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And Rhinella Crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil

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And Rhinella Crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil Herpetology Notes, volume 14: 869-871 (2021) (published online on 06 June 2021) Interspecific amplexus between two sympatric species, Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) and Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil Leonardo Marques de Abreu1,*, João Emanoel de Matos Santos1, André Teles Corrêa Nascimento2, and Maurivan Vaz Ribeiro1,3 Many anurans form aggregations in aquatic at a given time, it becomes difficult for males to environments during their reproductive season (Pombal search for partners and reduces the ability of males to Jr and Haddad, 2005; Wells, 2007). The abundance of recognise conspecific females (Sodré et al., 2014; Theis individuals and number of species in these environments and Caldart, 2015). In these species, females become often increases rapidly after heavy rainfalls. Under such important resources for males, as with increasing male conditions, explosive breeding species may have little abundance, females are available only during a short capacity to recognise conspecifics (Theis and Caldart, period (Gama and Galeno, 2016). 2015). While anurans can use chemical and visual The Rhinella genus is composed of 87 species widely signals to recognise the sex of specific and distinct distributed in the countries of South, Central and North species (Wells, 2007), the main form of communication America (Frost, 2021). Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) in anurans is through the emission of acoustic signals occurs in the north of the southeast region, being widely (Morais et al., 2016). Under certain circumstances the distributed in northeastern Brazil, with few records acoustic signals that are emitted can be masked by the observed in the Atlantic Forest (Oliveira and Cassemiro, background noise of the environment (Caorsi et al., 2013). The group of R. granulosa is composed of 2017) and can lead to unwanted interspecific amplexus, twelve species, which are characterised by presenting since acoustic communication is not advantageous small paratoid glands, rough skin, well developed and in this situation (Wells, 2007; Shahrudin, 2016; Sosa- keratinised cranial ridges. It is worth mentioning that Bartuano et al., 2018). R. granulosa was described in the state of Bahia and However, for some species and in certain situations, uses open areas as habitats (Narvaes and Rodrigues, the emission of acoustic signals is not always efficient 2009). The Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) in attracting partners. Individuals of the same sex can group is made up of five species, which are distributed use alternative strategies to increase their successes in throughout the Atlantic Forest biome, from the state the search for partners, such as male satellites (Haddad, of Ceará to Rio Grande do Sul, and can extend to 2011). This strategy is common in explosive breeders Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil. These species are (Wells, 2007; Sodré et al., 2014), therefore, with the found in rainforest and disturbed habitats (Ferreira and increase in the abundance of conspecific individuals Teixeira, 2009; Vaz-Silva et al., 2012). In this work we report a field observation under natural conditions of an interspecific amplexus between Rhinella granulosa and Rhinella crucifer. 1 Laboratório de Herpetologia Tropical, Universidade Estadual On 21 August 2020 at 22:00 h, we recorded an axillary de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil. amplexus of an adult male of Rhinella granulosa and 2 Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, a female of Rhinella crucifer in an environment of Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil. Cabruca (Agroforestry system of cocoa plantation) 3 Laboratório de Etnoconservação e Áreas Protegidas, with several small reproductive pools (Fig.1), in the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662- municipality of Ilhéus in the state of Bahia (-14.61604ºS, 900, Brazil. -39.19431ºW). With the high abundance of conspecific * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] individuals of R. granulosa in the observed location, © 2021 by Herpetology Notes. Open Access by CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. it is likely that competition for partners favours the 870 Leonardo Marques de Abreu et al. References Caorsi, V.Z., Both, C., Cechin, S., Antunes, R., Borges-Martins, M. (2017): Effects of traffic noise on the calling behavior of two Neotropical hylid frogs. PLoS ONE 12(8): 1–14. Frost, D.R. (2021): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (15 may 2021). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA Ferreira, R.B., Teixeira, T. L. (2009): Feeding pattern and use of reproductive habitat of the Striped toad Rhinella crucifer (Anura: Bufonidae) from Southeastern Brazil. Acta Herpetologica 2: 125–134. Gama, L., Galeno, É.O. (2016): Interspecific amplexi between two sympatric species of toads, Rhinella major and Rhinella marina (Anura:Bufonidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana 3: 385–386. Gama, V., Protázio, A.S., Protázio, A.S. (2020): Interspecific amplexus between male Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824) and metamorph of Ceratophrys joazeirensis Mercadal, 1986 (Amphibia: Anura) in a temporary pond in the Caatinga, Bahia Figure 1. Interspecific amplexus between a male of Rhinella State, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 13: 749–751. granulosa and a female of Rhinella crucifer in the municipality Gül, S., Özdemir, N., Dursun, C. (2018): First record of interspecific of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. Photo by Maurivan Vaz Ribeiro. amplexus behaviour between Bufotes variabilis (Pallas, 1769) and Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) with Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Turkey. Herpetology Notes 11: 153–155. behaviour of satellite males, a common behaviour in Haddad, C.F.B. (2011): Satellite behavior in the neotropical treefrog species that form aggregations after heavy rains and that Hyla minuta. Journal of Herpetology 25(2): 226–229. have explosive reproductive behaviour (Wells, 2007; Lalremsanga, H.T. (2020): Interspecific amplexus between two Rocha et al., 2015; Gül et al., 2018). Some studies have sympatric species, Amnirana nicobariensis (Stoliczka, 1870) shown that bufonid species have a limited ability to and Michohtla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856) at Tuitun stream, distinguish males and conspecifics (Marco and Lizana, Mizoram, India. Herpetology Notes 13: 433–434. Liao, W.B., Lu, X. (2009): Male mate choice in the Andrew’s 2002; Sodré et al., 2014). In addition, other studies show toad Bufo andrewsi: A preference for larger females. Journal of that bufonid males evaluate their reproductive partners Ethology 27: 413–417. through the size of the body dimensions, where males Marco, A., Lizana, M. (2002): The absence of species and sex prefer females with larger bodies (Liao and Lu, 2009; recognition during mate search by male common toads, Bufo Sodré et al., 2014). During these explosive reproduction bufo. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 14: 1–8. events the toads can enter a state that could be described Morais, A., Siqueira, M., Bastos, R.P. (2016): How do males of as a reproductive frenzy during which they may grab Hypsiboas goianus (Hylidae: Anura) respond to conspecific acoustic stimuli? Zoologia (Curitiba) 32(6): 431–437. any moving object, be it a toad belonging to the same Narvaes, P., Rodrigues, M.T. (2009): Taxonomic revision of Rhinella species or any other individual that is nearby (Haddad, granulosa species group (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae), with a 2011; Gama and Galeno, 2016; Lalremsanga, 2020). description of a new species. Arquivos de Zoologia 40(1): 1–73. Our observed pair was still in amplexus when we left the Oliveira, H.R., Cassemiro, F.A.S. (2013): Potenciais efeitos das area after five minutes of observation. Recently Gama et mudanças climáticas futuras sobre a distribuição de um anuro al. (2020) reported an interspecific amplexus between da Caatinga Rhinella granulosa (Anura, Bufonidae). Iheringia Rhinella granulosa and a metamorph of Ceratophrys - Serie Zoologia 103(3): 272–279. Pombal, J.P., Haddad, C.F.B. (2005): Estratégias e Modos joazerensis. Our observation shows that R. granulosa Reprodutivos de anuros (Amphibia) em uma poça permanente can also engage in intraspecific amplexus with other na Serra de Paranapiacaba, Sudeste do Brasil. Papéis Avulsos de toad species such as R. crucifer. Zoologia 45(15): 201–213. Rocha, S.M., Santana, D.O., Silva I.R.S., Faria, R.G. (2015): Acknowledgments. We thank Dr. Wilian Vaz-Silva for a pre-peer Interspecific amplexus between Hypsiboas albomarginatus review and contributions to the elaboration of the manuscript and (Spix, 1824) and Hypsiboas raniceps Cope, 1862 (Anura: suggestions for its correction. We also thank Dr. Mirco Solé for Hylidae) in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 8: 213–215. comments on the manuscript. Sodré, D., Martins, A.A.V., Vallinoto, M. (2014): Heterospecific amplexus between the frog Leptodactylus macrosternum Interspecific amplexus between Rhinella granulosa and Rhinella crucifer 871 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) and the toad Rhinella cf. granulosa (Anura: Bufonidae). Herpetology Notes 7: 287–288. Shahrudin, S. (2016): Interspecific amplexus between male Rhacophorus prominanus and female Polypedates leucomystax from Peninsular Malaysia. Herpetological Bulletin 135: 30–31. Sosa-Bartuano, Á., Jesús, Y., Cortés, V.M., Fuentes, R.D., Fossati, H. (2018): Two interspecific amplexus of Smilisca sila (Hylidae) with Strabomantis bufoniformis and Craugastor fitzingeri (Craugastoridae). Herpetology Notes 11: 167–169. Theis, T., Caldart, V. (2015): Multiple interspecific amplexus between a male of the invasive Bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Ranidae) and two males of the Cururu toad Rhinella icterica (Bufonidae). Herpetology Notes 8: 449–451. Vaz-Silva, W., Valdujo, P.H., Pombal, J.P. (2012): New species of the Rhinella crucifer group (Anura, Bufonidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa 32: 57–65. Wells, K.D. (2007): The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Accepted by Christoph Liedtke.
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