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Tremarctos Ornatus) En Las Áreas Naturales

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Tremarctos Ornatus) En Las Áreas Naturales Ecología y conservación del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú Judith Figueroa Pizarro TESIS DOCTORAL Junio 2016 JUDITH FIGUEROA PIZARRO Ecología y conservación del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Universidad de Alicante DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Y RECURSOS NATURALES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Ecología y conservación del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus) en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú JUDITH FIGUEROA PIZARRO Tesis presentada para aspirar al grado de DOCTORA POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE Programa de Doctorado: “Ciencias Experimentales y Biosanitarias” Dirigida por: DR. VICENTE URIOS MOLINER Profesor Titular de la Universidad de Alicante En Alicante, a 9 de junio de 2016 Judith Figueroa Pizarro Vicente Urios Moliner Índice Agradecimientos 1 SECCIÓN I: SÍNTESIS DE LA TESIS 7 1. Introducción 7 1.1 El oso andino u oso de anteojos Tremarctos ornatus 7 1.2 El oso andino como “especie sombrilla” 9 1.3 El oso andino en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú 10 2. Objetivos 13 2.1 General 13 2.2 Parciales 13 3. Trabajos presentados 13 4. Justificación 14 5. Resultados 15 6. Discusión 17 6. Conclusiones 18 7. Bibliografía 18 SECCIÓN II: ARTÍCULOS PUBLICADOS 23 Capítulo 1. Presencia del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) 23 en el Corredor de Conservación Vilcabamba–Amboró, sureste del Perú. Resumen 25 Abstract 25 1. Introducción 27 2. Materiales y métodos 28 2.1 Área de estudio 28 2.1.1 Santuario Nacional Megantoni 30 2.1.2 Parque Nacional del Manu 30 2.1.3 Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri 31 2.1.4 Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu y Área de Conservación 31 Regional Choquequirao 2.2 Evaluación in situ 31 2.3 Entrevistas 32 3. Resultados 33 3.1 Santuario Nacional Megantoni 33 3.2 Parque Nacional del Manu 34 3.3 Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri 36 3.4 Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu y zona noreste del Área de 36 Conservación Regional Choquequirao 4. Discusión 39 4.1 Principales amenazas 46 4.1.1 Ingreso a los cultivos 46 4.1.2 Ataque al ganado 49 4.1.3 Quemas y tala de los bosques 50 4.1.4 Minería y extracción de petróleo y gas 51 4.1.5 Carretera Interoceánica 53 4.2 El oso en el Corredor de Conservación Vilcabamba–Amboró 54 5. Bibliografía 57 Capítulo 2. Presencia del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: Ursidae) 65 en el Bosque Tropical Amazónico del Perú. Resumen 67 Abstract 67 1. Introducción 69 2. Materiales y métodos 70 2.1 Área de estudio 70 2.2 Métodos 72 3. Resultados 72 3.1 Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén–Reserva Comunal Yanesha 72 3.2 Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri 74 4. Discusión 76 4.1 Uso del Bosque Tropical Amazónico 76 4.2 ¿El jaguar limita la presencia del oso andino en el Bosque Tropical 78 Amazónico? 4.3 Impacto humano 79 5. Bibliografía 80 Capítulo 3. Modelación de la distribución del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus en 85 el Bosque Seco del Marañón (Perú). Resumen 87 Abstract 87 1. Introducción 89 2. Materiales y métodos 90 2.1 Área de estudio 90 2.2 Registros espaciales de la especie 92 2.3 Datos ambientales 92 2.4 Datos antrópicos 94 2.5 Desarrollo del modelo 95 3. Resultados 96 4. Discusión 98 4.1 Pérdida del hábitat del oso andino 98 4.2 Áreas prioritarias para la investigación y conservación del oso andino 99 5. Bibliografía 102 Capítulo 4. Composición de la dieta del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus 107 (Carnivora: Ursidae) en nueve áreas naturales protegidas del Perú. Resumen 109 Abstract 109 1. Introducción 111 2. Materiales y métodos 112 2.1 Área de estudio 112 2.2 Métodos 112 3. Resultados 113 3.1 Refugio de Vida Silvestre Laquipampa 124 3.2 Área de Conservación Privada Chaparrí 125 3.3 Parque Nacional de Cutervo 125 3.4 Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén y Reserva Comunal Yanesha 125 3.5 Parque Nacional del Manu 129 3.6 Santuario Nacional Megantoni 129 3.7 Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri 130 3.8 Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu 131 4. Discusión 131 4.1 Composición de la dieta del oso andino 133 4.1.1 Bosque seco ecuatorial 134 4.1.2 Bosque húmedo tropical y premontano 138 4.1.3 Bosque montano 139 4.1.4 Bosques altoandinos y puna 141 4.2 Patrones de explotación 142 4.3 Reducción de la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios del oso andino 144 5. Bibliografía 145 Capítulo 5. Revisión de la dieta del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora: 151 Ursidae) en América del Sur y nuevos registros para el Perú. Resumen 153 Abstract 153 1. Introducción 155 2. Materiales y métodos 155 2.1 Revisión bibliográfica 156 2.2 Trabajo de campo 156 2.3 Entrevistas 156 3. Resultados 157 3.1 Consumo de plantas, hongos y líquenes 157 3.2 Consumo de animales 168 4. Discusión 170 4.1 Consumo de vegetales 170 4.1.1 Consumo de cultivos 175 4.1.2 Dispersión de semillas por endozoocoria 177 4.2 Consumo de animales 178 5. Bibliografía 180 Capítulo 6. Nuevos registros de parásitos en osos andinos silvestres en el Perú. 207 Resumen 209 Abstract 209 1. Introducción 211 2. Materiales y métodos 212 2.1 Área de estudio 2 212 2.2 Métodos 212 3. Resultados 213 4. Discusión 216 5. Bibliografía 219 Capítulo 7. Interacciones humano–oso andino Tremarctos ornatus en el Perú: 223 consumo de cultivos y depredación de ganado. Resumen 225 Abstract 226 1. Introducción 227 2. Materiales y métodos 228 2.1 Área de estudio 228 2.2 Evaluación 228 3. Resultados 229 3.1 Consumo de cultivos 231 3.2 Depredación de ganado 231 4. Discusión 240 4.1 Consumo de cultivos 241 4.2 Depredación de ganado 244 4.2.1 Consumo como carroña del ganado muerto por causas externas a la 246 depredación 4.2.2 Depredación del ganado por parte del puma y el consumo de los restos 247 por parte del oso como carroña 4.2.3 Ataque del oso al ganado para su consumo 248 4.3 Relación entre la disponibilidad de los frutos silvestres con el ataque al 252 ganado e ingresos a los cultivos 4.4 Medidas que buscan reducir la cacería del oso andino 254 4.4.1 Compensación 254 4.4.2 Mitigación 255 5. Bibliografía 260 Capítulo 8. Tráfico de partes e individuos del oso andino Tremarctos ornatus en 271 el Perú. Resumen 273 Abstract 273 1. Introducción 275 2. Materiales y métodos 276 3. Resultados 277 4. Discusión 286 4.1 Venta de partes 286 4.2 Venta de vesícula biliar del oso andino 291 4.3 Productos elaborados bajo el nombre de frotación de oso 293 4.4 Venta de oseznos 295 4.5 Problemática del tráfico de fauna silvestre en el Perú 296 5. Bibliografía 298 SECCIÓN III: CONCLUSIONES FINALES 305 Tesis Doctoral Judith Figueroa Pizarro Agradecimientos Estoy totalmente convencida que sin el apoyo de innumerables personas que pasaron por mi camino a lo largo de estos años, no hubiera logrado cumplir mi sueño de investigar al oso andino… este sueño que nació a raíz de una visita casual al Parque Nacional de Cutervo (Cajamarca) en 1994, junto con mi entrañable amiga Marita Mamani Díaz. Escuchamos innumerables historias de los encuentros de los pobladores con el oso cerca a las grutas de San Andrés. Allí empezó todo… poco a poco mi curiosidad fue en aumento y con ello mis ganas de estudiar al oso. ¡Gracias Marita por invitarme a recorrer juntas las tierras de tu familia materna! Cada palabra o gesto de las personas que se me acercaron, por más breve que fuese, me animaron a seguir por el camino de la investigación, que a veces puede llegar a ser arduo, difícil y no bien comprendido por algunos. Me siento muy afortunada de haber conocido a cada una de ellas, porque no solo ayudaron a “Fiki” (o sea yo) como ser humano, sino también aportaron en el conocimiento del hermoso e interesante oso andino en el Perú. Quiero agradecer muy especialmente a mi amigo Marcelo Stucchi Portocarrero, quien no solo me ayudó en el trabajo de campo, discutió, revisó y enriqueció los manuscritos, sino también me motivó a escribir y a seguir adelante con la tesis. ¡Mil gracias por tu tiempo, paciencia, cariño y amistad! También quiero agradecer de manera especial a Siegfried Kastl, ex–asesor de la Cooperación Técnica Alemana, quien desde la primera conversación que tuvimos sobre el desconocimiento del estado del oso andino en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas del Perú, allá por el año 2000, creyó en la casi “recién egresada”, brindándome de la manera más entusiasta su confianza y apoyo para el desarrollo de las investigaciones, cuya parte de los resultados se muestran en la presente tesis. A Augusto Tovar Serpa, quien no solo me brindó la oportunidad de realizar mis prácticas pre–profesionales en el Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales, en mi tercer año de la universidad (1995), sino que también compartió conmigo sus anécdotas sobre la creación de las primeras Áreas Naturales Protegidas en el Perú, que incluían encuentros con el oso, lo que siguió aumentando muchísimo mi curiosidad en la especie. Agradezco a Rocío Rojas y Rodolfo Vásquez del Centro para la Conservación y Desarrollo Sostenible del Jardín Botánico de Missouri (sede Oxapampa), quienes no solo me brindaron el apoyo económico y logístico para el trabajo de campo en la selva central, y en la identificación de las especies botánicas que consumió el oso andino, sino que también me 1 Tesis Doctoral Judith Figueroa Pizarro hicieron sentir como en casa.
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