecium Hill Genus Euplotes Ehrenberg 64. Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg 77. Euplotes muscicola Kahl Family FRONTONIDAE 78. Euplotes plumipes Stokes Genus Frontonia Ehrenberg 65. Frontonia acuminata Ehrenberg B. PARASITIC PROTOZOA 66. Frontonia depressa (Stokes) Phylum SARCOMASTlGOPHORA 67. Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg) Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA Order PERITRICHIDA Class ZOOMASTlGOPHOREA Family VORTICELLIDAE Order KINETOPLASTIDA Genus Vorticella Linnaeus Family TRYPANOSOMATIDAE 68. Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg Genus Trypanosoma Gruby DAS et al. : Protozoa 5
Parasities Host species anteriorly and covered with a firm pellicle, flagella 79. T. batrachi Quadri Clarius batrachus two, subequal, an oblique furrow near anterior SO. T. rotatorium (Mayer) Bufo melanostictus region; vestibulum deep. Raila limnocharis 1. Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg
Subphylum OPALINATA 1831. Chilomonas paramecium Ehrenberg. Abh. preuss. Class OPALINATEA Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 2, p.64. Order OPALINIDA Material examined: 10 exs., Kangla lake, Family OPALINIDAE Imphal, Imphal district, 16. iii. 1993; 15 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 8 Genus Cepedia Metcalf exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district; SI. C. lanceolata Rana limllocharis 2 1. iii. 1993. (Bezzenberger) Diagnosis: Body elliptical, posteriorly Genus Opa/inul Purkinje & Valentin narrowed and slightly bent dorsally, vestibulum S2. O. lata Bezzenberger Rana Cyanophlyctes deep, chloroplast absent, dimensions 15-21 mm 6-8 mm. 83. O. triangularis Ghosh Bufo melanostictus Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal, Phylum CILIOPHORA Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts) and West Class POLYHYMENOPHOREA Bengal; in freshwater. Order HETEROTRICIllDA Remarks: This species is cosmopolitan in Family NYCTOTHERIDAE distribution in stagnant water with putrid Genus Nyctotherus Leidy vegetation infusion. It constitutes first record from 84. N. ovalis Leidy Periplanata americana Manipur. Genus Nyctotheroides Grasse Order DINOFLAGELLIDA 85. N. cordiformis Bufo melanostictus Key to the families (Ehrenberg) 1. Naked forms with simple but distinct 1/2 4 Family SICUOPHORIDAE turns of annulus, with or without Genus Sicuophora de Puytorac K Grain chromatophores ...... 86. S. macropharyngeus Rana cyanophlyctes ...... Family GYMNODINnDAE (Bezzenberger) - Covered by shells consisting of numerous plates, shell composed of epitheca, annulus SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT and hypotheca, plates variously sculptured and Phylum SARCOMASTlGOPHORA finely perforated, annulus usually at equator and covered by a plate, contractile tentacle Class PHYTOMASTlGOPHOREA absent ...... Family PERIDINIIDAE Order CRYPTOMONADIDA Family GYMNODINIIDAE Family CRYPTOMONADIDAE Genus Gymnodinillm Stein Diagnosis : Body truncate anteriorly with a distinct oblique vestibulum near anterior region. 1966. Gymnodinium Stein: Kudo. ProlO:.oology. Charles C. Thomas. p. 379. Genus Chilomonas Ehrenberg Diagnosis: Pellicle delicate, sub-circular. 1966. Chilomonas Ehrenberg: Kudo, Protozoology, Charles bilaterally symmeterical. discoid chromatophores C. Thomas, p. 326. numerous, tnulticoloured or sometimes absent. Diagnosis: Body colourless, elliptical, truncate stigma few. 6 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
2. Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein Diagnosis: Shell with 3 or more horns, epicone with one considerably long hom and hypocone 1966. Gymnodinium aeruginosum Stein: Kudo, Protozoology, Charles C. Thomas, p. 379. with 2 or 3 shorter horns. Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Impha), Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 6 exs., Loktak Jiribum districts) and West Bengal. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Remarks: This is mainly a freshwater flagellate liribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996. but it was recorded from Hugli-Rupnaryan-Matla Diagnosis: As for the genus; dimensions 20- estuary in West Bengal (Das, ~t al., 1993). This 32 rom 13-25 rom; chromatophores green in species is reported for the first time from Manipur, colour. from freshwater tanks and lakes. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, 4. Ceratium tripos Nitzsch Bishenpur and liribum districts); in freshwater. 1973. Ceratium tripos Nitzsch: Oren, Protozoology, Remarks: This species is cosmopolitan in Springer-Verlag, p. 380. distribution in freshwater ponds and .lakes. However, it is reported for the first time from Material examined: 3 exs., Loktak lake, India. Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 5 exs., Kalinagar., liribum districts 4.iv.1996. Family PERIDINIDAE Diagnosis: Shell with 3 long horns of almost Key to the genera equal length; epicone with two and hypocone with one hom. 1. Body spherical to ovoid, annulus slightly spiral with projecting rims, horn-like protrusion Distribution: India: Manipur (Bishenpur and absent ...... Genus Peridinium Jiribum districts) and West Bengal; in fresh and estuarine water bodies - Body flattened with horn-like protrusions ...... Genus Ceratium Remarks : This species is collected from the Loktak lake, and freshwater bodies of Kalinagar, Genus Ceratium Schrank Jiribum, Manipur and constitutes first record from
t 966. Ceratium Schrank: Kudo, Protozo.0logy, Charles C. the state. Thomas, p. 388. Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus 1966. Peridinium Ehrenberg: Kudo, Protozoology, Charles Key to the species C Thomas, p. 388. Diagnosis: As in the key the genus. 1. Epicone with one and hypocone with 2 or 3 horns, the horn of the epicone longest 5. Peridinium tabulatum Claparede and ...... C. hirundinella Lac~mann
- Epicone with 2 and hypocone with one long 1973. Peridinium tabulatum Claparede and Lachmann: hom of almost same length ...... C. tripos Oren, Protozoology, Springer-Verlag, p. 380. 3. Ceratium hirundinella Muller Material examined: 5 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iiL1993; 2 exs., Loktak 1973. Ceratium hirundinella Muller: Grell, Protozoology, Springer-Verlag, p. 380. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum districts; 3.iv.1996. Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Diagnosis: As for the genus; dimensions Kalinagar, Jiribum district 4.iv.1996. 50 rom 45 rom, inhabiting freshwater. DAS et al. : Protozoa 7
Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, 6. Euglena acus Ehrenberg Bishenpur and Jiribum districts) and West Bengal. 1832. Euglena acus Ehrenberg. Abh. preuss. Akad. Wiss .. Remarks: This species is cosmopolitan in Berlin. p. 39. distribution in fresh waters ponds and lakes. Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, However, it is reported for the first time from Imphal, Imphal districts, 16.iiL1993; 7 exs., India. Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Kalinagar, liribum district, 4.iv.1996. Order EUGLENIDA Diagnosis: Body elongate, spindle-shaped, Key to the famllies posterior end pointed, flagellum long, paramylon bodies 8-10 in number, rod-shaped and arranged 1. One flagellum emerging from the vestibulum in two groups in either half of the body; and directed anteriorly, stigma usually present dimensions 60-100 rom 9-14 rom ...... Pamily EUGLENIDAE Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, -1\vo flagella emerging from the vestibulum, Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Andhra one directed anteriorly and the other usually Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal; in freshwater posteriorly, chromatophore and stigma absent ponds and lakes ...... Family ANISONEMIDAE Remarks : This species is recorded for the first time from Manipur. Family EUGLENIDAE Key to the genera 7. Euglena oxyuris Schmadra 1931. Euglena oxyuris Schmadra : Lammermann. 1. Body naked, chromatophores discoid, fusiform Euglenina~. p.130. or band-shaped ...... 2 Material examined: 8 exs., Kangla lake, - Body covered with lorica, chromatophores Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iiLI993; 5 exs., Loktak either two curved plates or numerous discs lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iiLI993 ...... Genus Trachelomonas Diagnosis: Body cylindrical, long, somewhat 2. Body spindle - shaped, chromatophores of flattened, almost always twisted, with clear spike various shapes as in 1, pyrenoid present like projection at the posterior end; flagellum ...... Genus Euglena short, two oval ring-shaped paramylon bodies, one on either side of the nucleus; dimensions - Body highly flattened, chromatophores discoid 200-270 rom 30-35 rom. and green and without pyrenoid ...... Genus Phacus Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Bishenpur districts), Andhra Pradesh and West Genus Euglena Ehrenberg Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes. 1966. Euglena Ehrenberg: Kudo, Protozoology. Charles Remarks : This species constitutes first record C. Thomas, p. 351. from Manipur. Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus. Genus Phacus Dujardin Key to the species 1966. Phaclls Dujardin: Kudo, Prolo:.oology. Charles C. 1. Body spindle-shaped, flagellum long, Thomas. !>. 355. paramylon bodies rod-shaped, 8-10 in number Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus...... E. aCllS Key to the species - Body cylindrical, flagellum short, parmylon bodies irregular ...... E. oxyuris I. A prominent ridge present on the convex side 8 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
of the body extending up to posterior end Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus...... P. pleuronectes Key to the species - Convex side of the body without any ridge, caudal projection short, acuminate, flagellum I. Lorica oval, with numerous minute spines as long as body ...... P. aculninata ...... T. hispida - Lorica vasiform, smooth, with spines 8. Phacus acuminata Stokes ...... T. urceolata 1885. Phacus acuminata Stokes: Lammermann, 1910. In : Krypt. Flora der Mark Brandenburg., 3, p. 512. 10. Trachelomonas hispida (Pherty)
Material examined: 2 exs., Loktak lake, 1925. Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein: Skvortzov, New Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Phytol. p. 300. Jiribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996. Material examined: 10 exs., Kangla lake, Diagnosis: BOdy nearly circular in outline Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 10 exs., longitudinally striated with a short caudal Loktak lake, B ishenpur district, 17. iii. 1993 ; 4 projection; and flagellum as long as the body; exs., Churachandpur, Chur~chandpur distnicts, paramy)on body single and small; dimensions 2 1. iii. 1993. 40-50 mm 20-25 mm. Diagnosis: Shell brown, oval with rounded Distribution: India: Manipur (Bishenpur and ends; covered with district sharp pointed spines, Jiribum districts), Andhra Pradesh and West aperture for flagella wide, not covered with spine. Bengal; common in freshwater ponds and lakes. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Remarks: This species is reported for the first Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), and West time from Manipur. Bengal; in freshwater among plankton samples. 9. Phacus pleuronectes (Muller) Remarks : This species constitutes first report from Manipur. 1773. Cercaria pleuronectes Muller, Verminum hist., p. 36. 1966. Phacus pleuronectes (MulJer) Kudo, Protozoology, 11. Trachelomonas urceolata Stokes Charles C. Thomas, p. 355. 1888. Trachelomonas urceolata Stokes, J. Trenton nat. Material .exalnined: 5 exs., Kangla lake, Hist. Soc., 1, p. 71. Imphal, Imphal district, 16. iiL1993; 2 1966. Trachelomonas urceolata Stokes: Kudo, exs.,Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. Protozoology, p. 357. Diagnosis: Body shape more or less as above, Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, a prominent ridge on the convex side, extending Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 3 exs., to posterior end, body longitudinally striated, Kalinagar, Jiribum, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. caudal projection short and slightly curved, Diagnosis: Lorica vasiform, smooth with a paramylon body single, circular and located near short neck, small, about 45 rom long. the centre; dimensions 70-80 rom 40-60 rom. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Jiribum districts); in freshwater Jiribum districts), Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes. Remarks : This species is reported for the first time from India. Remarks : This species is reported for the first time from Manipur. Family ANISONEMIDAE Genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg Genus Entosiphon Stein
1966. Trachelomonas Ehrenberg: Kudo, Protozoology. 1966. Entosiphon Stein: Kudo, Protozoology,' Charles C. Charles C. Thomas, p. 357. Thomas, p. 364. DAS et al. : Protozoa 9
Diagnosis: Oval, flattened, more or less rigid Key to the species body, cytostome not visible, oral rods absent, cytopharynx a long conicle tubule almost reaching I. Outline and general surface fairly smooth, with posterior end, flagella two, of which one free several dorsal folds extending far anteriorly flagellum and the second trailing flagellum...... T. striata - Surface of stationary amoebae moderately to 12. Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin) highly wrinkled, sometimes with fine surface 1841. AlZisonema sulcarum DUjardin. Histoire naturelle wrinkles extending up to three-quarters of des Zoophytes, Paris. body length anteriosly from more or less 1966. Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin): Kudo, wrinkled posterior knob ...... T. terricola Protozoology, Charles C. Thomas, p. 364. Material examined: 8 exs., Kangla lake, 13. Thecamoeba strillta (Penard) Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 5 exs., Loktak 1890. Amoeba striata Penard. Mem. Soc. Phys. Genive. 31, lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 5exs., p. 127. Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, Material exalnined: 3 exs., Sai Complex. 21.iii.1993. Imphal, Imphal district, 18.iii.1993; 2 exs., Diagnosis: Body ridged longitudinally, Kalinagar, liribum district, 4.iv.1996. posterior end rounded, 15-20 mm long, vesti bulum prominent. Diagnosis: Outline oval; with several parallel dorsal folds extending far anteriorly; nucleus round Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, with fragmented endosomes. Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Rajasthan and West Bengal; in freshwater among Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal and plankton samples. liribum districts) and West Bengal; in moss and freshwater. Remarks : This species constitutes first record from Manipur. Renlarks : This species is reported for the first time from Manipur. Subphylum SARCODINA 14. Thecamoeba terricola (Greet) Class LOBOSEA Order AMOEBIDA 1976. Thecamoeba terricola (<;:ireef. 1866): Page, An illustrated key to freshwater and soil amot'bat. Family THECAMOEBIDAE Freshwater bioI. assoc. Scientific Publication No. Diagnosis: Body fairly symmetrical, oval, 34. p. 92 oblong, elliptical, discoid, flabellate or Material examined: 3 exs., liribum district. semicircular with longitudinal or irregular fold 3.iv.1996; 2 exs., Telipathi viII., Imphal. Imphal and with rolling movement. district, 5. iv.1996. Genus Thecamoeba Fromental Diagnosis: With wrinkles around periphery during locomotion and sometimes with fine 1976. Thecamoeba Fromental : Page. An illustrated key to freshwater and soil amoebae, Freshwater bioi. assoc., surface wrinkles extending up to three-quarters Scientific Publication No. 34. p. 87. of body length anteriorly from wrinkled posterior knob; nucleus ellipsoid or spheroid with Diagnosis: Body flattened, ovoid or oblong, endosomal pieces of varied sizes arranged in pellicle-like surface with conspicuous folds or layer beneath the nuclear membrane. wrinkles, hyaloplasm usually a crescent at anterior end with thick extensions towards posterior end Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal ~ltld along sides, no discrete pseudopodia or branching Jiribum districts) and Himachal Pradesh; in soil expect in one species, normally uninucleate. and moss. 10 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Remarks : This species constitutes first record Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, from Manipur. ImphaJ, Imphal district, 16. iii. 1993; 2 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17. iii. 1993; 2 exs., Order ARCELLINIDA Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 4.iv.1996. Key to the families Diagnosis: Test smooth, flattened, plano convex in lateral and circular in front view, height 1. Test membranous and rigid, having a disitnct of dome about one-third to one-fourth of the oral aperture ...... Family ARCELLIDAE diameter of the test, aperture large and circular. - Test with minerals and organic particles and Distribution: India: Manipur (lmpbal, with a oral aperture ...... 2 B ishenpur, Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), 2. Test with plates or scales secreted by Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, cytoplasm, sometimes with foreign particles Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West ...... Family NEBELIDAE Bengal; common in freshwater ponds and lakes - Test with foreign particles and without any in bottom ooze, also in moss. plate or scale as above ...... 3 Remarks : This species is reported for the first 3. Symmetry of the test dorsoventral, oral aperture time from Manipur. at one side of test (eccentric) or ventral ...... Family CENTROPYXIDAE 16. Arcella hemispherica Perty - Test having axial symmetry, oral aperture at 1852. Arcella hemispherica PeTty, Zur Kenntnis extremity of the test (terminal) ...... Lebensformen, Bern, p. 9...... Family DIFFLUGIIDAE Material examined: 2 exs., KangJa lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iiLI993; 2 exs., Loktak Family ARCELLIDAE lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. Genus Arcella Ehrenberg Diagnosis: Test distinctly hemispherical in lateral and circular in front view; surface with 1832. Ancella Ehrenberg, Abh. Preuss. Acad. Wiss" Berlin, more or less fine 'areoles'; mouth without or p.40. with short buccal tobe Diagnosis: Test membranous, rigid, with hexagonal markings, brown or yellow in colour, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and encrusted with chitinous particles; aperture central, Bishenpur districts) Andhra, Orissa and West -circular and inverted like a funnel. Bengal; in freshwater amongst submerged vegetation and bottom ooze. Key to the species Remarks : This species constitutes first record 1. Test spherical, height of the dome about one from Manipur. fourth to one-third its diameter ..... A. discoides 17. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg - Test hemispherical, height of the dome about half its diameter ...... 2 1832. Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p.40. 2. Surface with deep fine 'areoles' ...... A. hemispherica Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla 1ak,? , Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Jiribum - Surface with large 'aeroles' ...... A. vulgaris districts, 3.iv.1996; 2 exs., Kangpokpi, Senapati 15. Arcella disco ides Ehrenberg district, 9. iv.1996.
1843. Arcella disco ides Ehrenberg, Abh. Akad. Wiss" Berlin, Diagnosis : Test hemispherical, evenly convex, p. 139. height of the dome about half its diameter, surface DAS et al. : Protozoa 11 with large 'areoles'; mouth circular, central and deivergent spines in a single and somewhat often without buccal tube. regular row, usual1y resembling a scrap ...... C. aculeata Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal, Jiribum and Senapati districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal - Test furnished with 6-8 spines frequently Pradesh, Nagai and, Sikkim and West Bengal; in curved and distributed irregularJy on dorsal freshwater ponds and lakes amongst bottom ooze side ...... C. spitwsa and submerged vegetation; also in moss. 3. A constriction visible between apertural and Retnarks : This species is reported for the first post-apertural. region of the test, anterior end time from Manipur. resembling a flat lens covering oral aperture ...... C. platysto"1lI Family CENTROPYXIDAE - Constriction between apertural and post-oral Key to the genera region of test lac king ...... 4
I. Oral aperture linear, lunate, superior lip without 4. Test circular or nearly circular in ventral view, pores, test hemispherical ...... usually less than 50 nun in diameter. oral ...... Genus Plagiopyxis aperture slightly invaginated ...... C. n,;nuta - Oral aperture not linear or lunate as above - Test more or less elliptical, oval or discoidal ...... 2 in ventral view ...... 5 2. Oral aperture triangular, test hemispherical 5. Test sma)), usually 50-70 mm in legth, ovoid ...... Genus Trigonopyxis in ventral view, pear-shaped in lateral view, oral aperture semicircular ...... C. aerophiln - Oral aperture rounded or angular, test mostly membranous, with encrusted foreign particles - Test comparatively large, usually more than or covered with sandy material ...... 3 100 nun, discoidal or largely elliptical, mostly irregular in outline. oral aperture circular or 3. Test swollen at posterior part, oral aperture round ...... C. ecorn;s eccentric ...... Genus Centropyxis 18. Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg) - Test regularly arched, oral aperture centrally
located ...... Genus Cyclopyxis 1832. Arcella aCllleata Ehrenberg. Ablr. P~,fSS. AkiJd. Wus. Bcmlin. p.40. Genus Centropyxis Stein 1857. Centropyxis aCllleata (Ehrenberg) Stein, S. Bohn. 1859. Centropyxis Stein, Abh. K. Bohm. Gesellsch. Wiss., Ges. Wiss., Prague, S (10), p.41. 10, p. 43. Material examined: 8 exs.. Kangla lake, 1929. Centropyxis Stein: Deflandre, Arch. Protistenkd., 67. p. 322. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 5 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iiL1993; 2 exs. Diagnosis: Test dorsoventrally flattened, Churachandpur, Churachandpur districts, spheroidal at posterior portion and tapering 21. iii. 1993. toward's apertural region, oral aperture eccentric, typically invaginated without a raised rim Diagnosis: Test compressed, cap-shaped. fundus of test obtusely rounded and furnished Key to the species usually with 4-6 divergent spines at the border, arranged in a single and somewhat regular row; 1. Test furnished with variable number of spines spines usually resembling scrap; test brownish • ...... 2 frequently encrusted with quartz crystals and - Test without spines ...... 3 sometimes with admixture of diatomes and sand 2. Test provided with a few (usually 4-6) particles. 12 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, 20. Centropyxis ecornis (Ehrenberg) Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Andhra 1843. Arcilla ecomis Ehrenberg, Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bertin. p. 3"68. Meghalaya, Mizoram, N agaland, Orissa, 1879. Centropyxis ecomis Leidy. Freshwater Rhll.opods of Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal; in North America, pI. 30, figs. 20-24. freshwater tanks and lakes amongst vegetation 1929. Centropyxis ecornis Leidy: Deflandre, Arch. and also in moss. Protistenkd., 67, p. 359. Remarks: This species has been reported from Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, Manipur by chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Imphal, Imphal district, 16. iii. 1993; 5 exs., Loktak moss biotopes. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., 19. Centropyxis aerophila Deflandre Nungba, Tamenglong district, 25.iii.1993; 2 exs., Chandel, Chandel district, 27.iii.1993; 2 exs., 1929. Centropyxis aerophila Detlandre, Arch. Protistenkd., Jiribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996; 3 exs., 67, p. 330. Senapati,. Senapati district, 8.iv.1996. Material examined: 4 exs., SAl Complex, Diagnosis: Test comparatively large, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., sometimes more than 200 rom in length in aquatic Moirang, B ishanpur district, 17 .iiL1993; habitats and usually little more than 100 rom in Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, dry moss, discoidal or largely elliptical in shape, 21.iiL1993; 2 exs., Nungba, Tamenglong district, most irregular in outline, without any spine and 25 .iiL1993; 2 exs., Chandel, Chandel district, covered with quartz sand grains; aperture usually 27.iii.1993; 3 exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, circular, sometimes irregularly lobed and not much 4.iv.1996; 2 exs., Kangpokpi, Senapati district, excentric. 9.iv.1996. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Diagnosis : Test small, usually 60-70 rom in Bishenpur, Tamenglong, Chandel, liribum and length, 'panse' (belly) spheroidal in dorsal view Senapati districts) Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal and strongly flattered towards oral aperture; in Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, ventral view test oval, 'panse' circular or slightly Uttaranchal and West Bengal; in freshwater and elliptical converging towards the aperture; aperture moss. mostly semi-circular and frequently straight at the margin of 'panse'; in lateral view 'panse' Remarks: Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) much bulged, abruptly sloping near aperture; reported this species from Manipur from wall apertural part very much transparent; test moss. chitinous, finely punctate and rough, bearing 21. Centropyxis minuta Deflandre foreign particles, and usually vegetable fragments and transparent crystals. 1929. Celltropyxis minuta Deflandre, Arch. Protistenkd., 67, p. 349. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Bishenpur, Churachandpur, Chandel, Tamenglong, Material examined: 5 exs., Tamenglong, Jiribum and Senapati districts), Arunachal Tamenglong district, 24.iiL1993; 2 exs., Chandel, Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Chandel district, 27.iiL1993, 8 exs., Kalinagar, Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Jiribum district, 3:iv.1996; 2 exs., Telipathi vill., Tripura, Uttaranchal and West Bengal; common Imphal, Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. in moss and Sphagnum. Diagnosis: Test small, usually less than 50 Remarks: This species has been reported from rom in diameter, circular in ventral view and Manipur by chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from spherical in lateral view; oral aperture eccentric wall moss. and circular. DAS et ai. : Protozoa 13
Distribution·: India: Manipur (Imphal, district, 25.iii.1993; 2 exs., liribum, liribum Tamenglong, Chandel and Jiribum districts), district, 3.iv.1996; 2 exs., Kongpokpi, Senapati Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & district, 9.iv.1996. Kashmir, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Diagnosis: Test more or less circular and Tripura, Uttaranchal and West Bengal. considerably flat; oral aperture eccentric and Remarks: This species has been reported from irregularly circular with invaginated borders; test Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from provided with 6-8 spines frequently curved and rock moss. distributed irregularly on the dorsal side; test chitinous with few quartz crystals or diatom 22. Centropyxis platystolJUl (Penard) fistules.
1890. Difflugia platystoma Penard. Mem. Soc. Phy. et. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal. Hist. Nat. de Geneva. Bishenpur, Tamenglong, liribum and Senapati), 1929. Centropysix platystoma (Penard) Deflandre. Arch. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Protistellkd., 67, p. 338. Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal. Material examined: 2 exs., Nungba, Remarks : This species is recorded for the first Tamenglong district, 25.iii.1993; 2 exs., Chandel, time from Manipur. ChandeI district, 27.iii.1993; 4 exs., Kalinagar, Genus Cyclopyxis Deflandre Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. 1929. Cenlropyxis (CyclopysixJ Deflandre. Arch. Diagnosis : Test elongated, elliptical in ventral Prolislenkd., 67, pp. 330 & 367. view, prolonged to anterior end resembling a flat lens covering oral aperture; a constriction most Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus. often visible between 'sleeve' of the test and oral 24. Cyclopyxis arcelloides (Penard) aperture; in lateral view posterior part of the test strongly convex and anterior part more or less 1902. Cenlropyxis arcelloides Penard. Fallne Rlriz.. du bass flat; oral aperture circular and semicircular, test du Leman, p. 309. chitinous covered with silicious and quartz 1929. Centropyxis (Cyciopysi.t) arcelloides Deflandre. Atria. particles and, occasionally small pebbles. Prolislenkd., 67, p. 367. Distribution: India: Manipur (Tamenglong, Material examined: 4 exs., Moirang, Chandel and Jiribum districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 5 exs., liribum. Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, liribum district, 3.iv.1996; 4 exs., Telipathi viII. Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura and Uttaranchal; Imphal district, 5.iv.1996; 2 exs., Senapati. in moss. Senapati district, 8.iv.1996.
Remark~: This species is reported from Diagnosis: Test circular in ventral view and Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from hemispherical in lateral view. brown. chitinous, wall moss. covered with small, flat siliceous scale like structures; oral aperture centrally located. circular 23. Centropyxis spinosa (Cash and Hopkinson) in shape, faintly invaginated, about half the 1905. Centropyxis aClileata var. spinosa Cash and diameter of that in width. Hopkinson. The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Heliozoa, 1, p. 195. Bishenpur, liribum and Senapati districts). 1929. Centropyxis spinosa (Cash and Hopkinson) Deflandre, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya. Sikkim and Arch. Protistenkd., 67, p. 353. Tripura; in moss. Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, Genus Plagiopyxis Penard Imphal, 16.iiL1993; 5 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 3exs., Nungba, Tamenglong 1910. Plag;opyx;s Penard. R~v. Suisse Zoot. 18. p. 936. 14 State Fauna Series 10: Fquna of Manipur
Diagnosis : Test hemispherical in drosal view Diagnosis: Test gray or yellow, circular in and ovoid in side view, oral aperture linear, lunate, ventral view and hemispherical in lateral view; superior lip without pores. inferior lip projecting inside the test as an elongation of ventral side; diameter 54.7 rom Key to the species 56.3 mm; ventral side of the test smooth covered 1. Test small below 50 rom in diameter, clear and with flat xenosomes and dorsal side covered with transparent, aperture short ...... P. minuta rough xenosomes. - Test large, above 50 rom in diameter, gray Distribution: India: Manipur (ImphaJ, yellow or brown in colour ...... 2 Churachandpur and liribum districts), Arunachal 2. Test 9()"100 rom in diameter, circular or largely Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim oval in ventral view and hemispherical in and Uttaranchal; in moss. lateral view ...... P. callida Remarks: This species is reported from - Test about 55 nun in diameter circular in Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from ventral view and hemispherical in lateral view nock mosses...... P. declives 27. PlIlgiopyxis minuta Bonnet Penard 25. PlIlgiopyxis callUla 1959. Plagiopyxis minuta Bonnet, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. de 1910. Plagiopyxis callida Penard, Rev. Suisse Zool., 18, p. Toulouse, 94, p. 177. 936. Material examined: Seve exs., Chandel, Material examined: 4 exs., Tamenglong, Chandel district, 27.iii.1993; 5 exs., Jiribum, Tamenlong district, 24.iiL1993; 4 exs., Kangpokpi, liribum district, 3.iv.1996; 4 exs., Senapati, Senapati district, 9.iv .1996; 2 exs., Kalinagar, Senapati districts, 8.iv.1996. Jiribum district, 4. iv.1996. Diagnosis : Test clear and transparent, circular Diagnosis: Test gray, yellow or brown in in dorsal view and semi-elliptical in lateral view, colour, circular or largely oval in ventral view diameter 40-45 rom ' 45-48 mm; inferior lip as in and hemispherical in lateral view, diameter of the the preceeding species but relatively of shorter present material 90-100 rom, inferior lip dipping length, covered with relatively large silicious far into the interior of the test and lips overlapping plates especially on ventral side. to such extent that aperture very difficult to observe. Distribution: India: Manipur (Chandel, Jiribum and Senapati districts) and Arunachal Distribution: India: Manipur (Tamenglong, Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim Senapati and liribum districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Uttaranchal and Remarks: This species is reported by West Bengal; in soil and moss. Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from rock mosses. Remarks: This species has been reported from Genus Trigonopyxis Penard Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from rock and wall mosses. 1879. Di.fJlllgia Leidy, Freshwater Rhizopods of North America, p. 116. 26. Plagiopyxis declivis Bonnet and Thomas 1912. Trigonopyxis Penard, Rev. Suisse de zool., 20 (I) pp. 9 & 13. 1955. Plagiopyxis declivis Bonnet and Thomas, Bull. Soc. Diagnosis : Test hemispherical, oral aperture Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 90, p. 420. central and triangular, occasionally irregular. Material examined: 5 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 2 1. iii. 1993; 3 exs., 28. Trigonopyxis arcula (Leidy) liribum, liribum district, 3.iv.1996; seve exs., 1879. Difflugia arcula Leidy, Freshwater Rhizopods of Telipathi viII., Imphal, Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. North America, p. 116. DAS et ale : Protozoa 15
1912. Tr;gonopyxis arcul.a Panar~ Rev. Suisse de Zoot., 20 5. Test terminated by one or two 'hom' like (I), pp. 9 & 13. extension ...... 6 Material examined: 10 exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996; 6 exs., Telipathi vill., Imphal, - Test not terminated by any spinous structure Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. or hom ...... 7 Diagnosis : Test brownish, hemispherical, oral 6. Pointed extension of the base usually straight, aperture central, invaginated, triangular but quartz crystals of the test big and some of sometimes irregular, surrounded by a small ring them projecting out of margin of the test .... of organic cement...... D. acuminata Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum and - Pointed extension of the base curved and test Imphal districts), Sikkim and West Bengal; in more or less transparent ...... D. curvicaulis freshwater and mosses. 7. Oral aperture quadrilobed in the form of a Remarks : This species is reported for the first cross, but very often trilobed .. D. lobostoma time from Manipur. - Oral aperture circular and without any lobe . Family DIFFLUGIIDAE ...... 8 Genus Difflugia Leclerc 8. Test typically pyriform with smooth margins and small angular quartz crystals ...... 1815. Difflugia (Partim) Leclerc, Mem. du Mus. 2, p. 474. pyriformis 1958. Difflugia Gauthier-Lievre and Thomas. Arch...... D. Protistenkd., 103, p. 241. - Test characteristically oblong with smooth Diagnosis: Test having axial symmetry, shape margins and big angular quartz crystals ...... of test varying from globular to elongate, pyriform ...... D. oblonga or acuminate, aperture at the extremity of the 29. Difflugill acuminata Ehrenberg test. Key to the species 1838. DijJlugia acum;nata Ehrenberg. Infuj;onsth;~rcMn etc., p. 131. 1. Test with collar ...... 2 Material examined: 5 exs., Kangla lake, lmphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; exs., Loktak - Test without collar 0 ••••• 0 •• 0 •••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 4 lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iv.1993; 4exs., 2. Test spherical with protruberances of feeble Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, amplitude, pseudostome usually 3-lobed, 2 1. iii. 1993; 2 exs., liribum, liribum district, occasionally 4-lobed ...... D. muriformis 3.iv.1996. - Test without bearing any protruberances .... 3 Diagnosis: Test cylindrical, without any collar 3. Margin of the collar around pseudostome and with pointed 'hom' -like extension at the recurved or rolled towards exterior, test base; hom straight and differentiated from the spherical or ovoido-spherical .... D. urceolala base; quartz crystals of test big, some of them projecting out of the margin of the test giving an - Margin of the collar never recurved towards irregular appearence of test margins. exterior or interior ...... 4 Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, 4. Oral aperture circular without any lobe or Bishenpur, Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), crenulation, test spherical to subglobose ...... Andhra and West Bengal; in bottom ooze of ...... D. lithophila freshwater ponds and lakes. - Oral aperture crenulated, crenulations varying Remarks: This species constitutes first report from 10-12 in number ...... D. corona from Manipur. 16 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
30. Difflugio corona Wallich 32. Difflugia lithophiltl (Penard)
1864. DijJlugia corolla Wallich, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (3) 1902. Difflugia hydrostatica var. lithophila Penard. Fauna Rhizopodique du bassin Leman, Geneve, p. 274. 13, p. 244. 1958. Difflugia lithophila Gauthier-Lievre and Thomas, Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, Arch. Protistenkd, 103, p. 2~6. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17. iiL1993; 3 exs., Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Loktak 21. iii. 1993; 5 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum district, lake, B ishenpur district, 17. ii i .1993; 4 ex., Jiribum, 3. iv. 1996. Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996. Diagnosis : Test more or less spherical, slightly Diagnosis : Test ovoid-globular or subglobose narrow near oral aperture but widened at the base drawn out to the aperture in the form of a short with the presence of 5-10 spines; surfaces of test collar, aperture circular without any lobe or spines smooth formed by quartz crystals; oral crenulation, test covered with well arranged stony aperture wide, about half the diameter of the test, particles. crenulated; crenulations varying from 8 to 12, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, sometimes more. Bishenpur and Jiribum districts), Arunachal Distribution: India: Manipur (Imp hal , ~radesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bishenpur, Churachandpur and Jiribum districts) Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes amongst and West Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes bottom ooze. amongst vegetation and bottom ooze. Remarks : This species constitutes first record Remarks: This species is reported for the frrst from Manipur time from Manipur. 33. DifJlugia lobostoma Leidy 31. Difflugia curvicaulis Penard 1879. DijJlugia lobostoma Leidy, Freshwater Rhi1.opods of 1899. DijJlugia curvicaulis Penard, Rev. Suisse Zool .. 7 North America, p. 112. (1), p. 36. Material examined: 6 exs., Kangla lake, Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 5 exs., lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 4 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 21.iii.1993; 4 exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 21.iii.1993. 4.iv.1996. Diagnosis : Shape and texture of the test similar Diagnosis : Test ovoidal, oral aperture usually to those of D. acuminata dealt with earlier, but quadrilobed in the form of a cross and sometimes 'hom' not exactly terminal as in acuminata; one trilobed, not enclosed by collar, test covered with side of the 'hom' convex and in continuity of the angular quartz particles. curvature of one side of the flank, while other side concave; test transparent, having very few Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, crystals; pseudostome circular. Bishenpur, Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts) and West Meghalaya, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Tripura and Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes in bottom West Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes ooze. amongst vegetation and bott~m ooze. Remarks : This species is reported Jor the first Remarks : This species is reported for the fast time from Manipur. time from Manipur. DAS et ale : Protozoa 17
34. Difflugia muriformis Gauthier-Lievre and Diagnosis: Test pyriform or flask-shaped, Thomas small angular quartz crystals and mud particles encrusted on the chitinous membrane of the test; 1958. Difflugia murifomJis Gauthier-Lievre and Thomas. Arch. Protistenkd., 103. p. 271. oral aperture circular. Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal and Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 5 exs., Loktak Bishenpur districts), Rajasthan and West Bengal; lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. in freshwater tanks and lakes amongst bottom ooze. Diagnosis : Test spherical with a short collar around oral aperture, oral aperture usually trilobed, Remarks: This species is reponed for the first sometimes 4-5 lobed, test covered with disc time from Manipur. shaped protruberances of feeble amplitude, test with a brownish or yellowish tinge. 37. Difflugia urceolata Caner Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and 1864. Difflugia urceolata Carter. Ann. Mag. nal. Hist. (3) Bishenpur districts) and West Bengal; in 13. p. 27, 37. freshwater ponds and lakes amongst bottom ooze. Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Remarks: This is the second record of this Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 5 exs., Loktak species from India. Its first report was made by lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. Das et ale (1993) from freshwater ponds of West Diagnosis: Test spherical or ovoido-spherical, Bengal. oral aperture circular, margin of the collar around 35. Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg oral aperture recurved or rolled towards exterior; test composed of angular quartz crystals and also 1838. Difflugia oblong a Ehrenberg, In!usiollsthierchen, etc., p. 131. diatomes, quartz crystals on the rim smaller than those of the spherical part of the test. Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 5 exs., Loktak Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Bishenpur districts), and West Bengal; in Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, freshwater amongst vegetation and bottom ooze. 21.iii.1993. Remarks: This species constitutes first report Diagnosis : Test typically oblong with rounded from Manipur. base and composed of big angular quartz crystals; oral aperture circular. Family NEBELIDAE Distribution: India: Manipur (ImphaJ Key to the genera Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Andhra and West Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes I. Test semi spiral in appearance with curved or amongst vegetation and bottom ooze. vermiform pellets (or with sand grains in Remarks: This species is recorded for the first single species) ...... Genus LesquereusUJ time from Manipur. - Test not spiral nor with any pellete as above 36. Difflugia pyriformis Perty ...... 2
1848. DijJlugia pyrijomJis Perty. Mitthail. Naturf. Gessel/s, 2. Test variously coloured, with a little foreign Bern. p. 168. material at the fundus. an elliptic notch visible near oral aperture in narrow lateral view ..... Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, ...... Genus Heliopera Imphal, Imphal district, 16. iii. 1993 ; 5 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. - Test usually transparent, compressed, without 18 State Fauna'Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
any foreign material and with round, oval or down to mouth; mouth circular, contracted, its irregular plates, oral aperture without any notch margin plain sharply defined. as above ...... Genus Nebelll Distribution: Manipur (Bishenpur and liribum districts), Andhra, Meghalaya and West Bengal; Genus Heliopera Leidy in freshwater amongst bottom ooze. 1879. Heliopera Leidy, Freshwater Rhizopods of North Remarks : This species constitutes first record Aem rica, p. 162. from Manipur. Diagnosis : As in the key to the genus Genus Nebela Leidy 38. Heleopera rosea Penard 1874. Nebela Leidy, Proc. Acad. Phi/ad., p. 156. 1890. Heleopera rosea Pe nard , Mem. Soc. Phys. et. Hist. Diagnosis : Test usually transparent, more or Nat. Geneve, 31, p. 166. less compressed, ovate, pyriform or elongate in Material examined: 2 exs., Tamenglong, broad view, composed of chitinous circular or Tamenglong district, 24.iv.1993; 5 exs., Kalinagar, oval platelets of uniform or variable sizes. Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996; 2 exs., Kangpokpi, 40. Nebela tincta (Leidy) Senapati district, 9.iv.1996. Diagnosis : Test ovoid-elongate, compressed, 1879. Heliopera tincta Leidy, Freshwater Rhizopods of North America, p. 138. vinous or rose coloured, comers of oral aperture obtusel y angular. 1906. Nebela tincta (Leidy): Awerintzew, St. Petersburg Trav. Soc. Nat. 36 (2). Distribution: India: Manipur (Tamenglong, Material examined: 4 exs., Kalinagar, liribum Jiribum and Senapati districts), Arunachal Pradesh, district, 4.iv.1996; Telipathi viII., Imphal district, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim; in moss 5.iv.1996. and Sphagnum Diagnosis: Test pear-shaped or slightly Remarks : This species is reported for the first pyriform, compressed, transparent, with a small time from Manipur. neck and oval aperture; test composed of Genus Lesquereusill Scblumberger polygonal, round, oval or irregular small platelets of mixed sizes; two lateral pores present. 1845. Lesquereusia Schlumberger, Ann. Sci. nat. zool. (3) 3, p. 255. Distribution: India: Manipur : ImphaJ and Jiribum districts, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim Diagnosis: Test compressed, semi spiral in in moss. appearance, with interlacing curved or vemiform pellets; test with sand grains in single species. Remarks : This species is recorded for the first time from Manipur and constitutes second report 39. Lesqueriusia spiralis (Ehrenberg) from India, the first one being made by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Arunachal 1840. Difflugia spiralis Ehrenberg, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 199. Pradesh and Sikkim.
Material examined: 4 exs., Loktak lake, Family ? Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum districts, 3.iv. 1996. Genus Phryganella Penard Diagnosis: Test transparent, semispiral and 1902. Phryganella Penard, Fauna Rhizopodique du basin composed of closely arranged vermiform pellets, du Leman Kundig, Geneve., p. 423. neck below the constriction with a slight elevation Diagnosis: Test hemispherical, spheroidal from which outline continued in a straight line and ovoid, with sand grains, minute diatom shells DAS et al. : Protozoa 19 or other foreign elements, aperture terminal, pseudopodia filiform, often branching, sometimes pseudopods sharply pointed and radiating. anastomosing. Remarks : This genus has been placed under Key to the genera the suborder Reticulolobosa by Deflandre (1959) mainly based on the shape and nature of 1. Aperture terminal ...... 2 pseudopodia without assigning any family for - Aperture subterminal ...... 4 this genus. This classification is followed in the 2. Test hyaline, aperture not !:>ordered by any present work. membrane ...... 3 41. Phryganella acropodia (Hertwig and Lesser) - Test colourless or brown, aperture bordered by an irregularly denticulated membrane ...... 1874. Difflugia acropodia Hertwig and Lesser. Arch. micr. Anal. 10, p. 107...... Genus AssuUna 1902. Phryganella hemispherica Penard. Fallna 3. Test with distnict hyaline collar, denticulate or Rhizopodique du bassin du Leman, KlIndig, Geneve. lacinate, aperture bordered by a dentate neck p. 421. without scale ...... Genus Tracheleuglypha 1960. Phryganella acropodia Bonnet and Thomas, Faune lerrestre et d'eall douce, 5, p. 43. - Test without any collar, aperture bordered by regularly arranged serrated or denticulated Material examined: 5 exs., Churachandpur, scale ...... Genus Euglypha Churachandpur district, 21.iii.1993; 4 exs., liribum, liribum district, 3.iv.1996; 5 exs., 4. Test ovoid formed of circular imbricated Telipathi viII., Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. silicious scales, aperture circular, oblique, invagianted ...... Genus Trinema Diagnosis: Test hemispherical and subhemispherical in lateral view and circular in - Test ovoid or circular, formed of non apertural view, yellowish or brownish, covered imbricated oval plates, aperture subcircular or with amorphous scales, and also with sand grains, oval, oblique ...... Genus Corythion oral aperture large without any invagination, Genus AssuUna Enhrenberg sometimes bordered with larger grains. 1871 (1872). Assulina (partim) Ehrenberg. Abh. Akad B~rlin. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, p.224. Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), Arunachal, Sikkim and West Bengal; in moss and also in Diagnosis : Test brown or colourless, ovoid, bottom ooze of freshwater ponds~ glabrous, compressed, composed of elliptical, imbricated, siliceous scales arranged more or less Remarks: This species has been collected regularly in diagonal rows; aperture oval, terminal. mostly from moss biotes in India (Penard, 1907, truncate or with a short neck, bordered by a thin Das, et al., 2000, and Chattopadhyay and Das, chitinous finely dentate membrane. 2(03). However, this species was collected from amongst bottom ooze of freshwater bodies of Key to the species West Bengal under the name Phryganella hemispherica (Das et al., 1993). 1. Test moderately large, 60-100 mm in length ...... A. se",i!u"'l'" Class FILOSEA - Test small, 20-50 rom in length ...... Order GROMIIDA ...... A. ,,,,,scor,,,,, Family EUGLYPHIDAE 42. Assulina mllscorllm Greef
Diagnosis: Test composed of siliceous scales 1888. Assulina ml(scorllm Greer in Sill.bt'r Grs. nal. or plates cemented togeth(.,f; body hyaline, Marburg, pp. 117-118. 20 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
1915. Assulina muscorum Greef: Cash, Wailes and Diagnosis: Test small, ovoid or subcircul~, Hopkinson, British Freshwater Rhizopoda and hyaline, compressed, formed of non-imbricated Heliozoa, 3, p. 55. oval, siliceous plates, aperture subterminal, ventral Material examined: 10 exs., Moirang, or oblique, circular or oval. B ishenpur district, 17 .iii. 1993 ; 6 exs., J iribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996; Telipathi viII., Imphal, 44. Corythion dubium Taranek Imphal district, S.iv.1996. 1881. Corythion dubium Taranek in Sitzb. bohm. Ges. Diagnosis: Test small, colourless, oviform, Wiss., p. 232. compressed and truncate anteriorly at aperture, 1915. CorythiolJ dubium Taranek: Cash, wailes and composed of imbricated oval scales, usually Hopkinson, British Freshwater Rhizopoda and arranged in alternating diagonal rows, sometimes Heliozoa, 3, p. 96. irregularly; aperture bordered by a thin chitinous Material examined: 4 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum membrane with undulate or irregularly denticulate district, 3.iv.1996; Telipathi viII., Imphal, Imphal margin. district, S.iv.1996. Distribution: Manipur (Imphal, Bishenpur and Diagnosis: Test ovoid, compressed Jiribum districts), Sikkim and Tripura; in mosses. unsymmetrically, aperture circular or oval, ventral, Remarks : This species is reported for the first subterminal and oblique. time from Manipur. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and 43. Assulina semilunum· (Ehrenberg) Jiribum districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura 1848. Difflugia semilumum Ehrenberg, Ber. Akad. Berlin, and West Bengal; in moss. p.379. 1879. Assulina semilunum (partim) Leidy, Freshwater Remarks: This species is reported from Rhizopods of North America, p. 225. Manipur from Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from wall moss. Material examined: 7 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 21. iii. 1993; 8 exs., Genus Euglypha Dujardin Jiribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996. 1841. Euglypha DUjardin, Zooph. Infus., p. 251. Diagnosis: Test usually yellowish to dark 1962. Euglypha Dec1oitre, Arch. Protistenkd., 106, p. 31. brown, occasionally colourless,. pyriform or ovoid in broad view, compressed, composed of Diagnosis : Test hyaline, ovoid or elongated, imbricated, oval or elliptical siliceus scales, circular or elliptical in transverse section, formed aperture terminal, oval, surrounded by a thin of circular or oval or scutiform silicious scales, chitinous membrane with irregularly dentate or arranged in alternate longitudinal rows regularly, undentate margin. imbricated; aperture terminal bordered by serrated or denticulated scales. Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), Nagaland and Sikkim; in Key to the species Sphagum and in moss growing near water bodies. 1. Aperture bordered with one or two rows of Remarks : This species is reported for the first dentate scales ...... 2 time from Manipur. - Apperture bordered by scales terminated with Genus Corythion Taranek a semicircular projection ...... E. rotunda 1881. Corythion Taranek in Sitzb. bohm. Ges. Wiss., p. 232. 2. Scales of the test elliptical, some scales of 1915. Corythion: Cash, Wailes and Hopkinson, British posterior half and at the base of fundus Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa, 3, p. 96. prolonged into 2-7 spines ... E. acanthophora DAS et al. : Protozoa 21
- Scales of the test oval, rarely circular and the Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal test without any spine ...... E. tuberculata Bishenpur, Tamenglong and Jiribum districts), Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, 45. Euglypha acanthophora (Ehrenberg) Jammu & Kashmir, MeghaJaya, Mizoram, 1842. Difflugia acanthophora Ehrenberg. Abh. Acad Berlin, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura Uttaranchal and West 1841 (1842), pp. 413, 414. Bengal; in moss. 1849. Ellglypha acanthophora Perty, Mitth. nat. Ges. Bern., Re1narks : This species has been reported from p.45. Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Material examined: 6 exs., Kangla lake, rock and wall mosses. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak 47. Euglypha tuberculata Dujardin lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iiL1993; 3 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 1841. Euglypha tuberculata Dujardin, Zooph. III/w .. pp. 251-252. 21.iiL1993. 1915. Ellglypha tuberculata : Cash. Hopkinson and Wailes. Diagnosis: Test ovoidal, pseudostome bordered British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa. 3, with one or occasionally two rows of finely p. 13. dentate scales; scales of test elliptical, some scales Material examined: 8 exs., Churachandpur, at the base of the test and at posterior half Churachandpur district 27. iii. 1993; 3 exs., Jiribum, prolonged into spines. Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996; 4 exs., TeJipathe vill., Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Impahl, Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. B ishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Diagnosis: Test elongate-oviform, glabrous Meghalaya, Nagaland and West Bengal; in and not compressed; aperture circular, bordered freshwater bodies amongst vegetation and bottom by one of two rows of 8-12 finely serrated scales; ooze, also in submerged moss. body scales round or oval, imbricated, presenting Remarks: This species is reported for the first a regular hexagonal design. time from Manipur. Distributioll: India: Manipur (lmphal Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), Assam, 46. Euglypha rotunda Wailes and Penard Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & 1911. Ellglypha rotunda Wailes and Penard, Proc. roy. Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Irish Acad., 31, p. 17. Tripura, Uttaranchal and West Bengal; in 1915. Euglypha rotunda Wailes: Cash, Hopkinson and freshwater amongst vegetation and in bottom Wailes, British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa, ooze; also in submerged moss. 3, p. 31. Remarks: This species is reported from Material examined: 6 exs., Moirang, Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 10 exs., rock and wall mosses. Tamenglong, Tamenglong district, 24.iiL1993; 5 Genus Trachelellglypha Deflandre exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996; 4 exs., Telipathi viII., Imphal, Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. 1953. Tracllelellglypha Deflandre. Traiti' de :'00108)' I (1), p. 133. Diagnosis: Test oval and without any spine, Distribution : As in the key, to the genus. width of test about half of its length; aperture circular bordered by 8 scales, possessing one 48. Tracheleuglypha denlala (Vejdowsky) denticulate projection, body scales oval, about 1882. Eliglypha delltata Vcjdowsky. 111ier. Org. 8rl1l11lt'IIW. twice as long as broad, slightly imbricated, Prag., pp. 38-39. imbrication of scales of the test displaying a 1890. Sphenoderia delllata Pc nard. J.lel11. Soc. Gen('\'('. 31 hexagonal and rectangular pattern on the surface. (I). p. 185. 22 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Man;pur
1953. Tracheleuglypha dentata (Vejdowsky) Deflandre, Diagnosis: Test hyaline, ovoid, compressed Traite de zoologie, 1 (2). p. 133. anteriorly, covered with siliceous circular plates. Material examined: 6 exs., Kalinagar, liribum aperture circular, subterminal, oblique and district, 4.iv.1996; Telipathi viII., Imphal district, invaginated, surrounded by very minute scales. S.iv.1996. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Diagnosis: Test oval or pyriform, scales of Bishenpur and Jiribum districts), Andhra Pradesh, the test elliptical, imbricating, often presenting a Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya hexagonal design; aperture bordered by transparent Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal; in freshwater amongst vegetation and bottom. ooze. chitinous dentate °membrane drawn out into finger also in moss. like processes. Relnarks : This species is reported for the first Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and time from Manipur. liribum districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, 50. Trinema lineare Penard Uttaranchal and West Bengal; in moss and in freshwater amongst vegetation. 1890. Trinema lineare Penard, Mem. Soc. Geneve, 31, p. 187. Renlarks: This species is reported from Material examined: Sev. exs., Kangla lake, Manipur by Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; Sev. exs., wall mosses. Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; Sev. Genus Trinema Dujardin exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 21.iii.1993; Sev. exs., Kal in agar, liribum district, 1841. Trinema Dujardin, Zooph. In/us., p. 249. o 4.iv.1996; Sev. exs., Senapati, Senapati district, 1915. Trinema: Cash, Wailes and Hopkinson, British 8.iv.1996. Freshwater Rhizophda and Heliozoa, 3 p. 85. Diagnosis: Test small, hyaline, elongate, Diagnosis: Test small, hyaline unsymmetrical, smooth, composed of small circular plates, oviform or elongate, compressed anteriorly, distinguishable near the edges where they may covered with circular siliceous plates, oral aperture appear as minute undulations, aperture circular, circular, oblique or invaginated. oblique, invaginated. Key to the species Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Bishenpur, Senapati, Churachandpur and liribum 1. Test ovoid, tapering both in broad and narrow districts), Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal views, covered with easily distinguishable Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, circular plates...... T. enchelys Tripura and West Bengal; in moss and Sphagnum - Test elongate, small, usually homogenous in and in freshwater amongst aquatic vegetation. appearance ...... T. lineare Remarks : This spcies has been reported by 49. Trinema enchelys (Ehrenberg) Chattopadhyay and Das (2003) from Manipur from wall and rock mosses. 1838. DifJlugia enchelys Ehrenberg, Infusionshierchen, p. 132. Class HELIOZOA 1878. Trinema enchelys Leidy. Proc. Acad. Phi/ad., p. 172. Order ACTINOPHRYIDA Material exarnined: Sev. exs., Loktak lake, Family ACTINOPHRYIDAE Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; sev. exs., liribum, liribum district, 3.iv.1996; sev. exs., Telepathi Diagnosis: Axopods radiating, cytoplasm vill., Imphal, Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. highly vacuolated, skeletal structure lacking. DAS et al. : Protozoa 23
Genus Actinophrys Ehrenberg Diagnosis: Body barrel-shaped, cuticular Diagnosis: Axopods straight, numerous, axial surface longitudinally and transversely furrowed filaments terminating at surface of nucleus, forming regularly arranged quadrangular mucleus central. ectoplasmic plates; anterior end truncate, surrounded by teeth-like projections; posterior 51. AClinophrys sol Ehrenberg end rounded, often with spinous projections, 1830. Actinophrys sol Ehrenberg, Abh. preuss. Akad., cytostome apical surrounded with slightly longer Berlin, p. 42. cilia. Material exal1lined: 4 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum 52. Coleps hirtus (Muller) district, 3.iv.1996. Diagnosis: Body spherical, ectoplasm 1786. Cercaria hirta O.F. Muller, Havnae et Upsae, p.128. vacuolated, endoplasm granulated and with many 1817. Coleps hirtus (Muller) Nitzch. Neue Schrift. d naIlIrf. small vacuoles. Ges. in Helie, 3, p. 4. Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum district) Material exal1lined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, and West Bengal; in long standing still water Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak amongst vegetation. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Remarks: This species is reported for the first Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, time from Manipur. 21.iii.1993. Diagnosis: Body barrel-shaped, body length Phylum CILIOPHORA twice the body-width, ectoplasmic plates 18-20 Class KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA in number, posterior extremity provided with 3 Order PROSTOMATIDA spinous projections; macronucleus spherical, Key to the families subcentral; contractile vacuole single, located at posterior end of the body. 1. Body barrel-shaped bearing armoured plates in longitudinal rows., ... Family COLEPIDAE Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), - Body neither barrel-shaped nor with armoured Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir. plates as above ...... 2 Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura and West 2. Cytostome apical ...... 3 Bengal; cosmopolitan, in freshwater ponds and - Cytostome at the base of proboscis, located at lakes. considerable distance from anterior end of the Rel1larks : This species is reported for the first body ...... Family TRACHELIIDAE time from Manipur. 3. Body usually flask-shaped and flattened with truncate anterior end, cytostome on apical Family ENCHELYIDAE nonciliated ridge ..... Family SPATHIDIIDAE Genus Lacrymarw Ehrenberg - Body of variable shape, anterior end not truncate, cytostome in many species located at 1830. Lacrymaria Ehrenberg. Abhandl. d. KOlligl. Akad. d. distal end of long flexible neck ...... Wissensch. ZII Berlin, n.d.j; 1830 (1832). p. 42 ...... Family ENCHELYIDAE Diagnosis: Cylindrical. spindle-or f1ask shaped, with a long contractile proboscis. Family COLEPIDAE cytostome round, near cytostome a ring-like Genus Coleps Nitzch constriction with a circle of longer cilia;
1817. Coleps Nitzch, Neue Schrift. d. naturJ. Ges. ill Halle, cytopharynx uiually distinct, contractile vacuole 3, p. 3. terminal. 24 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Key to the species Remarks : This species is reported for the first time from Manipur. 1. Body elongate, neck very long and highly contractile, with well developed oral cone ... Family SPATIDDIIDAE ...... L. olor Genus Spathidium Dujardin - Body more or less cylindrical, with abruptly pointed posterior end, cytoplasm colourless, 1841. Spathidiu.m Dujardin, Histoire NallIrelle des hyaline, without any characteristic granule ... zoophytes Infusoires, Paris, 678 pp...... L. minima 1930. Spalhidium Dujardin : Kahl. Urtiere order Protozoa (in Dahl's TIerwelt Dtsch.), Jena. pt. 18, p. 149. 53. Lacrymaria minima Kahl Diagnosis: Flask or sack-shaped, compressed, 1927. lAcryonaria minima KahI, Arch. Protistenkd., 60, anterior part slightly narrowed into a neck and p. 103. truncate, cytostome slit-like, occupying whole of Material examined: 3 exs., Churachandpur, anterior end, ciliation uniform, contractile vacuole Churachandpur district, 2 1. iii. 1993; 5 exs., posteriorly located. Kalinagar, liribum districts, 4.iv.1996. 55. Spathidium muscicola Kahl Diagnosis: Body cylindrical, slender, with abruptly pointed posterior end; neck small, non 1930. Spathidium muscicola Kahl, Arch. Protistellkd, 70, contractile, cytoplasm colourless, hyaline, p.377. contractile vacuole single, located near posterior Material examined: 2 exs., Churachandpur, end, macronucleus single, oval. Churachandpur district, 21.iii.1993; 2 exs., Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur Tamenglong, Tamenglong district, 24.iiL1993; 4 and Jiribum districts), West Bengal; in freshwater exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4. iv.1996; ponds and lakes. Telipathi viII., Imphal district, 5.iv.1996. Remarks: This species constitutes first report Diagnosis: Body flask-shaped with truncate from Manipur. anterior end; cytoplasm narrow, slit-like, occupying anterior end almost completely; 54. Lacrymaria olor (Muller) macronucleus long, band-shaped, posterior portion 1786. Vibrio alar Muller, Animalc. fluviat et marina, etc., of which recurved. Havnae et Lipsae, p. 75. Distribution : India : Manipur (Imphal, Jiribum, 1832. Lacrymaria olor Ehrenberg, Abh. preuss. Akad. WLSS., Tamenglong and Churachandpur districts), Berlin, p. 105. Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura and West Material exanzined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Bengal. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak Remarks : This species constitutes first report lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. from Manipur. Diagnosis: Body elongate, posterior portion cylindrical with pointed posterior end; neck long, Family TRACHELllDAE highly contractile, oral cone well developed, contractile vacuoles two in number and located in Key to the genera either end of cylindrical body portion; 1. Body elongate, anterior end with very macronucleus with rounded parts united together. conspicuous neck-like prolongation, posterior Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and end sharply pointed or drawn out into a tail- Bishenpur districts), Orissa, Rajasthan and West like process (occasionally cuspidate) ...... Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes...... Genus Dileptus DAS et al. : Protozoa 25
- Body oval to spherical, anterior end with a Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake. short finger-like process, posterior end rounded Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Loktak ...... Gen us Tracheleus lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii,1993.
Genus Dileptus. Dujardin Diagnosis: Body spheroid to ellipsoid, anterior end with finger-like proboscis curved dorsally 1840. DileplUs Dujardin. Histoire nat. des ZoophYles infusoires, p. 235. and posterior end broadly rounded; cytostome located at the end of proboscis, macronucleus Diagnosis: Elongate, snout or neck-like sausage-shaped; contractile vacuole many. prolongation conspicuous, somewhat bent dorsally, cytostome a round opening, surrounded by a ring Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and and situated at the base of the neck; posterior end Bishenpur districts), Rajasthan and West Bengal; of the body drawn out like a tail; body ciliation in freshwater tanks and lakes. uniform; contractile vacuoles two or more. Remarks: This species constitutes first report 56. Dileptus anser (Muller) from Manipur.
1773. Vibro anser O.F. Muller, Animalc. Infusoria fluviat. Order PLEUROSTOMATlDA et. marina, etc., Havnae et lipsae. pp. 73. 74. Family AMPHILEPTIDAE Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iiL1993; 4 exs., Loktak Diagnosis: Body lanceolate and laterally lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 3exs., compressed, slit-like cytostome located at convex Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, ventral border of the anterior pan of the body. 21.iii.1993. Diagnosis: Body elongate with tail-like Genus Loxophyllum Dujardin projection at the anterior end, neck elongated, 1841. Loxophyllum (Parlim) Dujardin. HiSIO;" nat. des contractile and one-half to as long as total length zoophytes infusoines, Paris, p. 467. of the trunk; cytostome funnel-shaped and located Diagnosis: Body contractile and flexible, leaf at the base of the neck; macronuclei many, discoid like, flattened, asymmetrical, pointed at both in shape and scattered, contractile vacuoles also anterior and posterior ends, ventral side with a many and arranged in a row. hyaline border, extending up to posterior end, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, ~acronucleus a single mass or moniliform. Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), Rajasthan 58. Loxophyllum niemeccense (Stein) and West Bengal; in freshwater ponds and lakes. Remarks: This species is reported for the first 1859. Opisthedon lIiemeccense Stein, Der orgallisnms der time from Manipur. Infusiollstheir; Leip zig. 1.
Gen us Trachelius Schrank Material examined: 3 exs.. Kangla lake. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993~ 6 exs .• Loktak 1803. Trachelius Schrank. Fauna boica, 3. p. 20. lake, Bishenpur district, ·17.iii.1993. Diagnosis: Oval to spherical, anterior end Diagnosis: Body flat, leaf-like, anterior end drawn out into a relatively short finger-like process acuminate, posterior end somewhat blunt; or a snout, posterior end rounded; round cytostome macronucleus a single mass or moniliforrn, at base of neck,' contractile vacuole many. contractile vacuole one to many.
57. Trachelius ovum Ehrenberg Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Bishenpur districts), Arunachal Pradesh. Orissa. 1833. Trachelius ovum Ehrenberg. Abh. preuss. Akad. Wiss .. Sikkim and West Bengal; in freshwater ponds Berlin. 1885. pp. 265. 277. and lakes. 26 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Remarks : This species constItutes first record Remarks: This species commonly occurs in from Manipur. freshwater, soil and ground mosses in India. It has been recorded from Kangla and Loktak lake Order COLPODIDA as well as ground mosses of Manipur and it constit~tes first report from this states. Family COLPODIDAE
Diagnosis: Body typically reniform with Order NASSULIDA distorted ciliary rows; no conspicuous ciliary tuft Family MICROTHORACIDAE present at anterior end. Diagnosis: Hypostomial frange bears few Genus Colpoda O.F. Muller 'pseudomembranelles' and sonletimes set in a 1773. Kolpoda O.F. Muller. Verminum Terrestrium et shallow atrium, cytopharynx simple or lacking. Fluviatilium seu Animalium Infusorium, etc., Havniae et Lipsae, pp. 56-57. Key to the genera
1791. Colpoda Gmelin, Systema Naturae (ed 13).1, p. 3894. 1. Body more or less oval with delicate keeled Diagnosis: Body kid~ey shaped, laterally annour, oral depression posterior ventral, with flattened, anterior end rounded, twisted from left a stiff ectoplasmic lip on right side and a to right and curved on 'ventral surface; cytostome small tooth at left margin, cytopharynx lacking located at ventral depression, leading into ...... Genus Microthorax peristomeal cavity and giving rise to a diagonal - Body semilunar or sickle-shaped with a groove at dorsal side; a ciliated area present in longitudinal furrow; oral field groove-like, right edge of cytostome. located little above the middle of the body, 59. Colpoda cucullus (Muller) cytopharynx tubular .. Genus Drepanomonas
1773. Kolpoda cucullus O. F. Muller, Veml;num Terrestrium Genus Drepanomonas Fresenius et Fluv;atil;um seu Animalium Infusorium. etc. Havnae et Lipsiae, p. 58. 1858. Drepanomonas Fresenius, Abh. Sellkenb. naturf. Ges., 2, p. 216. 1838. Colpoda cucullers Ehrenberg, Die infusionsthierchen als Volkammene Organismen, Leipzig, p. 347. Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus.
Material examined: 6 exs., Kangla lake, 60. Drepanomonas dentata Fresenius Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 8 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17. iii. 1993; 4 exs., 1858. Drepanomonas dentata Fresenius, Abh. Senkenb. Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 21. iii. naturJ. Ges., 2, pp. 216-217. 1993; 4 exs., Kalinagar, liribum district, 4. iv. Material examined: 8 exs., liribum, liribum 1996. district, 3.iv.1996; 5 exs., Telipathi viII., Imphal Diagnosis: Body typically kidney-shaped, district, 5. iv.1996. cytostome located about the middle of the body; Diagnosis: Body semilunar, dorsal margin frontal dentations 8-10, meridians 29-34; convex, ventral margin concave and both anterior macronucleus oval, contractile vacuole single and and posterior ends sharply pointed; two posterior. longitudinal ciliated grooves present on the dorsal side; macronucleus spherical and located little Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal behind or above the peristome. Bishenpur, Churachandpur and liribum districts), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and 1ammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharastra, Jiribum districts), Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, and West Bengal; in freshwater and in moss. Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and Remarks : This species constitutes first report West Bengal. from Manipur. DAS et ale : Protozoa 27
Genus Microthorax Engelmann 1931. Chilodonella cucullulus (MuJler) : Kahl, Urliere oder Protozoa (in Dahl's nerwelt Dtsch.), Jena. dt. 21. 1862. Microthorax Engelmann. Zeitsehr f sisw. Zool., 11. p.235. p.347. Material examined: 6 exs., Kangla lake, Diagnosis : As in the key to the genus ImphaJ, ImphaJ district, 16. iii. 1993; 4 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17. iii. 1993; 4 61. Microthorax pusillus Engelmann exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 21. 1862. Microthorax plIsilillS Engelmann. Zeitsehr f Wiss. iii. 1993. Zoo I. , 11, pp. 349-393. Diagnosis: Body dorsoventrally flattened, Material examined: 4 exs., SAl complex, cytopharynx straight, 19-20 ciliary rows; Imphal, Imphal district, lS.iii.1993; 4 exs., macronucleus oval, contractile vacuoles many Moirang, Bishenpur district, 17.iiL1993. and scattered. Diagnosis: Body small, ovoid, left border Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal slightly sigmoid and right border more or less Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), straight, oral depression on dorsal side, MeghaJaya, Orissa, Jammu & Kashmir, macronucleus spherical, contractile vacuoles two Maharastra, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura and West and located below the middle half of the body. Bengal, cosmopolitan in freshwater habitats. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Remarks: This species is reported for the first Bishenpur districts), Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura time from Manipur. and West Bengal; in freshwater and in moss. Class OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA Remarks: This species is reported for the first time from Manipur. Order HYMENOSTOMATIDA Key to the families Order CYRTOPHORIDA 1. Oral ciliature with "watch glass organellaen Family CHILODONELLIDAE peristome running as a sickle-shaped ciliated Diagnosis: Body with pronounced anterior cleft, perpendicular to surface of the body ... "beak" to the left, thigmotactic zone broad...... Family OPHRYOGLENIDAE - Oral ciliature without any "watch glass Genus Chilodonella Strand organellae", peristome not as above, 2-3 1928. Chilodonella Strand. Arch. Nalllrgesch., 92. p. 31. peniculi present in the buccal cavity ...... 2 1931. Chilodonella Strand: Kahl, Urtiere oder Proto:.oa 2. Prebuccal cavity conspicuous leading to (in Dahl's TIerwell DIsch.) lena, pt. 21, 234-235. equatorially located buccal cavity in which Diagnosis: Ovoid, dorsal surface convex, two peniculi present, cytostome not expansible. ventral surface flat and with ciliary rows, a cross contractile vacuoles two ...... 0 ...... row of bristles on anteriorly flattened dorsal ...... Family PARAMECIIDAE surface, oral opening round, cytopharyngeal - Prebuccal areas shallow or absent. three trichites forming a tube, no oral membrane. peniculi in buccal cavity, cytostome expansible. contractile vacuole single ...... 62. Chilodonella cucullulus (Muller) ...... Family FRONTONIIDAE 1773. Kolpoda cucullllius Muller, Vemlinum terrest. fluviatil S. animal in/usor., etc., historia. Havnae el Lipsae. Family OPHRYOGLENIDAE p. 169. Genus Ophryog/ena Ehrenberg 1893. Chilodonella cucullulus Ehrenberg. Abandl. d. Konig I. Akad. d. Wissellch. zu Berlin, a.d.g. 1893 (1835). 1831. OpIJryoglena Ehrenberg. AbIJclIIdl. d. Kon(~/. Akac/. p. 169. d. Wissellch. Z" Berlill, a.d.j.. 1831 (1832). p. 117. 28 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
1979. Ophryoglella Ehrenberg: Corliss, The Ciliated 1931. Paramecium caudatllm Ehrenberg: Kahl, Urtiere Protozoa, Pergamon press, p. 259. oder Protozoa (in Dahl's 1ierwelt DISCh.), Jena, pt. 21, p. 291. Diagnosis: Body ellipsoid with both ends rounded or attenuated, pre-oral depression in the Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, form of '6' due to an ectoplasmic membrane Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Loktak extending from the left edge. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iiL1993; 3 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur districts, 63. Ophryoglena flava (Ehrenberg) 21.iii.1993; 2 exs., Jiribum, liribum districts, 1833. Bursariaflava Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. Konigl. Akad. 3.iv.1996. d. Wissenclt. zu Berlin. a. d. j" p. 233. Diagnosis: Body cigar-shaped, anterior end 1887-89 Ophryoglena flava Butschli, Protozoa (Bronn's broader and rounded and posterior end gradually Klassen and Ordungen des Thier-Reichs) 3, pp.1703-4. tapering, body length around three times the Material examilled: 2 exs., Kangla lake, body width, cytopharynx typically as for the Imphal, ImphaJ district, 16. iii. 1993; 2 exs., genus, macronucleus egg-shaped, micronucleus Loktak lake, Bishenpur district, 17. iii. 1993. single and compact lying close to macronucleus, Diagnosis: Body ellipsoidal, cytostome at contractile vacuoles two with radiating canals, ventral side and situated at about one-third the one lying with anterior one-third and the other length of the body from anterior end; cytopharynx within posterior one-third of the body. ear-shaped, longitudinally plicate, recurved and Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal narrower at its posterior extremity, macronucleus Bishenpur, Churachandpur and Jiribum districts), elliptical, contractile vacuoles two, one in the Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, anterior and the other in the posterior half of the Tripura, Pradesh and West Bengal; in body, with long radiating canals. Uttar freshwater. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Bishenpur districts), Maharastra, Meghalaya, Remarks : This species constitutes first record Rajasthan and West Bengal; in freshwater. from Manipur. Remarks : This species is reported for the first Family FRONTONIIDAE time from Man ip ur. Genus Frontonio, Ehrenberg Family PARAMECIIDAE 1838. Qursaria (partim), Ehrenberg, Die infusiollsthierchen Genus Paramecium Hill als Vollkommene Organismen, Leipzig, p. 325. 1838. Frontonia subgenus, Ehrenberg, ibid, p. 329. 1752. Paramecium Hill, History of Allimais including several classes of Animalcula visible only by the 1858. Frontonia Ehrenberg: Claparede and Lachmann, assistance of the Microscope. Vol. 3, Compleat Body Etudes sur ies infusoires et les rhizopodes, Geneve, of Natural History, London. 259-260. 1773. Paramecium Muller, O. F. Verminum terrest. et Diagnosis: Body ellipsoid, cytostome lying in fluviatil S. animal in/usof, etc., Havnae et Lipsae, parts I & II, p. 54. the anterior third of the ventral surface, large undulating membrane in the left oral margin, Diagnosis: Body cigar-shaped, peristome long, macromucleus oval or ellipsoidal, central and broad and slightly oblique, cytopharynx obliquely placed, contractile vacuole single, moderately long, with a row of very fine cilia attached to its dorsal wall. centrally located, with or without radiating canal.
64. Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg Key to the species
1893. Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg. Abhandl. d. 1. Contractile vacuole with long radiating canals, Konigl. Akad. de Wissensch. zu Berlin, pp. 286, 323. posterior end of the body not acuminate .... 2 DAS et al. : Protozoa 29
- Contractile vacuole with 2-3 excretory pores 67. Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg) and without any radiating canal, posterior end 1838. Bursaria leu cas Ehrenberg. Die Infusionslhierchen of the body acuminate ... '...... F. acuminata als Volkommene orgallismen, Leipzig. p. 329. 2. Body large, 250-300 rom in length, elongated, 1858-61 Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg): Claparede and rounded at both ends, macronucleus with Lachmenn. Etudes sur les infusoiTes elles rhiz.opodes, several micronuclei ...... F. leu cas Geneve. pp. 259-60. - Body small, flattened, 50-65 rom in length, Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla Jake, macronucleus with a single micronucleus .... Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iiLI993; I ex., Jiribum, ...... F. depressa Jiribum district, 3. iv.1996 .
65. Frontonia acuminata Ehrenberg Diagnosis: Body elongated or ovoid, rounded at both ends, body size larger, 250-300 rom 1893. Frolltonia acuminata Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. KonigI. 140-150 rom in dimension, contractile vacuole Akad. d. Wissench, Zu Berlin. single with long radiating canals and located at Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, the middle of the body; macronucleus ellipsoid Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 3 exs., Loktak with several micronuclei. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. Jiribum districts), Meghalaya, Orissa, Jammu & Diagnosis: Body obovoid, strongly flattened Kashmir, Rajasthan, Maharastra and West Bengal. with acuminate (pointed) posterior end, b9dy size Remarks: This species usually inhabits 100-150 rom ' 70-100 rom, macronucleus ellipsoid freshwater, Das (1995) reported this species from with a large micronucleus; contractile vacuole the brackishwater of the Chilka lake, Orissa, single with 2-3 excretory pores, located near the middle of the body. having salinity ranging from 1-11 %. F. leucas is reported for the first time from the state. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Bishenpur and Jiribum districts), in freshwater Order PERITRICHIDA with algal mass. Family VORTICELLIDAE Remarks : This species is reported for the first time from India. Diagnosis: Colonial (except in two genera), with contractile stalk; in colonial fonns zooids 66. Frontonia depressa (Stocks) not independently contractile (except in one 1886. Colpoda depressa Stokes, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., species). (5) 17 Genus Vorticella Linnaeus Material examined: 4 exs., Kalinagar, Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. 1767. Vorticella Linnaeus. Systema Nalurae. 1 (12th ed.) p. 1317. Diagnosis: Body ovoid, flattened, body size 1838. Vorlic~l1a Linnaeus : Ehrenberg. Dil' small, 50-65 rom 30--40 mm in dimension; infusionsthierch~1I als Vollkomm~ne Organisml'IJ, contractile vacuole single with strong radiating Leipzig. p. 260. canals and located near the middle, macronucleus Diagnosis: Shape inverted bell form, solitary, small, sausage-shaped with single micronucleus, inhabiting moss. may be in clusters but not in colonies; attached posteriorly to any substratum by a simple. Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum district), undivided, elongated thread-like pedicle with Sikkim and West Bengal; from ground moss. contractile axial filament, macronuc leus more or Remarks: This species is reported for the first less elongated, band shaped with a micronuc leus. time from Manipur. lying close to it. 30 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
68. Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg narrowed anteriorly, peristome twisted to right at posterior end and connected with oral funnel 1831. Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. KonigI. Akad. d. Wissensch. zu Berlin. a.d.j., 1831 (1832), without membrane, contractile vacuole terminal p.92. and without any straight canal ...... Genus Blepharisma Material examined: 10 exs., Kangla lake, Imphal, ImphaJ district, 16.iii.1993; 10 exs., Genus Blepharisma PeTty Loktak lake, Bisheripur district, 17.iii.1993; 8 exs., Churachandpur, Churachandpur district, 1852. Blepharisma Perty., Zur Kenntnis Kleinster 2 1. iii. 1993. Lebensformen, Bern, p. 137. Diagnosis: Body usually broadly campanulate Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus. but shape considerably variable, peristomial margin thick and much dialated, cuticular surface 69. Blepharisma intermedium Bhandary smooth and highly elastic, macronucleus band 1962. Blepharisma intermedillm Bhandary, J. Protozool., form; stalk thick and about 4-7 times the length 9, p. 437. of the body. Material examined: 8 exs., Kangla lake, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 6 exs., Loktak Bishenpur and Churachandpur districts), lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. Meghalaya and West Bengal; in freshwater. Diagnosis: Body flattened, ellipsoidal, Remarks : This species constitutes first report cytoplasm pink coloured, undulating membrane from Manipur. not very prominent, extending about one-third the length of the body, macronucleus cylindrically Class POLYHYMENOPHOREA elongated, number of micronuclei 6 to 30. Order HYPOTRICIDDA Distribution:' India: Manipur (Imphal and Key to the families Bishenpur districts), Kamataka and West Bengal; in freshwater. 1. Anterior part of the body uniquely twisted to left and posterior part sometimes tailed and/or Remarks : This species constitutes first record bearing tuft of longer cilia ...... for this state.
...... Family METOPIDAE Genus Spirostomum Ehrenberg - Anterior part of the body not twisted as above, 1833. Spirostomum Ehrenberg, Abhalldl. d. Konigl. Akad. body large, elongate and cylindrical or d Wissench. 252. pyriform, highly contractile, peristomial field long and narrow ...... Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus...... Family SPIROSTOMITIDAE 70. Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrenberg
Family SPIROSTOMITIDAE 1835. Spirostomum ambiguum Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. Konig I. Akad. d. Wissench. zu Berlin, 1835 (1837), Key to the Genera p. 165. 1. Elongated, cylindrical, peristome without any Material examined: 4 exs., Kangla lake, twist and undulating membrane, contractile Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak vacuole very large, terminal and extending lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. forward as straight canal ...... Diagnosis: Body elongate and cylindrical, ...... Genus Spirostomum length more than ten times the width, peristome - Body usually pyriform or ellipsoidal, somewhat extending up to or even beyond the middle of the DAS et al. : Protozoa 31 body; macronucleus elongated and moniliform; apical membranellae closed ...... contractile vacuole very large and terminal with a ...... Family STROBILIDIIDAE straight canal. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Family HALTERIIDAE B ishenpur districts), Jammu & Kashmir and West Genus Halleria Dujardin Bengal; in freshwater. 1841. Halleria Dujardin Hisloi" nal. Zoophylt's ill/USO;f't'S, Remarks : This species is reported for the first Paris. P. 414. time from Manipur. 1932. Halteria Dujardin : Kahl, Urt;err oder Protozoa (in Dahl's 1it'rwt'll DIsch.), Jena. pl. 25, p. S04. Family METOPIDAE Diagnosis : More or less globose and constant Genus Metopus Claparede & Lachmann in form, oral aperture terminal, eccentric, 1888. Metopus Claparede and Lachmann, Mem. lnst. Nat. associated with a wreath of large cilia; a zone of Genevois. 5, p. I. long, stiff springing bristles developed along the 1932. Metopus: Kahl, Urtiere oder Protozoa (in Dahl's equatorial region of the body. 1ierwelt DISCh.), lena. pt. 2S. p. 4OS. 72. Halteria grandinellll (O.F. Muller) Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus. 1773. Trichoda gramdinella O.F. Muller, Vemlmum tt'rf't'st et. jluviatil S. animal infusor.. t'IC., h;storia, Havnae 71. Metopus fuscus Kahl et Lipsae. p. 77.
1927. Metopus juscus Kahl, Arch. Proteslenkd.• Jena. 57, 1932. Halleria grandillella (Muller): Kahl. Urtie~ odt'r p. 147. Prolozoa (in Dahl's 1ierwt'lt DISCh.), Jena. pl. 25. p. Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, 505. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Material examined: 7 exs., Kangla lake, Churachandpur, Churachandpur districts, Imphal, ImphaJ district, 16.iii.1993; 7 exs., 21.iii.1993. Kalinagar, liribum districts, 3.iv.1996. Diagnosis: Body with clear brownish tint and Diagnosis: Body subglobose, oral grove irregular in shape, posterior extremity flattened, bearing about 7 bristles, 15 frontal and 7 adoral pellicular striations fine; tortion in anterior left membranellae; springing bristles very long and side conspicuous, macronucleus single, oval or fine, forming central girdle, macronucleus oval to slightly reniform and sharply outlined; contractile kidney-shaped; contractile vacuole single and vacuole large with raising edges and located located at anterior half of the body. posteriorly. Distribution: India: Manipur (lmphal and Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Jiribum districts), Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura Churachandpur districts), Rajasthan and West and West Bengal; in stagnant water of ponds. Bengal; in freshwater. Remarks : This species is reported for the first Remarks : This species is reported for the first time from Manipur. time from Manipur. "' Family STROBILIDIIDAE Order OLIGOTRICHIDA Genus Strobilidium Schewiakoff
Key to the families 1893. Slrobilidium SchewiakotT, Mem. Acad. Sci. d~ sl. Petersb .• (7) 41, pp. 1-201. 1. Circlet of apical membranellae open ...... 1932. Strobilidim,. Schcwiakoff: Kahl. Ur';~~ odt'r ...... Family HALTERIIDAE Protozoa (in Dahl's 7ienv~/t DIsch.), Jcna, pI. 25. - Peristomeal field entirely apical with circlet of p.50S. 32 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Man;pur
Diagnosis: Turnip-shaped, oral aperture apical anals of 5 cirri conspicuous ...... and without cytopharynx, macronucleus horse ...... Family EUPLOTIDAE shoe shaped and located at the anterior end. Family SPIROFILIDAE 73. Strobilidium gyrans (Stokes) Genus Stichotricha Perty 1887. Strombidium gyrans Stokes, J. roy. micros. Soc., 7, pp. 35-40. 1852. Stichotricha Perty, Zur kenntniss kleinster lAbensformen nach Bau, Funktionell Systematik, mit 1932. Strobilidium gyrans (Stokes): KahI, Uniere order Protozoa (in Dahl's 1ierwelt Dtsch.), Jena, pt. 25, p. specialverzeichniss in der Schewisbeobachteten, lent K Reinert, Bern, 228 pp. 510. 1979. Stichotricha Perty : Corliss, The Ciliated Protozoa. Material examined: 8 exs., Kangla lake, 2nd ed., Perganon Press, p. 308. Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 6 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum districts, 3.iv.1996. Diagnosis: Body slender, with beak-like, narrowed peristome extending over one-fourth Diagnosis: Body turnip-shaped or pyriform, but usually not up to half the body length. posterior end truncate or with knob-like projection, anterior end of the body provided with a crown 74. Stichotricha socialis ·Gruber of cilia; macronucleus horse-shoe shaped, 1880. Stichotricha socialis Gruber, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., contractile vacuole single and located below the 33. middle of the body. 1932. Stichotricha socifllis Gruber: KahI, Uniere oder Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and Protozoa (Dahl's Tierwelt Dtsch.), lena, pt. 25, Jiribum districts), Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, p.557. Tripllra and West Bengal; in freshwater. Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, Remarks : .This species is reported for the first Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 4 exs., Loktak time from Manipur. lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. Diagnosis : Body slender, ovoid, anterior end Order HYPOTRICIDDA gradually attenuated and posterior end rounded; Key to the families peristome extending more than half of the body; four spiral rows of ventral cirri present, living in I. Ventral cirri inconspicuous, quite numerous gelatinous colonial tubes. and/or in helically spiralled rows ...... Family SPIROFILIDAE Distribution: India: Manipur (Imp hal and Bishenpur districts), Meghalaya, Tripura and West - Ventral cirri conspicuous and not spiralled as Bengal; in freshwater. above ...... 2 Remarks : This species is reported for the fust 2. Distinctive rows of right and left marginal time from Manipur. cirri, (adoral zone of membranellae restricted to anterior third or quarter of the elongated Family OXYTRICHIDAE body) ...... Family OXYTRICHIDAE Genus Oxytricha Bory _. Marginal cirri absent or greatly reduced ..... 3 1926. Oxytricha Bory, Essai d'une classification des 3. Adoral zone poorly developed, cirri reduced Animaux Microscopiques, Paris, 104 pp. in number and limited to frontal and anals .. 1932. Oxytricha Dory: Kahl, Urtiere oder Protozoa (in ...... Family ASPIDISCIDAE Dahl's Tierwelt Dtsch.), lena, pt. 25, p. 599. - Adoral zone well developed, transverse and Diagnosis: Body ellipsoid and flexible, frontal frontal cirri often treme~dously developed, cirri eight, both ventral and anal cirri five, caudal DAS et al. : Protozoa 33 cirri short or absent, marginal cirri mayor may Material exanlined: 3 exs., Loktak lake, not be continuous along posterior border, Bishenpur district, 17.iiL1993; 2 exs., Kalinagar, macronucleus bipartite, rarely single or in four Jiribum district, 4.iv.1996. parts. Diagnosis: Body more or less ovate, rounded 75. Oxytricha fallax Stein at both ends, dorsal surface convex with five to six distnict longitudinal ridges, peristome starting 1859. Oxytricha fallax Stein, Der Organismus from anterior end of the body and extending up Infllsionsthier, Leipzig, 1, p. 189. to anal cirri, seven fronto-ventral and five anal 1932. Oxytricha fallax Stein: Kahl, Urtiere oder protozoa cirri present; macronucleus curved; contractile (in Dahl's 1ierwelt Dtsch.), lena, pt. 25, p. 602. vacuole single and located at posterior half. Material examined: 3 exs., Kangla lake, Distribution: India: Manipur (Bishenpur and Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Loktak liribum districts), Meghalaya, Tripura, Uttar lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993; 2 exs., Pradesh and West Bengal; in freshwater. liribum, liribum districts, 3.iv.1996. Remarks : This species is reported for the first Diagnosis: Ellipsoidal, both left and right time from Manipur. sides convex; posterior half broader than anterior, posterior region broadly rounded; arrangement of Family EUPLOfIDAE cirri as for the genus; macronucleus usually in two parts; contractile vacuole single and located Genus Euplotes Ehrenberg at the anterior half of the body. 1830. Euploles Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. Konigl. Akad. d. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Wissensch. zu Berlin, a. d. j., 1830 (1832). p. 118. Bishenpur and liribum districts), Meghalaya, 1932. Euplotes Ehrenberg: Kahl. Uniere oder Protozoa Tripura and West Bengal; in freshwater. (in Dahl's nerwelt DIsch.), Jena, pt. 25. p. 628. Remarks: This species is constitutes first Diagnosis: Body ovoid, peristome well record for Manipur. developed and broadly triangular, ventral surface flattened, dorsal surface convex, longitudinally Family ASPIDISCIDAE ridged; fronto-ventral cirri more than nine, anal Genus Aspidsca Ehrenberg cirri well developed and five in number; caudal cirri four and scattered. 1830. Aspidisca Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. Konigl. Acad. d. Wissensch z.u Berlin, a. d g., (1832), p. 42. Key to the species 1932. Aspidisca Ehrenberg: Kahl, Urtiere oder Protozoa (in Dahl's 1ierwelt Dtsch.), Jena. pt. 25, p. 643. I. Body oval, elongated and macronuc leus in the form of inverted 'C' ...... E. ",uscico/a Diagnosis: Small, ovoid or shield-shaped, dorsal surface conspicuously ridged, cirri strong - Body ellipsoid and macronucleus '3' -shaped and long; adoral zone reduced or rudimentary; ...... E. p/"",ipes fronto-ventral cirri seven; anal cirri five to twelve; 77. Euplotes muscicola Kahl macronucleus curved or horse-shoe shaped. 1932. Euploles muscicola Kahl, Urtit're odt'r Proto:.oa (in 76. Aspidisca costata (Dujardin) Dahl's Tterwetl DIsch.), Jena, pI. 25. p. 637.
1841. Coccudina costata Dujardin, Histoire nat. des 1960. Euplotes Muscicola : ThfTrau. Hydrobiol., IS, p. 45. z.oophytes ;,ifusoires, p. 446. Material exanli"ed: 3 exs., SAl complex, 1858-61. Asidisca costata (Dujardin) Claparede and Imphal, Imphal district, 18.iii.1993; 2 exs., Lachmann, Etudes sur les infusoires el les rhizopodes, Nungba, Tamenglong district, 25.iii.1993; 4 exs., Geneve, p. 190. Jiribum, Jiribum district, 3.iv.1996. 34 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Diagnosis: Body oval, elongated, peristome Genus Trypanosoma Gruby narrow, extending up to about three-fourth of 1843. Trypanosoma Gruby, C. R. Acad. Sci., 17, "1l34. anterior left of the ventral surface of the body; peristomeal lip slender and rectilinear; dorso Diagnosis : Body flattened, leaf-like, pointed lateral cirri 10, frontoventral cirri 9, transverse at flagellar end and bluntly rounded or pointed at cirri 5 and caudal cirri 4; macronucleus in the opposite end; flagellum arising from a fonn of inverted 'C', angular and somewhat closed. blepharoplast running towards opposite end and making the outer boundary of the undulating Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, membrane; polymorphism common; parasitic in Tamenglong and liribum districts), Arunachal the circulatory system of the vertebrates. Pradesh, Sikkim and Tripura; in ground moss. Remarks: This is a moss inhabiting ciliate Key to the species and reported for the first time from Manipur. 1. Trypanosoma of fishes, trypomastigote form dimorphic, length of cell body in large forms 78. Euplotes plumipes Stokes 20-29 nun, volutin granules present...... 1884. Euplotes plumipes Stokes, Amer. mono micro J., ...... T. batrachi Washington, 5, p. 229. - Trypanosoma of anurans, body leaf-like, Material examined: 2 exs., Kangla lake, trypomastegote form pleomorphic, cytoplasm Imphal, Imphal district, 16.iii.1993; 2 exs., Loktak more densely granular in the posterior two lake, Bishenpur district, 17.iii.1993. third of the body with 2-3 striated myonemes Diagnosis: Body ellipsoid, ventral surface along longitudinal axis ...... T. rotatorium sufficiently plain, dorsal surface freebly convex, 79. Trypanosoma batrachi Qadri with protruding neck; peristome triangular, extending up to about three-fourth of the middle 1962. Trypanosoma batrachi Qadri, Parasitology, 52, p. of dorsal surface of the body, dorsolateral cirri 225. 10, frontoventral cirri 9, transverse cirri 5, and Material examined: Seve exs .., Impbal, Imphal caudal cirri 4; macronucleus '3' shaped. district, 19.iii.1993; seve exs., liribum, liribum Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and district, 3.iv.1996. Bishenpur districts), Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan Diagnosis: ·Trypomastigote form dimorphic, and West Bengal; in freshwater. cytoplasm granular, volutin granules present Remarks : This species is reported for the first sometimes as compact mass, nucleus situated time from Manipur. towards posterior end and always encircled with a clear halo; cell body in large form measuring 22-29 rom, with long flagellum 9-14 rom in length. B. PARASITIC PROTOZOA Host: Clarius batrachus; site of infection; Phylum SARCOMASTIGOPHORA blood. Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA Distribution: India: Manipur (ImphaJ and Class ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA liribum districts) and West Bengal. Order KINETOPLASTIDO Remarks: The host-species was collected from the fish markets of Imphal and Jiribum. T. batrachi Family TRYPANOSOMATIDAE constitutes new record from Manipur. Diagnosis: Body characteristically leaf-like with a single f!agellum attached to the body by 80. Trypanosoma rotatorium (Mayer) undulating membrane, kinetoplast relatively small 1843. Amoeba rotatorillm Mayer, Des haemato-zoairee. and compact. Ph. D. Thesis DAS et al. : Protozoa 35
1901. Trypanosoma rotatorium (Mayer) Laveran and Material examined: 4 exs., Imphal, Imphal Mesnil, C. R. Soc. 8iol., 53, p. 678. district, 16.iiL1993; 10 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum Material exanlined : Sev. exs., Imphal, Imphal district, 3.iv.1996. district, 19.iii.1993. Diagnosis : Body ovoid with anterior end rounded Diagnosis : Body leaf like trypomastigote form and posterior end elongated into a slender tapering pleomorphic with 2-3 longitudinal striations, point; length of present specimens 90-98 mm, length of the cell body 29-34 mm; cytoplasm maximum width 25-30 mm; nuclei large, irregularly densely granular and more so in the posterior spherical, generally four, occasionally five in two-third of the body. number, lying one behind other in an axial row. Hosts: Bufo melanostictus and Rana Host: Rana litnnocharis; site of infection: lilnnocharis; site of infection : blood. intestine and rectum. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal district), Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum and Andaman, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Meghalaya, Imphal districts); Arunachal Pradesh. Orissa, Tripura and West Bengal. Ren,arks : This species is reported for the first Relnarks : This species of haemoflagellate is time from Manipur. usually found in blood of toads and frogs. However, it is reported for the first time from Genus Opalina Purkinje and Valentin Manipur. 1835. Opalina Purkinje and Valentin, D~ pha~nolll~no gel1erali et /Ilndamentali. etc .. Bratislaviae, p. 43. Subphylum OPALINATA 1923. Opalina: Metcalf. 8,,11. U.S. MilS., 120, p. 175. Class OPALINATEA Diagnosis: As in the key to the genus. Order OPALINIDA Family OPALINIDAE Key to the species
Diagnosis: Numerous flagella in oblique 1. Body oval, anterior half more or less triangular, longitudinal rows over the entire body surface, greatest width near the middle of the body .. cytostome absent, nucleus of one kind ranging ...... O. lata from one to many. - Body lanceolate, more or less rounded, wider Key to the genera anteriorly and tapering posteriorly ...... O. trialrgillaris 1. Body highly flattened, multinucleate, ellipsoidal in cross section ... Genus Opalina 82. Opalina lata Bezzenberger
- Body cylindrical or _pyriform, multinucleate, 1904. Opalina lata Bezzcnberger. Arch. Pml;st~llk.d .. 3. p. circular in cross section ...... Genus Cepedia 166. Genus Cepedia Metcalf Material exal"ined: 5 exs., Jiribum, Jiribum district, 3. iv. 1996; 8 exs., Kangpokpi, Senapati 1920. Cepedia Metcalf, Science, 52, p. 135. district, 9. iv. 1996. Diagnosis: As in the key tO,the genus. Diagnosis: Body oval, anterior half more or 81. Cepedia lanceolata (Bezzenberger) less triangular, dimensions 235 -290 rom 180- 220 mm greatest width near the middle of the 1904. Opalina lanceolala Bezzenberger, Arch. Prot;stenkd., 3, p. 165. body; nuclei numerous.
1923. Cepepidia lanceolala (Bezzenberger) Metcalf, Bull. Host: Rana cyanophlyclis; site of infection: U.S. Nal. Mus., 120, p. 137. intestine and rectum. 36 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum and on both invertebrates and vertebrates ...... Senapati districts) : Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and ...... Genus Nyctotherus Meghalaya. - Body ovoid pyriform or reniform, left margin Re1narks : This species is reported for the first convex, right margin more or less flat, time from Manipur. micronucleus always below macronucleus, commensals of annurans ...... 83. OpaUna triangularis Ghosh ...... Genus Nyctotheroides
1919. Opalina triangularis Ghosh, Proc. Indian Assoc. Genus Nyctotherus Leidy Cult. Sci.. 4, p. 104. 1849. Nyctotherus Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Material examined: 10 exs., Imphal, ImphaJ Philadelphia, 4, p. 233. district, 6.iv. 1996; 8 exs., Kangpokpi, Senapati district, 9.iv.1996. Diagnosis: As in the key to the genera. Diagnosis: Body lanceolate, more or less 84. Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy rounded, wider anteriorly and tapering posteriorly, 1849. Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., one side nearly straight or concave, other side Philadelphia, 4, p. 233. strongly convex, diamentions considerably variable ranging from 85-250 rom ' 40-135 mm. Material examined: 4 exs" Tamenglong, Tamenglong districts, 24. iii. 1993; 2 exs., Host: Bufo melanostictus; site of infection: Kangpokpi, Senapati district, 9.iv.1996. intestine and rectum. Diagnosis: Body broadly oval, large, 100-270 Distribution: India: Manipur (Jiribum and rom in length, divisible into two parts by Senapati districts); Meghalaya, Goa and West caryophore diaphragm, out of which anterior part Bengal. smaller and transparent and, posterior part larger Remarks : This species constitutes first report and alveolar; infranuclear portion possessing large from Manipur. alveole and numerous inclusions; macronucleus egg-shaped, curved, cytopharynx slightly bent Phylum Cll.JOPHORA and reaching up to the middle, contractile vacuole Class POLYHYMENOPHOREA single and subterminal. Order HETEROTRICHIDA Host: Periplaneta americana: site of infection; mid gut and hind gut. Key to the families Distribution: India: Manipur (Senapati and 1. Body ovoid to slightly reniform, plump, sucker Tamenlong districts), Meghalaya, Punjab, Goa on ventral side lacking ...... and West Bengal...... Family NYCTOTHERIDAE Remarks : This species is reported for the first - Body plump-ovoid to ellipsoidal, occasionally time from Manipur. tailed, sucker typically present on concave side of the body ...... Genus Nyctotheroides Grasse ...... Family SICUOPHORIDAE 1928. Nyctotheroides Grasse, Ann. Parasilol., 1, p. 55 . Diagnosis : As in the key to the genera. Family NYCTOTHERIDAE 85. Nyctotheroides cordiformis (Ehrenberg) Key to the genera 1838. Bursaria cordiformis Ehrenberg, Die 1. Body generally less· flat, micronucleus most Infusionsthierchen als Vollkommene Organismen, often located above macronucleus, commensal Leipzig, p. 328. DAS et ale : Protozoa 37
1867. Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehrenberg) Stein, Der cytopharynx large, funnel-shaped, posterior Organismus der Infllsionsthiere nach eigenen portion of which forming a coil in two to two and Forschungen in Systematischer Reibenfolge Bearbeitet a half spiral turns, macronuc leus of diverse shape II, p. 338. (pentagonal, oval or cone-shaped), micronucleus 1928. Nyctotheroides cordiformis: Grasse, Ann. Parasitol., single and placed over macronucleus, 1, p. 55. micronuc leus two to three , located near posterior Material examined: 2 exs., liribum, liribum end. district; 3.iv.1996; 5 exs., Imphal, Imphal district, Host: Rana cyanophlyctes; site of infection; 6.iv.1996. cloaca. Diagnosis: Body reniform, somewhat pointed Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal and anteriorly, length of present specimens 90-100 Senapati districts); Maharastra, Meghalaya, mm, cytopharynx broadly curved, reaching beyond Kamataka, Rajasthan and West Bengal. the middle of the body; macronuclus kidney Remarks: This species is reported for the first shaped, micronucleus located below macronucleus time from Manipur. and centrally attached to it.
Host: Bufo melanostictus; site of infection: GENERAL REMARKS ON TAXIC intestine and cloaca. DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION Distribution: India: Manipur (liribum and A total of 86 species of Protozoa have been Imphal districts) Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, reported so far from Manipur comprising 78 Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan and West Bengal. species of freeliving and only 8 species of parasitic Remarks: This species constitutes first record Protozoa. All the Protozoan species were collected from Manipur. by the Scientists of this survey and identified by the present authors. The Protozoa of the state Family SICUOPHORIDAE represent 2 phyla, namely, Sarcomastogophora and Ci liophora, 3 subphy la, 9 classes, 19 orders, Genus Sicuophora de Puytorac and Grain 37 families and 54 genera (vide systematic list 1969. Sicuop!tora de Puytorac and Grain, Protistoiogica, and Table 1), depicting very rich taxonomic 4, 1968, p. 405 diversity. Diagnosis: Body ovoid, highly complex along The district-wise distribution of each of 86 inferior surface, provided with polysaccharide species of protozoa in Manipur has been stated skeletal armature, commensal in anurans. during its respective taxonomic treatment as well as in Table 2. In Table 3, number of species 86. Sicuophora macropharyngea (Bezzenberger) belonging to freeliving and parasitic protozoa 1904. Nyctotherus macropharyngells Bezzenberger, Arch. recorded from each district of this state is also Protistenkd., 3, p. 138. shown. From Table 3 it is quite evident that 1973. Sicuophora macropharyngea (Bezzenberger) Alberet, maximum number of protozoan species (72) have J. Protozool., 20, pp. 51-57. been recorded from Imphal district. This is followed by liribum (54), Bishenpur (50) and Material examined: 4 exs., Imphal, Imphal Churachandpur (27) in discending order. From district, 6.iv.1996; 5 exs., Kangpokpi, Senapati the districts Senapati, Tamenglong and Chandel district, 9.iv.1996. only 13, 11 and 5 species respectively were Diagnosis: Body oval, posterior part of the collected. This is needed to mention here that two body distinctly thicker than the anterior part; districts of this state, namely, Thoubal and Ukhrul 120-130 rom in length, at anterior end a thinner have remained unexplored so far as protozoan portion appearing to project like a frill, species are concerned. 38 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
The present study clearly reveals that symbiotic collections and inventorisation of parasitic and protozoa of the state is completely unattended symbiotic protozoa. while parasitic protozoa are poorly studied. Only 8 species of parasitic protozoa comprising 2 SUMMARY species of flagellates and 3 species each of Taxonomic account of all the protozoan species opalinids and ciliates have been recorded (Table known so far from Manipur has been presented. 2). These parasites were collected from one It includes 86 species belonging to 2 phyla, 3 invertebrate host -species, Periplanata a",ericana and from four vartebrate host-species, namely, subphyla, 9 classes, 19 orderes, 37 families and Clarius ba trach us, 8ufo melanostictus, Rana 54 genera, depicting rich taxonomic diversity. cyallophlyctes and Rana limnocharis, from the Among these, 78 species are freeliving and 8 are last three of which 3, 2 and 2 species respectively parasitic. of parasitic Protozoa have been recovered. Freeliving protozoans were collected from Freeliving protozoa of two lakes, namely, freshwater and moss biotopes. Parasitic protozoa Kangla lake and Loktak were studied, of which were recovered from one invertebrate host, latter is of international significance and, as such, Periplanata americana and four vertebrate hosts, disignated as Ramsar site. The protozoan species viz., Clarius batrachus, Bufo melanostictus, Rana recorded from these lakes are listed below in cyanophlyctes and Rana limnocharis. Table 4. District-wise distribution of protozoan species It is needed to mention here that the present of this state as well as a list of protozoan species study is based on examination of only limited collected from Kangla lake, Imphal and Loktak number of freshwater and moss samples and gut lake, Bishenpur are presented in the paper. contents of a few host species. Blood smears of only one fish host Clarius batrachus and three ACKNOWLEDGEMENT species of anurans, viz., Bufo melanostictus, Rana cyanophlyctes and Rana limnocharis have been The authors are grateful to Dr. J.R.B. Alfred, examined. In view of this, few more surveys are Director, Zoological Survey of India for extending required to be conducted in Manipur for the necessary facilities for the present work and to collection of all the major groups of Protozoa Dr. O.K. Srivastava, Additional Director, ZSI for from different environs, giving emphasis on critically going through the manuscript.
Table 1 : Protozoan diversity in Manipur (Fr: freeliving; Pa : Parasitic) Number of: Taxa Family Genus Species Host species Fr. Pa Fr. Pa Fr. Pa Pa Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora 5 1 8 1 12 2 3 Subphylum Sarcodina 8 - 17 - 39 - - Subphylum Opalinata - 1 - 2 - 3 3 Phylum Ciliophora 20 2 23 3 27 3 3 Total 33 4 48 6 78 8 9* * Less than actual total since 3 host species, viz Bulo melanostictus, Rana limnocharis and R. cyanophlyctes harbour more than one species of parasites. Table 2: District-wise distribution of Protozoa in Manipur (IMP: Imphal; BIS: Bishenpur; SEN: Senapati; TAM: Tamenglong; CHU: Churachandpur; CHA: Chandel; JIR: Jiribum; THO: Thoubal; UKH: Ukhrul)
Districts .,. SI. No. Protozoan species IMP BIS SEN T~M CHU eRA JIR THO UKH
A. Freeliving FLAGELLATES 1. Chilomonas paramecium + + + 2. Gymnodinium aeruginosum + + + 3. Ceratium hirundinella + + 4. Ceratium tripos + + 5. Peridinium tabulatum + + + 6. Euglena acus +. + + 7. Euglena oxyuris + + 8. Phacus acuminata + + 9. Phacus pleuronectes + + 10. Trachelomonas hispida + + + 11. Trachelomonas urccolata + + 12. Entosiphon sulcatum + + + RHIZOPODS 13. Thecamoeba striata + + 14. Thecamoeba terricola + + 15. Arcella disco ides + + + + 16. A rcella henzispherica + + 17. Arcella vulgaris + + + 18. Centropyx;s aculeatn + + + 19. Centropyxis aerophi/a + + + + + + + 20. Centropyxis ecornis + + + + + + Table 2 Contd. Districts Sl. No. Protozoan species IMP DIS SEN TAM CHU CRA JIR THO UKH 21. Centropyxis minuta + + + + 22. Centropyxis platystoma + + + 23. Centropyxis spinosa + + + + + 24. Cyclopyxis arcelloides + + + + 25. Plagiopyxis callida + + + 26. Plagiopyxis declivis + + + 27. Plagiopyxis minuta + + + 28. Trigonopyxis arcula + + 29. DifJlugia acuminata + + + + 30. DifJlugia corona + + + + 31. DifJlugia curvicaulis + + + 32. DifJlugia lithophila + + + 33. DifJlugia lobostoma + + + + 34. DifJlugia muriformis + + 35. DifJlugia oblonga + + + 36. DifJlugia pyriformis + + 37. DifJlugia urcealata + + 38. Heliopera rosea + + + 39. Lesquereusia spiralis + + 40. Nebela tincta + + 41. Phryganella acropodia + + + 42. Assulina muscorum + + + 43. Assulina semilunum + + 44. Corythion dubium + + Table 2 Contd. o en> Districts Sl. No. Protozoan species IMP DIS SEN TAM CHU CHA JIR THO UKH
45. Euglypha acanthophora + + + 46. Euglypha rotunda + + + + 47. Euglypha tuberculata + + + 48. Tracheleuglypha dentata + + 49. Trinema.. enchelys + + + 50. Trinema lineare + + + + + 51. Actinophrys sol + Cll..IATES 52. Coleps hirtus + + + 53. Lacrymaria minima + + 54. Lacrymaria olor + + 55. Spathidium muscicola + + + + 56. Dileptus anser + + + 57. Trachelius ovum + + 58. Loxophyllum nimeccense + + 59. Colpoda cucullus + + + + 60. Drepanomonas dentala + + 61. Microthorax pusillus + + 62. Chilodonella cucullulus + + + 63. Ophryoglena jlava + + 64. Paramecium caudatum + + + + 65. Frontonia acuminata + + + 66. Frontonia depresea + 67. Frontonia leucas + + Table 2 Contd. Districts SI. No. Protozoan species IMP DIS SEN TAM CUU CHA JIR THO UKH 68. Vorticella campanula + + + 69. Blepharisma internledium + + 70. Spirostomum ambiguum + + 71. Metopus fuscus + + 72. Halteria grandinella + + 73. Strobilidium gyrans + + 74. Stichotricha socialis + + 75. Oxytricha fallax + + + 76. Aspidisca costata + + 77. Euplotes muscicola + + + 78. Euplotes plumipes + + B. Parasitic Protozoa - FLAGELLATES 79. Trypanosoma batrachi + + 80. Trypanosoma rotatorium + OPALINATES 81. Cepedia lanceolata + + 82. Opalima lata + + 83. Opalina triangularis + + CILIATES 84. Nyctotherus ovalis + + 85. Nyctotheroides cordiformis + + 86. Sicuophora macropharyngeus + + DAS et al, : Protozoa 43
Table 3 : Numerical species diversity of freeliving and parasitic protozoa in each district of Manipur (FI: Flagellates; Rh : Rhizopods; Cil : ciliates, Op : opalinates) Number of Protozoan species Name of Freeliging Parasitic Total districts Fl. Rh. cn Fl. Ope Cil Imphat 10 32 24 2 2 2 72 Bishenpur 9 22 19 -- - 50 Senapati - 9 - - 2 2 13 Tamenglong - 8 2 - - I II Churachandpur 4 14 9 - - - 27 Chandel - 5 - - - - 5 Jiribum 7 31 12 1 2 I 54 Thoubal ------Ukhrul ------
Table 4 : List of Progozoan species collected from Kangla lake and Loktak lake, Manipur
Lakes ProtozoaD species
Kangla lake, Imphal Flagellates: Chilomonas paranlecium, Gymnodinium aerugill0SUnl, ceratium hirundinella, Peridinium tabulalum, Euglena acus, Euglena Oxyuris, Phacus pleuronectes, Trachelomonas hispida, Trachlonlonas urceolara, Entosiphon sulcatum. Rhizopods : Areella disco ides, Arcella hemispherica, Arcella vulgaris, Centropyxis aculeata, Centropyxis ecornis, Centropyx;s spinosa, Difflugia acuminata, Difflugia corona, Difflugia curvicaulis, DijJ1ugia lithoplrila. DijJlugia lobostoma, Difflugia muriformis, Difflllgia oblong a, DiJJlugia pyriformis, Difflugia ureeolata, Euglypha acanthophora. TrinenUl Iilleare. Ciliates: Coleps hirtus, Lacrynlaria olor. DiitPllIS allser. Tracheleus ovum, Loxophyllum nimeccense, Colpoda CUCUIlIlS, Chilodonella cucullulus, Ophryoglena flava, Paramecilln, cautiat,,,n, Frontonia acuminata, Frontonia leucas, Vorticella calnpanula. BleplJarisl1la intermedium, Spirostomum ambiguul11, Metopus fllscus. Halreria g randin ella, Strobilidium gyrans, Stichotricha socialis, Oxytricha fal/ax. Euplotes plumipes.
Loktak lake, Bishenp.ur Flagellates: Chilomonas parameciu,n, GY11'lIodiniu,1I aeruginosum, Ceratium tripos, Peridinium tabulatu,n, Euglella acus, Euglena oxyuris. Phacus acuminata, Trachelomonas hispida. Elltosiphon sulcal,u,,_ Rhizopods: Arcella disco ides, Areella he,,,ispherica. Celltropyxis acuieata, Centropyxis ecomis, Celltropyxis spinosa. DijJ1ugia aClullillara. Difflugia corona, Difflugia curvicaulis. Diff1ugia lilhophi/a. Difflugia 44 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Mallipur
Table 4 : Contd.
Lakes Protozoan species
lobostoma, Difflugia lnuriformis, Difflugia oblonga, DijJlugia pyriformis, Difflugia urceolata, Lesquereusia spiralis, Euglypha acanthophora, TrinenUl enchelys, Trinema lineare. Ciliates : Coleps hirtus, Lacrymaria olor, Dileptus anser, Trachelius ovum, Loxophyllum nimeccense, Colpoda cucullus, Chilodonella cucullulus, Ophryoglena flava, Paramecium caudatum, Frontonia acuminata, Vorticella campanula, Blepharisma intermedium, Spirostomum anlbiguum, Strobilidium gyrans, Stichotricha socialis, Oxytricha fallax, Aspidisca costata, Euplotes plumipes.
REFERENCES
CHATIOPADHYAY, PIYALI AND DAS, A.K. 2003 Morphology, morphometry and ecology of moss dwelling testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) of north and north-east India. Menl. zool. Surv. India,19 (4) : 1-116 with 271 text figs. DAS A. K. 1995. Fauna of Chilka Lake: Protozoa. Wetland Ecosystem Series 1 : Fauna of Chilka: 137-209. DAS A. K., MANDAL, A. K. AND SARKAR, N. C. 1993. Freeliving Protozoa. 2001. Surv. India, State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal, part 12: 1-133. DAS, A. K., MANDAL, A. K. NANDI, N. C., NANDI, RAND SARKAR, N. C. 1993. Parasitic Protozoa. 2001. Surv. India, State Fauna Series 3 : Fauna of West Bengal, part 12: 135-467. DAS, A. K., MANDAL, A. K. TIWARI, D. N. AND SARKAR, N. C. 1995. Protozoa. 2001. Surv. India, State Fauna Series 4: Fauna of Meghalaya, part 10: 1-103. DAS, A. K. NANDI, N. C. AND CHATIOPADHYAY Piyali (in press). Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh. Protozoa. 2001. Surv. India, State Fauna Series. DEFLANDRE, G. 1959. Rhizopoda and actinopoda. In: Freshwater Biology (2nd ed. W. T. Edmondson): 232-264. FOISSNER, W. 1987. Soil Protozoa: fundamental problems, ecological significance, adaptation in ciliates and testaceans, bioindicators and guide to literature. In : Progress in Protistology, 2 : 69- 212 Biopress Ltd. LEVINE, N. D., CORLISS, 1. 0., Cox, G.E.F., Deroux, G., Grain, 1., Honigberg, B.M, Leedsle, G. E, Loeblich, A. R., Lorn, J., Lynn, D, Merinfelds, O. E., Page, F. C., Poljanksy, G. Sprague, V., Vavra, J. and Wallace, F. G. 1980. A newly revised classification of Protozoa. 1. Protozool. 27 : 33-58. 2001. Surv. India State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Manipur, 45-67, 2004
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES
S. R. DEY SARKAR and AMALENDU CHATTERJEE Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New-Alipore. Kolkata-700 053
INTRODUCTION Soboliphyme nlanipurensis sp.n. is proposed to Nematode parasites of vertebrate hosts of accomodate it. Most of the remaining species are Manipur State have not so far been studied fairly wellknown from India, but all forms new proportionate to their importance to Live Stock, locality records. Keys for the subfamilies, genera, Poultry, Fishery and Wild Life etc. In the past, no subgenera and species are provided. The efforts have been made to study this group from classification followed for higher taxa is based on the state. In November-December, 1992, Shri CIH Keys. It also includes a host parasite list. Ajoy Kumar Mandai, Scientist-B of this Survey, All measurements are in millimeter. surveyed Senapati, Ukhrul, Tamenglong and Imphal districts of Manipur for the study of small MATERIAL AND METHOD mammals and avifauna. One of the authors was included in the party. As a result, a small collection Nematodes from vertebrate hosts were of nematode parasites along with some other collected for the present study during survey helminth parasites were recovered from the work in November-December, 1992. Hosts were collected hosts. The other helminth parasites are either purchased from the local market or animal not dealt here. The collection, though small, has collectors or collected in the field by traping and produced a number of properly authenticated netting etc. Standard methods were followed in records of nematode of vertebrate hosts from the fixing and processing of the parasites for State. examination. During study the' specimens were The present work was undertaken as a part of cleared in Creosote (Beech Wood). Before the Programme initiated by the Zoological Survey restoring them into 70% glycerine-alcohal they of India, Kolkata to assess the faunal richness of were washed a few minutes in 70% acid-alcohal Manipur. The study is mainly based on the to avoid their darking. In case of delicate and aforesaid collected specimens and also on the small specimens glycerine was used as clearing specimens time to time send by the I.C.A.R., Research Centre (Disease Control), Imphal, agent. Manipur, in the past for identification. LIST OF PARASITIC NEMATODE OF The present paper deals with 34 species of VERTEBRATE HOSTS parasitic nematode contained in 27 genera, 21 families and 4 orders of which 3 species are new Class NEMATODA to science. The genus Soboliphyme Petrov, 1930, Subclass ADENOPHOREA a curious nematode parasite of Szechuan I. Order ENOPLIDA Burrowing Shrew is being reported for the first time from India an,d a new specific name Superfamily (1) DICTOPHYMATOIDEA 46 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
1. Family SOBOLIPHYMATIDAE Superfamily (2) COSMOCERCOIDEA Petrov, 1930 5. Family COSMOCERCIDAE (Railliet, Genus 1. Soboliphyme Petrov, 1930 1916 subfam.) Travassos, 1925 1. Soboliphyme manipurensis sp.n. Subfamily COSMOCERCINAE Railliet, 1916 Superfamily (2) TRICIDNELLOIDEA Genus 6. Oxysomatium Railliet and Henry, 2. Family TRICHURIDAE (Ransom, 1916 1911) Railliet, 1915 8. Oxysomatium macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Subfamily TRICHURINAE Ransom , Karve, 1927. 1911 Genus 2. Trichuris Roederer, 1761 Superfamily (3) HETERAKOIDEA 2. Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) Smith, 6. Family ASCARIDIIDAE Travasses, 1908 1919 Genus 7. Ascaridia Dujardin, 1845 Subclass (II) SECERNENTEA 9. Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) Freeborn, II. Order ASCARIDIDA 1923 Superfamily (1) ASCARIDOIDEA 7. Family HETERAKIDAE Rainiet and 3. Family ASCARIDIDAE Baird, 1853 Henry, 1912 Subfamily ASCARIDINAE (Baird, 1853) Subfamily HETERAKINAE RaBliet and Hartw icb , 1974 Henry, 1912 Genus 3. Toxascaris Leiper, 1907 Genus 8. Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 3. Toxascaris leonina (V. Linstow, 1902) Railliet 10. Heterakis gallinae (Gmelin, 1790) Freeborn, and Henry, 1911 1923 Subfamily TOXOCARINAE (Hartwich, 11. Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 1954 fam.) Osche, 1958 Superfamily (4) SUBULUROIDEA Genus 4. Po"ocaecum Railliet and Henry, 8. Family SUBULURIDAE (Travassos, 1912. 1914) Yorke and Maplestone, (Molin, 1860) 4. Porrocaecum angusticolle 1926 Baylis and Daubney, 1922 Subfamily SUBULURINAE Travassos, 5. Porrocaecum ardeae (Frolich, 1802) Baylis, 1914 1936 Genus 9. Subulura Molin, 1860 4. Family ANISAKIDAE (Railliet and 12. Subulura sp. Henry, 1912 subfam) Skrjabin SPIRURIDA and Karokhin, 1945 fil. Order Superfamily (1) CAMALLANOIDEA Subfamily ANISAKINAE RaitHet and Henry, 1912 9 Family CAMALLANIDAE Rail1iet and Henry, 1915 Genus 5 Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912 Subfamily CAMALLANINAE Yeh, 1960 6. Contracaecum tricuspe (Gedoelst, 1916) Genus 10. Paracamallanus Yorke and Baylis, 1920 Maplestone, 1926 7. Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 13. Paracamallanus singhi (Ali, 1957) Campana 1809) RailHet and Henry, 1912 Rouget, 1961 DEY SARKAR & CHATIERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 47
Genus 11. Camallanus Railliet and Henry, Superfamiuly (5) HABRONEMATOIDEA 1915 14. Family HABRONEMATIDAE 14. Camallanus anabantis Pearse, 1933 (Chitwood & Wehr, 1932) Invaschikin, 1961 Genus 12. SpirocanuJ11onus Olsen, 1952 Subfamily HABRONEMATINAE 15. Spirocamallanus gubernaculus (Khera, 1955) Chitwood & Wehr, 1932 Soota, 1983 Genus 19. Habronema Diesing, 1861 Genus 13. Camallanides Baylis and Daubney, 23. Habronema sp. 1922 Subfamily HITOCEPHALINAE Gendre, 16. Camallanides prashadi Baylis & Daubney, 1922 1922 Genus 20. Viguiera Seurat, 1913 Superfamily(2} PHYSALOPTEROIDEA 24. Viguiera sp. 10. Family PHYSALOPTEROIDAE Superfamily (6) DIPLOfRIAENOIDEA (Railliet, 1893 subfam.) Leiper, 1908 15. Family DIPLarRIAENIDAE (Skrjabin, 1916 subfam.) Subfamily PH Y SAL 0 PTE R I N A E Anderson, 1958. Railliet, 1893 Subfamily DIPLOTRIAENINAE Genus 14. PhystJloptera Rudophi, 1819 RaitHet & Henry, 1909 17. Physaloptera sp. Genus 21. Diplotriaena Railliet & Henry, 1909 Superfamily (3) THELAZOIDEA 25. D;plotr;aena tr;cusp;s (Fedchenko, 1874) Seurat, 1915 11. Family THELAZIIDAE Skrjabin, 1915 Superfamily (7) APROcrOIDEA Subfamily THELAZIINAE (Skrjabin, 16. Family APROCTIDAE (Yorke & 1915 fam.) Baylis. and Maplestone, 1926 subfam.), Daubney, 1926 Skribin & Sehikhobalova~ 1915 Genus 15. Thelazia (Thelazia) Bose, 1819 Subfamily APROCTINAE Yorke & 18. Thelazia (Thelazia) sp. Maplestone, 1926 Superfamily (4) SPIRUROIDEA Genus 22. Pseudaprocta Schikhobalova. 1930 12. Family SPIRURIDAE Oerley, 1885 26. Pseuaprocta manipurensis sp.n. Genus 16 Spirura Blanchard, 1849 IV. Order STRONGYLIDA 19. Spirura nlanipuri sp.n. Supelfamily (1) ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA 20. Spirura sp. 17. Family ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE (Looss, 1905) Lane, 1917 13. Family SPIROCERCIDAE (Chitwood & Wehr, 1932) Chabaud, 1975 Subfamily ANCYLOSTOMATINAE Looss, 1905 Subfamily SPIROCERCINAE Chitwood & Wehr, 1932 Genus 23. Ancy/ostonul (Dubini, 1843) Creplin. 1845 Genus 17. Spirocerca RaitHet and Henry, 1911 27. Ancylosto",a (A.) Calli1UU1J (Ercolani. 1859) 21. Spirocerca lupi (Rudolphi, 1909) Chitwood, Lane, 1916 1933 Superfamily (2) STRONGYLOIDEA Genus 18. Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) (Singh, 18. Family CHABERTIIDAE (Popova, 1934 gen.) 1952 subfam.) Lichtenfels, 22. Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) sp. 1980 48 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Subfamily OESOPHAGOSTOMINAE Superfamily (3) 1RIGlOSlRONGYlDIDFA RaHliet, 1916 20. Family DICTYOCAULIDAE Genus 24. Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861 (Skrjabin, 1933 subfam.) Skrjabin, 1941 Subgenus Bosicola Sandground, 1929 Subfamily DICTYOCAULINAE 28. Oesophagostomum (B.) radiatum (Rudolphi, Skrjabin, 1933 1803) Travassos & Vogelsang, 1932 Genus 26. Dictyocaulus Railliet & Henry, 1907 Subgenus Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861 33. Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch, 1782) Railliet 29. Oesophagostomum (0.) dentatum (Rudolphi, and Henry, 1907 1803) Molin 1861 21 Family MOLINEIDAE (Skrjabin & Schulz, 1937 subfam.) Durette Subgenus Hysteracrum Railliet & Henry, 1913 Desset and Chabaud, 1977 30. Oesophagostomum (H.) asperunz Railliet & Subfamily MOLINEINAE Skrjabib & Henry, 1913 Schulz, 1937 Subgenus Proteracrum Railliet & Henry, 1913 Genus 27. Oswaldocruzil1 Travassos, 1917 31. Oesophagostomum (P.) columbianuln 34. Oswaldocruzia goezei Skrjabin & Schulz, (Curtice, 1890) Railliet & Henry, 1913 1952
19. Family STRONGLIDAE Baird, 1853 COLLECTION OF MATERIAL Subfamily STRONGYLINAE Railliet, 1885 Some vertebrates belonging to different groups were examined. The following hosts were found Genus 25 Triodontophorus Looss, 1902 infected with the parasites indicated. Besides 32. Triodontophorus minor (Looss, 19(0) Looss, nematodes, some other helminth parasites were 1902 also recovered but are not indicated here. HOST PARASITE LIST Host Habitat Parasites Mammalia: Family : CANIDAE Dog (Domestic) Intestine 1. Ancylostoma (Ancyloston,a) canium. 2. Thelazia (Thelazia) sp. 3. Spirocerca [upi Family : FELIDAE Panthera pardus Intestine Toxascaris leonina Family : SORICIDAE 1. Anourosorl/x squamipes Stomach 1. Soboliphyme manipurensis sp.n. 2. Spirura manipuri sp.n. 2. Suncus murinus griffithi 1. Stomach 1. Spirura sp. 2. Stomach nodule 2. Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) sp. Family : MURIDAE 1. Mus musculus Caecum Heterakis spumosa Family : BOVIDAE 1. Goat (Domestic) Intestine 1. Trichuris ovis, DEY SARKAR & CHATTERJEE: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 49
Host Habitat Parasites
2. Oesophagostolnum (Hysteracrum) asperum. 3. Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) columbianum. 2. BulJ 1. Intestine 1. Oesophagostomuln (Bosicola) radialUnJ 2. Bronchi 2. Dictyocaulus viviparus. Family : EQUIDAE Horse Intestine Triodontophrous minor Family : SUIDAE Pig Intestine Oe sophagostolnum (OesophagostomunJ) dentatuln Family : RHINOLOPHIDAE 1. Hipposiderus armeger Intestine Physaloptera sp armeger Aves : Family : ARDEIDAE 1. Ardeolo grayei Intestine Porrocaecum ardeae 2. Bubulcus ibis Intestine Contracaeculn tr;cuspe Family : PHALACROCORECIDAE 1. Phalacrocorax niger Intestine Contracaecunl spiculigerllm Family : PHASIANIDAE Fowl (Domestic) 1. Intestine l. Ascaridia galli 2. caecum 2. Heterakis gal/iane Family : STRIGI}?AE 1. Otus bakkamoena Caecum Subulura sp. 2. Otus scops Horny layer of gizzard HabronenJa sp. Family : STURNIDAE 1. Sturnus contra Body cavity Diplotriaena tricllspis Family : DICRURIDAE 1. Dicrurus sp. Horny layer of gizzard Viguiera sp. Family : ACCIPITRIDAE 1. Milvus migrans Intestine Porrocaeclun angusticolle Family : MUSCICAPIDAE l. Garrulox leucolophus Body cavity Pseudaprocta ,,,anipurellsis sp.n. 50 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Host Habitat Parasites Reptilia: Family : COLUBRIDAE 1. Xenochrophis piscater Intestine Camallanides prashadi Amphibia: Family : RANIDAE A tree frog 1. Rectum 1. Oxysomatium macintoshii 2. Intestine 2. Oswaldocruzia goezei Fishes: Family : NOTOPTERIDAE 1. Notopterus notopterus Intestine Spirocamallanus gubemaculus Family : CHANNIDAE 1. Channa striatus Intestine Paracamallanus singhi Family : ANABANTIDAE 1. Anabus testudineus Intestine Camallanus anabantis
SYSTEMETIC ACCOUNT armed with thick cuticular dentigerus ridges. At the j unction of the buccal capsule and the Class NEMATODA oesophagus, ten "cervical sacs" present in a circle Subclass ADENOPHOREA around the oesophagus. Some cuticular bosses 1. Order ENOPLIDA present in both sexes. Male tail modified to form Superfamily DIOCTOPHYMATOIDEA ventral sucker. 1. Family SOBOLIPHYMATIDAE Description: Male: Body 17.92-26.4 long, Petrov, 1930 0.64-0.93 wide; oral sucker (0.96-1.28)x(0.96- 1. Genus Soboliphyme Petrov, 1930 1.36) in diameter; nerve ring at anterior limit of oesophagus; oesophagus 3.28-4.32 long, 0.29- The genus Soboliphyme is reported for the 0.35 wide; bursa 0.8-1.28 wide by 0.65-0.99 first time in India. long; spicule filiform, 1.36-2.64 long.
1. Soboliphyme manipurensis sp. n. Female: Body 26.4-30.16 long, 0.96-1.2 wide; (Fig. 1. a, b, c, d) oral sucker (1.2-i.6)x(1.2-1.2S) in diameter; nerve ring as in male; oesophagus 4.8-5.28 long, 0.32- Materials: Holotype one male; ZSI Reg. No. 0.49 wide; vulva at the junction of oesophagus WN SOS; host-Szechuan Burrowing Shrew, and intestine, 4.8-5.28 from the anterior end; Anourosorex squamipes; location-Stomach; vagina directed posteriorly; tail rounded conical, locality-Ukhrul, (C IS00m), Ukhrul district, 0.32-0.35 long; eggs oval, (0.048xO.OS) in Manipur; 15.xi.1992; Coll-S. R. Dey Sarkar. diameter with smooth outer shell; thick middle shel1 discontinuous at one pole. Para types 2 males, 3 mature females and 7 immature females; ZSI Reg. No. WN S09; other Discussion: Soboliphyme manipurensis sp. n. particulars as for the holotype. resembles S. soricis Baylis and King, 1932 and S. Jamisoni Read, 1952 in the number of "Cervical Diagnosis: Body robust. Buccal capsule Sacs" and in the subventral mouth opening but acetabular with wide circular opening. Cephalic differs from them in various body measurements, sucker directed subventrally, its anterior border size of spicule and position of vulva. DEY SARKAR & CHATIERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 51
a b c
d
Fig. 1: Sobolipltyme man;purens;s sp. n. (a) Posterior end of male. (b) Posterior end of female. (c) Anterior end of female. (d) Egg.
The morphology of eggs of S. manipurensis 2. Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) Smith, agrees with S. soricis in having middle shell of 1908 the egg discontinuous at one pole only, while the 1795. Trichocephalus ovis Abildgaard, [n.v.] middle shell of egg discontinuous at both the poles in S. janlisoni. 1908. Trichuris ovis Smith, Univ. Penn. Med. Bull. 20( 12) : p. 269 Further, the number of "Cervical Sacs" differs Materials: Host domistic goat; location:- in S. manipurensis and S. baturini Petrov, 1930, intestine; locality-Uchathal, Imphal district. there being six or seven of these structures in S. Manipur; 28.xi-1992; ColI. S. R. Dey Sarkar. baturini and at least ten in S. manipurensis. The surface of the egg of S. baturini is pitted while Diagnosis: Male. Body 50-SO long. 0.5 wide; that of S. manipurensis is smooth. This two slender oesophageal portion about three-quartes species also differ from each other in various of the body length; spicule 4.S-7.2 long, thickened body measurements, size of spicule and the distally' before tapering to a point; spicule sheath position of vulva. Incidentally this is the first when fully everted globular expansion at its distal record of the genus from India. end, the whole sheath covered with small spines. those on the expansion being smaller than the Superfamily TRICHlNELLOIDEA rest. 2. Family TRICHURIDAE (Ransom, Felnale: Body 50-SO long, 1.0 wide; vulva 1911) Railliet, 1915 prominent; vagina relatively long and slender; the Subfamily TRICHURINAE Ransom, 1911 lumen of the distal portion lined with fine spines for some distance and part of this spiny lining 2. Genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761 frequently everted at the vulva; eggs with polar
Only one species of the genus Trichuris IS plugs, measuring (0.07-0.0S)x(O.03-0.04) in being reported here from Manipur. diameter with polar plugs. 52 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Mallipur
Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. postana) papillae one pair double subventral papillae present; spicules subequal, non-alate, 0.8- Elsewhere: India: Widely distributed 1.5 long; gubemaculam absent. throughout the Indian Union; cosmopolitan. Female: Body 40-100 long; tail sharply n. Subclass SECERNENTEA pointed; vulva at about anterior third of the body; eggs almost round, (0.06xO.085) in diameter. 2. Order ASCARIDIDA Distribution : Manipur : Imphal. Superfamily( 1) ASCARIDOIDEA Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India: 3. Family ASCARIDIDAE Baird, 1853 Cosmopolitan. Key to the Subfamilies Subfamily TOXOCARINAE (Hartwitch, Oesophagus with globular to ellipsoidal 1954 fam.) Osche, 1958. posterior ventriculas ...... TOXOCARINAE 4. Genus Raillet & Henry, 1912 Oesophagus without ventriculus ...... Po"ocaecum ...... ASCARIDINAE The genus Porrocaecum is represented in Manipur by two species. Subfamily ASCARIDINAE (Baird, 1853) Hartwich, 1974 Key to the species 3. Genus Toxascaris Leiper, 1907 Parasites of birds of pray. Interlabia small. Lateral ala absent. Spicules equal and non- Only one species of the genus Toxascaris is alate ...... P. angusticolle being reported from Manipur. Parasites of herons, egrets etc. Interlabia 3. Toxascaris leonina (V. Linstow, 1902) relatively large. A pair of lateral alae present. Railliet & Henry, 1911 Spicules equal and broadly alate ... P. ardae
1902. Ascaris leonina V. Linstow, Arch. Mikr. Anol., 60 : 4. Po"ocaecum angusticolle (Molin, 1860) p 218 Baylis & Daubney, 1922 1911. Toxascaris leonina Railliet & Henry, C. R. Soc. 1960. Ascaris angusticollis Molin, Silz. K. Akad. Wiss., Bioi., 70 (1) : p. 15. Wein., 40 : p. 336 Material: Host - Leopard, Panthera pardus; 1922. Porrocaecum angusticolle Baylis & Daubney, Mem. location-intestine; locality-Zoogarden, Indian Mus., Calcutta, 7 : p. 275. Lampherpat, Imphal, Manipur; 28.xii-1977; Coil. - N. D. Varma. Material: 4 examples; host-Kite, Milvus migrans; location-intestine; locality-Uchathal, Diagnosis: Body slender, bent dorsally about 5 kIn. East of Jiribam, Imphal district, anteriorly, cervical alae present, long, narrow and Manipur; 27-xi-1992; coll-S. R. Dey Sarkar. finely striated; lips with pulp forming two distinct Diagnosis: Male: Body upto 55 long, 1.1 lateral lobes and an unpaired internal lobe, the wide; dorsal lip almost hexagonal with dentigerous anterior lobes marked off from the main pulp by ridges; longitudinal ridges present on either side a deep groove and broad and bilobed at their of the lip; interlabia small, triangular; the body extremities; interlabia absent. tapers anteriorly to form a long slender neck, Male: Body 20-70 long; caudal end without head small; oesophagus 4.8 long including a cone-shaped appendage; caudal papillae about 30 short oblong ventriculus measuring 0.6 in length; pairs, about 25 preanal and 5 postanal, of the intestinal caecum 2.7-3 long; a pair of large DEY SARKAR & CHATTERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 53 sessile cervical papillae present; tail conical, 0.39 4. Family ANISAKIDAE (Railliet & Henry, long; a distinct constriction present, half way 1912, subfam.) Skrjabin & between the cloaca and the tip of the tail; preanal Karokhin, 1945. papillae about 20 pairs, postanal papillae 4 pairs Subfamily ANISAKINAE Railliet & Henry, and one pair of double papillae present just behind 1912 the cloaca; spicules equal, non-alate 0.95 long; 5. Genus Contracaecum Railliet & Henry, 1912 gubernaculum absent. Female: Body 40-90 long; tail blunt, 0.7 long; Two species of the genus Contracaecum are a pair of caudal papillae present at 0.2 from the being reported from Mani pur. tip of the tail; vulva dividing the body length in Key to the Species ratio of 3:5; eggs (0.085-0.093)x(0.0586-0.074) in diameter. Sipcules 4.6 mm long, alate. Postanal papillae 6 pairs. Female tail with a pair of papillae Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district...... C. tr;cuspe Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India: Spicules 7 mm. long, alate. Postanal papillae Europe (Austria); Africa (Egypt). 7 pairs. Female tail without a pair of papillae 5. Po"ocaecum ardeae (Frolich, 1802) ...... C. spiculigerum Baylis, 1936 6. Contracaecum tricuspe (Gedoelst, 1916) 1802. Ascaris ardeae Frolich, Beitrage Zur Natur. der Baylis, 1920 Eillgewidewiirmer. Naturf., Halle, 29 : p. 44 1916. Kalhleena tricuspis Gedoelst. R~. Zoo I. Ajricalla 1936. Porrocaecum ardeae Baylis, Fauna of Brit. India, (8ruxclles) 5 (I) : 1-90 Nematoda-l : p. 73. 1920. Conlracaecum triclIspe Baylis. Panuitol. 12: 253- Material: 2 examples; host-Pond Heron, 264. Ardeola grayei; location - intestine; locality Material: 3 examples; host-Cattle Egret, Uchathal, Imphal district, Manipur; 28-xi-1992; Bubulcus ibis: location-intestine; locality-Jiribum, coll-S. R. Dry Sarkar. Imphal district, Manipur; 27-xi-1992; coll.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. Diagnosis: Male: Body 48.5 long, 1.0 wide; pulp of the dorsal lip with two bifurcated anterior Diagnosis: Cuticle of the neck deeply folded lobes; interlabia relatively large; a pair of lateral transversely. Three lips and three interlabia of alae extending throughout the body length; elaborate structure. The interlabia with two oesophagus 3.1 long, the ventriculas about 3.8 transverse processes which fit into the notches of long, and intestinal caecum 3.0 long; tail with lips. No. lateral alae. digitiform prolongation; 5 pairs of papillae on it; Male: Body 13.9 long, 0.785 wide; tail conical, in addition 15 pairs of preanal and one pair of ending in a pointed appendage, curved ventrally. double postanal papillae present; spicules equal, 0.14 long; postanal papillae six pairs, one pair of broadly alated, 1.2 long; gubemaculam absent. adana) and about fifty pairs preanal papillae present, spiculs equal, 4.6 long, alate. Female: Body 150 long; 3.0 wide; vulva pre eqatorial; eggs (0.lxO.078) in diameter; the outer Fentale: Body 13.2-17.5 long, 0.96-1.0 wide~ surface of the eggs reticulated. tail conical, with a pair of papillae; vulva at anterior 215 of the body. Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. Elsewhere: India, widely distributed: Europe; South America (Brazil); North America and Africa Elsewhere: India: Bihar, Meghalaya, Tripura (Trans val). and West Bengal; Africa and Australia. 54 State Fauna Series JO: Fauna of Manipur
7. Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rudolphi, 1927. Oxysomatium macintoshii Karvey, Ann. and Mag. 1809) Rainiet & Henry, 1912 Nat. His1., 20 (9) : p. 620. Material: 18 examples; host-a tree frog; 1809. Ascaris spiculigera Rudolphi. Entol-oorum sive vermium inteslinalium Historia naturalis. 1 : p. 168 location-rectum; locality-Turibari (ca. 1250 M), 5 Amstelaedami km. west of Kangpokpi, Senapati district, 1912. Contracaecum spiculigerum Railliet & Henry, Bull. Manipur; 8-xi-1992; coll-S.R. Dey Sarkar. Soc. Path. exot., Paris. 5 : p. 256. Diagnosis: Lips small. Oesophagus with a Material: Several examples; host - Little short pharynx and a sub-globular posterior bulb. Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger; location Lateral alae present. Caudal end of male tapering intestine; locality-Jiribum, Imphal district, and pointed with many sessile preanal and postanal Manipur: 28-xi-1992; coll-S.R. Dey Sarkar. papillae. Spicules equal, gubernaculam present. Diagnosis: Lips large, rounded, the outer Vulva at about middle of the body. Viyiparous. surface flat, the inner giving off two rounded Male: Body 2.0-2.4 long, 0.25 wide; lateral processes which extended outward and forward, alae extended throughout the greater part of the protruding beyond edge of lip. Interlabia hook body; spicules equal relatively long, about 0.23 shaped, slightly shorter than the lips. Oesophageal long; gubernaculum 0.023 long; caudal papillae appendix posteriorly directed 1.2-1.86 long and sessile, 27 pairs, 9 pairs preanal and 18 pairs anteriorly directed intestinal caecum very postanal in position. voluminus, elongate and cone-shaped. Female: Body 3-6 long, about 0.1-0.34 wide; Male: Body 30-45 long, 0.8-0.9 wide; tail vulva at about middle of the body; tail narrow curved, ending in conical point; preanal papillae 0.35-0.41 long, ending in a tapering filament; vary from 38-56 and 7 pairs of postanal papillae; eggs (O.3-0.338)x(0.186-0.224) in diameter. spicules equal, alate, upto 8 long. Distribution : Manipur : Senapati district. Female: Body 25-46 long, 1.0-1.8 wide; tail conical about 0.4 long; vulva at about the anterior Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India: third of the body; eggs spherical (0.05xO.52) in Myanmar; Africa, Tanganika, Niger vally. diameter. Superfamily (3) HETERAKOIDEA Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. 7. Family ASCARIDIIDAE Travessos, 1919 Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. 7. Genus Ascaridia Dujardin, 1845 Superfamily (2) COSMOCERCOIDEA One species of the genus Ascaridia is being 5. Family COSMOCERCIDAE (Rainiet, reported from Manipur. 1916 subfam) Travassos, 1915 9. Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) Freeborn, Subfamily COSMOCERCINAE Railliet, 1923 1916 6. Genus Oxysomatium Railliet & Henry, 1916 1788. Ascaris galli Schrank, Munchen, p. 9. 1923. Ascaridia galli Freeborn, Science. N. Y. [New seris], The genus Oxysomatium is represented in 57: p. 692. Manipur by one species. Material: 8 examples; host-Domestic fowl; 8. Oxysomatium macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) location-intestine; locality-Tamenglong, Karve, 1927 Tamenglong district and Jiribam, Imphal district, 1914. Oxysoma macintoshii Stewart, R('c. Ind. Mus., Manipur; 24-xi.1992 and 28.xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Calcutta, 10 : p 165. Dey Sarkar. DEY SARKAR & CHATIERJEE : Nematode Par.asites of Vertebrates 55
Diagnosis: Large nematodes of yellow-white Diagnosis: Small, white worms, mouth with colour, with three lips of which the dorsal is three small lips of equal length, without teeth. larger than the two submedian; dentigerous ridges Two narrow lateral alae extended almost the entire on each lip. Lateral alae slender, throughout whole length of the body. length of the body. Oesophagus without bulb. Male: Body 7-12 long; oesophagus including Male: Body 26.0-70.0 long; tail conical, bulb 1.0-1.1 long; caudal alae broad; tail about pointed 0.45-0.84 long; caudal end armed with 0.3-0.45 long; preanal sucker well developed, small alae and provided with round or slightly 0.1-0.2 from the cloaca; caudal papillae 12 pairs; oval preanal sucker of (0. 17-0. 19)x(O.21-0.23) in 4 pairs between the cloaca and the tail tip, 4 pairs diameter with a chitinous ring; caudal papille ten pedunculated papillae and 2 pairs of sessile pairs, three pairs preanal, one pair adanal and six papillae present in the vicinity of the cloacal pairs postanal in position; spicules equal, 1.0-2.4 aperture and 2 pairs pedunculated papillae near long. the sucker; spiculs, unequal and dissimilar, right Female: Body 60-100 long; tail 1.0-1.8 long, being 1.6-2.6 long with narrow alae and simple straight and conical; vulva in the middle of the conical tip, the left being 0.6-1.3 long with broad body; eggs (O.065-0.088)x(0.04-O.05) in diameter. alae and double curve. Distribution: Manipur : Imphal and Female: Body 8.0-13.0 long; tail tapering and Tamenglong districts. pointed 1.0-1.2 long with a pair of papillae; vulva 3.7-4.7 from posterior end; eggs oblong (0.063- Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. 0.075)x(0.036-0.048) in diameter.
7. Family HETERAKIDAE Railliet & Henry, Distribution: Manipur : Tamenglong district. 1912. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. 8. Genus Heterakis Dujardin, 1845 11. Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 Two species of the genus Heterakis are being 1866. Heterakis splllnosa Schneider. Monographit-dt-r reported from Manipur. Nematode" .. Berlin. p. 77. Key to the species Material: Several examples; host-MilS musculus. Rattus sp. Bandicoota bengalellsis; Parasites of birds. Spicules of male unequal, location-caecum; locality-Turibari, Senapati dissimilar, ala teo Caudal papillae 12 pairs. district, Tamenglong, Tamenglong district, ...... H. gallinae Manipur; 10-xi-1992 and 21-xi-1992; coll.-S. R. Parasites of mammals (Rats, Mice). Spicules Dey Sarkar. subequal, flattened and tapring. Caudal Diagnosis: Mouth with three small lips. Two papillae 10 pairs ...... H. spumosa lateral alae present, beginning at about 0.2 mm 10. Heterakis gallinae (Gmelin, 1790) from the anterior and extending in the male to the Freeborn, 1923 level of the preanal sucker, in the female to the tip of the tail. 1790. Ascaris gallinae Gmelin, Systema naturae &: c. Editio decimatertia. Pt. 6. : p. 3034. Male: Body 6.4-8.5 long; tail 0.25 long; caudal 1923. Heterakis gallinae Freeborn. Science. N.Y., new ser., alae wide anteriorly; sucker about 0.2 from the 57. p. 692. cloaca; caudal papillae 10 pairs, paracloacal group 5 pairs, 2 pairs near preanal sucker and 3 posterior Material: 10 examples; host-Domestic fowl; group; spicules subequal, flattened tapering and location-caecum; . locality-Tamenglong, longitudinally striated, 0.2-0.35 long. Tamenglong district, Manipur; 22-xi-1992; coll. S.R. Dey Sarkar. F~male: Body 7-13 long; tail 0.68-0.9 long. 56 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur with a pair of papillae; vulva posterior to middle Buccal valves without large external of body, with proniinent lips; eggs (0.055-0.065) thickenings. Tridents present or absent ..... 3 x (0.04-0.055) in diameter.' 3. With large chitinous buccal cavity, behind Distribution: Manipur : Senapati and the chitinous valves ...... Paracamallanus. Tamenglong districts. Without a chitinous buccal cavity behind the Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. valves ...... Camallanus.
10. Genus Paracamallanus Yorke & Superfamily(4) SUBULUROIDEA Maplestone, 1926. 8. Family SUBULURIDAE (Travassos, 13. Paracamallanus singhi (Ali, 1957) 1914) Yorle & Maplestone, 1926 Campana-Rouget, 1961 Subfamily SUBULURINAE Travassos, 1914 1957. Neocamallanus singhi Ali, Indian J. Helminth, 8 9. Genus Subulura Molin, 1860 (1956): p. 19
12. Subulura sp 1961. Paracamallanus singhi Compana-Rouget, Pule Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belgicue, 3(4) : p.27 Material: One female; host-Owl, Otus Material: One male, two females; host-Channa bakkamoena; location-caecum; locality-Turibari, striatus; location-intestine; locality-liribum, Senapati district, Manipur; 12-xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Imphal district, Manipur; 28-xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Dey Sarkar. Dey Sarkar. Female: Body 11.0 long, 0.35 wide; tail 1.1 Diagnosis: Small worms with narrow body, long; vulva in the anterior half of the body; eggs head broadly rounded. Buccal capsule with two (0.035xO.065) in diameter.' lateral valves, without tridents or rods. Twelve ridges present interiorly. Cuticle thin, unstriated. Rema~ks : In the absence of a male, specific identification is not possible. Male: Body 4.0 long, 0.13 wide; head 0.06 wide; buccal valves excluding basal ring 3. Order SPIRURIDA 0.033xO.055; oesophagus divided into two parts, anterior muscular, 0.28 long, posterior glandular Superfamily(l) CAMALLANOIDEA 0.52; tail conical, 0.09 long; caudal alae 0.34 9. Family CAMALLANIDAE Railliet & long; spicules not well chitinized, unequal, right Henry, 1915 longer 0.12 long, left shorter, 0.055 long; caudal papillae pedunculate, 11 pairs; 4 preanal, 2 adanal Subfamily CAMALLANINAE Yeh, 1960 and 5 postanal in position. Four genera of the family Camallanidae are Female: Body 6.35-6.48 long, 0.15-0.18 wide; being recorded from Manipur. Each of the genus head 0.07 wide; buccal valve excluding basal is represented by a single species. ring 0.045xO.066; muscular oesophagus 0.38-0.42, Key to genera glandular oesophagus 0.74-0.85 long; tail bluntly pointed, 0.18-0.26 long; vulva with prominent 1. Buccal capsule not divided into two valves lips, equatorial, at 2.9-3.34 from anterior end ...... Spirocamallanus. Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. Buccal capsule divided into two lateral Elsewhere: India : Calcutta, West Bengal; valves ...... 2 Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; Bareilly and 2. Buccal valves with large external thickenings Lucknow, U.P.; Ludhiana, Punjab; Ramtek district, and posteriorly directed chitinous structures Nagpur, Maharashtra; Ambassa, Tripura; Dhaka in the form of simple rods .. Camallanides. and Sylhet (Bangladesh); Karachi (Pakistan). DEY SARKAR & CHATTERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 57
11. Genus Camallanus Railliet & Henry, 1915 Jiribum, Imphal district; Manipur; 29-xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Dey Sarkar. 14. Camallanus anabantis Pearse, 1933 Diagnosis: Mouth surrounded by four 1933. Camallanus anabantis Pearse, J. Saim. Soc. Nat. submedian and two lateral papillae; buccal capsule Hist. Supplement. 9(2) : p. 179. elongated, barrel-shaped with 16 spiral thickenings Material: One male, two females; host-Anabas and a pair of lateral finger-shaped thickenings testudineus: location-intestine; locality-Jiribam, parallel to longitudinal axis; oesophagus divided Imphal district, Monipur; 2S-xi-1992; coll.-S. R. into two parts; cervical papallae present. Dey Sarkar. Male: Body 6.6 long, 0.11 wide; muscular Diagnosis: Buccal capsule divided into two oesophagus 0.3 long, posterior glandular, 0.4 long; lateral valves, each with nine longitudinal rows cervical papilla 0.4 from anterior end; tall 0.4 of teeth in both sexes. A pair of distinct tridents long, tapering, blunt, with caudal alae; spicules present. unequal, dissimilar, right O.lS long, left 0.05; caudal papillae 11 pairs; 5 preanal and 6 postanal Male: Body 3.0 long, 0.11 wide; tridents, in position. 0.023 long; cephalic papillae present; oesophagus divided into two parts, anterior muscular, 0.25 Female: Body 7.5 long, 0.09 wide; muscular long, posterior glandular, 0.4; tail 0.09 long, with oesophagus 0.3 long, glandular oesophagus, 0.5; two spines and a short precaudal alae; spicules cervical papillae 0.14 from the anterior end; tail two, unequal, similar, smaller O.OS long, longer 0.07 long, with a pair of papillae at the tip; vulva 0.35; caudal papillae pedunculate, 12 pairs; 6 1.4 from anterior end. preanal, 2 adanal and 6 postanal in position; a Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. pair of phasmids. Elsewhere: Lucknow, V.P.; Patna, Bihar; West Female: Body 7.2-10.5 long; 0.15 wide; Bengal; Agartala, Tripura. cephalic papillae present; oesophagus, anterior muscular 0.36-0.45 long, posterior glandular 0.52- 13. Genus Camollanides Baylis & Daubney, 1922. 0.72; tail 0.1-0.13 long, bifid; vulva preeqatorial 16. Camallonides prashadi Baylis & Daubney, in position. 1922. Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. 1922. Cama/lanides prashadi Baylis & Daubney. M~m. Elsewhere : Aurangabad, Maharashtra; Patna, Indian Mils.. Calcutta, 7 : p. 325 Bihar; Calcutta, West Bengal; Jullendur, Punjab; Material: One male, three females; host Paratia, Tripura; Bangkok (Thialand); North Checkered keelback, XenochroplJis piscator; Borneo (Sabah); Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia); Sri location-intestine; locality-Uchathol, 5 km East Lanka. of Jiribam, Imphal district, Manipur; 28-xi-1992; 12. Genus Spirocamallanus Olsen, 1952 col.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. 15. Spirocamallanus gubernaculus (Khera, Diagnosis: Buccal capsule consisting of two 1955) Sinha and Sahay, 1965 lateral chitinous valves each having two large thickenings externally; the tridents reduced to a 1955. Procamallanus gubernaculus Khera, An. Esc. naco simple rod-like structure on each side and of Cienc. bioi. Mex., 8 : p. 245. yellow colour; gubernaculum present; vulva very 1965. Spirocamallanus gubernaculus Sinha and Sa hay. prominent, modified into a tubular appendage. Indian J. Helmunth., 17 (ii), P.52. Male: Body 5.9 long, 0.21 wide; cuticle finely Material: One male, one female; host striated; each of two buccal valves with 14 Notopterus notopterus; location-Intestine; locality- .longitudinal ridges; tridents (rods) 0.06 long; 58 State Fauna Series 10:. Fauna of Manipur oesophagus 0.8 long, from anterior end; tail 30 km. north of Tamenglong, ca 128 M; 23-xi- pointed, small, with caudal alae; caudal paillae 1992; coli. S. R. Dey Sarkar. pedunculate, 12 pairs; 7 preanal, 5 postanal; Remarks: In. the absence of a male specific spicules unequal, dissimilar, the right broad, alate, identification is not possible. 0.22 long, and its tip curled into a hook, but without a barb; the left one slender and tapering, Superfamily(3) THELAZIOIDEA 0.14 long, gubernaculum triangular in shape. 11. Family THELAZIIDAE Skrjabin, 1915 Female: Body 15.0-17.5 long, 0.4 wide; tail tapering, about 0.4-0.6 long, ending in a conical Subfamily THELAZIINAE (Skrjabin, 1915 tip; vulva at 6.0-6.2 from the anterior end; the fain.) Baylis & Daubney, 1926 lips of vulva modified into a tubular appendage. 15. Genus Thelazia (Thelazia) Bosec, 1819 Distribution : Manipur : Impbal district. 18. Thelazill (Thelazill) sp.
Elsewhere : Widely distributed in India. Material: One female; host-dog (domestic); location-eye; locality-Nongmeibung, Manipur; 25- Superfamily(2) PHYSALOPTEROIDEA iiiv-1977; coll.-N.D. Varma. 10. Family PHYSAPLOPTE~OIDAE Remarks: In the absence of a male specific (Railliet, 1893 subfam.) Leiper, identification is not possible. 1908 Subfamily PHYSALOPTERINAE Railliet, Superfamily (4) SPIRUROIDEA 1893 12. Family SPIRURIDAE Oerley, 1885 14. Genus Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819. 16. Genus Spirura Blanchard, 1849 17. Phyaloptera Spa 19. Spirura manipuri Spa n. (Fig. 2. a, b, c) Material: One immature female; bost-Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros a. Material: Holotype, one male, Z.S.!. Reg. armiger; location-intestine; locality-Tharon cave, No. WN810; host-Szechuan Burrowing Shrew,
., ,, \ \ .:~~.. • • .'1 \ ': . -,. ",. . . .- " ':, ",I, ., ",.,
d Fig. 2: Spirura manipuri sp. n. (a) Anterior end showing ventral hump; (b) Posterior end of male; (c) Posterior end of female. DEY SARKAR & CHAITERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 59
Anourosorex squamipes,' location-stomach; Remarks: The present parasite does not agree locality-Ukhrul, ca 1800 M, Ukhrul district, with any other species so far described under the Manipur;-17.xi-1992; coll-S.R. Dey Sarkar. genus Spirura Blanchard, 1849, in various body measurements and in size and shape of the Paratypes, 3 males, 11 females and 8 subadult spicules. females, Z.S.l. Reg. No. WN 811; other particulars same as for the holotype. 20. Spirura sp.
Description: Lips small, trilobed, surrounded Material: One juv. female; host-House Shrew, at their bases by a projecting cuticular collar. Suncus murinus g riffithi; location-stomach; Buccal capsul.e laterally compressed. Body locality-Ukhrul (ca 1800M), Ukhrul district, thickend posteriorly, more or less spirally twisted. Manipur; 16.xi-1992; coll.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. Cuticle with fine transverse striations and with a Diagnosis : A ventral hump present at some ventral hump at some distance from the anterior distance from the anterior end. Body spiral. end. Cervical alae absent. Oesophagus very long, thickened posteriorly. Tail conical, tip pointed. divided into two parts-a very short anterior muscular and a long slightly wider posterior Renzarks: In the absence of mature specimen, specific identification is not possible. glandular portion. Tail of male with broad alae. Spicules subequal, dissimilar, the shorter wide 13. Family SPIROCERCIDAE (Chitwood & and transversely striated. Gubernaculam present. Wehr, 1932 subfam) Chabaud, Tail of female conical, tip pointed. Vulva 1975. postequatorial. Subfamily SPIROCERCINAE Chitwood & Male: Body 16.4-18.7 long, 0.27-0.32 wide; Wehr. 1932 nerve ring 0.26-0.32 from the head; pharynx 0.064 long; excretory pore 0.21-0.35 from the Two genera of the family Spirocercidae are anterior end; the ventral hump 1.36-1.44 from the being reported from Manipur. head; oesophagus very long, divided into a short Key to genera anterior muscular portion 0.34-0.48 long and a long glandular portion, measuring 5.44-6.11; tail 1. Male with 4 pairs of preanal papillae ...... 0.29-0.32 long, with broad alae supported by four ...... Spirocerca pairs of pedunculate preanal papillae, a singal Male with 7 pairs of preanal papillae ...... median papilla in front of the cloeca and three ...... Cylicospirura (Gastronodus) pairs pedunculate postanal papillae and in addition three pairs of small papillae form a group near 17. Genus Spirocerca Ralliet & Henry. 1911 the tip of the tail; spicules subequal, dissimilar, Only one species of the genus Spirocerca longer 0.27-0.29 long, with pointed tip and the occours in Manipur. shorter measuring 0.24-0.27, wide, alate and transversely striated; gubernaculum 0.064 long. 21. Spirocerca 'upi (Rudolphi, 1809) Female: Body 21.9-.23.6 long, 0.43-0.45 wide; Chitwood, 1933 nerve ring 0.29-0.32 from the head; pharynx 1809. Slronaylus l"pi Rudolphi. Entol.oorum si\'o \'t'rmiwn 0.064-0.08 long; excretory pore 0.35 from the intestinalium historia lIalllralis. 2(1) : p. 242.
anterior end; the ventral hump 1.44-1.6 from the 1933. Spirocerca 'upi Chitwood. J. Par.. 20(1) : p. 63 head; oesophagus as in male, muscular portion 0.56 long and glandular 6.24-6.32 long; tail Material: Host-dog; location-oesophagus and conical, tip pointed 0.256-0.298 long; vulva aorta; locality-Imphal, Imphal district, Manipur; prominent, 14.56-15.68 from the anterior end; 5-xii-1977; coli-N.D. Varma. eggs (0.016 x 0.032) in diameter. Diagnosis: The body blood red during life. 60 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Cuticle striated in transverse direction. Mouth The vulva in the oesophgeal region. The anus in hexagonal with six small papillae. Buccal cavity the female subterminal. present. Pharynx short, thick walled. Caudal end Female: Body 26.5 long, 0.8 wide; vulva at of male spirally coiled and provided with narrow 1·.4 from the head; anus subtenninal. alae. Spicules very unequal. A small gubernaculum present. Vulva near the posterior end of Remarks : In the absence of a male, specific oesophagus. identification is not possible.
Male: Body 30-54 long, 0.9-1.0 wide: nerve Superfamily(5) HABRONEMATOIDEA ring and cervical papillae at 0.5-0.6 from the head; oesophagus 5.8 long; tail spirally coiled 14. Family HABRONEMATIDAE with narrow alae, supported by 4 pairs of (Chitwood & Wehr. 1932) pedunculate preanal papillae, a large median Invaschikin. 1961 precloacal papilla and 2 pairs pedunculate postanal Key to subfamilies papillae, 5 pairs of small papil1ae close to the tip of the tail; spicules very unequal, dissimilar, the 1. Posterior border of lips and pseudolabia left spicule slender and pointed; measuring 2.45, without ornamentation. Parasites of Birds the right spicule stouter and blunter, 0.48-0.75 and Mammals ...... HABRONEMATINAE long; gubernaculum horse shoe-shaped, small and Posterior border of lips and pseudolabia with thin. various ornamentations ...... Female: Body 54-80 long, 1.5 wide; ...... HISTOCEPHALINAE oesophagus 7,0 long; tail blunt, with a pair of terminal papillae, 0.4-0.45 long; vulva near the Subfamily HABRONEMATINAE Chitwood posterior end of oesophagus; eggs thick shelled and Wehr, 1932 cylindrical, (O.03-0.33)xO.Oll-0.015) in diameter. 19. Genus Habronema Diesing, 1861
Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. Only one species of the genus Habronema is Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India; Sri being reported from Manipur. Lanka; China; Indonesia; Phalippines; Japan; 23. Habronema sp. Europe; Africa; Palestine; North America; Mexico; South America. Material: One female; host-Scops Owl, Otus scops; location-under honey layer of gizzard; 18. Genus Cylicospirura (Gestronodus) locality-Turibari, 5 km West of Kangpokpi, (Singh, 1934, gen.) Chabaud, 1975 Senap.ati district, Manipur; 8-xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Only one species of the genus Cylicospirura Dey Sarkar. (Gastronodus) occours in Manipur. Diagnosis: Yellowish-white worm of medium thickness. Head with two small lateral lips. Cuticle 22. Cylicospirura (Gsatronodus) sp. thickly striated transversely. Lateral alae absen~. Material: One female; host-House shrew, Oesophagus distinctly divided into two parts, Suncus murinus griffithi: location-stomach anterior muscular portion shorter and narrower nodule; locality-Turibari (ca. 1250M), 5 Km West than glandular. of Kangpokpi, Senapati district, Manipur; 12-xi- Female: Body 10.56 long, 0.34 wide; pharyn}( 1992; coll.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. 0.06 long; nerve ring 0.27 from the head; anterior Diagnosis: Cuticle striated in transverse muscular oesophagus 0.4 long, and posterior direction. Lips trilobed, six simple, conical, tooth glandular 2.1 long; tail obtuse 0.14 long; vulva like process present in the opening of the mouth. postequatorial, 4.96 from posterior end. DEY SARKAR & CHATIERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 61
Rel1,arks: In the absence of a male specific district, Manipur; 29-xi-1992; coll.-S. R. Dey identification is not possible. Sarkar. Diagnosis: Head with six inconspicuous Subfamily HISTOCEPHALINAE Gendre, papillae. Mouth small, circular. Cuticle smooth. 1922 Tridents equal in both sexes. Oesophagus with a 20. Genus Viguiera Seurat, 1913 short, narrow anterior muscular portion and a very long wider posterior portion. Tail of male Only one s!-,ecies of the genus Viguiera is short, truncate. Spicules unequal and dissimilar. being reported from Manipur. Vulva of female in the oesophageal region. 24. Viguiera sp. Male: Body 37.0 long, 0.6 wide; tridents 0.09 long, oesophagus divided into two parts, anterior Material: One female; host-Drongo, Dicrurus narrow, muscular 0.3 long, posterior wide, sp.: location-under homey layer of gizzard; glandular, entire pesophagus 4.5 long; tail truncate. locality-Uchathol,5 Km East of Jiribum. Imphal 0.13 long; caudal papillae 10 pairs; spicules district, Manipur : 27-xi-1992; coll.- S. R. Dey unequal, dissimilar, right straight, 1.2 long, left Sarkar. spirally twisted about 11/2 turns, 0.56 long. Diagnosis: Body filiform. Head provided with Fenlale: Body 60.5-100.0 long; vulva in the appendages Cuticle transversely striated. Cervical oesophageal region, 0.45-0.6 from anterior end; papillae present at the level of nerve ring. Pharynx tail subterminal. short and thick walled. Oesophagus long divided into two parts, anterior muscular and posterior Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. glandular. Vulva close to anus. Elsewhere: India, widely distributed; Africa; Female: Body 7.8 long, 0.23 wide; pharynx Asia; Europe; U.S.A. 0.31 long; oesophagus 2.98 long; tail conical 0.112 long; vulva 0.14 from the posterior end; Superfamily(7) APROcrOIDEA eggs oval, 0.31xO.16 in diameter. 16. Family APROCTIDAE (Yorke & Remarks: In the absence of a male specimen Maplestone, 1926 subfam.) specific identification is not possible. Skrjabin & Schikhobalova, 1945 22. Genus Pseudaprocta Schikhobalova, 1930. SuperfamUy(6) DIPLOfRIAENOIDEA 26. Pseudaprocta manipurensis sp. n. 15. Family DIPLOTRIAENIDAE (Skrjabin, (Fig. 3. a, b, c.) 1916) Anderson, 1958 Subfamily DIPLOTRIAENINAE Skrjabin, Material: Holotype one male; Z.S.I. Reg. No. 1916 WN 812; host-Whitecrested Thrush, Garriliax leucolophus; location-Body cavity; locality 21. Genus Diplotriaena Railliet & Henry, 1909. Turibari, Senapati district, Manipur; 9-xi-1992; Only one species of the genus Dipiotriaena coll.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. Paratypes two females. has been collected from Manipur. ZSI Reg No. WN 813; other particulars same as for the holotype. 25. Diplotriaena tricuspis (Fedchenko, 1874) Description: Body stout, slightly tapering Seurat, 1915. towards extrimities. The head truncated with Material: One male, three females; host-pied rounded sides. Mouth without lips. Five pairs of Myna, Stumus contra; location-body cavity; cephalic papillae easily distinguishable. Head with locality-Uchathol, 5 Km E. of Jiribum, Imphal delicate lobed cordons between cephalic papi lIae. 62 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
b
Fig. 3: Pseudaprocta manipurensis sp. n. (a) Anterior end of female; (b) Posterior end of male; (c) Posterior end of female.
Buccal cavity minute. Cuticle unstriated and Discussions : The present species comes closer without bosses in both sexes. Oesophagus short to Pseudaprocta gubemacularia Schikhobalova, and undivided. Male tail spirally coiled and the 1930 in the presence of a gubernaculum and tip bluntly rounded, caudal alae absent. Spicules subequal spicules in male and a pair of tail similar, subequal. Gubernaculum present. Fem~le papillae in the female, but differs from it in vulva in oesophageal region. Eggs with coiled various body measurments, size of spicules and embryo. Tail bent ventrally, rounded with a pair in number and arrangement of caudal papillae. of papillae. Therefore, the present species is regarded as different from all the known forms under the Male: Body 13.6 long, 0.35 wide; nerve ring genus Pseudaprocta Schikhobalova, 1930 and 0.16 from the head; oesophagus undivided, 0.56 named, Pseudaprocta manipurensis sp. n. long, 0.07 wide; tail spirally coiled, 0.18 long, tip rounded; spicules similar, subequal and of uniform 4. Order STRONGYLIDA thickness with slightly expanded heads and pointed tips and measuring 0.29 and 0.32 in length; Superfamily(I) ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA gubernaculum 0.048 long; caudal alae absent; 17. Family ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE caudal papillae 8 pairs, 4 pairs preanal, one pair (Looss, 1905) Lane, 1917 adanal and 3 pairs postanal in position. Subfamily ANCYLOSTOMATINAE Female: Body 25.8 long, 0.67 wide; nerve Looss, 1905 ring 0.26-0.28 from anterior end; excretory pore 23. Genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1843) 0.32 from the head; oesophagus undivided, 0.8 Creplin, .1845 long, 0.8 wide; vulva prominent. at 0.35-0.42 Subgenus Ancylostoma Lane, 1916 from the anterior end; tail tip rounded, with a pair of papillae near the tip, 0.16-0.19 long; eggs Only one species of the genus Ancylostoma is 0.016 x 0.048 in diameter. being reported here from Manipur. DEY SARKAR & CHATTERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 63
27. Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) caninum Cervical papillae anterior to oesophageal (Ercolani, 1859) Lane, 1916 expansion. Parasite of Bovidae ...... Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) 1859. Strongylus caninus Ercolani, Noewi Elementi Tearicopar actici di Medicina Veterinaria, Bolonga. Subgenus Bosicola Sandground, 1929 p. 350
1916. Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma) caninum Lane, Indian Only one species of the genus and subgenus J. Med. Research. Calcutta, 4 : p. 74. Oseophagosomum (Bosicola) is being reported Material: Host-dog; location-intestine; from Manipur. locality-Khagempally, Manipur; 6.vi-1977; coll. 28. Oesophagostomum (Bosicola) radiatium N.D. Varma. (Rudolphi, 1803) Travassos & Vogelsang. 1932 Diagnosis : Oral opening with three pairs of 1803. Strongylus radiatus RudpJphi. Arch. Zoo I. U. Zoot., ventroventral teeth, innermost pair of ventral teeth 3(2) : p. 13. as large as the others. Male bursa with short lateral lobe and divergent lateral rays. 1932. Oesophagostomum (Boskola) radiatlun Travassos & Vogelsang, Mem. Inst. Osw. Cr., 26(3) : p. 251. Male: Body about 9.0 long; spicules upto 0.9 long; gubernaculum 0.16 long. Material: Host-Bull; location-intestine; locality-A. I. Centre, Imphal, Manipur; 25-viii- Female: Body 14.0 long; tail with a terminal 1977; Coll.-N.D. Vanna. spike, 0.2 long; vulva at about posterior third of the body. Diagnosis: Cephalic inflation well developed, with a shalow annular constriction behind' its Distribution : Manipur : Kbagempalli. middle and limited behind the cervical groove Elsewhere: India, widely distributed. which runs completely round the neck and Cosmopolitan. exteneds further back dorsally and ventrally than laterally, forming dorsal and ventral cuticular Superfamily(2) STRONGYLOIDEA flaps. Lateral alae well developed, beginning at 18. Family CHABERTIIDAE (popova, 1952 the cervical groove and extending throughout the subfam.) Lichtenfels, 1980 whole length of the body. External leaf-crown absent. Internal leaf-crown with small denticles Subfamily OESOPHAGOSTOMINAE at the anterior border of the buccal capsule. Railliet, 1916 24. Genus Oesophagostomum Molin, 1861. Male: Body upto 17.0 long; buccal capsule wider infront than behind; internal leaf-crown Key to subgenera of the genus with 38-40 dements; oesophageal funnel well Oesophagostmum reported from Maoipur developed; cervical papillae at about the middle of the oesophagus, a little behind the posterior 1. Leaf-crown single ...... limit of cephalic inflation; spicules 0.7-0.8 long; ...... Oesophagostomum (Bosicola) gubernaculum 0.1-0.115 long. Leaf-crown double ...... 2 Female: Body .upto 22.0 long posterior end 2. Cervical papillae at the level of oesophageal slightly curved ventrally; tail 0.3-0.4 long. vulva expasion. Parasite of suidae ...... prominent, about 1.0 from posterior end . ... Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. Cervical papillae posterior to oesophageal expansion. Parasite of ruminents ...... Elsewhere: India: Calcutta, Darjeeling. West ...... Oesophagostomum (Hysteracrum) Bengal; Punjab; Cosmopolitan . 64 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Subgenus Oesophagostomum locality-Jiribum, lmphal district; Manipur; 28-xi- (Oesophagostomum) Molin, IS61 1992; coll.-S.R. Dey Sarkar.
Only one species of the genus and subgenus Diagnosis: External leaf-crown contains 12 Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) is being bluntly rounded elements and internal leaf-crown reported from Manipur. contains 24 small elements; the mouth-collar in the form of a truncate cone and marked off by a 29. Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) well defined groove posteriorly; cephalic inflation dentatum (Rudolphi, IS03) Moiln, 1861. of the cuticle weJI developed. The cervical groove J803. Strongylus dentatus RudoJphi, Arch. Zool. U. Zool., is well marked ventrally and extends on the 3 (2) : P. 12 lateral surface as far as the lateral lines.
1861. Oesophagostomum (Oesophagostomum) dentatum Male: Body upto 13.0 long; oesophagus club Molin, Mem. R. Jst Veneto. 9 (1860) : p. 443 shaped 0.74-0.88 long; spicules 1.35-1.7 long; Material: Host-Domestic Pig : location gubernaculum shovel-shaped, about 0.1 long. intestine; locality-Imphal, Manipur; 25. viii. 1977; Female: Body upto 17.0 long; tail 0.14-0.17 colJ.-N.D. Varma. long, with a pair of papillae near the tip; vulva Diagnosis: Cephalic inflation well developed. prominent, about 0.32-0.39 from the posterior Cervical groove extends some distance on the end. lateral surfaces. Leaf-crown two, external leaf Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. crown with 9 elements, projecting beyond the oral aperture, internal with IS small elements. Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India. China; Buccal capsule shallow. The oesophageal funnel Indo-China; Malaya; Pakistan; Kagnan valley; with three teeth. Cervical papillae at the posterior Panama Canal zone. end of the oesophagus. Subgenus Proteracrum Railliet & Henry, 1913 Male: Body S.0-10.0 long; oesophagus club Only one species of the genus and subgenus shaped, not swollen at the anterior end, about 0.5 Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) is being long; spicules alate, tapering to blunt tip. 1.15- reported from Manipur. 1.32 long; gubernaculum trowel-shaped, 0.116- 0.14 long. 31. Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) Female: Body 9.7-14.5 long; tail tapering columbianum (Curtice, IS90) RailHet & 0.25-0.43 long; vulva prominent, at about 0.2S- Henry, 1913. 0.39 from the anus; eggs (.07-.074) x (0.04- 1890. Oesophagostoma columbianum Curtice, U.S. Dept. 0.042) in diameter. Agri. Wassington 220. p. 16
Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. 1913. Oesophagostomum (Proteracrum) columbianum Elsewhere: India : Calcutta, West Bengal; Ramiet & Henry. Bull. Soc. Path. aot., 7 : p. 507. Meghalaya. Cosmopolition in distribution. Material: Host-Goat; location-intestine; locality-Jiribum, Imphal district; Manipur; 28-xi- Subgenus Hysteracrum Railliet & Henry, 1913 1992; coll.-S. R. Dey Sarkar. 30. Oesophagostomum (Hysteracrum)asperum Diagnosis : External leaf-crown contains Railliet & Henry, 1913 20- 24 elements, and the internal 40-48; the mouth 1913. Oesophagostomum (Hysteracrum) asperum Railliet collar in the form of a truncate cone, its posterior & Henry, Bull. Soc. Path. exot., Paris. 6(7) : pp. 507- end prominent; cephalic inflation absent; lateral 509. alae present; cervical groove extends only as far Material: Host-goat, location-intestine; as the lateral lines. DEY SARKAR & CHATTERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 65
Male: Body 12.0-16.0 long; oesophagus about Female: Body 11.0-16.0 long, 0.75-0.85 wide; 1.0 long; spicules 0.75-0.85 long; gubernaculum the tail 0.13-0.17 long; vulva close to anus, about about 0.1 long. 0.44-0.7 from the anus; eggs (0.076-0.09) x (0.04- 0.05) in diameter. Female: Body 14.0-18.0 long; vulva less prominent, at about 1.0-1.4 from the posterior Distribution: Manipur : Imphal district. end. Elsewhere: India : Punjab; Pakistan, Lahore. Distribution : Manipur : Imphal district. Cosmopolitan. Elsewhere: Cosmopolitan in distribution. Superfamily(3) TRICHOSTRONGLOIDEA 19. Family STRONGYLIDAE Baird, 1853 20. Family DIGTYOCAULIDAE (Skrjibin, Subfamily STRONGYLINAE Railliet, 1885 1933 subfam.) Skrjabin, 1941. 25. Genus Triodontophorus Looss, 1902 Subfamily DICTYOCAULINAE Skrjabin, 1933. The genus Triodontophorus is represented in Manipur by one species. 26. Genus Dictyocaulus Railliet-Henry, 1907
32. Triodontophorus minor (Looss, The genus Dictyocaulus is represented in Manipur by one species. 1900), Looss, 1902 33. Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch, 1782) 1900. Triodontus minor Looss, Centralbl. f Bakt., & c. I. Rai II iet & Henry, 1907 Abt. 27 : p. 190
1782. Gordills viviparus Bloch. Abhalldlung von d~r 1902. Triodontophorlls minor Looss, Rec. Egypt. GOVI. Enellgllng der Eingeweidewiirmer und Mn Mifleln Sohool Med. Cairo : p. 78. wider diesolber. Berlin: p. 33.
Material: Host-Horse; location-intestine; 1907. Dictyocaulus "iviparus Railliet & Henry. G, R. Soc. locality-Imphal (from Assam Rifels); 18-viii-1977; Bioi., 63(38) : P. 752 coll.-N.D. Varma. Material: Host-C.B. Bull; location-Bronchi; Diagnosis: External and internal leaf-crown locality-Khumbong, Manipur : 3-viii-1977; coll. present with equal number of elements. Mouth N. D. Varma. collar flattened at its posterior margin. Dorsal Diagnosis: Buccal capsule absent. Buccal ring groove present. Three teeth project into the buccal present. Bursa of male short, round. Dorsal ray capsule from the oesophageal funnel. Dorsal lobe divided at the base. of the male bursa rather long. Spicules equal. Male: Body about 34.0 long, 0.3 wide~ ~ubernaculum pre,sent. Vulva close to anus. oesophagus club shaped, 1.25 long, 0.09 wide; Male: Body 9.0-13.0 long, 0.7-0.8 wide; the spicules short, stout and simple about 0.196 long; buccal capsule 0.12-0.19 long by 0.14-0.19 wide; the medio-Iateral and postero-lateral rays of bursa each of the teeth with three prominent anterior entirely fused. projections, the margins of which either smooth Fenlale: Body about 60.0 long, 0.46 wide or deeply serrated; each leaf-crown with 44-50 vulve in the posterior quarter of the body~ tail elements; oesophagus 0.92-1.15 long; excretory pointed, about 0.45 long; the eggs measure (0.082- pore and cervical papillae at 0.6-0.8 from the 0.088) x (0.033-0.038) in diameter. anterior end; dorsal lobe of the bursa long; the spicules about 1.7 long, with a short spur at the Distribution: Manipur : Khurnbong. point where the tips bend forward. Elsewhere: India, Punjab. Cosmopolitan. 66 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
21. Family MOLINEIDAE (Skrjabin & and stout, cleft distally, with two pairs of smalJ Schulz, 1937) Durette-Desset & accessory branches and several short terminal Chabaud, 1977 digitations. Subfamily MOLINEINAE Skrjabin & Female: Body 10.0-16.0 long, 0.16-0.25 wide; Schulz 1937 tail conical, 0.22-0.32 long; vulva prominent 4.5- 5.1 from the posterior end, amphidelphic. 27. Genus Oswaldocruzill Travassos, 1917 Distribution: Manipur : Senapati district". Only one species of the genus Oswaldocruzia occurs in Manipur. Elsewhere: Widely distributed in India; Asia; Europe. 34. Oswaldocruzill goeze; Skrjabin & Schulz, 1952 SUMMARY
Material: 1\vo males, three females; host-a The paper deals with parasitic nematode of tree Frog; location-intestine locality-Turibari, 5km vertebrate hosts from Manipur. The material w. of Kangpokpi, Senapati district, Manipur; contains 34 species, all are recorded for the fITst 8-xi-1992; coll.-S.R. Dey Sarkar. time from the State, of which three species are Diagnosis : Body filiform, redish in live state. new to science. The genus Soboliphyme Petrov, The anterior end bent ventrally. The body of the 1930, a curious nematode parasite of Szechuan female tapers towards the two ends and in the Burrowing Shrew is reported for the first time male only towards the anterior end. Mouth small, from India and Soboliphyme manipurensis sp. n. with six papillae. The head with a annulated is being described. vesicle. The vesicle divided into two parts, a more swollen anterior part and a less wide ACKNOWLEDGEMENT posterior part. Cervical papillae very small, The authors are indebted to the Director, difficult to distinguish. Zoological Survey of India for giving laboratory Male: Body 7.2-7.5 long, 0.13-0.14 wide; facilities. The authors -are also thankful to Shri head including vesicle 0.032-0.035 wide; Ajoy Kumar MandaI, Scientist-B, and Shri T. P. oesophagus club shaped upto 0.38 long; spicules Bhattacharyya, Assistant Zoologist of this Survey complex, equal 0.23 long, splited into 5 seperate for taking pains in coll.ecting the hosts. Further, branches; gubernaculum absent; bursa wide and we wish to acknowledge to the members of the trilobed; posterior lobe small; prebursal papillae Nemathelminthes Sect~on, Z.S.I. for their co absent; ventral rays almost equal, close together operation and help. Finally, we wish to and reaching the edge of the bursa; anterolateral acknowledge the Forest and Wild Life Department ray diverjent from and of about the same length of Manipur State for giving facilities to conduct as their lateral rays; externodorsal rays originate the survey without which the work could not from the base of the dorsal ray; dorsal ray long have been carried out.
REFERENCES
ANDERSON Roy C AND OOlLE }3AIN, 1976. Keys to the genera of the order Spirurida. Pt. 3. Diplotriaenoi~ea, Aproctoidea and Filarioidea. crn Keys to the Nematode Parasities of Vertebrates. No.3. Edt. Anderson, Chabaud and Willmott. C.A.B., Farnham Royal, Bucks, England: 59-116. ANDERSON Roy C AND OOILE BAIN, 1982. Keys to the genera of the superfamilies Rhabditoidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Trichinelloidea and Muspiceoidea. Crn: keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebratea. No.9: 26 pp. DEY SARKAR & CHATIERJEE : Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates 67
BAYLIS, H.A, 1936. NEMATODA, I (Ascaroidea and Strongyloidea). Fauna of Brit. India. including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francia, London. 408 pp. BAYUS, H.A, 1939. NEMATODA,.n (Filarioidea, Dioctophymoidea and Trichinelloidea). Fauna of Brit. India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London. 273 pp. BAYLIS, H.A. and KING, L.A.L, 1932. A new nematode parasitic of Common Shrew. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Sr. 10) 9 : 58-64. CHABAUD, A.G, 1975. KEYS to the genera of the Order Spirurida. Pt. 2. Spiruroidea, Habronematoidea and Acuarioidea. CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of vertebrates. No.3: 29-58. CHABAUD, A.G, 1978. Keys to the genera of the Superfamilies Cosmocercoidea, Seuratoidea, Heterakoidea and Subuluroidea. CIH keys to the Nematode Parasities of Vertebrates. No.6. 71 pp. DEY SARKAR, S.R. 1999. Nematodes Parasites of Vertebrates. Zool. Surv. India. State Fauna Series 4 : Fauna of Meghalaya. Pt. 9. : 317-358. DURETIE-DEASET, M.C. 1983. Keys to the genera of the Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea. eIH keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. No. 10. 86 pp. HARTWICH, G, 1874. Keys to the genera of the Ascaridoidea. CIH Keys to the Namatode Parasites of Vertebrates. No.2: 15 pp. LICHTENFELS, J.R. 1980. Keys to the genera of the Superfamily Strongyloidea. crn Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. No.7: 41 pp. LICHTENFELES, J .R. 1980. Keys to the genera of the superfamilies Ancylostomatoidea and Diaphanocephaloidea. CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. No.8: 26 pp. PETROV, A.M. 1930. Zur Charakteristik des Nematiden aus Kamtschatkaer Zobeln Soboliphyme baturini nov. gen. nov. sp. 2001. Anz. 86 (9-10) : 265-271. READ, C.P. 1952. Soboliphyme jamesoni n. sp. a curious nematode parasite of California Shrews, 1. Par., 33(3) : 203-206. SCHIKHOBALOVA, N.P. 1930. Sur una nouvella Filaire d'oiseaus : Pseudaprocta gubernacularia n.g., n.sp. Ann. de. Pa ras ito log is. 8(6) : 624-627. SOOTA, T.D. 1983. Studies on the Nematode Parasites of Indian Vertebrates. I. Fishes. Rec. Zool. Sun'. India Misc. Publ. Occational paper No. 54 : 352 pp. YADAV ARUN K. and Tandon, Veena, 1988. Nematode Fauna of Livestock and Poultry of Meghalaya. Indian J. Helminth. (N.S.) 5(2) : 29-45. YAMAGUTI, S. 1961. Systema Helminthum 3 (1&2) : 1261 pp. YORKE, WAND MAPLESTONE, P.A. 1926. The Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. 536 pp.
Zool. Surv. India State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Manipur, 69-118, 2004
MOLLUSCA
K. V. SURY A RAO, H. P. MOOKHERJEE, S. C. MITRA, R. N. MANNA AND S. BARUA Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053
INTRODUCTION Its southern fringe is declared as a National Park known as "Keibul Lamjao" famous for "Manipur Manipur State is known as one of the seven deer or Thamin" sisters of the Northeastern states of India, covering an area of 22,327 sq. km. It is bounded by the Our knowledge on molluscan fauna of Manipur Indian States of Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam in general is known from the work of Annandale, on its north, west and part of south and bordering Prashad and Amin-ud-Din (1921), Blanford and with Myanmar in its eastern and southern part. Godwin-Austen (1908), Godwin-Austen (1875, The state is famous for its natural beauty, having 1882-88, 1892, 1893, 1920), Gude (1914, 1921) titles like 'Paradise on earth', 'Switzerland of the and Preston (1915). east' and 'Jewel of India' The greater part of the state is occupied by mountain ranges of lower MATERIAL elevation running from north to south and a small The material studied here includes molluscs part by valley situated almost in the central p~rt collected in recent surveys by the Malacology of the state. The most important one is the Division and other survey parties of the Zoological "Manipur Valley" which is a flat swampy plain Survey of India, Kolkata as well as material lying about 792.5 M above sea level and with an received from the Eastern Regional Station, area of 3,237.5 sq. m. The state is having a large Shillong. In addition, the material present in the number of hill streams and rivers which flow National Zoological Collections made by earlier either in north or south directions. The major workers are also included. rivers are Imphal, Iril, Thoubal, Nambul, Nambol and Barak which originate from Naga hills in the LIST OF MOLLUSCS northern part. Major part of the vaHey is covered with a network of water courses and swamps. A. Freshwater Molluscs The terrain in the valley is having a large number of low lying areas which are covered with water Class GASTROPODA during flood and majority of them become dry Order MESOGASTROPODA during winter except the 'Loktak Lake' Family I. VIVIPARIDAE The state is famous for its Loktak Lake, one 1. Angulyagra nlicrochaetophora (Annandale) of the largest lakes in the north eastern region, 2. A. oxytropis (Benson) covering an area of about 180 sq.kms: The lake is 3. Bellanlya bengalensis f. typica (Lamarck) having a number of floating masses known as B. bengalensis. f. annandale; (Kobelt) "Phumdi" which is nothing but submerged vegetation of both living and decaying plants. 4. B. crassispiralis (Annandale) The bottom is composed of mud with foul smell. 5. B. micron (Annandale) 70 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna o/Manipur
6. Cipangopaludina lecythis (Benson) Class BIVAL VIA Family II. PILIDAE Order UNIONOIDA 7. * Pila maura (Reeve) Family VIII. UNIONIDAE 8. P. theobaldi (Hanley) 33. *Lam.ellidens consobrinus (Lea) 34. L. corrianus (Lea) Family III. BITHYNIIDAE 35. L. generosus Gould 9. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson) 36. * L. lamellatus (Lea) 10. D. textum Annandale 37. L. marginalis (Lamarck) 11. Gabbia orcula (Frauenfeld) Family IX. AMBLEMIDAE Family IV. THIARIDAE 38. Perreysia (Parr~ysia) burmanus (Blanford) 12. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque) 39. * Parreysia (Radiatula) bonneaudi (Eydoux) 13. Paludomus blanfordiana Nevill 40. P. (R.) lima (Simpson) 14. P. conica Gray * 41. P. (R.) occata (Lea) 15. P. pustulosa Annandale 42. P. (R.) scobina (Hanley) 16. Thiara (Tarebia) granifera (Lamarck) * 43. P. (R.) theobaldi (Preston) 17. T. (Thiara) scabra (Mueller) 44. Trapezoideus exolescens exolescens (Gould) 18. T. (Melanoides) tuberculatus (Mueller) Family X. CORBICULIDAE Order BASOMMATOPHORA 45. Corbicula occidens Deshayes Family V. L YMNAEIDAE * 46. C. striatella Deshayes 19. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. typica Lamarck 47. * C. subradiata Prime L. (P.) acuminata f. chlamys Benson Family XI. PISIDIIDAE L. (P.) acuminata f. rufescens Gray 48. Pisidium (Odhneripisidium) atkinsonianum 20. L (P.) luteola ovalis Gray Theobald 21. L. (P.) ovalior Annandale and Prashad 49. * P. (Pisidium) casertanum (Poli) 22. L (Galba) andersoniana Nevill 50. P. (Ajropis idium) clarkeanum G. & H. Nevill Family VI. ANCYLIDAE 51. * Sphaerium (Sphaerium) austeni Prashad 23. * Ferrissia ceylanica (Benson) 52. S. (S.) indicum Deshayes 24. F. verruca (Benson) 25. F. viola Annandale and Prashad B. Land Molluscs Family VII. PLANORBIDAE Class GASTROPODA 26. * Camptoceras lineatum Blanford Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA 27. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) Order MESOGASTROPODA 28. * G. cantori (Benson) Family XII. CYCLOPHORIDAE 29. G. euphraticus (Mousson) Subfamily ALYCAEINAE 30. Hippeutis (HelicQrbis) umbilical is 53. * Alycaeus bicrenatus Godwin-Austen umbilicalis (Benson) 54. * Alycaeus burrailensis Godwin-Austen 31. Indo planorbis exustus (Deshayes) 55. A. digitatus Blanford 32. * Segmentina (Polypylis) calatha (Benson) 56. * A. duorugosus Godwin-Austen SURYA RAO etal. : Mollusca 71
57. A. jaintiacus Godwin-Austen Family XVII. ACHA TINIDAE 58. A. khasiacus Godwin-Austen 87. Achatina fulica (Bowdich) 59 .• * A lahupaensis Godwin-Austen Family XVIII. ARIOPHANTIDAE 60. * A. levis Godwin-Austen 88. Kaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer) 61. * A. logtakensis Godwin-Austen 89. * K. conulus (Blanford) 62. * A. multicostatus Godwin-Austen 90. * K. jlatura Godwin-Austen 63. * A. sculpturus Godwin-Austen 91. * K. manipurensis Godwin-Austen 64. * A. serratus G<>9win-Austen 92. * K. ruga Godwin-Austen 65. * A. subinjlatus Godwin-Austen 93. Khasiella vidua (Hanley & Theobald) 66. * A. thompsoni Godwin-Austen 94. * Macrochlamys atricolor (Godwin-Austen) Subfamily CYCLOPHORINAE 95. * M. cacha rica Godwin-Austen 67. * Cyclophorus zebrinus (Benson) 96. * M. castaneo labiata Godwin-Austen Family XIll. DIPLOMMATINIDAE 97. M. indica Godwin-Austen Subfamily DIPLOMMATININAE 98. M. lahupaensis Godwin-Austen 68. * Diplommatina ambigua Godwin-Austen 99. * M. munipurens;s Godwin-Austen 69. * D. animula Godwin-Austen 100. * M. nengloensis Godwin-Austen 70. * D.butleri Godwin-Austen 101. M. pungi (Theobald) 71. * D. commutata Godwin-Austen 102. * M. razamiensis Godwin-Austen 72. * D. compacta Godwin-Austen 103. M. sufflava Godwin-Austen 73. * D. decorosa Godwin-Austen 104. M. tugurium (Benson) 74. * D. lapillus Godwin-Austen 105. M. uda Godwin-Austen 75. * D. munipurensis Godwin .. Austen 106. * Rahula mun;purens;s Godwin-Austen 76. * D. tumUla laisenensis Godwin-Austen Family XIX. HELICARIONIDAE Subclass PULMONATA Subfamily GIRASIINAE Order STYLOMMA TOPHORA 107. Cryptaustenia durra1lgellsis (Godwin- Family XIV CORILLIDAE Austen) 77. * Plectopylis minor Godwin-Austen 108. Durgella salius (Benson) 78. * P. munipurensis Godwin-Austen 109. Girasia hookeri (Gray) 79. P. plectostoma (Benson) 110. * Sitala gronlat;ca Godwin-Austen 80. * P. serica Godwin-Austen Ill. * S. placita Godwin-Austen 81. P. shiroiensis Godwin-Austen 112. * S. srimani Godwin-Austen Family XV. SUCClNEIDAE Family XX. PHILOMYCIDAE 82. Succinea elegantior Annandale 113. Meghimatiunl striatun, van Hassell 83. S. rutilans Blanford Family XXI BRADYBAENIDAE Family XVI. STREPT AXIDAE 114. Plectotropis lapeilla (Benson) 84. * Ennea stenopylis Benson, 1859. Family XXII. SUBULINIDAE 85. Huttonella bicolor (Hutton) 115. Allopeas gracile (Hutton) 86. * Streptaxis theobaldi Benson, 1859 116. *Curvella nlu1lipurensis Godwin-Austen State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
117. * Glessula barakensis Godwin-Austen 7. Shell discoidal, c~lumellar axis not twisted. 118. * G. burrailensis Godwin-Austen ...... PLANORBIDAE 119. * G. butleri Godwin-Austen - Shell ovate, columellar axis twisted ...... 120. * G. hebetata Godwin-Austen ...... LYMNAEIDAE 121. * G. imphalensis Godwin-Austen 8. Shell subrhomboidal or transversely elongate, 122. * G. munipurensis Godwin-Austen without concentric sculpture ...... 10 123. * G. prowiensis Godwin-Austen - Shell ovately trigonal, with concenric sculpture 124. * G. shirohiensis Godwin-Austen ...... 9 125. * G. subhastula Godwin-Austen 9. Shell thick, hinge straight, lateral teeth serrated ...... CORBICULIDAE Family XXIII. AGRIOLlMACIDAE 126. Deroceras (Deroceras) laeve (Mueller) - Shell-thin, hinge curved, lateral teeth smooth ...... PISIDIIDAE Order SOLEOLIFERA 10. All four gills marsupial, beak with distinct Family XXIV. VERONICELLIDAE radial sculpture and well developed ...... 127. Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac) ...... AMBLEMIDAE * Indicates the species are recorded from - Only outer two gills marsupial, beak without literature only. distinct radial sculpture and rudimentary ...... UNIONIDAE SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT A. Freshwater Molluscs Order MESOGASTROPODA Key to the families Family 1. VIVIPARIDAE Represented by a single subfamily 1. Shell with a single valve ...... 2 Bellamyinae, with 3 genera and 6 species. - Shell with two valves ...... 8 Key to genera 2. Shell with an operculum ...... 3 1. Shell thin with spiral ridges on the surface. - Shell without an operculum ...... 6 ...... Angulyagra 3. Operculum with concentric growth lines ... 4 - Shell fairly thick without distinct ridges or - Opercuium with spiral growthlines ...... 5 sculpture ...... 2 4. Shell. globose, aperture ovate, operculum 2. Shell smaller, conical, usually with dark spiral calcareous ...... paIDAE bands; some times without bands, angulate at
- Shell pyramidal, aperture subcircular, the periphery ... 0 ...... 0 ...... BeUamya operculum horny ...... VIVIPARIDAE - Shell large, globose, without dark bands, body 5. Shell above 10 mm. in length, turreted or whorl rounded at periphery ......
globose with sculpture ...... THIARIDAE ••••••••••••• 0 ••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••• Cipangopaludina - 'Shell below 10 nun. in length, ovate, without Genus 1. Angulyagra Rao, 1931 sculpture ...... BITHYNIIDAE Shell moderately large, conical, thin, with dark 6. Shell limpet like, without spiral coil ...... spiral ridges on the surface, flattened at base, ...... ANCYLIDAE imperforate or perforate, juvenile shells keeled at - Shell spirally coiled ...... 7 the periphery, adult shells without peripheral keels. SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca 73
Range: India: Assam, Manipur, Tripura. 1989. Anguly'agra oxytropis : Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India : 51. fig. 70. Elsewhere : China, Japan, Java, Malay Material examined: 5 exs., Marshy ponds and Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines. paddy fields at Waithou, N. of Thoubal, Manipur, Represented in India by two species, A. 28.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 16 exs., Freshwater bodies microchaetophora and A. oxytropis, both of which at Imphal, 29.5.92, (coil. K.V.S.); 18 exs., Paddy are restricted-endemic to the north eastern India. fields at Jiribam, 14.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 21 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenplir, 6.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 3 1. Angulyagra microchaetophora (Annandale) exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur, 19.9.92 (colI. (PI. I, Fig. 1) H.P.M.); 2 exs., Road side pond at Palace Gate~ 1921. Vivipara microchaetophora Annandale, Rec. Indian Imphal, 14.9.92 (coli. H.P.M:); 3 exs. Pond at Mus., 22: 546, fig. 4. Uripok village, Imphal, 16.9.92 (Coil. H.P.M.); 5 1989. Angulyagra microchaetophora : Subba Rao, exs., Pond in front of Forest Office, B.T. Road, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India : 51. Imphal, 11.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.); 1 ex., Pond at fig. 69. Nambol, 26.2.2 (colI. TRoy); 1 ex., Material examined: 8 exs., Pond at Jiribam, Churachandpur, 11.3.93 (coli. A.K. Karmakar); 3 Imphal, 14.6.92 (Coil. K.V.S.) exs., Kavang Island, 9.2.93 (coli. A. Bhattacharya); Measurements (in mm) : 3 exs., Thanga Island, 9.2.93 (coil. A. Bhattacharya ). Height Diameter Height of aperture Measurements (in mm) : 25.8-29.70 18.45-20.90 13.45-15.30 Distribution : India : Manipur (Imphal, new Height Diameter Height of aperture record), Assam, Nagaland. 17.1-42.7 13.1-30.0 8.8-22.85
Remarks : Shell rather small, thin, acuminate, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Jiribam~ imperforate, a distinct blunt peripheral ridge Bishenpur), Tripura. present on the body whorl; aperture subcircular, peristome sharp, columella strongly arched, upper Remarks : Shell large, broadly conical, thin, with distinct dark spiral ridges, about 6 on body whorls with faint spiral ridges, in some cases whorl, whorls convex, aperture subvertical, nearly smooth. subcircular, outer lip thin, umbilical opening It differs from the other species A. oxytropis narrow with a channel descending downward. in being imperforate, more elongate and narrower 'Annandale (1921) mentioned about there being and also in having much finer sculpture on spire. two different phases of the species, the typical Occurs in ponds on floating vegetations etc. phase .occurring in Loktak lake and the other (Subba Rao, 1989). approaching the species, microchaetophora Subsequent to its description by Annandale occurring in ponds. (1921) from Dimapore, Nagaland, this species is Genus 2. BeUamya Jousseaume, 1886 now for the first time being reported from Manipur. Shell oblong, rather thin with bands or faint spiral striae, adult shell usually without ridges or 2. Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson) spines, body whorl rounded or subangulate~ rarely (PI. I, Fig. 2) keeled; aperture subcircular, peristome' simple. 1836. Paludina oxytropis Benson. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 5 : Operculum thin, nucleus sublateral. Right tentacle 745. in male short and curved. Ovoviviparous. Inhabits 1921. Vivipara oxytropis : Annandale. Rec. Indian Mus., stagnant water. 22 : 548. pI. iv, figs. 2-5. Range : Ethiopian and Oriental. 74 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Out of the five Indian species, three species 1989. Bellamya bengalensis f. annandalei : Subba Rao, are recorded in Manipur, these include besides B. Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India : 46, bengaiensis, the widely distributed polytypic fig. 57. species, B. micron and B. crassispiralis, the type Material examined: 7 exs., Paddy field at locality of both of which is Manipur. The validity Gularthal, 5 km. E. of Jiribam, 15.6.92 (colI. of B. micron among these is not clearly established K.V.S.); 1 ex., Pond at Bishenpur, 26.2.92 (colI. (Subba ({ao, 1989). T. Roy). Key to the species Measurements (in mm) : 1. Shell with dark spiral bands ...... Height Diameter Height of aperture ...... B. bengalensis 14.49-29.45 10.65 .. 17.35 7.58-12.80 - Shell with spiral ridges but without dark spiral bands ...... B. crassispiralis Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal, Jiribam, Bishenpur, new record), Andhra Pradesh, 3. Bellamya bengalensis f. typica (Lamarck) Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu. (PI. I, Fig. 6) Remarks : Shell thinner and smaller, whorls 1872. Paludina bengalensis Lamarck, Hist. nat. Anim. sans. gradually inc~easing in size, less rounded and vert., 6 : 174. with rather straight sides, sutures shallow, height 1989. Bellamya bengalensis f. tpica : Subba Rao, Handbook of body whorl more than that of the spire. Freshwater Molluscs of India : 45, fig. 55. Material examined : 3 exs., Paddy field at Recorded for the first time from Manipur. Jiribam, 14.6.91 (colI. K.V.S.); 10 exs., Pond at 4. Bellamya crassispiralis (Annandale) Jiribam, Imphal, 15.6.92 (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Bishenpur, 29.5.92 (colI. R. Mathur). (PI. I, Fig. 7) Measurements (in mm) : 1921. Vivipara crassispiralis Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 544, pI. 4. fig. I. Height Diameter Height of aperture 1989. BeUamya crassispiralis : Subba Rao, Handbook 27.0-35.20 19.3-26.5 13.55-17.6 Freshwater Molluscs of India: 47, fig. 68. Distribution : Common throughout India. Material examined: 3 exs., Manipur Valley Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri (Type). Lanka. Measurements (in mm) : Remark : Shell moderately large, oblong with an acuminate spire, narrowly perforate, a number Height Diameter Height of aperture of dark spiral bands encircling the whole shell, 21.15-28.15 17.75-21.8 12.7-15.0 whorls 5-6, well rounded, body whorl equal to the spire in height, aperture subcircular, peristome Distribution: India: Manipur (Known by its thin. type). Bellamya bengalensis is the most common Remarks : Shell ovately conical, rirnately Indian species of the genus. Depending on the 1 perforate with spiral ridges, whorls 4 / , tumid, variations in shell characters a number of infra 2 aperture vertical, suboval, rounded below and specific fonns have been described in the species. Besides form typica, f. annandalei is also recorded pointed above, outer lip thin, columella broadly for the first time from Manipur. arched.
3. Bellamya bengalensis f. annandalei (Kobe It) No recent material was available for study. (PI. I, Fig. 3) This species is known by its type only. Annandale and Prashad (1921) state that the types were 1909. Viviparus annandalei Kobelt, Nachr. Malak. Ges., purchased from Imphal Bazar in live condition 60 : 161. SUR Y A RAO et al. : Mollusca 75 along with Paludomus pustulosa said to have Material examined: 7 exs., Pond in Coffee been brought from the stream Chakpi in South of Nursery, Kumbipukhri, Churachandpur,, 10.6.92 Manipur valley. (coli. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Paddy fields between Japhou and Chandel, 2.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 10 exs., S. Bellamya micron (Annandale) Chandel 3.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur); 30 exs., Paddy (PI. I, Fig. 4) field at Jiribam, 14.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 32 exs., 1921. Vivipara micron Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 22: Paddy field near Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 550, fig. 5. (coli. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Loktak lake, Ningthoukhong, 1989. Bellamya micron: Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Bishenpur, 9.6.92 (colI. K.V.S); 3 exs., Pond in Molluscs of India : 49, figs. 71, 72. the Sericulture Training Centre, Bishenpur, 8.6.92 Material examined: 1 ex., Manipur (Holotype). (call. K.V.S); I ex., from Thoubal river, Thoubal, 28.5.92 (call. K.V.S); 9 exs., Kakching, Thoubal, Measurements (in mm) : 11.6.92 (call. R. Mathur); 2 exs., Canal by the Height Diameter Height of aperture side of Loktak lake, Bishenpur, 6.6.92 (coli. 11.0 3.9 6.6 K.V.S); 8 exs., Paddy field at Pallel, 16 kms. N.B. of Chandel, 1.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 4 exs., Distribution: India: Manipur. Known by its Pond at Jiribam, Imphal, 16.6.92 (coli. K.V.S); 8 type only. exs., Laxmi Bazar, Imphal, 13.9.92 (call. H.P.M); Remarks : Shell rather small, thin, nearly 3 exs., Bishenpur, 29.5.92 (call. R. Mathur); 19 transparent, ovately conical, perforate, finely, exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur, 29.2.92 (coil. T. minutely striate; whorls 4, rounded, sutures Roy); 9 exs., Pond at Nambol, 26.2.92 (coli. T. impressed, aperture suboval, outer lip thin. Roy); 10 exs., Khandak river west of Keibul Validity of the species known by its holotype, Lamjao Game Sanctuary, 2.3.92 (coli. T. Roy); is not clearly established. By the general shape 11 exs., Pond at Bishenpur, 26.2.92 (coli. T. and sculpture it resembles B. dissimilis. Roy); 7 exs., Loktak lake, 13.3.93 (call. A. K. Karmakar); 13 exs., Bishenpur, 13.2.93 (coil. A. Genus 3 Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912 Bhattacharya); 5 exs., Thongourah, Bishenpur 31.5.92 (coli. R. Mathur). Shell large with swollen whorls, thin, smooth, aperture large, subcircular or broadly ovate, Measurements (in mm) : umbilicus narrow, peristome thin. Height Diameter Height of aperture Operculum thin with concentr1c ridges and a 25-40.9 22.3-32.65 15.3-22.5 funnel shaped subcentral pit. Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur. Range: India, Asiatic Russia, China, Japan, Chandel, Bishenpur, Imphal, Thoubal), Tripura. Java, Korea, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Remarks : Shell large. conical, olive green, perforate, thin and light, faintly striate (sculpture Single species, endemic to north-east India. more distinct in young shens). whorls 5. tumid, 6. Cipangopaludina lecythis (Benson) flattened above, body whorl rounded at periphery, (PI. I, Fig. S) sutures deep, aperture large, oval, outer lip thin. columella arched. 1936. Paludina lecythis Benson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 5 : 745. Annandale (1921) mentioned about the 1922. ucythoconcha lecythis : Annandale, Rec. Indian occurrence of four phases, the open water phase, Mus., 22: 553, pI. 5, pt. 6, figs. 1-2~ fig. 7. the marginal phase, the pond phase and the rice 1989. Cipangopaludina lecythis : Subba Rao, Handbook .field phase. Freshwater Molluscs of India: 50, fig. 73. 76 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Family II. PILIDAE Genus 5. Digoniostoma Annandale, 1920
Genus 4. Pila (Bolten) Roeding, 1798 Shell small, ovate, perforate, whorls rounded, Shell large or very large, globose, smooth, umbilicus usually with an oblique channel running spire short, aperture large, body whorl inflated, below, outer lip slightly thickened, angulate at umbilicus usually open. Operculum thick, inner extremity. Operculum thin with a central calcareous. Amphibious in habit. nucleus. Range : Asia and Africa. Range: India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines. Of the two species 7. PiJa theobaldi (Hanley) included here, D. pulchella occurs throughout (PI. II, Fig. 1) India and D. textum is restricted endemic to 1875. Ampullaria theobaldi Hanley, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., Manipur. : 608. Key to the species 198'9. Pita theobaldi : Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscus of India : 60, fig. 84. Shell with spiral striae, spire shorter than body whorl ...... D. textum Material examined: 3 exs., Jiribam, Imphal, Manipur, 30.ii.92 (coIl. A. K. MandaI); 2 exs., - Shell without spiral striae, spire longer than Freshwater bodies at Imphal, 27.5.92 (coil. body whorl ...... D. pulchella K.V.S.); 1 ex., Roadside pond near Palace Gate, Imphal, 14.9.92 (coil. H.P.M); 3 exs., B.O.C. Bus 8. Digoniostoma pukhelltz (Benson) Stand, Imphal, 15.9.92 (coil. H.P.M); 1 ex., (PI. II, Fig. 2) Jiribam, Imphal (colt K.V.S); 4 exs., Khuga river, 5 lans. E. of I.B., Churachandpur, 8.3.92 1836. Paludina pulchella Benson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., S : 746. (colI. T. Roy). 1921. Digoniostoma pulchellum,: Annandale, Rec. Indian Measurements (in mm) : Mus., 22: 541. Height Diameter Height of aperture 1989. Digoniostoma pulchella : Subba Rao, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India : 80, figs. 13, 14, 19, 46.9-51.3 48.0-52.5 33.0-40.5 20. Distribution : India : Manipur (Imphal, Material examined : .33 exs., Tuibang Bishenpur, Churachandpur), Meghalaya, Tripura. Horticultural garden pond, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Kakching, Thoubal, 11.6.92 Elsewhere : Myanmar. (colI. R. Mathews). Remarks : Shell very large, globosely inflated, Measurements (in mm) : widely umbilicate, aperture without colour bands. Height Diameter Height of aperture
Family III. BITHYNIIDAE 3.50-6.00 3.0-4.30 2.0-2.80 Represented by two genera, three species. Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, Thoubal), Common throughout. Elsewhere : Key to the genera Malaya Peninsula, Myanmar. Shell elongate, outer lip slightly thickened, Remarks : Shell small, conically elongate, umbilicus usually with an oblique channel .. subumbilicate with a conical spire which is longer ...... Digoniostoma than body whorl, whorls .rounded, suture - Shell subglobose, outer lip thin, umbilicus impressed, aperture oval, outer lip slightly usually closed ...... Gabbia thickened, not produced at the columellar base. SURYA RAO et al. : Mollusca 77
9. Digoniostoma textum Annandale Environmental park, Tuibang, Churachandpur, (Pl. II, Fig. 3) 5.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., a stream inside forest, 4 kms. N. of Chan del on Chandel-Pallel Road, 1921. Digoniostoma textum Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., 31.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 53 exs., Marshy area near 22 : 541., figs. 1, 2. Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 15 1989. Digoniostoma textum : S\lbba Rao, Handbook exs., Loktak lake, Bishenp.ur, (colI. H.P.M.). Freshwater Molluscs of India : 80. figs. 115. 116. Measurements (in mm) : Material examined: 6 exs., Marshy pond and Height Diameter Height of aperture paddy field at Waithou, N. of Thoubal, 28.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.). 5.40-5.55 4.25-4.70 2.8-3.15 Measurenlents (in mm) : Distribution : India : Manipur (Bishenpur, Chandel, Churachandpur, Thoubal), Assam, Bihar, Height Diameter Height of aperture Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, 6.3-7.7 4.4-6.0 3.45-4.1 West Bengal. Distribution : India Manipur (Thoubal). Remarks : Shell small, subglobose, almost Restricted ende·mic to Manipur. imperforate, smooth, whorls 4, rounded, body whorl swollen, suture impressed, aperture ovate. Remarks: Shell small, elongate,subumbilicate, outer lip thin, columellar margin a little reflected. with 4'/2 whorls, spirally striate, spire shorter than body worl, suture oblique, aperture narrowly Family IV. THIARIDAE oval, columellar margin arched and thick, outer lip slightly produced at the base of columella. Thiaridae, one of the largest families of Indian This is the first subsequent report of this freshwater gastropods, is represented in Manipur species after its discovery in 1920. by three subfamilies, Thiarinae, Melanatriinae and Paludominae. Genus 6. Gabbia Tryon, 1865 Key to the genera Shell small, globose, imperforate or 1. Shell rounded or ovately conical. aperture subperforate, whorls smooth, rounded, body whorl larger than the spire ...... Paludomus large, inflated, aperture ovate, columellar fold ridge-like, but not prominent, operculum thick - Shell elongate or turreted, aperture smaller and calcareous. than the spire ...... 2 Range : India, ·Australia, Africa and Iran. 2. Shell broader, larger (usually 5 to 8 cms.). Only one species is recorded in Manipur. operculum round with a central nucleus ...... 8rOM 10. Gabbia orcula (Frauenfeld) - Shell narrower, shorter (usually 3 to 5 cms.), (PI. II, Fig. 4) operculum pear-shaped with a basal nucleus 1862. Bithynia orcula Frauenfeld. Verhandl. zool. BOI...... Thiara Geschaft. : 1134. 1921. Amnicola (Alocinma) orcula : Annandale. Rec. Indian Sub-family MELANATRIINAE Mus., 22 : 540. Genus 7. Brotia H. Adams, 1866 1989. Gabbia orcula : Subba Rao, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India: 76. Shell larg~, broad, turreted, many whorled. Material examined : 4 exs., Loktak lake, apex of the shell asymmetrical, distinct axial ribs Bishenpur, 9.6.92 (colI. K.V.S); 56 exs., Marshy present, aperture more or less vertical, subcircular, lands and paddy fields at Waithou, Thoubal, columellar angle of the lip of the aperture rounded. 28.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 9 exs., Loktak lake, Operculum round, multispiral with a central Bishenpur, 6.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Pond at nucleus. 78 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna o/Manipur
Range: India, Malaysia, Malaya Archipelago, Annandale (1921) from Manipur. However as Philippines, Vietnam. Annandale himself observed, these varieties are by no means constant and hence as such it is not Subgenus Antimelania Crosse and Fischer, 1892 possible to recognise these varieties as valid II. Brotill costula (Rafinesque) subspecies (Subba Rao, 1989). (PI. II, Fig. 5) Sub-family PALUDOMINAE 1833. Melania costula Rafinesque, Atlantis Joum., No.5: 166. Genus 8. Paludomus Swainson, 1840 1921. Acrostoma variabilis : Annandale, Rec. Indian Mus., Shell oblong globose, thick and strong, aperture 22 : 560, pI. 6, figs. 3-6. ovate and larger than the spire, columella 1989. Brotia (Antimelania) costula : Subba Rao, Handbook thickened. Freshwater Molluscs of India : 108, figs. 192-194, 197-98. Range : India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Material examined: 3 exs., Freshwater pond Represented in Manipur by a single subgenus at Imphal, 27.5.92 (coIl. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Stream Paludomus s. str. and 3 species out of which P. inside forest, 4 lans. N. of Chandel on Chandel pustulosa is restricted endemic to Manipur. Pallel Road, 31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); I ex., Jiri river, Jiribam, Imphal, 14.6.92 (coll. K.V.S.); 6 12. Paludomus (P.) blanfordiana Nevill exs., Thoubal river, Thoubal, 28.5.92 (colI. (PI. II, Fig. 6) K.V.S.); 2 exs., From Fish Market at Chandel, 1877. Paludomus blanfordiana Nevill, J. Asia'. Soc. Beng., Jophu Bazar, 30.5.92 (colt K.V.S.); 2 exs., Imphal 46 (2) : 37. river near State Guest House, Impnal, 28.5.92 1989. Paludomus (Paludomus) blanfordiana : Subba Rao, (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Moreh, S.E. of Impbal, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, p. 112, Chandel, 9.3.92 (coli. A.K. Poddar); 17 exs., figs. 222, 231. Chandel, 65 kms. S.E. of Imphal, 6.3.92 (colI. Material examined: 23 exs., Chandel, 13.6.92 A.K. Poddar); 2 exs., Pond in front of Forest (colI. R. Mathur); 1 ex., River Chapki near Office, B.T. Road, Imphal, 11.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); Chandel, 30.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 5 exs., Freshwater 30 exs., Pond at Leikai, 25.2.92 (coIl. T. Roy); 1 stream inside forest, 4 lons. N. of Chandel, on ex., Chandel, 16.3.93 (coil. A. K. Kannakar). Chandel- Pallel Road, 31.5.92 (colI. K.V.S.); 5 exs., Churachandpur, 18.4.89 (coIl. R. Mathur); Measurements (in mm) : 16 exs., Thoubal river, Thoubal, 28.5.92 (colI. Height Diarrle.:er Height of aperture K.V.S.); 10 exs., Imphal river near State Guest House, Imphal, 28.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.). 30.0-61.50 14.6-24.45 14.7-23.75 Measurements (in mm) : Distribution .' India : Manipur (Imphal, Chandel, Thoubal), Assam, Meghalaya, Uttar Height Diameter Height of aperture Pradesh, West Bengal. 15.0 10.2 10.8 Elsewhere : Bhutan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Distribution : India Manipur (Chandel, Sumatra. Churachandpur, Imphal, Thoubal), Assam, Remarks : Elongately turreted, whorls 12-13, Meghalaya. with spiral nodulose ridges and distinct axial ribs, Elsewhere: Myanmar. It is recorded for the aperture subcircular. first time from Manipur. A highly variable species, depending on Remarks : Shell rather small, ovately globose, difference in shell characters, a large number of irregularly spirally striate, distinctly so near the varieties were named out of which 3 varieties suture, whorls moderately convex, body whorl viz., laevis Annandale, semilaevigata Nevill and inflated and with three chocolate brown bands, subspinata Annandale were recognised by aperture oval, columellar ~allus chocolate brown. SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca 79
13. Paludomus (P.) coniea (Gray) Remarks : Shell ovate, thick, porce II aneous , (PI. II, Fig. 7) uniformly black, body whorl tumid, sculpture consists of faint spiral striae interspersed by a 1834. Melania conica Gray, Griffith Cuvier, Moll., pI. 14, fig. S. few irregular stronger ones, minute microscopic 1989. Paludomus (Paludomus) conica .: Subba Rao, granules and a few dark bands are also present Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 113, figs. 227,228. The shell closely resembles that of P. conica. differs in having regular spiral sculpture. Material examined: 2 exs., Sammenkeai, Churachandpur, 2.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur); 1 ex., Sub-family TIDARINAE Khuga river bed, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 24 exs., stream inside forest, 4 kms. N. Genus 9. Thitua Roeding, 1798 of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road, 31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Iiri river, Iiribam, 16.6.92 (coli. Shell elongate-turreted, usually 3-5 cms. in g.V.S.); 2 exs., Thoubal river, Thoubal, 29.5.92 length, many whorled, whorls varying in number, variously sculptured, usually with spiral striae or (coil. K.V.S.); 4 exs., L~phal river near State Guest House, Impbal, 28.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 2 ridges, sometimes with spines, aperture vertical, exs., (young), Moreh, S.B. of Imphal, Chandel, ovate without siphonal canal, operculum pear 9.3.92 (coli. A. K. Poddar); 18 exs., Imphal river, shaped. Imphal, 13.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.). Range: Tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, Measurements (in mm) : as far north as Formosa and the Ryu Kyu islands and south up to N. Australia. Height Diameter Height of aperture Three subgenera in Manipur, Thiara s. str., 12.5-24.0 10.2-18.5 9.5-14.8 Melanoides and Tarebia, each represented by a Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, single species. Chandel, Thoubal, Imphal), Assam, Meghalaya. Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Bhutan. It is recorded Key to the subgenera for the fIrSt time from Maniplir. 1. Shell usually with spines, whorls shouldered Remarks: Shell globosely conical, brownish, above ...... Thiara s. str. whorls 5, convex, smooth except 3-4 spiral ridges in the sutural region, sometimes with dark spiral - Shell without spines, whorls rounded above bands...... 2 2. Height of body whorl usually more than the 14. Paludomus (P.) pustulosa Annandale height of spire, shell with rows of distinct 1921. Paludomus puslulosa Annandale, Ree. Indian Mus .• granules ...... TarebiD 12 : 563, fig. HA, B. 1989. Paludomus (Paludomus) pustulosa : Subba Rao, - Height of body whorl less than the height of Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 116, fig. spire, shell with spiral striae ...... Melanoides 234. Material examined : 1 ex., Manipur Valley, Subgenus ThwQ S. str. (coli. Manipur Survey Party). 15. Thiara (Thiara) scabra Mueller Distribution: India: Manipur. (PI. III, Fig. 2)
Measurements (in mm) : 1774. Thiara seabra Mueller. Hist. Vt'nPI. Terr. Fill"., 2 : 136. Height Diameter Height of aperture 1989. Thiara (Thiara) scabra : Subba Rao. Handbook 16.1 13.6 11.5 Freshwater Molluscs'of I"dia, : 96. figs. 185. 186. (decollate) 189. 80 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Material examined : 9 exs., Khuga river, 5 common throughout rest of India except Kashmir. kms., E.of I.B., Churachandpur, 9.3.92 (colI. T. Elsewhere : North and South Africa, eastern Roy). Mediterranean countries, South-east Asia, Southern China, Malayasia, Malay Archipelago, Measurements (in mm) : North Australia, various Pacific islands, Ryu Kyu Height Diameter Height of aperture islands of Japan and New Hebrides. 15.0-25.0 8.25-10.00 8.20-12.80 Remarks : Shell elongate with a high spire, Distribution India Manipur whorls 10-12, rounded, sculptured with vertical (Churachandpur), common throughout rest of the ribs and spiral ridges, sculpture distinct on upper country except Kashmir. It is recorded for the whorls, shell surface with dark brown flames and frrst time from Manipur. dots, irregularly distributed.
Elsewhere : Coasts of Indo-Pacific. Zanzibar A variable shell, shows variations in leng~h to New Hebrides, north to the Philippines, Pacific diameter ratio, sculpture and also in arrangement Islands. of the brown dots. Though it is common in ponds Remarks : Shell moderately large, whorls in Manipur valley, it is not found in Loktak Lake shouldered above and rounded below, sculptured (Annandale and Prashad, 1921). with rows of vertical ribs bearing prominent spines Subgenus Tarebia H.&A. Adams, 1834 and spiral striae or ridges. 17. Thiara (Tarebia) granifera (Lamarck) Though also occurring in ponds, this species essentially inhabits slow or fast moving streams. (PI. III, Fig. 3)
Subgenus Melanoides Olivier,1807 1822. Melania granifera Lamarck, Hisl. nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., 6(2): 167. 16. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata (Mueller) 1989. Thiara (Tarebia) granifera : Subba Rao. Handbook (PI. III, Fig. 1) Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 101, figs., 212. 213.
1774. Nerita tuberculata Muellar, Hist. Verm. Terr. Fluv., Material examined: 16 exs., Jiri river, Jiribam, 2 : 191. 16.6.92 (coIl.' K.V.S.). 1989. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculala : Subba Rao, Measurements (in mm) : Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 103, figs. 183,184. Height Diameter Height of aperture Material examined: 2 exs., Freshwater pond 11.0-18.8 6.0-10.2 4.0-11.0 at Imphal, 27.5.92 (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Turel Distribution : India : Manipur (ImphaJ, new river bed, near Pallel, N.E. of Chandel, 1.6.92 record), Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal. (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Khuga river bed, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 100 exs., Elsewhere : Malaysia, Philippines, Formosa Freshwater pool near Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 and Pacific Islands. Introduced into N. America (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Pond in front of Forest (Abbott, 1952). Office, B.T. Road, 18.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); 12 Remarks: Shell conically elongate with distinct exs., Kumbhipukri, Churachandpur, 7.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur). spiral rows of nodules, whorls not convex, height of body whorl exceeds half of the total length of Measurements (in mm) : shell. Height Diameter Height of aperture Though this species is often confused with T. 15.8-28.00 6.02-8.50 6.0-9.0 lineata (Gray), p~esence of granules makes this species distinct from the other. Distribution : A cosmopolitan species. India : Manipur (Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal), It is for the first time recorded from Manipur. SURY A RAO et ale : Mollusca 81
Order BASOMMATOPHORA Material examined: 14 exs., Khuga river at Phaogakchaoikhai, Churachandpur, 7.6.92 (coli. Family V. LYMNAEIDAE R. Mathur); 29 exs., Loktak lake, Ningthoukhong, A single genus Lymnaea Bishenpur, 9.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Stream S.W. of I.B., Churachandpur, 30.5.92 (coli. Genus 10. Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799 K.V.S.); 3 exs., Freshwater bodies in Imphal, Shell ovate, thin, with a large body whorl, 27.5.92 (colt K.V.S.); 3 exs., Chandel approx. 65 kms. S.E. of Imphal, Chandel Dist., 6.3.93 (coil. spire exerted, aperture usually large, columella A.K. Poddar); 6 exs., Moreh, Chandel, 12.6.92 spirally .twisted. (coli. R. Mathur); 2 exs., Thangaisland, 9.2.93 Range : World-wide. (coli. A. Bhattacharya); 11 exs., Bishenpur, Represented in Manipur by two subgenera, 3 31.5.92 (coli. R. Mathur). species and a number of infra-specific forms. Measurements (in mm) :
Key to the species Height Diameter Height of aperture
1. Shell larger (usually exceeding 10 mm. in 9.0-18.50 5.50-12.80 6.40-17.00 length) subperforate or imperforate, columellar Distribution: India: Manipur : (Bishenpur, callus not much developed ...... 2 Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal), common throughout rest of India. - Shell smaller (usually below 10 mm. in length), perforate, columellar callus well Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Myanmar. developed ...... L. andersoniana Remarks : Shell thin, oblong ovate, smooth, 2. Spire very short, at least 3 times as broad at body whorl greatly inflated, spire short and base as high ...... L. ovalior acuminate. Aperture wide, columel1a twisted. - Spire longer, less than 3 times as broad at In addition to the typical form 2 others viz., f. base as high ...... 3 rufescens, and chlamys are available in Manipur. 3. Outer lip less expanded and almost straight, Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminaJa f. spire proportiona~ely long and less acuminate rufescens Gray ...... L. luteola (PI. III, Fig. 5)
- Outer lip more expanded and convex, spire 1820. Limnaea rufescens Gray, in Sowerby's Genera Rec. proportionately short and acuminate ...... Foss. Shells, 1 : pI. 178. fig. 2...... L. aCllminata 1989. Lymnaea (Pselldosuccinea) acuminata f. n,/escens : Subba Rao Handbook Freshwater Mol/uscs of India. Subgenus Pseudosuccinea Baker, 1908 : 127. Material exan,ined : 21 exs., Freshwater bodies 18. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. at Imphal, 27.5.92, (coli. K.V.S.); 19 exs., Khuga typica Lamarck river, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., (PI. III, Fig. 4) From Paddy fields between Japhau and Chandel 1822. Limnea acuminata Lamarck, Hist. nat. Anim. Sans Christian College, 2.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Vert.,6 (2) : 160. Pond in Coffee Nursery, Kumbhipukhri, 1921. Limnaea acuminata, Annandale and Prashad Rec. Churachandpur, 10.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 4 exs., Indian Mus., 22 : 568. Freshwater pool at Chandel, 30.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminala f. Iypica : 8 exs., Freshwater pond inside forest, 4 kms. Subba Rao, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, north of Chandel, 31.5.92 (coli. K. V.S.); 24 exs., : 126, figs. 258, 259. Turibari, 5 kms. W. of Kangpokpi, Senapati. 82 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
11.11.92 (coil. A.K. MandaI); 4 exs., Kangla 19. Lymntlea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. Park, Imphal,6.9.92 (coIl. H.P.M.); 3 exs., Chandel ovalis Gray approx. 65 kms. SEe of Imphal, Chandel, 6.3.92 (PI. In, Fig. 6) (colI. A.K. Poddar); 2 exs., Loktak lake, 1820. Lymnaea ovalis Gray, if) Sowerby's Genera Rec. Bishenpur, 19.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); 2 exs., Roadside Foss. Shells, 1 pI. 178, fig. 4. pond near Palace Gate, Imphal, 14.9.92 (coli. 1921. Limnaea ovalis : Annandale and Prashad. Rec. Indian H.P.M.); 6 exs., Pond in front of Forest Office, Mus., 22 : 572. B.T. Road, Imphal, 11.9.92 (coil. H.P.M.); 1 ex., 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) luteola f. ovalls: Subba Chandel, 10.6.92 (coil. R. Mathur); 1 ex., Mata Rao, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 129. Dam, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur). figs. 266. 267, 283-284. Measurements (in mm) : Material examined: 3 exs., Freshwater bodies at Imphal, 27.5.92 (colI. K.V.S.). Height Diameter Height of aperture Measurements (in mm) : 12.0-20.0 5.6-11.0 4.65-9.5 Height Diameter Height of aperture Distribution India: Manipur (Bishenpur, 12.7-18.00 10.0-17.5 10.0-10.10 Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal, Senapati), common throughout rest of India. Elsewhere : Distribution : India : Manipur (Imphal). Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan. Common throughout rest of India. Remarks : Shell narrower than in typica, spire Elsewhere: Myanmar, Sri Lanka. longer, aperture uniformly less expanded. Remarks : Shell subglobose, body whorl globosely inflated without any compression, spire Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata f. short and abruptly pointed. chlamys Benson 20. Lymnaea ovalior Anndale and Prashad 1836. Limnaea chlamys Benson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., S : 744. 1921. Limnaea ovalior Anndale and Prashad. Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 572. fig. 13A. pI. vii. figs. 4-6. 1989. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminala f. chlamys : Subba Rao, Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, 1989. Lymnaea ovalior: Subba Rao, Handbook Freshwater : 127. Molluscs of India, : 129, fig. 285. Material examined : 4 exs., Loktak lake, Material examined: 16 exs., Loktak Lake Bishenpur, 6.6.92 (coIl. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Khuga (Syntypes, M. 11717/2). river, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 3 Measurements (in mm) : exs., Canal near Loktak, 14.2.93 (coli. A. Height Diameter Height of aperture Bhattacharya). 9.45-16.85 6.1-12 7.15-11.5 Measurements (in mm) : Distribution India: Manipur (Bishenpur, Height Diameter Height of aperture known by its type only). 19.3-19.75 9.85-10.75 8.45-9.5 Remarks : Shell globose with a short spire. As Distribution : India : Manipur (B ishenpur, Subba Rao (1989) remarked the species may be a Churachandpur). Common throuhgout rest of synonym of L. luteola f. ovalis Gray. India. Subgenus Galba Schrank
Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Myanmar. 21. Lymnaea (Galba) andersoniana Nevill Remarks : Spire a little more longer and (PI. IV, Fig. 1) narrower than in typica, columella more twisted, 1881. Limnaea andersoniana Nevill, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., colour usually golden yellow. 5(2) : 142. pI. 5, fig. 9. SURY A RAO et ale : Mollusca 83
1921. Lymnaea andersoniana : Annandale and Prashad, laterally, with radial striae, sides of shell parallel Rec. Indian Mus., 11 : 574, pI. 6, figs. 1-6; fig. 133. or convex. 1989. Lymnaea (Galba) andersoniana : SUbba Rao, Range : Australia, New Zealand, South East Handbook Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 132, figs. Asia, South east Africa. Three species known 268, 269,310. from Manipur, two of which could be studied. Material examined : 43 exs., Stream SW. of Key to the species I.B., Churachandpur, 30.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 96 exs., Sheikmai Turel river bed, Pallel, 16 kms. Shell internally violet, sides of shell parallel N.E. of Chandel, 1.6.92 (call. K.V.S.); 5 exs, ...... F. viola river Chakpi near Chandel, 30.5.92 (call. K.V.S.); - Shell internally whitish, sides of shell not 4 exs., Stream side of Coffee Nursery Fann, parallel ...... F. verruca Kumbhipukhri, N. of Churachandpur! 10.6.92 (call. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Thinkagpai, 5 kms. S. of 22. Ferrissia verruca (Benson) Lamb, Churachandpur, 7.6.92 (call. K.V.S.); 4 (PI. IV, Fig. 2 & 3) exs., South of Floating Sanctuary, Keibul, 4.3.92 1855. Ancylus verruca Benson, Ann. Mag. MI. Hisl.. (2) (call. T. Roy); 7 exs., Khuga river bed, 15 : 12. Churachandpur, 4.6.9,2 (colI. K.V.S.); 13 exs., 1921. lancyills (Ferris.sia) verruca: Annandale and Prashad. Thongaroh, Bishenpur, 21.5.92 (coil. R. Mathur); Rec. Indian Mus., II : 589. 15 exs., Thoubal, 10.6.92 (call. R. Mathur); 5 1989. Ferri.s.sia verruca: Subba Rao, Handbook Fre.shwalt'r exs., Moreh, Chandel, 12.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur). Molluscs of India, : 139, figs. 311,313. Measurements (in mm) : Material examined: 3 exs., Manipur (coli. ?); 15 exs. Khuga river, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. Height Diameter Height of aperture K.V.S.) 6.1-15.2 3.8-9.0 2.7-6.55 Measurements (in mm) : Distribution · India : .Manipur (Bishenpur, Height Diameter Chandel, Churachandpur, Thoubal), Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir. 3.68 2.20 Elsewhere: China, Myanmar, Nepal. Distribution India Manipur (Churachandpur). Throughout rest of India, but Remarks : Shell small, globosely elongate, sporadic (Annandale & Prashad, 191). perforate, smooth, whorls 5, body whorl large and inflated, spire proportionately very short, Elsewhere : Sri Lanka. suture impressed, aperture large, ovate, columellar Remarks: The shell is widest near its middle margin thickened and reflected covering the and is distinctly bilaterally asymmetrical in its perforation. outline. Form turbinicola, a torrent form is also 23. Ferrissia viola Annandale and Prashad recorded from Manipur. 1921. Ancyills (Ft'rrissia) viola Annandale and Prashad. Rec. Indian Mus., 11 : 589. figs. 18A. 19. Family VI. ANCYLIDAE 1989. Ferrissia viola: Subba Rao. Handbook. Frt'shwatt'r A single genus Ferrissia Molluscs of India. : 139. figs. 317. 31<>. Material examined : 3 exs., Loktak lake, Genus 11. Ferrissia Walker, 1903 Manipur, (coli. Manipur Survey Party) (Type). Shell small, limpet like with a large aperture, Distribution : India : Manipur (Bishenpur), apex blunt or sharply pointed, sometimes reflected Nagaland. 84 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ojManipur
Remarks: Sides of shell compressed, anterior 1921. Gyraulus convexiusculus : Annandale and Prashad, Rec. Indian Mus., 22 : 582. slope convex, posterior slope concave, apex blunt, scarcely elevated, situated posteriorly. 1989. Gyraulus convexiusculus : Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Mollucs of India, : 154, figs. 362-364. This species was described from Loktak lake Material examined : 4 exs., Loktak lake, in Manipur. Ningthoukhong, Bishenpur, 9.6.92 (colt K.V.S.); 4 exs., Freshwater pond at Imphal, 27.5.92 (colI. Family VII. PLANORBIDAE K.V.S.); 20 exs., From a stream inside a forest, 4 It is the largest family of Indian freshwater kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road, pulmonates. All the three Indian subfamilies viz., 31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Pond in front of Bulininae, Segmentininae and Planorbinae are Forest Office, B.T. Road, Imphal, 11-.9.92 (coIl. represented in Manipur by three genera and 4 H.P.M.). species. Measurements (in mm) : Key to the genera Diameter Thickness 1. Shell larger (above 5 mni. in diameter) whorls 3.75-5.0 1.25-1.5 rounded at periphery ...... lndoplanorbis Distribution : India Manipur (Bishenpur, Shell smaller (upto 5 mm. in diameter) whorls Chandel, Imphal). Common throughout rest of angulate or carinate at periphery ...... 2 India. 2. Whorls narrowly coiled, convex above, Elsewhere : Iran to Philippines. aperture heart shaped ...... Hippeutis Remarks : Shell small, depressed, widely Whorls widely coiled, greatly depressed, umbilicate, whorls 4-5, rounded, sutures aperture oblique, oval shaped ...... Gyraulus impressed, body whorl rounded or subangulate, Genus 12. Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837 with faint, close, oblique striae, aperture ovate lunate. Shell small, (upto 1 cm. in diameter) depressed, widely umbilicate, transparent or translucent, 25. Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson) whorls 3-5, rapidly increasing in width flattened, (PI. IV, Fig. 5) body whorl with or without keel at periphery, 1874. Planorbis euphraticus Mousson. J. Conchyl., 22 : aperture oblique, widely lunate. 44. Range: World wide. N. America, West Indies, 1989. Gyrallius euphraticus : Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 155. figs. 356-367. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. Material examined: 8 exs., Marshy lands and Key to the species paddy fields.at Waithou, N. of Thoubal, Manipur, Shell acutely keeled at periphery, body whorl 28.5.92 (coIl. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Loktak lake, slightly deviating from spirals of upper whorl Bishenpur, 6.6.92 (coIl. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Marshy ...... G. euphraticus area near Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 (colI. K.V.S.). -Shell rounded or subangulate at periphery, Measurements (in mm) : body whorl not deviating from spirals of upper whorls ...... G. convexiusculus Diameter Thickness 24. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) 4.65-4.9 1.0-1.15 (PI. IV, Fig. 4) Distribution : India Manipur (Thoubal, Bishenpur, Chandel). 1849. Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 18(2) : 657. Remarks : Shell very similar to that of SURY A RAO et ala : Mollusca 85
G. convexiusculus, larger, more compressed and Measurements (in nun) : more strongly carinate at the periphery, more Diameter Thickness coarsely sculptured, body whorl deviates from 3.65-7.2 1.25-2.35 the spiral of the upper whorls. Distribution : India : Manipur (Bishenpur, this species is for the first time recorded from Chandel, Imphal, Thoubal), Assam, Himachal Manipur. Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Genus 13. Hippelltis Charpentier, 1837 Elsewhere : South East Asia, South China, Shell small, depressed, glossy, umbilicate, Taiwan, Philippines. whorls convex above, flattened below, embracing Remarks : Shell depressed, small, narrowly the previous one, ~y whorl very wide and coiled, umbilicate, whorls 3, very rapidly carinate or angulate, aperture lunate or increasing in width, body whorl being abruptly subtriangular. wide, round, convex above, flattened below, bluntly angulate at the periphery, aperture heart Range : China, Taiwan, the Philippines, shaped. EUrope, South-east Asia. Genus 14. Indopillnorbis Annandale & Subgenus Ilelkorbis Benson, 1850 Prashad, 1920 26. Hippeutis (Ilelicorbis) umbilicalis umbilicalis (Benson) Shell moderately large, thick, widely umbilicate, discoidal with convex whorls. spire (PI. IV, Fig. 6) sunken below the plane, aperture earshaped. A 1836. Planorbis umbilicalis Benson, J. Asial. Soc. Beng., S monotypic genus. : 141. Range : India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaya 1921. Hippeutis (?) umbilicalis : Annandale and Prashad. Peninsula, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Tibet and Rec. Indian Mus., 11 : 584. Iran. 1989. Hippe"tis (llelicorbis) umbilicalis IImbilicalis (Benson) : Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater 27. Indopltuaorbis exustus (Deshayes) Molluscs of Illdia, : 148. figs. 133-135. (PI. IV, Fig. 7)
Material examined: 3 exs., Marshy lands and 1834. Planorbis eXllstlls Deshayes. in Bt'/anger. Voy. Indes paddy fields at Waithou, N. of Thoubal, 28.5.92 Orielllales, : 417. pl. I. figs. 11-13. (coli. K.V.S.); 1 exs., Freshwater pond at Imphal, 1921. Indo planorbis exustus : Annandale and Prashad. Rt'c. 27.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., From paddy fields Indian MilS., 22 : 580. between Japau and Chandel Christian College, 1989. Indoplanorbis exustus : Subba Rao. HalJdbook. 2.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 3 exs., Loktak lake, Freshwater Molluscs of Ilidia. : 142. figs. 326-327. Bishenpur, 6.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Dried Material examined : 2 exs., Loktak lake, ditch, near Zoo Garden, Imphal, 16.9.92 (coil. Ningthoukhong, Bishenpur, 8.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); H.P.M.); 11 exs., From a s~earn inside a forest, 14 exs., Freshwater pond at Imphal, 27.5.92 (coli. 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Rd., K.V.S.); 3 exs., Loktak lake, 6.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 31.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Loktak lake, 1 ex., Tuibing pond, Horticultural Garden (attached" to weeds), 19.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); 3 Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., exs., Ditch near Forest Range Office, Freshwater pond at Chandel, 30.5.92 (coil. Chingmirying, 29.2.92 (coli. T. Roy); 41 exs., K.V.S.); 1 ex., Pond at Uripak village. 16.9.92 Marshy area near Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 (coil. H.P.M.); 8 exs., Khuga river bed. (colI. K.V.S.); 20 exs., Khuga river, Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 4 exs., Hill Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (colI. K.V.S.). stream, 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel 86 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
Road, 31.5.92 (colI. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Paddy fi'eld 2. Shell more broad, brownish with a lighter at GularthaI, 5 kms. E. of Jiribam, 15.6.92 (colI. border along the margin ...... L marginalis K.V.S.); 7 exs., Loktak lake (attached to weeds), - Shell less broad, blackish without marginal Bishenpuf, 19.9.92 (coH. H.M.P.); 8 exs., Road border ...... L. corrianus side pond near Palace Gate, Imphal, 14.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); 4 exs., Pond in front of Forest Office, 28. LIImellidens corriDnus (Lea) B.T. Road, Imphal, 11.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.); 3 exs., Lamgumpat, 12.2.93 (colI. A. Bhattacharya); 5 1834. Unio corrianus Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 6(2) : 65, pl. 9, fig. 25. exs., Loktak canal, 14.2.93 (coil. A. Bhattacharya); 8 exs., Karang island, 9.2.93 (coIl. A. 1921. Lamellidens corrianus : Annandale & Prashad, Rec. Indian Mus., 22: 609. Bhattacharya). 1989. Lamellidens corrianus : Subba Rao, Handbook Measurements (in mm) : Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 165, figs, 386, 387. Diameter Thickness Material examined: 2 exs., From Thoubal ~.25-9.80 4.5-6.8 river at Thoubal, 28.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Purchased from Laxmi Bazar, Imphal, 13.9.92 Distribution .' India Manipur (Imphal, (coli. H.P.M.); 2 exs., Pond near, B.O.C. Bus Chandel, Churachandpur, Bishenpur). Throughout Stand, Imphal, 15.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.); 3 exs., rest of India. Elsewhere: Java, Celebes, Malaya, Churachandpur, 7.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur). Myanmar, Persia, Pakistan, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Measurements (in mm) : Length Width Thickness Remarks: It is a known vector snail and the largest number of cercariae are recorded from 48.5-85.0 30.0-43.5 18.5-30.6 this. (Subba Rao, 1989). Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, Imphal, Thoubal). Common throughout rest of Class BIVALVIA India. Order UNIONOIDA Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar. Family VIII. UNIONIDAE .Remarks : Shell narrow, elongate-elliptical, Single genus Lamellidens, represented by 3 dark coloured, posterior margin subangulately pointed, dorsal margin almost straight, umbo species. slightly inflated, two cardinals in each valve. Genus 15. Lamellidens Simpson, 1900 29. LIImeUidens generosus Gould Shell elongate-elliptical, anterior end pointed (PI. V, Figs. 5 & 6) and regularly curving, posterior end broad, a post 1847. Lamellidens generosus Gould, Proc. Boslon Soc. dorsal wing and a low posterior ridge present, Nat. Hist., 2 : 220. umbones with curved radiating ridges, outer 1989. Lamellidens generosus : Subba Rao, Handbook, surface brownish or blackish, sometimes with Freshwater Molluscs of India,: 165, figs. 388,389. bands of lighter colour; cardinals two in left valve, laterals two in left and one in right valve. Material examined : 17 exs., Loktak lake, Ningthoukhong, Bishenpur, 9.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); Range : India, Bangladesh, Myanmar. 2 exs., 2 valves, Freshwater bodies in Irnphal, Key to the species 27.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 valve, Jiribam, 14.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Khuga river, Churachandpur, 1. Posterior wing well developed. L. generosus 4.6.92 (K.V.S.); 1 ex., Kakching Thoubal, 11.6.92 - Posterior wing feebly developed or absent .. (colt R. Mathur); 6 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur, ...... 2 30.5.92 (colI. R. Mathur) . SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca 87
Measurements (in mm) : developed than usual but not as much as in L.generosus or L. lamellatus, also the dorsal Length Width Thickness margin is straight and not oblique as in the latter. 57.15-90.30 36.1-49.5 18.6-35.8 Distribution : India : Manipur (Bishenpur, Family IX. AMBLEMIDAE Imphal, Churachandpur, Thoubal). Represented by two subfamilies, Parreysiinae Elsewhere : Myanmar. and Rectidentinae. Remarks : Shell large, oblong ovate, fairly Subfamily PARREYSllNAE thick, uniformly blackish, inflated, (anterior end narrowly rounded, posterior end broad and Genus 16. Parreys", Conrad, 1853 oblique, dorsal margin short, umbones not much Shell thick and solid, inflated, rounded to projecting, posterior wing rather narrow, carina subrhomboidal with distinct radial zig-zag ribs in present on both valves, but not much prominent. umbonal region or with radiating ridges on shell Hitherto known from Myanmar, this species is surface; umbones distinct, cardinals heavy, ragged now for the first time recorded from India lamellar teeth short, cavity of beaks deep. (Manipur). It closely resembles L scutum from Range : India, Myanmar, other South-east Myanmar. Asian countries and Africa. 30. LameUidens nuugi1Ullis (Lamarck) Two subgenera Parreysia s. str. and Radiatula (pI. VI, Figs. 2 & 3) Key to tbe subgenera 1819. Unio marginalis Lamarck. Hist. nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., 4 : 79. Shell comparatively thick, ventral margin 1921. Lmnellidens marg inalis : Annandale and Prashad, rounded, beak sculpture strong ..... Parreysis Rec. Indian Mus., 11 : 606. - Shell comparatively thin, ventral margin 1989. L.mnellidens marginalis : Subba Rao, Handbook, almost straigh~ beak sculpture not very strong Freshwater Molluscs of India. : 168 figs. 404, 405...... RadiatuII:I. Material examined : 4 exs., Khuga river, 4 (Blanford) lans. ·E. of Churachandpur 9.3.93 (coli. T. Roy). 31. Pan-eysia (Pan-eysia) 'urman," (PI. V, Figs. 3 & 4) Measurements (in mm) : 1989. Unio burmanus Blanford. Proc. zool. Soc. wnd. : Length Width Thickness 449.
55.9-64.15 27.8-32.85 17.15-19.65 1989. Unio (Parr~ysia) burmanus: Subba Rao, Handbook. Freshwater Molluscs of India, 177. figs. 458. 459. Distribution India Manipur 462.463. (Churachandpur). Widely distributed in rest of Material examined: 9 exs., Loktak lake near India. Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Ithai Dam, Bishenpur, 11.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.). Lanka. Measurements (in mm) : Range : Shell oblong ovate, thin, brownish and shining with a light border along the ventral Length Width Thickness margin, posterior side broa~, posterior wing not 41.6-58.6 26.0-36.5 16.5-23.45 much developed, anterior side short and narrow, ventral margin a little contracted in the middle; Distribution: India: Manipur (Bishenpur) .. hinge with two cardinals and a lateral in right Elsewhere : Myanmar. valve and one cardinal and two laterals in the left. Remarks : Shell ovate, solid, dark brownish, In some of the shells the wing is a little more sculptured with coarse corrugated ridges in anterior 88 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur region and rather irregular nodulose in the rest, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 192, umbones large and distinct, anterior dorsal margin figs. 536-539. rapidly sloping, ventral margin rounded. Material exalnined: 1 ex., Manipur (Ho[otype); The shell studied from Manipur are 1 ex., Manipur (Cotype). proportionately a little more elongate than the M easurenrents (in mm) : typical shells of P. burmanus. However, these agree in other respects like, sculpture, teeth Length Width Thickness character etc. 60.00 33.30 19.50 Hitherto known from Myanmar, this species is Distribution India: Manipur (Known. by now for the first time recorded from India type only). (Manipur). Remarks : SheJl broad and elongate, without Key to the species (subgenus RadiLltula) sculpture on dorsal surface.
Shell with sculpture on dorsal surface ...... Subfamily RECTIDENTINAE ...... P. occata Genus 17. Trapezoideu~ Simpson, 1900 She]) without sculpture on dorsal surface ...... P. theobaldi Shell trapezoid, compressed, umbones not prominent, posterior margin long and sloping. 32. Parreysia (Radiatu~) occata (lea) Shell surface concentrically sulcate, zigzag (PI. VI, Fig. 1) markings in umbonal region; cardinals elongate. 1860. Unio occatus Lea, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phi/ad., 4 : Range : South and south-east Asia. 307. 1989. Parreysia (Radiatula) occata : Subba Rao, Handbook, 34. Trapezoideus exolescens exolescens (Gould) Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 191, figs. 426,427, (PI. VI, Figs. 4 & 5) 526,527. 1843. Unio exoleseens Gould, Proc. Bostoll Soc. nat. Hist., Material examined: 3 exs., Freshwater pool 1 : 141. near Pat village, Chandel, 30.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.). 1989. Trapezoideus exolescens exolescens: Subba Rao, Measurements (in mIn) : Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 194, figs. 432, 433. 546-557 . .Length Width Thickness Material examined: 1 ex., Thoubal river at 40.0-43.65 23.55-24.8 15.2-17.4 Thoubal, 28.5.92 (coIl. K.V.S.). Distribution India: Manipur (Chandel), Measurements (in mm) : Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Length Width Thickness Elsewhere : Bangladesh. 37.80 21.50 Relnarks : Shell rhomboidal, greenish, tumid, dorsal margin a little convex, posteriorly gradually Distribution India: Manipur (Thoubal), sloping. typically sculptured with granular ridges Assam. Elsewhere : Myanmar. throughout the surface. Remarks: Shell thin, trapezoid, brownish yellow, compressed, umbones depressed, anterior 33. Parreysia (Radiatula) theobaldi (Preston) end narrow, short, posterior side dilated, posterior (PI. V, Figs. 1 & 2) wing not distinct. 1912. Nodularia (N.) theobaldi Preston, Rec. Indian Mus., T. misellus (Morelet) recorded from Manipur 7 : 292. by Annandale et.al (1921) is a synonym of this 1989. Parreysia (Radiatula) theobaldi Subba Rao, species. SURY A RAO et ale : Mollusca 89
Order VENEROIDA Family XI. PISIDIIDAE
Family X. CORBICULIDAE Two genera and three species.
Represented by a single genus and a single Key to the genera species. Posterior end of shell longer than anterior Genus 18.Corbicula Megerle von Muehlfeld, end, beaks anterior in position .... Splulerium 1811 - Anterior end of shell longer than posterior Shell subtrigonal, thick with strong concentric end, beaks posterior in position ...... Pisidium ribs, umbones prominent, ligament strong and Genus 19. Pisidium Pfeiffer, 1821 external, hinge with three cardinals in each valve, lateral teeth elongate, compressed, finely serrated, Shell thin, small, ovoid to orbicular, pallial line usually without sinus. inequilateral, anterior side longer than the posterior Range : Asia, Africa, Australia. side, posterior side broader, finely concentrically striate; umbones distinctly raised, tumid, beaks 35. Corbicula striatella Deshayes posterior; ligament external, thin, lateral teeth (PI. VII, Figs. 1 & 2) double in right valve, single in left, cardinals two in left and single in right. 1854. Corbicula striatella Deshayes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., n: 344. Range: Cosmopolitan. 1989. Corbicllia striatella : Subba Rao, Handbook. Represented by two subgenera Freshwater Molluscs of India. : 204, figs. 575, 576. Odhneripisidium and A!ropisidium, one species Material examined : 30 exs., Khuga river bed, each. Churachandpur, 4.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 19 exs., Sheikmai Turel river bed, Pallel, N.E. of Chandel, Key to the species 1.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 42 exs., Imphal river, near Posterior dorsal margin with a well marked State Guest House, Imphal, 28.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); shoulder ...... P. atkinsonianum 3 exs., Imphal river, Imphal, 14.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.);7 exs., Loktak lake, Bishenpur, 9.6.92 - Posterior dorsal margin without shoulder .... (colI. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Khuga river, Churachandpur, ...... P. clarkeanun. 11.3.93 (coli. A.K. Karmakar); 6 exs., Kakching, Sub-genus Odhneripisidium Kuiper, 1962 Thoubal, 11.6.92 (coli. R. Mathur); 1 ex., Bishenpur, 13.2.92 (coli. A. Bhattacharya). 36. Pisidium (Odhneripisidium) alIcinsonianum Measurements (in mnl) : Theobald (PI. VII, Fig. 3) Length Width Thickness 11.50-20.5 9.0-10.8 5.0-10.90 1876. Pisidium atkinsollianllm Theobald. J. Asiat. Soc. B~ng., 45(2) : 189. Distribution India: Manipur (Bishenpur, 1989. Pisidium (Odhner;p;sidi"m) atlcinson;amlnl : Subba Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal), common in Rao, Handbook. Freshwat~r Mol/uscs of India. : rest of India. 216, figs. 625, 626. Elsewhere : Myanmar, Pakistan, Peshawar, Material examined: 26 exs., Turibari, 5 kms. Sindh. W. of Kangmokpi, Senapati district, 11.11.92 (coli. A.K. Mondal). Remarks : Shell moderately large, thick, triangular ovate, tumid, dark brownish, shining, Measurements (in "lin) : dorsal margin arched, umbones prominent, Length Width concentric ribs very distinct and strong, pallial line with a trace of sinus. 3.60 3.25 90 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Distribution : India : Manipur (Senapati), Range: Holarctic, Africa (Subba Rao, 1989). Sikkim, West Bengal. Subgenus Sphaerium s. str. Remarks : Shell small, orbiculately ovate, finely and rather irregularly striate, umbo tumid 38. Sphaerium (Sphaerium) indicum but not much prominent, dorsal margin sloping (Theobald) with a shoulder on the posterior slope, anterior (PI. VII, Fig. 5) margin truncate and arched, posterior margin short, 1854. Sphaerium indicum Desbayes, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., rounded. 22 : 342. It is for the frrst time recorded from Manipur. 1989. Sphaerium (Sphaerium) indicum: Subba Rao, Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 213, Sub-genus AJropisidium Kuiper, 1962 figs. 600-601, 601-612.
37. Pisidium (AJropisidium) clllrkeanum Material examined : 30 exs., 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road, Chandel, 31.5.92 G. & H. Nevill (coil. K.V.S.); 8 exs., Sheikmai Turel river bed, (PI. VII, Fig. 4) Pallel, N. E. of Chandel, 1.6.92 (colI. K.V.S.). 1871. Pisidium clarkeanum O. & H. Nevill, J. Asiat. Soc. Measurements (in mm) : Beng., 40 :9, pI. 1, figs. 4, 4a-d. 1989. Pisidium (Afropisidium) clarkeanum : Subba Rao, Length Width Handbook, Freshwater Molluscs of India, : 218, 5.20-6.80 4.40-5.50 figs. 615, 616. Distribution : India: Manipur (Chandel), Plains Material examined: 120 exs., Stream inside and Himalayas. forest, North of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road, Chandel, 31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 5 exs., Sheikmai, Remarks : Shell small, ovoid, fairly solid, Turel river bed, N.E. of Chandel, 1.6.92 (coli. slightly inequilateral, anterior and posterior dorsal K.V.S.); III exs., from marshy pool near Pat margins almost evenly sloping, right valve with a village, E. of Chandel Bus Station, 30.5.92 (coIl. single cardinal, laterals well developed. K.V.S.); 4 exs., Chandel, approx. 65 Ions. S.E. of Imphal, 6.3.92 (coil. A. K. Poddar). B. Land Molluscs
Measurements (in mm) : Key to the families Length Width 1. Animal without external shell ...... 2 5.35 4.15 - Animal with external shell ...... 4 Distribution: India: Manipur (Chandel), Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West 2. Animal upto 20 mm in length, with a small Bengal. internal shell ...... AGRIOLIMACIDAE Elsewhere: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand. - Animal above 20 mm in length, without internal shell ...... 3 Remarks : Shell small, oblong, moderately thick, inflated, finely and closely striate, dorsal 3. Animal flattened, dorsally convex, posterior anterior slope distinct, somewhat curved, posterior end rounded ...... VERONICELLIDAE margin sloping, ventral margin slightly curved, - Animal spindle shaped, posterior end pointed umbo prominent, tumid, projecting over the hinge, ...... PlllLOMYCIDAE ligament prominent. 4. Shell with operculum ...... 5 Genus 20. Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 - Shell without operCUlum ...... 6 Shell small, moderately thick, oval or bluntly 5. Shell depressed or conically globose, broader triangular, concentrically striate, beaks nearly than high, widely umbilicate ...... medium...... CYCLOPHORIDAE SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca 91
- Shell cylindrical-turreted, higher than broad, which 3 species under the genus Alycaeus are imperforate or very narrowly perforate ...... studied here...... DIPLOMMATINIDAE Genus 21. Alycaeus Gray, 1850 6. Shell elongate, higher than broad ...... 7 Shell conoid, narrowly but deeply umbilicate, - Shell not elongate, low, conical, broader than whorls 4-5, convex, the last whorl somewhat high ...... 10 distorted, constricted and inflated. Shell provided 7. Shell conspicuously sculptured, aperture with a short sutural tube along the suture on the denticulate ...... STREPTAXIDAE body whorl; aperture circular, peristome usually - Shell without conspicuous sculpture aperture double, thickened, expanded; operculum horny, simple ...... 8 flat or slightly concave. 8. Shell cylindrical-turreted, spire longer than Range : India, Malaya, Myanmar, Greater body whorl ...... SUBULINIDAE Sunda Islands. - Shell ovately conical, spire shorter than body Key to the species whorl ...... 9 1. Body whorl with double hollow ridges; 9. Shell large, thick, columella truncate at base peristome simple, without plications or ...... ACHATINIDAE undulations ...... A. khasiacus - Shell small, thin, columella not truncate at - Body whorl with single hollow ridge; b~se ...... SUCCINEIDAE peristome either plicated or undulated ...... 2 10. Peristome a little reflected, body whorl slightly 2. Peristome strongly plicated with five descending in front ...... 11 digitiform projections ...... A. digitatlU - Peristome not reflected, body whorl not - Peristome deeply undulated within, angles descending in front ...... 12 nodose ...... A. jaintiacus 11. Aperture usually with an elevated parietal Subgenus Dicharax Kobelt and Moellendorff. callus, interior of body whorl with series of 1859 denticles ...... CORILLIDAE (Plectopylis) - Aperture simple, without parietal caUus; 39. Alycaeus (Dieharax) digillllus Blanford interior of body whorl without denticles ...... (PI. VIII, Figs. 1 & 2) ...... BRADYBAENIDAE 1871. Alycae"s digilalw Blanford. J. Asial. Soc. Beng .• 12. Shell thicker, dart sac long ...... 40(2) : 41. pI. 2. figs. 4.4a.4b: ...... ARIOPHANTIDAE 1921. Alycaeus (Dicharcu) digilalw : Gude. Fauna 8ril. India. Mollusca, 3 : 248. - Shell thinner, dart sac usually absent ...... lffiLICARIONIDAE Material examined: 2 exs., Forest 4 kms. N . of Chandel on Chandel Pallel Road, 31.6.1992 Order MESOGASTROPODA (coil. K.V.S.). Measurements (in Inm) : Family XII. CYCLOPHORIDAE Diameter Height Height of aperture The family Cyclophoridae is the largest of Indian land operculates and is ·represented by two 4.0 2.2 1.8 subfamilies, Cyclophorinae and Alycaeinae Distribution India: Manipur (Chandel), including two genera and thirteen species. Out of Sikkim, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Bhutan. 92 State Fauna Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur
Remarks: Shell depressedly turbinate, deeply Material examined : 4 exs., Forest ·(under umbilicate, whitish, sculptured, costulations less litter) 4 kms., N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel pronounced in upper whorls in some shells, Road, 31.5.1992 (coil. K.V.S.). distinct on body whorl; the hollw ridge on the Measurements (in m11z) : constricted portion of the body whorl is rather short but well formed; sutural tube fairly long; Diameter Height Height of aperture whorls 4, convex; aperture suboblique, circular, 3.75-4.3 2.85-3.35 1.5-1.8 outer lip strongly plicate, producing five digitiform Remarks: Shell turbinately depressed, broadly folds, operculum corneous, externally concave. umbilicate, transluscent with a pinkish tinge, very It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. finely striate, minutely ribbed on the inflated portion; whorls 4, rounded, body whorl briefly 40. Alycaeus (Dicharax) jaintiacus GOdwin constricted, inflated near the aperture with hollow -Austen ridges; sutural tube very short, thick' at base; (PI. VIII, Fig. 3) aperture oblique, circular, peristome double, inner simple, outer thickened with pustules, expanded. 1871. Alycaeus jaintiacus Godwin-Austen, J. Asiat. Soc. Bellg., 40(2} : 92, pI. 5, figs. 3, 3a. 3b. Distribution : India : Manipur (ChandeJ), 1921. Alycaeus (Dicharax) jaintiacus : Gude. Fauna Brit. Meghalaya. India. Mollusca. 3 : 256. Elsewhere : Myanmar. Material examined: 1 ex., Forest, 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road, 31.5.1992 Subclass PULMONATA (coli. K.V.S.). Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Measurements (in mm) : Family XIII. CORILLIDAE Diameter Height Height of aperture A single species under the genus Plectopylis 3.3 2.15 1.3 is included here.
Distribution India: Manipur (Chandel), Genus 22. Plectopylis Benson, 1860 Meghalaya. Shell depressed, spire flat or low conical, Remarks Shell conically turbinate, white, umbilicate, dextral or sinistral, usually with spiral narrowly perforate, very finely ribbed on the lines above, young shells hairy; aperture lunate, swollen portion, with faint, distant ribs on the rest oblique, lip reflected, margins usually joined by of the body whorl; whorls 4-41/2' rounded, the elevated parietal callus, often with an entering hollow ridge is low and rather recurved, sutural lamella; parietal wall inside the body whorl with tube short; aperture subvertical, peristome double, transverse plates, the parietal armature and the inner deeply undulated, nodose in between outer wall inside the body whorl with several undulations; outer lip reflected. denticles or plates, the palatal armature. It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. Range : India, Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. 41. Alycaeus (Dicharax) khasiacus Godwin - Austen Four species are recorded from Manipur, (PI. VIII, Figs. 4 & 5) however, only one could be studied by us.
1871. Alycaeus khasiacus Godwin-Austen, J. Asiat. Soc. 42. Plectopylis plectostoma (Benson) Beng .• 40(2) : 90. pJ. 3. figs. 4-4b. (PI. VIII, Fig. 7)
1921. Alycaeus (Dicharax) khasiacus : Gude, Fauna Brit. 1836. Hel~ plectostoma Benson, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 5 : India, Mollusca, 3 : 257. 351. SURYA RAO et al. : Mollusca 93
1914. Plectopylis plectostoma : Gude, Fauna Br;t. India, - Body whorl tumid and globose, columellar Mollusca, 2 : 81. margin arcuate ...... S. rutilans Material examined: 6 exs., Forest, 4 kms. N. 43. Succinea elegantior Annandale of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Road (under litter), (PI. VIII Fig. 8) 31.5.1992 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Garden inside Circuit House at Ukhrul, 7.9.1992 (coil. H.P.M.). 1921. Succinea eieganlior Annandale. Rec. Indian Mus .. 11 : 593, figs. 20. 21. Measurements (in mm) : Material examined: 18 exs., Garden at State Height Diameter Height of aperture Guest House, Imphal, 29.5.1992 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 3.0-4.8 5.5-9.0 1.65-3.25 ex., From the leaf of a wild plant near Govindji Distribution . India : Manipur (Chandel, Temple, Imphal, 19.9.1992 (coli. H.P.M.). Ukhrul), Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Measurements (in mm) : Sikkim, West Bengal. Length Diameter Height of Aperture Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar. 10.0-15.3 5.2-7.6 5.0-6.15 Remarks: Shell,' small, sinistral, lenticular, deeply and narrowly umbilicate, whorls 6-7, Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal). River narrow; body whorl slightly descending in front, Yamuna near Delhi. coarsely sculptured with radial plicae and spiral Remarks : Shell moderate in size, thin, striae giving the surface a granular appearence; narrowly ovate, golden brown in colour. sculptured aperture ear-shaped, peristome thickened and with strong curved striae, spire short, whorls 3, reflected, both parietal and palatal armature well fairly rounded; body whorl not much inflated; formed. aperture ovate, pointed above, rounded below; This species is for the first time recorded from peristome simple, acute, columella nearly straight. Manipur. slightly folded and ridged above. This species was considered as restricted Family XIV. SUCCINEIDAE endemic to Manipur. However, it has been collected and studied from the Yamuna River A single genus, Succinea is represented by bank near Delhi recently (Surya Rao et. al 1997). two species in Manipur. Annandale and Aminud-din (1921) found this Genus 23. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801 species in abundance round the Loktak Lake and also in damp localities,swamps etc., attached to Shell oval, imperforate, thin, translucent, with various floating objects. However, the present a very short conical spire, whorls 3-4, rounded, material were collected among plants etc. from rapidly enlarging; aperture large, oblong, gardens. columella simple with a thin callus, peristome simple. 44. Succ;nea rulOOns Blanford Range : World wide. (PI. IX, Fig. 1) Amphibious, in damp places, swamps, on 1870. Succi'lea rutilans Blanford. J. Asial. Soc. Beng .. 39 floating objects, some on leaves of plants, shrubs. : 23. pI. 3, fig. 23. 1914. Succinea rutilans : Gude. Faulw Brit. India, Mollusca Key to the species ; 448. Body whorl subcylindrical, with nearly straight Material examined: 4 exs., Jiribam, 13.6.1996 sides; columellar margin almost straight ..... : (coil. K.V.S.); 12 exs., Gularthal near Jiribam, ... :.. :...... S. elegantior 15.6.1992 (coli. K.V.S.). 94 State Faun.a Series I : Fauna of Manipur
Measurements (in mm) : K.V.S.); 11 exs., Garden, Circuit House, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Length Diameter Height of aperture Jiribam, Imphal, (under Iitter),14.6.92 (coIl. 4.45-6.9 2.8-4.55 2.5-4.8 K.V.S.). Distribution : India : Manipur (Imphal), Measurements (in mm) : Meghalaya. Length Diameter Height of aperture Remarks : Shell small, ovate, imperforate, 1 / ; 5.1-6.75 1.65-1.95 1.4-1.6 obliquely striate, whorls 2 2 suture impressed, body whorl tumid, swollen at base, aperture fairly Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, wide, columellar margin regularly arcuate, not Imphal). Common throughout rest of India. ridged. Elsewhere : A cosmopolitan species, widely Family XV. STREPTAXIDAE distributed through S.E. Asia, West Indies. Remarks: Shell small, slender, cylindrically This family of carnivorous land snails is turreted, imperforate, rather transparent, finely represented by the subfamily Enneinae (turriform striate, sutures deep, crenulate; whorls 8, flatly shells) which includes a single cosmopolitan convex; body whorl rather distorted, being laterally species, in Manipur. compressed with two shallow pits behind the Genus 24. Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1856 aperture. Aperture quadrate, narrowed by the presence of 4 teeth, peristome not continuous, Shell small, ovate to cylindrically turreted, expanded and reflected. thin, usually imperforate and finely but conspicuously sculptured; body whorl laterally Its wide range of distribution is commonly compressed; aperture with dentitions, peristome attributed to human agency and it frequently thickened and expanded. occurs in the company of man (Subba Rao & Mitra, 1991). Range : Africa, South and East Asia, West Indies. Though Van Bruggen (1967) placed the species under Silloennea, following Benthem Jutting Generally found to occur on grounds, mostly (1950) and Dance (1970), we prefer to treat the under leaves etc., usually in open or cultivated cylindrically, turreted species under Huttonella. plains outside forest shelter. It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. 45. Huttonella bicolor (Hutton) (PI. IX, Fig. 3) Family XVI. ACHATINIDAE 1834. Pupa bieolor Hutton, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 3 : 85. 93 The family is represented by a single species & 96. under the genus Achatina in India. 1970. Huttonella bieolor : Dance. J. Conch., Paris, 27 : 153. Genus 25. Achatina Lamarck, 1799 1989. Huttonella bic%r : Subba Rao, Thakur & Mitra, Shell very large, thick, elongately ovate, Fauna of Orissa: State Fauna Series, 1(2) : 263. figs. 4a,b. imperforate, spire conical, apex obtuse, whorls convex, body whorl large; aperture ovate, outer 1995. Huttonella bic%r : Subba Rao, Surya Rao and Manna, Fauna of Chilka Lake, Wetland Ecosystem lip simple, columella concave and truncate below. ser., 1 : 411. Range : Africa. The species, A. fulica is Material exanl;ned : 1 ex., Horticultural established and naturalised in many countries Garden, Tuibang, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. including India. SURY A RAO et ala : Mollusca 95
46. Achatina fulica(Bowdich) Family XVII. ARIOPHANTIDAE (PI. IX, Fig. 2) Ariophantidae, one of the largest families of 1822. Achatina /ulica 'LamarCk' : Bowdich, Elements of Indian land pulmonates, is represented by three Conchology, 1, pI. 13, fig. 3. subfamilies, Macrochlamydinae, Sesarinae and Kaliellinae and four genera, Macrochlamys, 1991. Achatina (Ussachatina)fulicafulica : Subba Rao & Khasiella Kaliella and Rahula. Out of 17 species Mitra, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Dec. Paper, 126 : 39. recorded in total, only 8 species could be studied pl. 3, fig. 7. and the species under the genus Rahula of the Material examined : 3 exs., Garden inside subfamily Sesarinae could not be studied by us. State Guest house Compound, Imphal 25.5.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Imphal, 27.5.92 (coli. Key to the genera K.V.S.); 1 ex., Iiribam, 13.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 27 1. Shell large, more than 4 mm. in diameter; exs., Garden in Sericulture Training Centre, broader than high, smooth or coarsely Kwakta, Bishenpur Dist., 8.6.92 (coil. K.Y.S.); 1 sculptured ...... 2 ex., Loukaipur, Bishenpur, 1.6.92 (coil. R. _ Shell small, less than 4 mm. in diameter Mathews); 1 ex., Near Loktak lake, Bishenpur, higher than broad or as broad as high, 11.6.92 (coli. k.V.S.); 1 ex., Garden inside State obliquely striate ...... KoIUIlII Guest House. Imphal. 14.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.) 2. Shell smooth or faintly sculptured above .... Measurements (in mm) : ...... Macrochlamys Length Diameter Height of aperture - Shell coarsely sculptured above ...... KhasklJa 113.45 52.75 49.85
Distribution . India : Manipur (Bishenpur, Subfamily KALIELLINAE Imphal), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Shell small usually thin, conoid to typically Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Mizoram, trochiform, imperforate or narrowly perforate, N agal and , Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar whorls scarcely convex, obliquely costulate or Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar striate; aperture oblique, subquadrately lunate. islands. Range: Asia, Africa. Remarks: Shell large, ovately conical, inflated, imperforate, pale yellowish to whitish with brown 47. KalieUa barralcporensis (Pfeiffer) streaks all over, whorls 8, rapidly increasing in (PI. IX, Fig. 5) size, body whorl large, convex; suture deep with 1852. Kaliella barakporeruis Pfeiffer. Proc. 1.001. Soc. LoIId. short spiral striations just below, apical whorls : 156. figs. 9, 9a. smooth; aperture large ovate, columella arched 1908. Kaliella barrakporensis : Blanford and Godwin and truncate below. Austen. Fauna Brit. India. Mollusca: 258. It is an universally known agri-horticultural Material exanJined : 1 ex., Jiribam, 15.6.92 pest and takes a serious proportion in many parts (coil. K.Y.S.); 1 ex., Ukhrul, from garden inside of the country, particularly in eastern India. As Govt. Guest House, 9.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.). reported by RaUl & Ghose (1984) this species is Measurements (in mIll) : particularly concentrated in Imphal district of Diameter Height 2 Manipur, the average popUlation density is 131m • It is also found in plains near Loktak Lake in 3.4 3.6 Bishenpur dist., and Jiribam, bordering Silchar of Distribution : India : Manipur (lmphal. Assam. Ukhrul). Common throughout rest of the country. 96 State Fauna Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur
Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar, South opp. Post Office near Assam Rifle Depot, Ukhrul, Africa, Sri Lanka. 8.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.). Renlarks : Shell small, trochiform, thin, sub Distribution : India : Manipur (Ukhrul), perforate, obliquely striate above, closely spirally Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland. striate below; spire conical, whorls 6, fairly Elsewhere : Bangladesh. convex, suture impressd, body whorl keeled at the periphery, moderately rounded below; aperture Remarks : Shell conoidly depressed, horny, subquadrately lunate, oblique, peristome simple, imperforate, closely obliquely costulate above, columellar margin obJique, slightly thickened and smoother beneath with distant radiating striae; reflected at the perforation. whorls 8, narrow, rounded, gradually increasing in size, body whorl subangulate at the periphery, Though Blanford and Godwin-Austen (1908) angulation more pronounced in younger shells, expressed doubt regarding its occurrence at Teria fairly convex beneath, scarcely descending in Ghat, Thayet Myo, Prome etc., the shells col1ected front; aperture oblique, lunate, peristome obtuse, from Manipur perfectly agree with the description slightly thickened inside, columellar margin gently as well as the material present in the National curved, a little reflected throughout. Zoological Collection. Moreover, it is one of the The shell shows considerable variation in few land snails known to have cosmopolitan elevation of spire and angulation of body whorl. distribution. It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. However it is recorded for the first time from Manipur. Measu.rements (in mm) :
Genus 27. Khasiella Godwin-Austen, 1899 Diameter Height Height of aperture 9.15-10.5 6.15-10.3 3.65-6.0 Shell depressed, or conoidly turbinate, fairly thick, perforate or imperforate, usually coarsely Subfamily MACROC~AMYDINAE sculptured with close oblique plications, lower part smooth, whorls 6-8;- generally keeled or Genus 28. MacTochlamys Gray, 1847 subangulate at periphery; aperture lunate. Shell depressedly turbinate to conoid or Animal with only dorsal shell lobe, sole of lenticular, perforate, thin, with or without fine foot tripartite, mucous gland wide, not extending sculpture above, smoother below, whorls 4-5, upto the sole of foot, overhanging lobe present. convex; body whorl usually rounded or Range : The Eastern and Western Himalayas, subangulate at the periphery, aperture lunate, peristome usually thin, columellar margin reflected India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal. at the perforation. Single species is represented in Manipur. Animal with a narrow foot, caudal gland distinct with a fleshy hom-like process above, 48. Khasiella vidua (Hanley and Theobald) peripodial groove wen developed, sole of foot -1876. Helix vidua Hanley and Theobald. Conch. Indica, pI. tripartite. 130, figs. 2, 3. Range: S.E. Asia. Widely distributed in India. 1899. Khasiella vidua : Godwin-Austen. Moll. India. 2 : 129, pI. 100. Key to the spec=ies ) 908. Khasiella vidua : Blanford and Godwin-Austen, Fauna Brit. India. Mollusca: 158, fig. 57. 1. Body whorl rounded at the periphery ...... 2 Material examined: 3 exs., N.W. Manipur - Body whorl angulate at the periphery ...... (coIl. H.H. Godwin-Austen); 1 ex., (juv.), Garden ...... M. tugurium SURYA RAO et ale : Mollusca 91
2. Shell small, less than 10 mm. in diameter .. spiral striae, suture impressed, whorls 5l, rounded, ...... 3 body whorl much wider than others, rounded at the periphery, moderately tumid at base; aperture - Shell large, more than 10 mm. in diameter. a little oblique, lunate, peristome thin, columellar ...... 5 margin curved, reflected over the umbilicus. 3. Shell distinctly broader than high, aperture It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. oblique ...... 4 Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, .-. Shell nearly as broad as high, aperture Imphal). Common throughout India. subvertical ...... M. pungi 4. Shell comparatively more depressed, body 50. Maerochlamys lahupaensis Godwin-Austen whorl slightly descending in front .... M. uda (PI. X, Fig. 4) - Shell comperatively more conoid, body whorl 1907. Macrochlamys lahupaensis Godwin-Austen. Moll. not descending in front ...... M. sufJlava India, 1: 159. 1908. Macrochlamys lahupaensis : Blanford & Godwin 5. Spire scarcely raised, smooth, with fine spiral Austen, Fauna Br;t. India. Mollusca: 109. striae ...... M. indica Material examined: 2 exs., Phunggam, N.E. - Spire distinctly raised, with coarse wavy Manipur (coli. 7). growth striae ...... M. lahupaensis Measurements (in mm) : Out of the 12 species recorded from Manipur, 6 species could be studied by us. Among the Diameter Height Height of aperture species, only M. indica is widely distributed 13.4 8.45 6.75 throughout India, M. pllngi is recorded from the Remarks : Shell depressely conoid, thin, very Andaman islands and Myanmar. Other species narrowly perforate; rather coarsely marked with are all restricted to the north-eastern part of the oblique growth lines, spire distinctly raised, whorls country. However, no fresh material of the two 5-6, apical whorls rather narrowly rounded, species, M. lahupaensis and M. sufflava could be flattened above, body whorl distinctly bigger and studied. broader, tumid at base; aperture widely lunate, 49. Maerochlamys indica Godwin-Austen subvertical, peristome very slightly thickened, columellar margin oblique, reflected over the (PI. X, Fig. 1) umbilicus. 1883. Macrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen. Moll. India. Distribution: India: Manipur and Nagaland 1 : 97, pI. 18, figs. 1-8. only. 1991. Macrochlamys indica: Subba Rao & Mitra, Rec. zool. Surv. India. Dcc. Paper, 126 : 55. pI. 8. fig. 1. 51. Macrochlamys pungi (Theobald) Material examined: 10 exs., Jiribam, Imphal, (PI. X, Fig. 3) 14.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 10 exs., Horticultural 1859. Helix pung; Theobald. J. As;at.Soc. B"ns.. 307. Garden,Tuibang, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coil. 1882. Macrochlamys puns; : Godwin-Austen. Moll. Ind;a. K.V.S.). 1 : 90. Measurements (in mm) : 1991. Macroehlamys pIUlSi : Subba Rao & Mitra. R"c. Height Diameter Height of aperture lool. Surv. India. Dec. Paper. 126 : 56. Material examined : 12 exs., Horticultural 8.40-11.50 15.0-17.85 7.0-8.20 garden, Tuibang, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. Remarks : Shell conoidly depressed, perforate, K.V.S.); 8 exs., Garden at Circuit House, spire scarcely raised, smooth with fine microscopic Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 3 exs., 98 State Faulla Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur
Coffee Nursery Farm, Kumbi Pukhri, N. of Remarks : Shell depressedly conoid, lenticular, Churachandpur, 10.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.). perforate, thin, conspicuously sculptured by close striae and very fine spiral lines, also distantly Measurements (in 111m) : rugate, smoother beneath except fine decussating Height Diameter Height of aperture sculpture, whorls 6, flat above, gradually 4.6-5.0 4.15-6.1 2.45-2.85 increasing; body whorl angulate at the periphery, tumid beneath; aperture broadly lunate, oblique, Distribution India Manipur peristome thinly labiate inside, columel.la curved, (Churachandpur), Andaman islands. slightly expanded and reflected. Elsewhere : Myanmar. A single specimen available for study is a Remarks : Shell small, conoid, perforate, juvenile with a slightly broken aperture. sculptured with few oblique striae, sculpture less 53. Macrochlamys sufflava Godwin-Austen pronounced or absent on apical whorls, whorls 6, (PI. X, Fig. 2) rather convex, body whorl rounded or indistinctly subangulate in some at the periphery; aperture 1910. Macrochlamys sll.fJlava Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, nearly vertical, lunate, peristome thin, columella 2(11) : 255 pI. 119, figs. 4, 5, 7 and 7a. a little reflected. Material examined: 3 exs., Manipur, (coli. ?) H.H. Godwin-Austen. Young shells are more distinctly sculptured with oblique striae, sculpture less prominent on Measurements (in mm) : apical whorls. The shells are more conical than Diameter Height Height of aperture other species of M acrochlamys and is more similar to the genus Sitala, but lack spiral striae totally 7.5-9.0 6.6-5.7 3.55-4.0 and hence it is retained under Macrochlamys. As Distribution India Manipur, Assam, Blanford & Godwin-Austen (1908) remarked, it Meghalaya, Nagaland. is very similar to M. molecula but is larger, with a higher spire, and more distinct sculpture. Remarks : Shell small, narrowly perforate, pale horny, subglobosely turbinate with a conoid .It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. spire, glossy, smooth except a few faint 53. Macrochlamys tugunum (Benson) microscopic spiral striae; suture impressed, whorls 5, body whorl wide 'and rounded, tumid at base; (PI. X, Fig. 5) aperture oblique, lunate, peristome thin, columellar 1852. Helix tugurium Benson. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (2) 10 margin obliquely descending. : 348. The species resembles juvenile of M. atricolor 1908. Macrochlamys tugurium : Blanford & Godwin in general, but is slightly more conoidal. Austen. Fauna Brit. India, Mollusca: 81. fig. 40. Material examined: 1 ex., Forest (under litter) 54. Macrochlamys uda Godwin-Austen 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel Pallel Rd., (PI. IX, Fig. 7) 31.5.1992 (coil. K.V.S.). 1899. Macrochlamys uda Godwin-Austen, Moll. India, 2 : Measurements (in mm) : 133. 136, pI. 94, fig. 1. 1908. Macrochlamys uda : Blandford & Godwin-Austen, Height Diameter Height of aperture Fauna Brit. India, Mollusca: 104. 6.85 11.75 5.50 Material examined: 2 exs., Forest between Distribution: India: (Manipur, Chandel), West J aphu and Chandel Christian College, Chandel, Bengal, Sikkim. 2.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Forest (under litter), 4 kms. N. of Chandel, Chandel-Pallel Road, It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. 31.5.92 (coll. K.V.S.); 2 exs., Horticultural Garden SURY A RAO et ale : Mollusca 99
Tuibang, Churachandpur, 10.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); Key to the genera 1 ex., Garden opposite P.O., near Assam Rifle 1. Shell internal (except a very small area), Depot, Ukhrul, 8.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.); 1 ex., on way to Tipaimukh, Churachandpur, 6.6.92 (coli. ovate, without whorls, animal slug like ...... R. Mathew)...... GirasitJ Measurements (in mm) : - Shell external, subglobosely depressed, with whorls, animal snail like ...... 2 Diameter Height Height of aperture 2. Shell comparatively thicker, larger, 4.5-62 2.45-3.4 2.1-2.75 imperforate or subperforate. tailless elongated. Distribution India: Manipur (Chandel, caudal hom only slightly protruded ...... Churachandpur, Ukhrul), Arunachal Pradesh, ...... Durgella Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland. - Shell thinner, smaller, imperforate, tail very Remarks : Shell sma.H, depressed, spire very much elongated, caudal hom prominently little raised, imperforate or subperforate, smooth, protruded ...... CrypmustenitJ polished with very faint spiral striae; suture As remarked by Blanford and Godwin-Austen impressed, whorl 6, convex, slowly increasing in (1908) shells in both the genera Cryptawtenia size, body whorl rounded at the periphery, slightly and Durgella are mostly rudimentary and delicate descending near the aperture, convex beneath; and are not of much use in generic differentiation. aperture oblique, lunate, peristome a little thickened in adult shell, basal margin arcuate, Subfamily GIRASSINAE columellar margin nearly straight, slightly expanded and reflected above. Genus 29. Cryptllustenill Theobald. 1857 This species is very similar to M. petasus and Shell subglobosely depressed, thin. diaphanous. is often confused with it, but it can be smooth, whorls 3-4. rapidly increasing; body whorl distinguished by its partially closed umbilicus, rounded; aperture broadly lunate. oblique. arcuate basal margin and slightly descending body peristome simple, often membranaceous. whorl. Shell lobes broad, covering the shell considerably in extended condition. Animal with Family XVIII. HELICARIONIDAE a long tail, peri pod ial groove and caudal hom Taxonomic position of this family is in a well developed. confusing state. Blanford and Godwin-Austen Range : India, Bangladesh. Thailand. (1908) and Thiele (1931) included it under Ariophantidae as a subfamily. Solem (1966) and 55. Crypmustenia durrangensis (Godwin-Austen) Baker (1941) on the other hand recognised it as (PI. XI, Fig. 1) a family placing Ariophantinae as a subfamily 1907. Austt'nia dllrrangt'nsis Godwin-Austen. Moll. IndUl. under it. Parkinson el. al. (1987) used 2 : 172, pI. 108. figs. 5. 5b. Helixarionidae as a family to accommodate both 1908. Cryptauslt'nia durrangt'nsis :8lanford and Godwin Ariophantidae and Helicarionidae. Following Austen. Fauna Brit. India. Mollusca. : 183. Taylor and Sohl (1961), however, both Helicarionidae and Ariophantidae are treated here Material exanJined : 2 exs., Jiribam, Imphal as separate families. district, 14.6.92 (colI. K.V.S.); 20 exs., Horticultural garden, Tuibang, Churachandpur, Represented by two subfamilies, Girasiinae 5.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Garden at and Durgellinae, with 4 genera and 6 species. Churachandpur Circuit House, 5.6.92 (coli. The genus Sitala with 3 species recorded under it, K.V.S.), 2 exs., Garden inside Circuit House, could not be studied due to paucity of the material. Ukhrul, 7.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.). 100 State Fauna Series I : Fauna ofManipur
Measurements (in mnl) : Remarks .' Shell thin, membranaceous, oblong, golden coloured, curled up at one end and broad Diameter Height Height of aperture ribbon like at the other. Animal dull greyish, 5.1-11.9 3.2-7.85 2.7-7.7 minutely spotted on the mantle, shell almost Distribution .' India: Manipur (Churachandpur, completely covered by the mantle, peripodial Imphal, Ukhrul), Assam. groove well developed. Remarks : Shell depressedly globose, thin, These slugs were collected from rubber imperforate, smooth, glossy, greenish to straw plantation at Jiribam. coloured, without sculpture, except fine oblique This species is for the first time recorded from 1 lines of growth; suture shallow; whorls 2 / , 2 Manipur. abruptly increasing in width, rounded; aperture oblique, oval, peristome thin, columellar margin Subfamily DURGELLINAE vertical. Genus 31. Durgella Blanford, 1863 The species is for the first time recorded from Manipur. Shell globosely depressd, thin, transluscent, sllbperforate, or imperforate, whorls 3-4, rapidly Genus 30. Girasia Gray, 1855 increasing; aperture large, oblique. Animal slug-like, long, mantle largely well Foot in animal is not very long, peripodial developed; shell ovate, membranaceous, apex groove well developed, caudal hom not much slightly thickened, usually with a olivaceous prominent. epidermis, shell and dorsal lobes united all round, shell covered almost completely, except a very Range.' Indo-Malayan region, India, Myanmar, small area at the posterior left margin. Foot with Thailand. a dorsal ridge ending at a "V" shaped dpression 57. Durgella salius (Benson) in the back. Extremity of foot truncate with a (PI. XI, Fig. 4) large mucous gland. Range .' Eastern Himalayas. 1859. Vitrina salius Benson, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (3) 3 : 189. 56. Girasia hookeri Gray 1908. Durgella salius: Blanford & Godwin-Austen, Fauna Brit. India. Mollusca: 217. (PI. XI, Figs. 2 & 3 and PI. XIV, Fig. 1) Material examined .' 2 exs., Forest (under 1855. Girasia hookeri Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus. : 51. litter), 4 kms. N. of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel 1908. Girasia hookeri : Blanford and Godwin-Austen, Road, 31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 3 exs., Horticultural Fauna Brit. India, Mollusca: 200, fig. 70. Garden, Tuibang, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. Material examined .' 5 exs., Gularthal, 5 kms. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Opposite, P.O., Ukhrul, 8.9.92 E. of Jiribam, 15.6.92 (coil. K.V.S.); 8 exs., (coli. H.P.M.). Jiribam, Imphal dist., 14.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.). Measurements (in mm) .' Measurements (in mm) .' Height Diameter Height of aperture Length Width 4.65 6.85 4.10 24.5 43.4 Distribution India: Manipur (Chandel, (Shell) 11.0-12.7 6.0-6.6 Churachandpur, Ukhrul), Meghalaya, Sikkim. Distribution India : Manipur (Imphal), Remarks .' Shell subglobosely depressed, thin, Nagaland. imperforate or subperforate, translucent, smooth SURY A RAO et ale : Mollusca 101 except oblique lines of growth; some of the shells Remarks: Animal elongate, spindle shaped, with indistinct, close spiral striae; suture shallow, posterior end pointed, without a shell, body pale 1 whorls 3 / 2, fairly convex, body whorl large; yellowish white, with brownish narrow bands on rounded at periphery and below; aperture oblique, dorsal and lateral sides, the bands are rather lunately subovate, peristome not much thickened, interrupted, a few spots of same colour also margins converging, columellar margin subvertical present; foot separated from the body by a pedal above, reflected over the umbilicus. groove, sole of' foot transversely wrinkled. The . shells studied appear to be immature This species is for the first time recorded from ones. It is recorded for the frrst time from Manipur. Manipur.
Family XIX. PHILOMYCIDAE Family XX. BRADYBAENIDAE
Only one genus Meghimatium is recorded from A single species under the genus Plectotropis Oriental region with single species in Manipur. is studied here. Though Indian species were placed under Genus 33. von Martens, 1860 Incillaria Benson, by Gude (1914), following Plectotropis Thiele (1931) we treat Incillaria as a synonym of Shell depressedly conoid, widely umbilicate, Meghimatium Hasselt. carinate at the periphery, covered by a shaggy cuticle, usually with a fringe of hairs; whorls Genus 32. Meghimatium Hasselt, 1824 narrowly wound; aperture angulately lunate, Animal without a shell, (either external or oblique. internal), body spindle shaped, mantle covering Range : India, China, Japan, Malay the whole back, foot equal to the body in width Archipelago, Myanmar. Following Solem (1966), and demarcated by. the pedal groove, extremity of this genus is placed under the family the foot is pointed, no caudal gland, sole of foot Bradybaenidae. undivided. 59. Plectotropis tapeina (Benson) Range : India, China. (PI. XI, Fig. 5) One species is recorded from Manipur. 1836. Helix tape;na Benson. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 5 : 352. 58. Meghimatium striatum van Hassell, 1823 1876. H~lix hUllon; var. tapeina : Godwin-Austen. J. Asial. (pI. IX, Fig. 4 & PI. XIV, Fig. 2) Soc. Beng., 45 : 312.
1823. Meghimatium striatum van Hasselt, Alg. Iconsl. Lener 1914. Plectotrop;s tapeina : Gude. Fauna Brit. India. Bode: 232. Mollusca. 2 : 214. Material examined : 9 exs., Jiribam, Imphal Material examined: 1 ex., Horticultural garden, dist., 14.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 1 ex., Horticultural Tuibang, Churachandpur, 10.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); Garden, Tuibaung, Churachandpur, 5.6.92 (coli. 1 ex., Forest 4 kms. from Chandel,31.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 3 exs., Gularthal, 5 kms. E. of Jiribam, K.V.S.); 1 ex., Garden, opposite Post Office, near 15.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.). Assam Rifle Depot, Ukhrul, 8.9.92 (coll .. H.P.M.). Measurements (in mm) : Measurements (in "Im) : Length Diameter Height Diameter Height of aperture 20.5-36.7 3.2-3.85 5.85-9.20 8.0-13.50 4.50-5.75 Distribution: India: Manipur (Churachandpur, Distribution : India : Manipur (Chandel, Imphal). Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Churachandpur, Ukhrul), Arunachal Pradesh, (Jalpaiguri). Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal. 102 State Fauna Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur
Elsewhere : Bangladesh, Myanmar. Measurements (in mm) : Remarks : Shell depressedly conoid, rather Length Diameter Height of aperture widely umbilicate, fairly thick, coarsely striate 6.15-8.75 2.9-3.1 3.0-~.1 and minutely corrugated, tumid and spirally marked at the base; whorls 5-6, rather narrowly Distribution India: Manipur (Bishenpur, wound, not much convex, body whorl angulate at Chandel, Churachandpur, Imphal, Ukhrul). the periphery, slightly descending in front, Common throughout rest of India. subangulate around the umbilicus; aperture lunate, Elsewhere: Bangladesh, China, Japan, East peristome slightly thickened, not continuous, Africa, Malaysia, the Philippines, Myanmar, columellar margin oblique. Pakistan, Sri Lanka. The shells studied, are not fully matured. Adult Remarks : Shell small, elongate, tapering, shells in the species show variation in elevation imperforate, or subperforate, transparent to pale, of spire, some being more depressed than usual. whorls 10-12, rounded, body whorl equal to the It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. preceeding two whorls in width; suture deep, rather crenulate; aperture semiovate, longer than Family XXI. SUBULINIDAE broad, peristome thin, unexpanded, columellar lip straight, rounded below. Genus 34. Allopeas Baker, 1935 Growth rate and fecundity of the species under Shell small, elongated, imperforate or narrowly laboratory copditions were worked out by Subba perforate. Whorls flatly convex, smooth or Rao et. al. (1980, 1981). microscopically striate, suture moderately deep; Following Naggs (1993) the species has been aperture ovate, peristome thin, columella usually placed under the genus Allopeas. concave and rounded below, not sinuate, margin slightly reflected. It is recorded for the first time from Manipur. Range : Tropical and SUbtropical regions of the world, except Australia. Family xxn. AGRIOLIMACIDAE
60. Allopeas gracile (Hutton) The family includes the terrestiral slugs of sma ner sizes. Hitherto confined to the Palearctic (PI. VIII, Fig. 6) region it is for the first time reported from Oriental 1834. Bulimus gracile (No.5) Hutton, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., region. 3 : 84,93. 1991. Lamellaxis gracile : Subba Rao, and Mitra, Rec. Genus 35. Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820 zool. Surv. India, Oce. Paper, 126 : 42, pI. 4, fig. 7. Body short, narrow, greyish or blackish, usually Material examined: 1 ex., Forest, 4 lans. N. with spots, never with bands. Mantle covering of Chandel on Chandel-Pallel Rd., 31.5.92 (coli. nearly half of body length, posterior keel low and K.V.S.); 17 exs., Horticultural garden, Tuibang, ill-defined. Sole of foot with three zones. Churachandpur, 5.592 (coli. K.V.S.); 5 exs., Bush Range : Essentially a Palearctic genus, not on the bank of Kangla pond near Assam Rifles reported so far from India, a single species Barrack, Imphal, 5.9.92 (coll. H.P.M.); 12 exs., included under subgenus De roceras, s.str. Jiribam, 14.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 11 exs., Gularthal 5 kms. E. of Jiribam, 15.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 45 61. Deroceras (Deroceras) laeve (Mueller) exs., Garden in Sericultural Training Centre, (PI. IX, Fig. 6) Kwakta, Bishenpur, 8.6.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 4 exs., Inside Zoological Garden Compound, Imphal, 1774. Limax laevis Mueller, Hist. vexm. Terr. Fluv., 2 : I. 18.9.92 (colI. H.P.M.); 4 exs., Garden inside state 1983. Deroceras (Deroceras) laeve : Wiktor, Annales Guest House, Imphal, 13.9.92 (coll. H.P.M.). zoologici, 37 (1-3) : 163, figs. 79-81. SURYA RAO et ale : Mollusca 103
Material examined~' 6 exs., State Guest House commonest Indian land slugs and is represented Compound, under soil in kitchen garden, Imphal, by a single species in Manipur. 26.5.92 (coli. K.V.S.); 5 exs., from soil at Genus 36. lAevicaulis Simroth, 1913 subsurface level, garden inside Circuit House, Ukhrul, 8.9.92 (coli. H.P.M.). Animal without a shell, (either external or Measurements (in mm) : internal). Body elongate, oval when contracted, a deep furrow present around the margin separating Length Diameter the mantle from the foot. Head retractile under Animal 10.25-18.4 2.6-4.5 the mantle, two pairs of tentacles, upper long and cylindrical, the lower shorter. Foot when retracted Shell 3.5 2.0 does not extend over the anus, anal. opening slit Distribution: 'Natural range covers whole of like, not covered by a flap. Holarctic' (Wictor, 1983). Subsequently Hennaphrodite, both self and cross fertilisation introduced into other continents. The species as take place. well as the family Agriolimacidae are now for the frrst time recorded from India. Range: Africa, Asia, Australia, New Caledonia and the Loyalti islands. India : Manipur (Imphal, Ukhrul). Remarks : Animal small, reaching upto about 62. LaevicauUs all, (Ferussac)
20 mm. in living condition, narrow, greyish with 1821. Vag;nulus alt~ Ferussac. Tabl. Syst. Limac~s, : 14. some dark spots on the body, particularly on the 1977. UJ~vicaulis alt~ : Bishop. M~m. Qd. Mus., IS( I) : mantle, body surface with longitudinal grooves, 55. posteriorly obtusely narrowing, rather truncated 1991. lAl'v;caulis alt~ : Subba Rao & Mitra. Rl'c. zool. at the end, mantle extending nearly half of the Surv. India. Dcc. paper No. 116 : 36. length of body, pneumostome behind the middle of mantle. Posterior keel indistinct and short. Material examined: 2 exs., State Guest House Tentacles blackish; sole of foot tripartite, two Garden, Imphal, 8.9.92 (coil. H. Roy). lateral zones slightly darker than the central zone, Measurements (in ,nm) : central zone with 'V' shaped grooves. Length Height Shell small, whitish, ovate, fairly thick and 21.0-26.15 6.25-7.35 solid with a lateral nucleus. Distribution: India: Manipur (Imphal). Andhra The slugs are aphallic with reduced male Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, copulatory or~an. Wiktor (1983) refers this species Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West of terrestrial slug as a 'hygrophylic' one, which Bengal. are found near water surface like rivers, lakes, Elsewhere : Australia, China, East Africa, ponds, medows etc., even spending some time Formosa, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Madagascar. under water not loosing its ability to crawl. Malaya Peninsula, Mauritius, New caledonia, Re However, the specimens from Manipur were found union Islands, Sri Lanka, Loyalti Islands. to occur on grounds among plants. These were collected at sub-surface level of soil under small Remarks: Animal elongate, dorsally flattened, herbs in moist situations in cultivated gardens. oval, dark brown with darker blotches, usually with a yellowish line down the middle; two pairs Order SOLEOLIFERA of tentacles which are contractile, posterior end broadly rounded. Sole of foot simple, separated Family XXIII. VERONICELLIDAE by a pedal groove. The family Veronicellidae includes the Penis cylindrical with a sub-basal collar. 104 State Fauna Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur
Specimens examined are juveniles, it grows to in their origin" This is supported by the present the size reaching upto 100 mm in length. report of the Burmese species such as Lamellidens generosus and Parreysia burmanus from Manipur, It remains very active during March to October which are incidentally the first records of these period and voraciously feeds on both green plants species from India as a whole. and decaying organic material, often causing extensive damage to cultivated plants. The species, Bellamya crassispiralis, B. Recorded for the first time from Manipur. micron, Digoniostoma textum, Paludomus pustulosa, Lymnaea ovalior, Ferrissia viola of GENERAL REMARKS the gastropods were described by Annandale and Prashad (1921) and the only species of bivalve, The present investigations reveal that a total Parreysia theobaldi by Preston (1912). Of these, of 127 species under 45 genera and 24 families of the species, B. micron may actually be a synonym freshwater and land molluscs are recorded from of B. dissimilis, a widely distributed species the state of Manipur. Freshwater molluscs (Subba Rao, 1989). However, these are considered comprise 52 species under 22 genera and 11 as restricted endemic to Manipur. families; and 75 species under 23 genera and 13 Though the species, Pi/a maura, F errissia families are land molluscs. Among these we could ceylonica, Camptoceros lineatum, Gyraulus physically examine 38 species of freshwater and can to ri, Segmentina calatha among gastropods, 24 species of land molluscs. and Lamellidens consobrinus, L. lamellatus, Freshwater molluscs Parreysia bonneaudi, P. lima, P. scobinata, Corbicula occidens, C. subradiata, Pisidium The earliest report of freshwater molluscs from casertanum and Sphaerium austeni among Manipur was that of Cipangopaludina lecythis by bivalves were reported from Manipur, no fresh Benson (1836). Preston's (1915) Fauna of British material of the above species could either be India, Mollusca (Freshwater Gastropoda and collected or studied by us. The validity of the Pelecypoda) is a major work where freshwater first mentioned species is doubtful, since it is molhiscs from Manipur were also dealt. Annandale considered as a synonym of Pi/a virens by Subba et a1. (1921) made an indepth study of the aquatic Rao (1989), a peninSUlar Indian species. Eight and amphibious molluscs of Manipur. They species, Angulyagra microchaetophora, Bellamya studied the molluscs in relation to the ecology bengalensis f. annandale;, Pi/a theobaldi, and geographical distribution, especially with Paludomus blanfordiana, Thiara granifera, reference to Loktak lake. They recorded a total of Gyraulus euphraticus, Lan.ellidens generosus and 42 species under 23 genera and 12 families, Parreysia bunnanus are recorded for the first including 2 species of amphibious molluscs of time from the state. the genus, Succinea. The authors noted that, "the genera of aquatic molluscs found to occur in Annandale et. ale (1921) while studying the Manipur do not provide any guidance as to the fauna of Loktak lake, considered that, "the fauna origin of its aquatic fauna, except in so far as they of the lake is paludine rather than lacustrine", and indicate the presence of distinct far eastern element observed that "molluscs were rich in their number of the genus Lecythoconcha." Further they of individuals, the number of species that actually observed that, "Indian element among freshwater occtir in the lake was small." They recorded nine gastropods of Manipur may thus be regarded as species such. as Angulyagra oxytropis, of mixed origin, partly Indian in a strict sense, Cipangopaludina lecythis, Lymnaea acuminata, and partly immigrant into India proper from the Indoplanorbis exustus, Gyraulus cantori, further east" "The species recorded under the Hippeutis umbilicalis, Lamellidens co rrian us, genera Lamellidens and Parreysia are Burmese Sphaerium indicum and Pisidium clarkeanum from SURYA RAO et ale : Mollusca lOS the Lake. Of these, we could not collect four each containing 10 to 15 specimens @ Rs. 3/- to species, Gyraulus cantori, lAmellidens corrianus, Rs. 4/- per heap_ Sphaerium indicum and Pisidium clarkeanum The giant african snail, Achatina Julica which from the Loktak Lake in recent times. However, is available in large numbers in the plains. is the following species, Gabbia orcula, forms however spared by the locals. These are called as chlamys and rufescens of Lymnaea acuminata, "Moreh thoroi" because of the belief that these Lymnaea ande rson ian a, Gyraulus euphraticus, snails originated from Moreh, a small border Parreysia bu nnnam us, Corbicula striatella are town near Myanmar. The flesh of these snails is new additions to the fauna of Loktak Lake. No in great demand in European countries. live specimens of the last mentioned species was collected, only empty shens were found near the As detailed by the local people, the shells banks of the canal drawn from the Lake to the purchased, especially the gastropods are kept in a Hydro electric project. The changes in the container with water for over night to allow the biodiversity of the species in the lake is attributed snails to shed their faecal pellets. Then they will to some ecological changes in the lake. be washed thoroughly and boiled by adding salt. After crushing the shells, the meat is separated Edible molluscs and consumed with spices. Sometimes as in the During our surveys it was observed tllat large case of Brotia, they break open the operculum quantities of molluscs were being sold in different and suck the meat after cooking. In case of markets of the state. The following molluscs, sold bivalves, the meat will be extracted by separating in the market form staple food for the locals. the valves and cooked with spices for consumption. GASTROPODS BIVALVES
Bellamya bengalensis Lamellidens Land moUuscs Among land molluscs we could examine only marginalis 24 species under 16 genera and 12 families, and Cipangopaludina lecythis L corrianus rest of them are from literature records. Angulyagra oxytropis L generosus India harbours 1,511 species of land snails Broiia costula Parreysia and slugs, about 4.3% of world fauna. As per the bunnanus recent studies by subba Rao (1996) it is estimated that north eastern region is the richest in having Paludomus blanfordiana P. occata 516 species, nearly 1/3 of total Indian fauna. Our P. conica Trapezo ide us knowledge on land molluscs of Manipur is mainly based on works of Godwin-Austen (1872-1920), exolesens who described a total of 31 species under 9 genera, 5 families. No fresh collections of these Gastropod shells with globose shapes such as are added or studied recently. Annandale and the species of Angulyagra, Bellamya, Amin-ud-din ( 1921 ) reported two species of Cipangopaludina, Paludomus etc. are locally amphibious molluscs of the genus Succinea and called as ''Thoroi'' Those with linear forms such considered the species S. elegantior as restricted as Brotia, are referred to as "Lai Thoroi" All the endemic to Manipur. However, this species has bivalves such as Parreysia & Lamellidens, etc. been reported from the banks of the river Yamuna are called as "Kongran" In the markets the near Delhi by Surya Rao et. ale (1997). gastropods are sold in a container of 1 litre tin @ Rs. '2/- to Rs. 3/- each, a measure contains While considering the diversity at the species specimens of 20 to 25 depending on the si7A level based on the present records, the genus Whereas bivalves are sold in small heaps, Alycaeus is represented by largest number of 106 State Fauna Series 1 : Fauna ofManipur species (14), followed by Macrochlamys (12), general law and order situations also put the Diplommatina, Glessula (9 each), Plectopylis, survey parties in a handicapped position. Kaliella (5 each), Sitala (3), Succinea (2) and the Increasing human activities resulting in genera, Cyclophorus, Ennea, Huttonella, deforestation and habitat destruction may well be Streptaxis, Achatina, Khasiella, Rahula, another reason for the less number of species Cryptaustenea, Durgella, Girasia, Meghimatium, being collected. Some of the species of land Plectotropis, Allopeas, Curvella, Deroceros and molluscs, being particularly sensitive to the lAevicaulis by a single species each. ecological changes may have ceased to occur or may have dwindling populations. But since the While considering at the generic level, no list of new records (7 species of freshwater, 17 species under the following genera, though species of land, including Agriolimacidae, a family represented by a number of species each in the of Palearctic land slugs being for the first time list of recorded species could be collected or recorded from India) gives ample indication of a studied; Cyclophorus, Diplommatina, Ennea, rich malacofauna, limitation of survey seems to Streptaxis, Rahula, Sitala, Curvella and Glessula. be the more likely reason of less number of Only a few species under the genera, Alycaeus, species being collected in recent surveys. Plectopylis, Kaliella were available for study. A table is given at the end showing the Out of 24 species studied, approximately 1/3 distribution of molluscs in different districts of of the fauna reported (75 species) from Manipur, Manipur. Out of eight districts in the state, the following 17 species, Alycaeus digitatus, A. Tamenglong, Senapati and to some extent Ukhrul jaintiacus, Plectopylis plectosoma, Huttonella could not be approached due to reasons mentioned bicolor, Kaliella barrakporensis, Khasiella vidua, earlier. So, it is difficult to assess the exact Macrochlamys indica, M. pungi, M. tugurium, pattern of districtwise distribution. Cryptaustenia durrangensis, Girasia hookeri, Durgella salius, Meghimatium striatum, SUMMARY Plectotropis tapeina, Allopeas gracile, Deroceros laeve and Laevicaulis alte are reported for the A total of 127 species under 45 genera and 24 frrst time. The last but one species of the family families of both freshwater and land molluscs Agriolimacidae hitherto confined to palearctic were reported from the state of Manipur. Of region is reported for the first time from India, these, 52 are freshwater species and 75 are land. thus extending its geographical distribution to the Among these, 9 species of freshwater molluscs Oriental region. and 17 species of land molluscs are reported for As discussed above in detail, the number of the first time from the state. The species, species actually studied fan quite short of the Lamellidens generosus, Parreysia burmanus and number of species reported from Manipur. While Deroceros laeve are recorded for the first time 14 species of freshwater molluscs could not be from India. studied, in case of land molluscs the gap is as wide as of 51 species. The non-availability of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS specimens may perhaps be attributed either to the The authors are greatful to the Director, limitations of collections or to the general Zoological Survey of India for the facilities depletion of fauna because of ecological provided. They are also thankful to Dr. N. V. disturbance and habitat destruction. Subba Rao, Emeritus Scientist for going through Lack of approach makes it very difficult to the manuscript and offering healthy criticism. reach to the natural habitat or actual place of Thanks to Shri P.K. Bala for typing the manuscript occurrence of the molluscs, particularly the land and to Shri B.C. Halder and S. Sen for taking the forms. The prevailing ethnic disturbances and photographs. SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca 107
REFERENCES
ABBOTI, R.T. 1952. Study of intermediate snail host (Thiara granifera) of the Oriental lung fluke (Paragonimus). Proc. U. S. natn. Mus., 102: 71-116. ANNANDALE, N. & S.L. HORA, 1921. The fauna of Loktak Lake in Manipur--Proc. Illdian Sci. Congr., Calcutta (n.s.), 17 : 147. ANNANDALE, N, .B. PRASHAD And AMIN-Uo-DIN, J921. The aquatic and amphibious Mollusca of Manipur. Rec. Indian. Mus., 22 : 591-631, pis. iv-viii. BAKER, H.B. 1941. Zonitid snails from Pacific Islands. part 3 & 4, Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 166 : 205-370, pis. 43-45. BENSON, W.H. 1836. Descriptive catalogue of a collection of land and freshwater shells, chiefly in the Museum of Asiatic Society. J. Asiat Soc. Beng., 5, 741-750. BENTHEM-JUTTING, W.S.S., VAN, 1950. Systematic studies on the non-marine mollusca of the Indo Australian Archipelago. Critical Revision of the Javanese Pulmonate land shells of the family Helicarionidae, Pleurodontidae, Fruticicolidae and Streptaxidae. Treubia, 20 : 381-505. figs. 1- 107. BLANFORD, W.T. and H.H. GODWIN-AuSTEN, 1908. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Bunna, Mollusca (Testaccilidae and Zonitidae), Taylor and Francis, London i-xxxii + 11 : 1- 3, text-fig. 1-90.
DANCE, S.P. 1970. Non-marine molluscs of Borneo. 1. Streptaxacea-Streptaxidae. J. Conch. wnd., 17 : 149-162, pI. vi, text-fig. 1-7. FRED NAGOS, 1993. Comment on the proposed designation of a neotype for Achatina erecta Benson. 1842 (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Bull. zool. Nomenclature, 50(2): 228. GoDWIN-AUSTEN, H.H. 1875. Descriptions of new species of Mollusca of the genera Helix and Glessula from the Khasi hills and Manipur. J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., (N.S.), 44(2) : 1-4. GODWIN-AuSTEN, H.H. 1882-88. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India 1(1-6) : 1-163. GoDWIN-AuSTEN, H.H. 1889-1914. Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India. 2 (7-11) : 164-432. GODWIN-AuSTEN, H.H. 1892. On a new species and varties of the genus Diplonunlltina from the Garo. Naga and Manipur Hill ranges, Assam. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., (1892) : 509-520. GoDWIN-AuSTEN, H.H. 1893. On some new species of the land molluscan genera Alycaeus from the Khasi and Naga Hill, Assam, Manipur and the ruby mine district, upper Bunnah and one species from the Nicobars, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., (1893) : 592-595. GODWIN-AuSTEN, H.H. 1920. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, (Supplimentary to Theobald and Hanley's Conch India) 3 pt. 1 : 1-65. GUDE, G.K. 1914. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Bllrnla, Mollusca II (Trochomorphidae- Janellidae) Taylor & Francis, London: i-xii + 1-520. test-figs. 1-164. OUDE, O.K. 1921. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Bumla, Mollusca III (Land Operculates) Taylor & Francis, London 3 : I-xiv + 1-386, text-figs. 1-42.
PARKINSON, B, J. HEMMEN and G. CLAVUS, 1987. Tropical land shells of the world. Verleg Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, 1-279, pis. 1-77. 108 State Fauna Series J : Fauna ofManipur
PRESTON, H.B. 1912. A catalogue of the Asiatic snails in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, with description of a new species. Rec. Indian Mus., 7 : 279-308, pI. viii. PRESTON, H.B. 1915. The Fauna of British India, Mollusca (Freshwater gastropoda and Pelecypoda) Taylor and Francis, London : i-xi + 1-244, text-figs. 1-29. RAUT, S.K. and K.C. GHOSE, 1984. Pestiferous land snails of India. Zoo I. Surv. India, Tech. Monogr., 11 : 151 pp., xvii pis. SOLEM, A. 1966. Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae. Spolia Zoologica Musci Hauniensis, 24 : 1-09. SUBBA RAO, N.V. 1989. Handbook: Freshwater Molluscs of India, xxiii + 1-289, figs. 1-638. SUBBA RAo, N.V. 1996. Molluscs in the Thar desert. in Faunal diversity in the Thar Desert: Gaps in research. Scientific Publishers: xi + 410 (Mollusca 277-283) 3 tabs. SUBBA RAo, N.V. and S. C. MITRA, 1991. Land Molluscs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 126 : 1-88, text-figs. 1-7, pIs. i-viii. SUBBA RAo, N.V., S.K. RAUT and S.C. MITRA, 1980. Observations on the fecundity of the garden snail, Opeas gracile (Hutton) (Pulmonata: Subulinidae), J. zool. Soc. India, 32 (1& 2) : 107-110. SUBBA RAo, N.V., S.K. RAUT and S.C. MITRA, 1981. Observations on the growth-rate of the common garden snail, Opeas gracile (Hutton) (Stylommatophora : Subulinidae) : Bull. zool. Surv. India, 4(2) : 205-207. SURYA RAo, K.V., S.C. MITRA, Sipra MAITRA and Tulika BISWAS. 1997. Mollusca in : State Fauna Ser., 6' Fauna of Delhi, Zool. Surv. India : 109-134, 4 pis. TAYLOR, D.W. and N.F. SOHL, 1962. An outline of gastropoda classification, Malacologia, 1 : 7-32. THIELE, 1. 1931. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtier Kunde, Amsterdam. 1 : i-vi + 778 pp., 783 figs. (1963 reprinted). VAN BRUGGEN, A.C., 1967. An Introduction to the Pulmonate family Streptaxidae, J. Conch, 26: 181- 188.
WIKTOR, A. 1983. The slugs of Bulgaria (Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacida~, Agriolimacidae-Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). Annales zoologici, 37 No.3: 71-206, figs. 1-118. SURYA RAO et al. : Mollusca
Plate I ,:' L An,gu,lyagra microcha,etophora (Anoanda,le) (25.,80xI8.45); 2. AIlR,uly{~gr(/ .ox.\"I'''pi.\' (B~llson) (17,;Ox1~ . 7S): 3. Bellamya bengalen ~ is phase annandalei (Kobelt) (26.75x 19.0)~ 4, BellClmya micro" (Annandale) (I LOxQ .•~O) ; 5. Cipangopaludina lecythis (Benson) (28.0x24.40); 6. Bellamya bellglliensis f. Iypica (Lamarck) (26.65x) 9.80): 7. Bellamyacrassispiralis(Annandale) (21.15x28.15) . State Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Plate II : l. Pi/a theoba.ldi (Hanley) (46.90x48 ..0); 2. Dig.o.niostoma pulchella (Benson) (S.50x2.95); 3. Digoniostoma textum Annandale (7.4x4 ..65); 4. Gabbia orcula (Frauenfeld) (5.75x3.50); 5. Brotia costula (Rafinesque) (30.0x14.50); 6. Paludomus blanfQrdiana Nevill (15.0x I 0.20); 7. Paludomus .conica (Gray) (20.50x 13 .4S). SURYA RAO ,et al. : Mollusca
PlatelD: 1. Thiara (Melanoides) tuberc.'ulata (Mueller) (13.8.5xIO.6S); 2. flJia"a (T.).s(.'abra (Mueller) (13.50x5.5S): ), n.i(,n, (Tarebia) gnanifef7a (Lamarck) (16.25x6.8); 4. Lymnaea (Pseudosucc;i'lea) a,('"millata f. typica Lumat'C~ (23.50x 14.65 J; 5. Lymnaea (PseudQsuc,dne,a) Qc:um,inQla f. nif~s(.·ells Gray (17 .50x8.35); 6. LYlffIl0f!(' .( Pseudosuccinea) lute,o,la ovaUs Gray ( 12.40xO.9) - State Fauna Series J0 : Fauna of Manipur
Plate IV ': L Lymnaea andersoniana Nevill (8.20x6.0); 2 & 3. Ferrissia verruca (B~nson) (Dorsal & ventral views) (3.70x2.20); 4. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton) (5.40x I. 10); 5. Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson) (5.30x 1.20); 6. Hippeutis umbilicalis umbilicalis (6.7 5x2.65); 7.Indoplanorbis exustus (Desha yes ) (11.0x6.30). SURYA RAO etal. : Mollusca
Plate V ~ 1&2. Parreysia -(Radiatula) theobaldi (Preston) (40.S0x24.25) (Older & Inner); 3&4. p"t""'.\,,'iic' (p., bIUl'f(ltUl ;~ (Blanford) (So'.Ox31 .0) (outer & inner)~ 5&6,. Lamellidensgenerosus (Gould),(91.0x49.0) (Outer& Inne,r). Stat,e Fauna Series 10: Fauna ofManipur
Plate VI: I. Parreysia (Radiatula)occata (Lea) (40.40x23..0); 2&3. Lamellidens marginalis(Lamarek) (67.70x35.50) (Outer & innter); 4&5. Trapezoideus ·exol,escens (Gould) (30.0x 17 .35) (Outer & inner). SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca
Plate VII: 1.&2. Corbicula slriorella Deshayes (I3.30x 1'0.60) (Outer & inner); 3. Pis;(/;,m' ,Cltki1l.wm'dlum, Theobnld (4.60x4.20)~4.. P,isidium ciarkeam(m O. & H. Nevin (3.60x2.10); 5. Sphoerium irulic't4m Deshuyes (6,30x~.O). State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna 10J Ma.n'pur
Plate VIII: 1&2. Alycaeus ,digitat«s Blanford (4.30x2.50) (Dorsal & ventr.aO; 3.. Alycaeus ja,ifUiacus Godwin·Austen (3.25x2.l8) (Ventral)~ 4&5, Alycaeus khasiacus Godwin-Austen (3.30x2.l5) (Dorsal & ventral); 6. Allopeas gracile (Hutton) (lO.30x3.0); 7. PlectopyUs pte,etos/oma (Benson) (5.0x7.90); :8, Succinea ,e.legantior Annandale (13.4S~6 , .50). SURY A RAO ,et al. : Mollusca
Plate IX: 1. s'uccinea ru(ilan~ Blanford (6.60x4.0)~ 2. Achalifla/uli(..1(1 Bowdich ,(97 .1 5x50.10): 3. HUltcmC'II(1 bk(l/al' (Hu'(ton) (7 .75xl.'85); 4. Me,ghimatium striatum van Hasselt (3.5.40xS.90);S, KClliell(1 b(lrnlkp(J.f'C·Ilsis (Pfeiffer) (.1.60K.lJO); ,6. DeTioceras laeve (Mueller) (lS.35x4.0); 7. Macrochlamys ,"da Godwin·Austen (3 7x6,8S) . State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna ofManipur
Plate X : 1. Macrochlamys indica Godwill~Austen (9.65x16.0); 2. MacT;ochlamys suJJlava Godwin-Austen (5.50x8.65); 3. Macrochlamys pungi (Theobald) (4.l0xS ..70) ; 4. Mac-rochlamys lahupaensis Godwin ~Austen (7.7Oxl1.95); 5, Mac7'ochlamys t,ugurium (Benson) (S.870x7.90). SURY A RAO et aI. : Mollusca
Plate XI: 1. Crypt.austen.ia ,durr:angensis (Godwin-Austen) (9.90x 11.90); 2. Gims;a hookeri GnlY (2Q.10x6. HH: ,;1. (;im~itl hookeri Gray (l1.60x6.S0) (internal shell )~ 4. DUI'geIlCl SCllifts (Bensun) (3 ,30x5.25); 5. PIt·(·lf),mpi.,· '''I'(';IId (Benson) (4.80x4.90) SURYARAO .etal.: Mollusca
Plate XU : Gastropods, Cipangopaiud,ina and Brot.i(f. on sale at the lmphal Market. State Fauna Ser;,es 10 : Fauna ofManipur
Plate XID : Bivalv,es, Parreysia and La.mellidens. on sale at the Impbal Market. SURY A RAO et al. : Mollusca
1
2
Plate XIV: 1. Girasia hooken' (Gray) in its natural habitat at Gulanhal Rubhcr plantath HllIl'M lirihall: ~ , .\/,'gh(ltlclfillm x/ricllll", van Hasseh on a wood·en log at Jiribam. State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Mlmij14r
MA I UR f
Senapa,[i· NAPATt
TEME GLONG .IM.tK~~.ba Na .LUong '$Wa·. hou ' tloo. .""'h . z .Mayang - N'ngo IrlpUl\ .ong :fIl . ' , ~'h kta pr QJect Lo k t a k ~ :. . .fF "" Lake .~{~ ~ .4: ' k'wakta .:: aJ § '" PaU,et Churclc.ha. dpur' Y :1' i; Chandei ...... MOle • CHURACHANDPUR CHANDEl
AREA SURVEYED NO TOSCA E Table : Manipur Molluscs Arranged Dis!rictwise [*indicates species recorded from literature]
...::s ~ co ... ~c -(J ~ c 6 :s too-4 ·0 ~ Q,) "c .- co (J ~ - ~ -~ -8 C -.J:J Remarks ~ ~ ~ -~ = C ... "c.J:J ~ :s ~ ~ ~ ::s 0 en ~·c c e .- -= ..c S.- Q,) ~ c:Q U U too-4~ en ~ ~ ~ I s· 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -
A. Freshwater MoUuscs Class GASTROPODA Order MESOGASTROPODA Family VIVIPARIDAE Genus Angulyagra I. Angulyagra microchaetophora (Annandale, 1921) + New record for Manipur 2. A. oxytropis (Benson) + + Genus Bellamya 3. Bellamya bengalensis f. typica (Lamarck, 1882) + + 4. B. bengalensis. f annandalei (Kobelt, 1909) + + New record for Manipur 4. B. crassispiralis (Annandale, 1921) + Type locality Manipur 5. B. micron (Annandale, 1921) Type locality Manipur Genus CipangopaludilUl 6. Cipangopaludina lecythis (Benson, 1836) + + + + + Type locality Manipur Family PILIDAE Genus Pila 7. PUa maura (Reeve) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -o 8. P. theobaldi (Hanley, 1875) + + New record for Manipur Family BITHYNIIDAE Genus Digoniostoma 9. Digoniostoma pulchella (Benson, 1836) + + 10. D. textum Annandale, 1921 + Endemic to Manipur Genus Gabbia 11. Gabbia orcula (Frauenfeld, 1862) + + + + Family THIARIDAE Genus Brotia 12. Brotia (Antimelania) costula (Rafinesque, 1833) + + + Genus Paludomus 13. Paludomus blanfordiana Nevill, 1877 + + + + New record for Manipur 14. P. conica (Gray, 1834) + + + + New record for Manipur 15. P. pustulosa Annandale, 1921 + Type locality Manipur valley Genus Thiara 16. Thiara (Tarebia) granifera (Lamarck, 1822) + New record for Manipur 17. T. (Thiara) scabra (Mueller, 1774) + 18 .. T. (Melanoides) tuberculatus (Muller, 1774) + + + Order Basommatophora Family LYMNAEIDAE Genus Lymnaea 19. Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) acuminata 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 f. typica Lamarck, 1822 + + + + L. (P.) acuminata f chlamys Benson, 1836 + + L (P.) acuminata f rufescens Gray, 1820 + + + + + 20. L (P.) luteola ovalis Gray, 1820 + '. 21. L (P.) ovalior Annandale and Prashad, 1921 + Type locality ~ Manipur I 22. L. (Galba) andersoniana Nevill, 1881 + + + + -s· Family ANCYLIDAE Genus Ferrissia 23. * Ferrissia ceylanica (Benson, 1864) + 24. F. verruca (Benson, 1855) + 25. F. viola Annandale and Prashad, 1921 + Type locality Loktak Lake, Manipur Family PLANORBIDAE Genus Camptoceras 26. * Camptoceras lineatum Blanford, 1871 + Genus Gyraulus 27. Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849) + + + 28. * G. cantori (Benson, 1850) + 29. G. euphraticus (Mousson, 1874) + + + New record for Manipur Genus HippeUlis 30. Hippeutis (Helicorbis) umbilicalis umbilicalis (Benson, 1836) + + + + Genus Indo planorbis 31. Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1834) + + + + Genus Segmentina 32. * Segmenlina (Polypylis) calatha (Benson. 1850) + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -tv Class Bivalvia Order Unionoida Family UNIONIDAE Genus iAmellidens 33. * Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea, 1859) + + 34. L. corrianus (Lea,. 1834) + + + + 35. L generosus (Gould, 1847) + + + + New record for India 36. * L. lamellatus (Lea, 1838) 37. L. marginalis (Lamarck, 1819) + + Family AMBLEMIDAE Genus Pa"eysia 38. Parreysia (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford, 1869) + New record for India 39. P. (Radiatula) bonneaudi (Eydoux, 1838) + 40. * P. (R.) lima (Simpson, 1900) + 41. P. (R.) occata (Lea, 1860) + 42. * P. (R.) scobina (Hanley, 1856) + 43. P. (R.) theobaldi (Preston, 1912) + Type locality Manipur Genus Trapezoideus 44. Trapezoideus exolescens exolescens (Gould, 1843) + Order VENEROIDA Family CORBICULIDAE Genus Corbicula 45. * Corbicula occidens Deshayes, 1854 + + 46. C. striatella Deshayes, 1854 + + + + 47. * C. subradiata Prime, 1861 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Family PISIDIIDAE Genus Pisidium 48. Pisidium (Odhneripisidium) atkinsonianum + New record Theobald, 1876 for Manipur 49. * P. (Pisidium) casertanum (Poli, 1791) + 50. P. (Ajropisidium) clarkeanum G.&H. Nevill, 1871 .+ + Genus Sphaerium 51. * Sphaerium (Sphaerium) austeni Prashad, 1921 52. S. (S.) indicum Deshayes, 1854 + B. Land Molluscs Class GASTROPODA Order MESOGASTROPODA Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Genus Alycaeus 53. * Alycaeus bicrenatus Godwin-Austen, 1874 Type locality Manipur 54. * A. bu"aiiensis Godwin-Austen, 1914 55. A. digitatus Blanford, 1871 + New record for Manipur 56. * A. duorugosus Godwin-Austen, 1914 57. A. jaintiacus Godwin-Austen, 1871 + New record for Manipur 58. A. khasiacus Godwin-Austen, 1871 + 59. * A. lahupaensis Godwin-Austen, 1914 60. * A. levis Godwin-Austen, 1914 Type locality Manipur 61. * A. logtakensis Godwin-Austen, 1914 + Type locality Manipur -UJ - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -~ 62. * A. multicostatus Godwin-Austen, 1914 63. * A. sculpturus Godwin-Austen, 1875 64. * A. serratus Godwin-Austen, 1874 Type locality Manipur 65. * A. subinflatus Godwin-Austen, 1914 66. * A. thompsoni Godwin-Austen, 1914 Type locality Manipur Genus Cyclophorus 67. * Cyclophorus zebrinus (Benson, (1836) Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Genus Diplommatina 68. * D. ambigua Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 69. * D. animula Godwin-Austen, 1892 70. * D. butleri Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 71. * D. commutata Godwin-Austen, 1892 72. * D. compacta Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 73. * D. decorosa Godwin-Austen, 1893 74. * D. lapillus Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 75. * D. munipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 76. * D. tumida laisensis Godwin-Austen, 1892 Type locality Manipur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Subclass PULMONATA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family CORILLIDAE Genus Plectopylis .. 77. * Pleetopylis minor Godwin-Austen, 1879 Type locality Manipur ~ 78. * P. munipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1874 Type locality I 5· Manipur - 79. P. pleetostoma (Benson, 1836) + + New record for Manipur 80. * P. seriea Godwin-Austen, 1874 81. * P. shiroiensis Godwin-Austen, 1874 Type locality Manipur Family SUCCINEIDAE Genus Succinea 82. Sueeinea eiegantior Annandale, 1921 + + 83. S. rutilans Blanford, 1870 + Family STREPTAXIDAE Genus Ennea 84. * Ennea stenopylis Benson, 1860 Genus HUltonelJa 85. Huttonella hieolor (Hutton, 1834) + + New record for Manipur Genus Streptaxis 86. * Streptaxis theobaldi Benson, 1859 Family ACHATINIDAE Genus Achatina 87. Achatina fuliea (Bowdich, 1822) + + -VI - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -0\ Family ARIOPHANTIDAE Genus Kaliella 88. Kaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer, 1852) + + New record for Manipur 89. * K. conulus (Blanford, 1865) 90. * K. jlatura Godwin-Austen, 1882 91. * K. manipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1883 Type locality Manipur 92. * K. ruga Godwin-Austen, 1883 Genus Khasiella 93. Khasiella vidua (Hanley and Theobald, 1876) + New record for Manipur Genus Macrochlamys 94. * Macrochlamys atricolor (Godwin-Austen, 1875) 95. * M. cacharica Godwin-Austen, 1883 Type locality Manipur 96. * M. castaneolabiata Godwin-Austen, 1883 Type locality Manipur 97. M. indica Godwin-Austen, 1847 + New record for Manipur 98. M. lahupaensis Godwin-Austen, 1907 + 99. * M. munipufensis Godwin-Austen, 1899 Type locality Manipur 100. * M. nengloensis Godwin-Austen, 1883 101. M. pungi (Theobald, 1859) + New record for Manipur 102. * M. razamiensis Godwin-Austen, 1899 Type locality Manipur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 103. M. sufflava Godwin-Austen, 1910 104. M. tugurium (Benson, 1852) + New record for Manipur 105. M. uda Godwin-Austen, 1899 + + + Genus Rahulo. -. 106. * Rahula munipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1907 Type locality ~ Manipur I Family HEUCARIONIDAE -5' Genus Cryptaustenia 107. Cryptaustenia durrangensis (Godwin-Austen, 1907) + + + New record for Manipur Genus Durgello. 108. Durgella salius (Benson, 1859) + + + New record for Manipur Genus Gu-asia 109. Girasia hookeri (Gray, 1855) + New record for Manipur Genus Sitaia 110. * Sitala gromatica Godwin-Austen, 1882 Type locality Manipur Ill. * S. placita Godwin-Austen, 1883 112. * S. srimani Godwin-Austen, 1882 Type locality Manipur Family PHILOMYCIDAE Genus Meghimatium 113. Meghimatium striatum van Hassel~ 1823 + + New record for Manipur Family BRADYBAENIDAE Genus PkctolTopis 114. Plectotropis tape;1Ul (Benson, 1836) + + + New record for Manipur -....a - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -00 Family SUBULINIDAE Genus Allopeas 115. Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834) + + + + + New record for Manipur Genus Cu",ella 116. * CurveLla munipurensisGodwin-Austen, 1872 Type locality Manipur Genus Glessula 117. * Glessula barakensis Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 118. * G. burrailensis Godwin-Austen, 1875 Type locality Manipur 119. * G. butleri Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality , Manipur 120. * G. hebetata Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 121. * G. inlphalensis Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 122. * G. munipurensis Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 123. * G. prowiensis Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 124. * G. shirohiensis Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur 125. * G. subhastula Godwin-Austen, 1920 Type locality Manipur Family AGRIOLIMACIDAE Genus Deroceras 126. Deroceras (Deroceras) laeve (Muller, 1774) + + New record for India Order Soleolifera Family VERONICELLIDAE Genus Laevicaulis 127. Laevicaulis alte (Ferussac, 1821) + New record for Manipur Zool. Surv. India State Fauna Series 10 : Fauna of Manipur. 119-123, 2004
CRUSTACEA : DECAPODA : PALAEMONIDAE AND POTAMONIDAE
T. ROY, S. K. GHOSH and S. S. GHATAK Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata 700 053
INTRODUCTION proximal and distal portion generally anned ...... M. Lamarre; It is widely true that taxonomic and zoogeographical information for the large Rostrum shorter with small Inumber of teeth crustacean group specially Prawns and Crabs in on its upper and lower edge and gap in between the State of Manipur, is still inadequate. Further proximal and distal portion generally unanned it is indeed true that prawns are usually absent ...... M. lamarre; lamarroides from certain very shallow especially temporary 4. Rostrum extends from antennular peduncle waters and from highly polluted waters in the ...... M. assanaens;s assamensis Manipur state. The collections on which the present report is based, were made during the Rostrum never extends from antennular exploration of the faunistic collections by P. peduncle ...... 5 Krishnamurthy in 1991 ; T. Roy in 1992; S. K. 5. Rostrum generally extends upto tip of Singh in 1992 and A. K. Karmaker in 1993 of the antennular peduncle ...... Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. As a result ...... M. henderson; platyrostris of these investigations and consultation of the Rostrum never extends the tip of antennular certain literature, we are now familier with 07 peduncle ...... 6 species under 01 genus of Palaemonid prawn and 02 species under 02 genera of Potamonid crab in 6. More than ten teeth on the upper edge of the state of Manipur. rostrum of which generally four teeth on A Key to the species of the Genus carapace behind orbital border ...... M. ",anipurens;s Macrobrachium Bate Less than ten teeth on the upper edge of 1. Carpus of 2nd cheJipeds longer than merus rostrum of which generally two or three teeth and fingers shorter than palm ...... 2 on carapace behind orbital border ...... Carpus of 2nd chelipeds shorter than merus ...... M. hel.derson; and fingers longer than palm ...... 4 A List of Prawn Species 2. Proximal two-third with an elevated highly convex keel on the upper edge of rostrum ... 1. Macrobrachiu1l' assan,ellsis assan,ells;s ...... M. chopra; (Tiwari) Proximal portion without any keel on the 2. M. chopra; (Tiwari) upper edge of rostrum ...... 3 3. M. henderson; (de man) 3. Rostrum longer with large number of teeth on 4. M. henderson; platyrostr;s (Tiwari) its upper and lower edge and gap in between 5. M. la,narrei (H. M. Edwards) 120 State Fauna Series 10: Fauna of Manipur
6. M. Lamarrei Lamarroides (Tiwari) Material examined: 07 exs. from Thang-brel- 7. M. manipurensis (Tiwari) Marll, T. Roy & Party, 06.3.92. Distribution: India: Assam, Bihar, U. P. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Elsewhere: Hill ranges of North Myanmar. Class CRUSTACEA Remarks : This species is distributed in river Order DECAPODA and also in plains.
Family PALAEMONIDAE 3. Macrobrachium hendersoni (de Man) Genus Macrobrachium Bate 1907. Palaemon (Parapalaemon ?) henderson; de Man, 1. Macrobrachium assamensis assamensis Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond Zool. (2) 9 : 446, pI. 33, figs. 66-68. (Tiwari) 1950. Macrobrachill1Jl hendersoni Holthllis, Siboqa Exped. 1958. Palaemon assamensis Tiwari, Rec. Indian Mus., Monogr., 39a (9) : 209. 53 (1&2) : 297. Type-species: Palaemon (Parapalaemon) 1988. Macrobrachillm assamensis assamensis Jalihal, hendersoni de Man. Shenoy & Sankolli, Rec., 2001. Surv. India, Occ paper No. 112 : 43. Type locality : Darjeeling, West Bengal. Type-species: PaLaemon assamensis Tiwari Material examined: 01 ex. from Rangazak stream, 15 kms. North from Ukhrul, A. K. Type Locality : Someswari River near Siju, Karmaker & Party, 09. 3. '93. Garo Hills, Meghalaya. Distribution :' India : Eastern Himalayan region, Material examined: 07 exs. from Thang-brel Vindhya-Satpura Hills, Pachmarhi. marll, T. Roy & Party, 06. 3. 92; 02 exs. from Khuga River, 02 kms away from Churachandpur, Elsewhere : North Myanmar, Yunnan (South A. K. Karmaker & Party, 10. 3. 93 ; 01 ex. from China). Takmu Fish Farm, Loktak Lake, A. K. Kannaker Remarks : This species is found in hilly streams & Party, 13. 3. 93. generally restricted to higher altitudes.
Distribution: India: Chota Nagpur, Kharagpur 4. Macrobrachium hendersoni platyrostris Hills, Bengal Duars and Terai, Eastern Assam. (Tiwari) Elsewhere: Arakhan Yomas, Myanmar, Eastern 1952. Palaemon hendersoni platyrostris Tiwari, Ann. Mag. Nepal, Pegu yomas. Nat. His'. Ser. 12, 5 : 32.
Remarks : This species is generally found in 1993. Macrobrachium hendersoni platyrostris Kurian & streams in hilly localities and also occurs In Seba~tian, Prawns and Prawn fisheries of India, lower altitudes and never seen in plains. p.76. Type species : Palaemon hendersoni platyrostris 2. Macrobrachium choprai (Tiwari) Tiwari. 1947. Palaemon choprai Tiwari, Rec. Indian Mus., 45 Type locality: Estern Himalayan region except (4) : 333. Pachmarhi. 1950. Macrobrachium choprai Holthuis, Siboqa Exped. Monogr., 39a (9) : 261. Material examined: 01 ex. from Thang-brel Marl I, T. Roy & Party, 06. 3. '92; 01 ex. from Type-species: Palaemon choprai Tiwari Khuga River, 02 km from Circuit House, Type locality : Rajghat nr. Dufferin Bridge, Churachandpur, A. K. Karmaker & Party, 11. 3. Banaras, U. P. '93. ROY et ale : Crustacea : Decapoda : Palaemonidae & Potamonidae 121
Distribution : India : Darjeeling, South of Type species: Palaemon lamarrei lamarroides Peninsular, Chota Nagpur Hills. Tiwari. Elsewhere : Myanmar. Type locality : Loktak Lake, Manipur. Remarks : This hill stream species like Material examined : 08 exs. from ThangaJ Macrobrachiuln henderson; occuring at lower Bazar, Imphal, P. Krishnamurthy & party, 22. 11. altitudes but differs only in the length and depth '91. ; 05 exs. from Withon viII. 15 kms. from or rostrum and in the disposition of teeth on its Imphal, P. Krishnamurthy, 23. 11. '91 ; 05 exs. upper and lower edge. from Moirang Market, P. Krishnamurthy, 24. 11. '91 ; 07 exs. from Imphal Fish market, coli. P. 5. Macrobrachium lamarrei Krishnamurthy 25. 11. 91 ; 13 exs. from various (H. M. Edwards) fishing spots at nightirgam, 35 kms. from Imphal, 1837. Palaemon lamarrei H. M. Edwards, Hist. nat. Crust., coil. P. Krishnamurthy, 26. 11. '91 ; 05 exs. form 2. Bishnupur, 30 kms. from Imphal; coli. P. 27. exs. from Thanga 1988. Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarrei Jalihal, Shenoy & Krishnamurthy, 11. '91 ; 05 Sankolli, Ree. zool. Surv. India. Oee. paper no. viII., 50 kms. from ImphaJ, coli. P. Krishnamurthy, 112 : 2. 28. 11. '91 ; 24 exs. from Thonbal fishing centre, 1993. Maerobraehium lamarrei Kurian & Sebastan, Prawns 35 kms. from ImphaJ, coli. P. Krishnamurthy,29. & prawn fisheries of India. P. 77 & 79. 11. '91 ; 03 exs. from Takmu Lake, coil. T. Roy &: Party, 29. 2. '92 ; 28 exs. frolJl Thangani near Type-species: Palaemon lamarrei H. M. Ramkhai, coll. T. Roy &: party .. 05. 3. '92 ; 24 exs. Edwards. from Lamkhai viII. coli. T. Roy & Party, 06. 3. Type locality : Karnataka state. 92 ; 31 exs. from Tuibuang, 01 km. from Circuit House, Churachandpur, coli. A. K. Kam,aker, 11. Material examined: exs. from Thang-brel 05 3. '93, 20 exs. from Takmu Fish Farm, Loktak & Maril, T. Roy Party, 06. 3.92; 04 exs. ; from Lake, coli. A. K. Karmaker, 13. 3. '93; 71 exs. Khutikhong Fish Farm at Jiribam, A. K. Karmaker from Maram, Senapati, coli. T. Roy & Party, 12. & Party, 18. 3. '93; 12 exs. from Pachan Fish 9. '96; 66 exs. from Karang, Senapati, coli. T. Breeding Farm, 03 kms. South of P. W. D. Roy &: party, 13. 9. '96; 40 exs. from Nambol, Inspection Bungalow, Jiribam, A. K. Karmaker & ImphaJ, coil. T. Roy &: Party, 15. 9. '96 ; 70 exs. Party, 18. 3. '93. from Khergao, coil. T. Roy &: Party, 16. 9. '96; Distribution : India : Coast of Chilka Lake ; 100 exs. from Loktak Lake, coli. T. Roy & Party, West Bengal ; Kolkata, Salt Lake ; Port Canning ; 18.9. '96 ; 61 exs. from Thanga, Moirang, T. Roy & uttarbhag; Tamil Nadu. party, 19. 9. '96 ; 40 exs. from Bishnupur, coli. T. Roy &: Party, 20. 9. '96 ; 53 exs. from Keibul Elsewhere : Pakistan; Upper Myanmar. Lamjae, coli. T. Roy &: Party, 21. 9. '96. Remarks: This species is widely distributed in Distribution : India. Indian small rivers, streams, ponds, tanks etc. and Elsewhere : Nil. also found in streams around bases of hills, but generally not higher up. Remarks: Like Macrobrach;um lamarre;, this species differs only in the length and dentition of 6. Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarroides rostrum. In JamarrO 1993. Macrobrachium mallipurensis Kurian & Sebastian, Distribution: India-Meghalaya : Khashi Hills, Prawns and Prawn Fisheries of India, p. 76. Garo Hills, Jayantia Hills. West Bengal : Type species : Palaemon manipurensis Tiwari Darjeeling, Kolkata. Manipur : Manipur Hills. Assam : Dafla Hills, Teesta Valley. Sikkim : Type locality: Manipur. Sikkim. Nagaland : Naga Hills. ex. from Imphal River, Material examined: 1 Elsewhere : Nil. coli. Shyam Kishore Singh, 12. 12. '92. Remarks : 16 specimens of the species are Distribution : India-Manipur. reported herein from the State of Manipur. This Elsewhere : Nil. species occur in abundance throughout the Manipur State inaddition to their localities cited Remarks : This species can easily be under distribution column. differentiated from other species by the shape and colouration of its second pair of legs. Genus Potamon Savigny A List of Crab Species 2. Potamon andersonianum (Wood-Mason) 1. Barytelphusa (Maydelliathelphusa) luqubris 1871. Telphusa alldersonianum Wood-Mason, J. Asiat. Soc. luqubris (Wood-Mason 1871). Bengal. 40 : 451~ T. 27 F. 16-20. 1910. Polamon (Potamon) andersonianum Alcock, Cat. 2. Potamon andersonianum (Wood-Mason indo deep. Crust. ind. Mus. ,. 1 (2) : T. 10, F. 40. 1871). 1970. Potamon andersonianum Bott. Abh. Senckenb. nature. Ges. No. 526 : 142, T. 37. F. 16. T. 44 F. 14. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Type species : Telphusa andersonianum Wood Family POTAMONIDAE Mason Genus Barytelphusa Alcock Type locality: Ober-Bunna, Kakhien Hills, 1. Barytelphusa (Maydelliathelphusa) luqubris Pousee. luqubris (Wood-Mason) Material examined : Since, there is no specimen of the species in the collection of the 1871. Telephusa luqubris Wood-Mason, J. Asiat Soc. Bengal 40 (2) : 197, T. 12 F. 5-7. Manipur surveys, 01 ~ & 01 ~ Redg. No. 69231 3, Manipur Hills, H. H. Godwin-Austein, present 1910. Paratelphusa (Barytelphusa ) harpox Alcock, Cat. in the National Zoological Collections have been ind. deep. Crust. Ind. Mus., 1 (2), 95. T. 7. F-25. examined. 1970. Barylelphusa (MaydeUiathelphusa) luqubris luqubris ' Bott., Abh. Senckenb. nature. Ges. No. 526 : 34 pI. Distribution : India : Manipur Hills. 3. F. 24-26 pI. 26. F.15. Elsewhere : Kakhien Hills, Pousee, Ober Type species: Telphusa luqubris Wood-Mason. Burma. Type locality : Sikkim, Pankabaree, 200 ft. Remarks: The species Potamon andervonianum has not yet been recorded for other localities Material examined: 02 ~~ & 01 ~ from except Manipur Hills. Maram, Dt. Senapati, Manipur, T. Roy & Party, 12. 9. '96; 03 ~~ & 01 ~ from Loktak Lake, T. SUMMARY Roy & Party, 18. 9. '96; 01 d' & 01 ~ from Bishnupur, Manipur, T. Roy & Party, 20. 9. '96; Seven species under one genus of the 01 a & 01 ~ from Keibul-Lamjao, T. Roy & party, Palaemonid Prawn and two species under two 21.9.96; 01 a & 01 ~ from Thanga, Moirang, T. genera of the Po~monid Crab have been dealt Roy & Party, 19. 9. '96; 02 ~~ & 01 ~ from with in this report. The systematic acount inclusive Karong, Dt. Senapati, T. Roy &r Party, 13. 9. '96. of synonymy, material examined, type species ROY et al. : Crustacea: Decapoda : Palaemonidae & Potamonidae 123 and localities of the concerned species and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS infonnation on geographical distribution is brought together for each species for further studies of the The authors are grateful to the Dr. J. R. B. future workers on the groups. Further, all the 09 Alfred, Director, Zoological Survey of India, species of the Prawn and Crab reported upon in Kolkata for providing us al1 kind of facilities the State of Manipur were collected from the including faunistic surveys throughout the state various ecological niches. of Manipur. REFERENCES ALCOCK, A. 1910. The Indian freshwater Crabs in Potamonidae. Cat. Ind. decap. Crust. Ind. Mus. 1 (2) : 1-130. Borr. R. 1970. Die Siibwasserkrabbean von Europa, Asien, Australien under ihre stammesgeschichte (Crustacean : Decapoda). Abh. Senckenb. natur. Ges. No. 526 : 1-338. GHOSH, S. K. Roy, T & S. BHADRA. 1999. Fauna of Meghalaya-Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda). State Fauna Series 4, Part 9, Zool. Surv. India: 557-567. GHOSH, S. K. & ROY, T. 2000. Fauna ofTripura-Palaemonidae (Crustacea: Decapoda). State Fauna Series 7, Part 4, zool. Surv. India: 267-272. HOLTHUIS, L. B., 1950. The Decapod of the Siboga Expedition. Part-X. The Palaemonidae collected by the Siboga and Snell ius Expeditions with remarks on other species. 1. Subfamily Palaemoninae Siboga Exped. Monogr., 398 (9) : 1-268. JALIHAL, D. R., S. SHENOY & K. N. SAN KOLLI, 1988. Freshwater Prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868. (Crustacea : Decapoda : Palaemonidae) from Karnataka, India. Rec. Zool. Sllrv. India, Occ. paper No. 112 : 1-74. KURIAN, C. V. & V. O. SEBASTIAN, 1993. Prawns and Prawn Fisheries of India: 1-267. Roy, T., GHOSH, S. K. & GHATAK, S. S. Fauna of Sikkim Palaemonidae : Potamonidae : (Crustacea: Decapoda). (1999) (in Press) TIWARI, K. K. 1955a. Distribution of Indo-Burmese freshwater Prawns of the genus Palae1710n Fabr. and its bearing on the Satpura hypothesis. Bull. natr. Inst. Sci. India 7 : 230-239. TIWARI, K. K. 1955b. Trend of evolution in the hendersoni group of species of Palaemoll Fabr. (Crustacea: Decapoda) Bull. Natn. Inst. Sci. India 7 : 189-197.